DOCSLIB.ORG

Nitrifiers and Their Contribution to Oxygen Consumption in Lake Erie

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Nitrifiers and Their Contribution to Oxygen Consumption in Lake Erie Nitrifiers and their contribution to oxygen consumption in Lake Erie A dissertation submitted to Kent State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Curtis Clevinger November 2013 Dissertation written by Curtis C. Clevinger B.A., Hiram College, 1993 M.S., University of Texas at Austin, 1999 Ph.D, Kent State University, 2013 Approved by: Darren L. Bade Darren L. Bade. Chair Doctoral Dissertation Committee Members Doctoral Dissertation Committee Laura G. Leff Laura G. Leff Helen Piontkivska Helen Piontkivska Joseph Ortiz Joseph Ortiz Mietek Jaroniec Mietek Jaroniec Accepted by: Laura G. Leff Chair, Department of Biological Sciences Janis H. Crother Dean, College of Arts and Sciences ii Table of Contents LIST OF FIGURES------------------------------------------------------------------ v LIST OF TABLES------------------------------------------------------------------- vii DEDICATION------------------------------------------------------------------------ x ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS--------------------------------------------------------- x CHAPTER 1: General introduction------------------------------------------------ 1-31 Nitrification------------------------------------------------------- 1 Hypoxia ----------------------------------------------------------- 7 Study System ---------------------------------------------------- 9 Lake Erie History: Hypoxia and the link to phosphorus -- 11 Post GLWQA----------------------------------------------------- 13 Hypothesis-------------------------------------------------------- 15 Research Question----------------------------------------------- 15 Works Cited------------------------------------------------------- 17 CHAPTER 2: Ammonia oxidizing bacteria and archaea abundance and distribution in Lake Erie------------------------------------------------------------- 32-68 Abstract------------------------------------------------------------ 33 Introduction------------------------------------------------------- 35 iii Materials and Methods------------------------------------------ 38 Results------------------------------------------------------------- 43 Discussion--------------------------------------------------------- 47 Works Cited------------------------------------------------------- 53 CHAPTER 3: Nitrification and oxygen use due to nitrification in the water column and sediments of Lake Erie------------------------------------------------ 69-122 Abstract------------------------------------------------------------ 70 Introduction------------------------------------------------------- 72 Materials and Methods------------------------------------------ 74 Results------------------------------------------------------------- 82 Discussion--------------------------------------------------------- 89 Works Cited------------------------------------------------------- 100 CHAPTER 4: Conclusions---------------------------------------------------------- 123-134 iv LIST OF FIGURES CHAPTER 1: General introduction Figure 1: Bathymetry of Lake Erie and Lake St. Claire-- 30 Figure 2: Lake Erie Stratification---------------------------- 31 CHAPTER 2: Ammonia oxidizing bacteria and archaea abundance and distribution in Lake Erie Figure 3: Lake Erie study sample site----------------------- 64 Figure 4: Total nitrifiers and AOA to AOB ratio in the water column of Lake Erie----------------------------------- 65 Figure 5: Total nitrifiers and AOA to AOB ratio in the sediments of Lake Erie---------------------------------------- 66 Figure 6: Total nitrifiers in the epilimnion and hypolimnion sites that had repeated temporal sampling-- 67 Figure 7: Relationship between total nitrifiers in the epilimnion and hypolimnion and oxygen used due to nitrification ----------------------------------------------------- 68 v CHAPTER 3: Nitrification and oxygen use due to nitrification in the water column and sediments of Lake Erie Figure 8: Oxygen consumption rate and oxygen consumed due to nitrification in the hypolimnion of a longitudinal transect------------------------------------------- 116 Figure 9: Respiration rate and percentage of total oxygen use due to nitrification in the hypolimnion------- 117 Figure 10: Oxygen consumption rate and oxygen consumed due to nitrification in the epilimnion of a longitudinal transect------------------------------------------- 118 Figure 11: Respiration rate and percentage of total oxygen use due to nitrification in the epilimnion---------- 119 Figure 12. Total oxygen use by Nitrosomonas europaea cells in artificial lake water----------------------------------- 120 Figure 13: Oxygen use by Nitrobacter winogradskyi cells in artificial lake water----------------------------------- 121 Figure 14: The effect of additional nitrifiers on epilimnion nitrification rates--------------------------------- 122 vi LIST OF TABLES CHAPTER 1: General introduction Table 1: Reactions involved in the oxidation of ammonia to nitrate--------------------------------------------- 28 Table 2: GPS locations of study sample site-------------- 29 CHAPTER 2: Ammonia oxidizing bacteria and archaea abundance and distribution in Lake Erie Table 3. Sampling regime in Lake Erie 2008-2010. ----- 61 Table 4: Pearson correlation coefficients between total nitrifiers, environmental variables and nitrification rates in the epilimnion and hypolimnion-------------------------- 62 Table 5: Totals nitrifiers in the sediments with repeated sampling at selected sites in Lake Erie--------------------- 63 CHAPTER 3: Nitrification and oxygen use due to nitrification in the water column and sediments of Lake Erie Table 6: Rate of oxygen consumption, SD, and % of oxygen use due to nitrification in hypolimnion samples from Lake Erie 2009------------------------------------------ 107 vii Table 7: Rate of oxygen consumption, SD, and % of oxygen use due to nitrification in epilimnion samples from Lake Erie 2009------------------------------------------ 108 Table 8: Correlations between measured environmental variables, total oxygen consumption, nitrification rate, and % of oxygen use due to nitrification in the hypolimnion---------------------------------------------------- 109 Table 9: Correlations between measured environmental variables, total oxygen consumption, nitrification rate, and % of oxygen use due to nitrification in the epilimnion------------------------------------------------------- 110 Table 10: Correlations between measured environmental variables, total oxygen consumption, nitrification rate, and % of oxygen use due to nitrification in the water column----------------------------- 111 Table 11: Rate of oxygen consumption, SD, and % of oxygen use due to nitrification in sediment slurries from Lake Erie 2009------------------------------------------------- 112 Table 12: Rate of oxygen consumption, SD, %of oxygen use due to nitrification in intact sediments from viii Lake Erie 2009. ------------------------------------------------ 113 Table 13: Oxygen consumption due to ammonia oxidation and nitrite oxidation in sediment slurry samples from Lake Erie--------------------------------------- 114 Table 14: Oxygen consumption due to ammonia oxidation and nitrite oxidation in water column samples from Lake Erie. ------------------------------------------------ 115 ix Dedication: To family and friends who believed in me. Acknowledgements: I wish to acknowledge my funding sources: NSF, Ohio Sea Grant R/ER082 and Kent State Graduate Student Senate. My committee members, Darren Bade, Robert T.Heath, Laura Leff, Helen Piontkivska, and Joseph Ortiz have been invaluable resources in this great journey. I also thank Heather Kirkpatrick, Josh Smith, Jennifer Clevinger, Moumita Moitra, numerous undergraduate assistants, the captains and crews of RV Lake Guardian, RV Erie Monitor, and CCG Limnos for their laboratory and field assistance. In addition I thank many of my fellow graduate students from the Bade lab, L.Leff lab, Mou lab, and Blackwood lab for their moral and technical support. x CHAPTER 1 Hypothesis, objectives and general introduction Nitrification Nitrification is the oxidization of ammonium to nitrite and nitrate in a process that consumes oxygen and generates a small amount of energy that organisms can use to fix inorganic carbon. Nitrification yields a small amount of energy, produces nitrate, and consumes oxygen (2 moles of oxygen per mole of ammonium). This is the basis of my measurements of nitrification rates later in this paper by measuring the consumption of oxygen. Nitrification is a two-step process. First ammonia is oxidized to nitrite by ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) or by ammonia oxidizing archaea (AOA): - + NH3 +3/2O2 NO2 + H + H2O And then to nitrate by nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB): - - NO2 +1/2 O2 NO3 The classification of nitrifiers differs depending on whether a traditional view or a more modern molecular viewpoint is used. Traditionally, nitrifying bacteria have been lumped together into one group, the family Nitrobacteriaceae. Further divisions were based on the ability to oxidize ammonia or nitrite, and morphological features such as cell size, shape and arrangements of membranes (Watson et al. 1989). This arrangement is contradictory to the more recent molecular phylogenetics based primarily on 16s rRNA and the differences in the key enzyme systems involved (Purkhold et al. 2000). 1 2 Nitrifiers, with the exception of Nitrospina and Nitrospira, which are distantly related to methane oxidizing bacteria, are related to photoautotrophs. There were
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Human Alteration of the Global Nitrogen Cycle
    What is Nitrogen? Human Alteration of the Nitrogen is the most abundant element in Global Nitrogen Cycle the Earth’s atmosphere. Nitrogen makes up 78% of the troposphere. Nitrogen cannot be absorbed directly by the plants and animals until it is converted into compounds they can use. This process is called the Nitrogen Cycle. Heather McGraw, Mandy Williams, Suzanne Heinzel, and Cristen Whorl, Give SIUE Permission to Put Our Presentation on E-reserve at Lovejoy Library. The Nitrogen Cycle How does the nitrogen cycle work? Step 1- Nitrogen Fixation- Special bacteria convert the nitrogen gas (N2 ) to ammonia (NH3) which the plants can use. Step 2- Nitrification- Nitrification is the process which converts the ammonia into nitrite ions which the plants can take in as nutrients. Step 3- Ammonification- After all of the living organisms have used the nitrogen, decomposer bacteria convert the nitrogen-rich waste compounds into simpler ones. Step 4- Denitrification- Denitrification is the final step in which other bacteria convert the simple nitrogen compounds back into nitrogen gas (N2 ), which is then released back into the atmosphere to begin the cycle again. How does human intervention affect the nitrogen cycle? Nitric Oxide (NO) is released into the atmosphere when any type of fuel is burned. This includes byproducts of internal combustion engines. Production and Use of Nitrous Oxide (N2O) is released into the atmosphere through Nitrogen Fertilizers bacteria in livestock waste and commercial fertilizers applied to the soil. Removing nitrogen from the Earth’s crust and soil when we mine nitrogen-rich mineral deposits. Discharge of municipal sewage adds nitrogen compounds to aquatic ecosystems which disrupts the ecosystem and kills fish.
    [Show full text]
  • Light-Independent Nitrogen Assimilation in Plant Leaves: Nitrate Incorporation Into Glutamine, Glutamate, Aspartate, and Asparagine Traced by 15N
    plants Review Light-Independent Nitrogen Assimilation in Plant Leaves: Nitrate Incorporation into Glutamine, Glutamate, Aspartate, and Asparagine Traced by 15N Tadakatsu Yoneyama 1,* and Akira Suzuki 2,* 1 Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan 2 Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Institut national de recherche pour l’agriculture, l’alimentation et l’environnement (INRAE), UMR1318, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France * Correspondence: [email protected] (T.Y.); [email protected] (A.S.) Received: 3 September 2020; Accepted: 29 September 2020; Published: 2 October 2020 Abstract: Although the nitrate assimilation into amino acids in photosynthetic leaf tissues is active under the light, the studies during 1950s and 1970s in the dark nitrate assimilation provided fragmental and variable activities, and the mechanism of reductant supply to nitrate assimilation in darkness remained unclear. 15N tracing experiments unraveled the assimilatory mechanism of nitrogen from nitrate into amino acids in the light and in darkness by the reactions of nitrate and nitrite reductases, glutamine synthetase, glutamate synthase, aspartate aminotransferase, and asparagine synthetase. Nitrogen assimilation in illuminated leaves and non-photosynthetic roots occurs either in the redundant way or in the specific manner regarding the isoforms of nitrogen assimilatory enzymes in their cellular compartments. The electron supplying systems necessary to the enzymatic reactions share in part a similar electron donor system at the expense of carbohydrates in both leaves and roots, but also distinct reducing systems regarding the reactions of Fd-nitrite reductase and Fd-glutamate synthase in the photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic organs.
    [Show full text]
  • Nitrogen Removal Training Program
    Nitrogen Removal Training Program Module 1 Nitrogen in the Aquatic Environment • Forms of Nitrogen and Nitrogen Transformations • Nitrogen in Surface Waters • Water Quality Impacts of Nitrogen Discharges • Nitrogen in Wastewater Module 1 Transparency 1 Nitrogen Removal Training Program Module 1 Forms of Nitrogen and Nitrogen Transformations Module 1 Transparency 2 Forms of Nitrogen in the Environment Unoxidized Forms Oxidized Forms of Nitrogen of Nitrogen Nitrite (NO -) • Nitrogen Gas (N2) • 2 + Nitrate (NO -) • Ammonia (NH4 , NH3) • 3 • Organic Nitrogen (urea, • Nitrous Oxide (N2O) amino acids, peptides, proteins, etc...) • Nitric Oxide (NO) • Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Module 1 Transparency 3 Nitrogen Fixation • Biological Fixation - Use of atmospheric nitrogen by certain photosynthetic blue-green algae and bacteria for growth. Nitrogen Gas Organic Nitrogen (N2) • Lightning Fixation - Conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to nitrate by lightning. lightning Nitrogen Gas + Ozone Nitrate - (N2) (O3)(NO3 ) • Industrial Fixation - Conversion of nitrogen gas to ammonia and nitrate-nitrogen (used in the manufacture of fertilizers and explosives). Module 1 Transparency 4 Biological Nitrogen Fixation Nitrogen Gas (N2) Bacteria Blue-green Algae Organic N Organic N Certain blue-green algae and bacteria use atmospheric nitrogen to produce organic nitrogen compounds. Module 1 Transparency 5 Atmospheric Fixation Lightning converts Nitrogen Gas and Ozone to Nitrate. Nitrogen Gas Nitrate Module 1 Transparency 6 Industrial Fixation N2 Nitrogen gas is converted to ammonia and nitrate in the production of fertilizer and explosives. NH3 - NO3 Module 1 Transparency 7 Ammonification and Assimilation Ammonification - Conversion of organic nitrogen to ammonia-nitrogen resulting from the biological decomposition of dead plant and animal tissue and animal fecal matter.
    [Show full text]
  • Nitrite Reductase 1 Is a Target of Nitric Oxide-Mediated Post-Translational Modifications and Controls Nitrogen Flux and Growth in Arabidopsis
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Article Nitrite Reductase 1 Is a Target of Nitric Oxide-Mediated Post-Translational Modifications and Controls Nitrogen Flux and Growth in Arabidopsis Álvaro Costa-Broseta , MariCruz Castillo and José León * Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain; [email protected] (Á.C.-B.); [email protected] (M.C.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-963877882 Received: 15 September 2020; Accepted: 29 September 2020; Published: 1 October 2020 Abstract: Plant growth is the result of the coordinated photosynthesis-mediated assimilation of oxidized forms of C, N and S. Nitrate is the predominant N source in soils and its reductive assimilation requires the successive activities of soluble cytosolic NADH-nitrate reductases (NR) and plastid stroma ferredoxin-nitrite reductases (NiR) allowing the conversion of nitrate to nitrite and then to ammonium. However, nitrite, instead of being reduced to ammonium in plastids, can be reduced to nitric oxide (NO) in mitochondria, through a process that is relevant under hypoxic conditions, or in the cytoplasm, through a side-reaction catalyzed by NRs. We use a loss-of-function approach, based on CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genetic edition, and gain-of-function, using transgenic overexpressing HA-tagged Arabidopsis NiR1 to characterize the role of this enzyme in controlling plant growth, and to propose that the NO-related post-translational modifications, by S-nitrosylation of key C residues, might inactivate NiR1 under stress conditions. NiR1 seems to be a key target in regulating nitrogen assimilation and NO homeostasis, being relevant to the control of both plant growth and performance under stress conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • Metabolic Versatility of the Nitrite-Oxidizing Bacterium Nitrospira
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.02.185504; this version posted July 4, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC 4.0 International license. 1 Metabolic versatility of the nitrite-oxidizing bacterium Nitrospira 2 marina and its proteomic response to oxygen-limited conditions 3 Barbara Bayer1*, Mak A. Saito2, Matthew R. McIlvin2, Sebastian Lücker3, Dawn M. Moran2, 4 Thomas S. Lankiewicz1, Christopher L. Dupont4, and Alyson E. Santoro1* 5 6 1 Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, 7 CA, USA 8 2 Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 9 Woods Hole, MA, USA 10 3 Department of Microbiology, IWWR, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands 11 4 J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA 12 13 *Correspondence: 14 Barbara Bayer, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, 15 Santa Barbara, CA, USA. E-mail: [email protected] 16 Alyson E. Santoro, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of 17 California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA. E-mail: [email protected] 18 19 Running title: Genome and proteome of Nitrospira marina 20 21 Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. 22 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.02.185504; this version posted July 4, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity.
    [Show full text]
  • DNA and RNA-SIP Reveal Nitrospira Spp. As Key Drivers of Nitrification in 2 Groundwater-Fed Biofilters
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/703868; this version posted July 16, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 DNA and RNA-SIP reveal Nitrospira spp. as key drivers of nitrification in 2 groundwater-fed biofilters 3 4 Running title: Nitrospira drives nitrification in groundwater-fed biofilters 5 Authors: Arda Gülay1,4*, Jane Fowler1, Karolina Tatari1, Bo Thamdrup3, Hans-Jørgen Albrechtsen1, 6 Waleed Abu Al-Soud2, Søren J. Sørensen2 and Barth F. Smets1* 7 1 Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 113, Miljøvej, 2800 8 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark. Phone: +45 45251600. FAX: +45 45932850. e-mail: [email protected], jfow@ 9 env.dtu.dk, [email protected], [email protected]* 10 2 Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Building 1, 2100 Copenhagen, 11 Denmark. Phone: +45 35323710. FAX: +45 35322128. e-mail: [email protected], [email protected] 12 3 Nordic Center for Earth Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 13 5230 Odense, Denmark. Phone: +45 35323710. FAX: +45 35322128. e-mail: [email protected] 14 4 Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States, 15 26 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA 02138, Phone: +1 (617)4951564. e-mail: [email protected] 16 17 *Corresponding authors 18 Keywords: Nitrification, comammox, Nitrospira, DNA SIP, RNA SIP 19 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/703868; this version posted July 16, 2019.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Phosphorus on Nitrification Process in a Fertile Soil Amended
    agriculture Article Effects of Phosphorus on Nitrification Process in a Fertile Soil Amended with Urea Jianfeng Ning 1,2,*, Yuji Arai 2 , Jian Shen 1, Ronghui Wang 1 and Shaoying Ai 1,* 1 Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer in South Region, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nutrient Cycling and Farmland Conservation, Guangzhou 510640, China; [email protected] (J.S.); [email protected] (R.W.) 2 Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (J.N.); [email protected] (S.A.) Abstract: While the effects of carbon on soil nitrogen (N) cycle have been extensively studied, it is not clearly understood how co-existing macronutrients, such as phosphorus (P), affect the N cycle in agroecosystems. In this study, P amendment effects on nitrification in a fertile agricultural soil were investigated under a typical N-P amendment rate. In a laboratory incubation study, soils were amended with urea, monopotassium phosphate and a mixture of urea and monopotassium phosphate at the same rate. In soils that received no amendments (control), P only, urea only, and urea plus P amendment, nitrification occurred within the first five days, with an average net nitrification rate of 5.30, 5.77, 16.66 and 9.00 mg N kg−1d−1, respectively. Interestingly, nitrification in urea-treated soils was retarded by P addition where a N:P ratio seemed to be a key factor impeding nitrification.
    [Show full text]
  • Indications for Enzymatic Denitriication to N2O at Low Ph in an Ammonia
    The ISME Journal (2019) 13:2633–2638 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-019-0460-6 BRIEF COMMUNICATION Indications for enzymatic denitrification to N2O at low pH in an ammonia-oxidizing archaeon 1,2 1 3 4 1 4 Man-Young Jung ● Joo-Han Gwak ● Lena Rohe ● Anette Giesemann ● Jong-Geol Kim ● Reinhard Well ● 5 2,6 2,6,7 1 Eugene L. Madsen ● Craig W. Herbold ● Michael Wagner ● Sung-Keun Rhee Received: 19 February 2019 / Revised: 5 May 2019 / Accepted: 27 May 2019 / Published online: 21 June 2019 © The Author(s) 2019. This article is published with open access Abstract Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a key climate change gas and nitrifying microbes living in terrestrial ecosystems contribute significantly to its formation. Many soils are acidic and global change will cause acidification of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, but the effect of decreasing pH on N2O formation by nitrifiers is poorly understood. Here, we used isotope-ratio mass spectrometry to investigate the effect of acidification on production of N2O by pure cultures of two ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA; Nitrosocosmicus oleophilus and Nitrosotenuis chungbukensis) and an ammonia-oxidizing bacterium (AOB; Nitrosomonas 15 europaea). For all three strains acidification led to increased emission of N2O. However, changes of N site preference (SP) 1234567890();,: 1234567890();,: values within the N2O molecule (as indicators of pathways for N2O formation), caused by decreasing pH, were highly different between the tested AOA and AOB. While acidification decreased the SP value in the AOB strain, SP values increased to a maximum value of 29‰ in N. oleophilus. In addition, 15N-nitrite tracer experiments showed that acidification boosted nitrite transformation into N2O in all strains, but the incorporation rate was different for each ammonia oxidizer.
    [Show full text]
  • Nitrification 31
    NITROGEN IN SOILS/Nitrification 31 See also: Eutrophication; Greenhouse Gas Emis- Powlson DS (1993) Understanding the soil nitrogen cycle. sions; Isotopes in Soil and Plant Investigations; Soil Use and Management 9: 86–94. Nitrogen in Soils: Cycle; Nitrification; Plant Uptake; Powlson DS (1999) Fate of nitrogen from manufactured Symbiotic Fixation; Pollution: Groundwater fertilizers in agriculture. In: Wilson WS, Ball AS, and Hinton RH (eds) Managing Risks of Nitrates to Humans Further Reading and the Environment, pp. 42–57. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry. Addiscott TM, Whitmore AP, and Powlson DS (1991) Powlson DS (1997) Integrating agricultural nutrient man- Farming, Fertilizers and the Nitrate Problem. Wallingford: agement with environmental objectives – current state CAB International. and future prospects. Proceedings No. 402. York: The Benjamin N (2000) Nitrates in the human diet – good or Fertiliser Society. bad? Annales de Zootechnologie 49: 207–216. Powlson DS, Hart PBS, Poulton PR, Johnston AE, and Catt JA et al. (1998) Strategies to decrease nitrate leaching Jenkinson DS (1986) Recovery of 15N-labelled fertilizer in the Brimstone Farm experiment, Oxfordshire, UK, applied in autumn to winter wheat at four sites in eastern 1988–1993: the effects of winter cover crops and England. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge unfertilized grass leys. Plant and Soil 203: 57–69. 107: 611–620. Cheney K (1990) Effect of nitrogen fertilizer rate on soil Recous S, Fresnau C, Faurie G, and Mary B (1988) The fate nitrate nitrogen content after harvesting winter wheat. of labelled 15N urea and ammonium nitrate applied to a Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 114: winter wheat crop.
    [Show full text]
  • United States Patent (19) 11 Patent Number: 4,756,832 Gold Et Al
    United States Patent (19) 11 Patent Number: 4,756,832 Gold et al. (45) Date of Patent: Jul. 12, 1988 ENZYMATIC PROCESS 3,897,308 7/1975 Li et al. ............................... 435/262 54 3,943,055 3/1976 Korenkov et al. .. ... 210/606 X (75) Inventors: Kenneth Gold, Hastins-On-Hudson, 3,994,780 1 1/1976 Klass et al. ..................... 210/606 X N.Y.; Bruce W. Brodman, 4,011, 141 3/1977 Gravely et al. ................. 435/267 X Stroudsburg, Pa. 4,043,936 8/1977 Francis et al. ... ... 210/610 X 4,288,545 9/1981 Spraker ............ ... 210/632 X (73 Assignee: The United States of America as 4,342,827 8/1982 Atkinson et al. ..................... 435/26 represented by the Secretary of the 4,566,469 1/1986 Semp et al. ..................... 210/903 X Army, Washington, D.C. Primary Examiner-Tom Wyse 21 Appl. No.: 87,858 Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Robert P. Gibson; Edward 22) Filed: Aug. 17, 1987 Goldberg; Edward F. Costigan (51) Int. Cl'............................ C02F1/58; CO2F 3/34 (57) ABSTRACT 52) U.S. C. .................................... 210/632; 210/903; 435/262; 435/874 This invention is an improved enzymatic process for the (58) Field of Search ............... 210/606, 610, 611, 632, removal of nitrite ions from an aqueous solution result 210/903; 435/25-28, 262, 264, 267, 814, ing from the denitration of a nitrate ester. The aqueous 874-877 solution is treated with an enzyme nitrite reductase resulting from inducement under faculatative anaerobic 56) References Cited conditions of pseudomonas sp. U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS 3,868,303 2/1975 Tsumura et al.
    [Show full text]
  • The Nitrogen Cycle
    The Nitrogen Cycle Almost 80% of our atmosphere is made up of the element nitrogen bonded together as N2. This represents most of the nitrogen available on Earth. Ni- trogen is an important element used by all living things to make proteins, amino acids and the nucleic acids of DNA. Yet its gaseous form, N2, found – + in the atmosphere is not usable. It must be “fixed” into nitrates (NO3 ), ammonium (NH4 ) or urea (NH2)2CO to be taken up by plants. Animals can get their nitrogen by eating those plants and so it moves through the food webs. When nitrogen is fixed, it is absorbed by plants and then eaten by animals, who then expel it in their waste and eventually die and decompose (releas- ing more). The nitrogen is then released into the soil and then back into atmosphere – this is the Nitrogen Cycle. The Nitrogen Cycle can be broken down into 4 processes: Nitrogen fixing – Decay – Nitrification – Dentrification 1. Nitrogen Fixing is when gaseous nitrogen is “fixed” by either lightning (only up to about 8%), bacteria in the soil, or nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the root nodules of leguminous plants (like soy beans). 2. Decay - The nitrogen in plants is eaten by animals and broken down and expelled in the animals’ waste. Microorganisms further break it down into ammonia. 3. Nitrification - Some ammonia is absorbed by plants through their roots, but most is converted by nitrifying bacteria into nitrites and then nitrates. 4. Dentrification moves the nitrogen in the other direction back into the atmosphere. Dentrifying bacteria reduce nitrites and nitrates into nitrogen gas, releasing it back to the atmosphere to complete the cycle.
    [Show full text]
  • Microbial Nitrogen Metabolism in Chloraminated Drinking Water
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/655316; this version posted June 13, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 1 Microbial Nitrogen Metabolism in Chloraminated Drinking Water 2 Reservoirs 3 4 Sarah C Potgietera, Zihan Daic, Stefanus N Ventera, Makhosazana Sigudud and Ameet J 5 Pintob* 6 7 a Rand Water Chair in Water Microbiology, Department of Microbiology and Plant 8 Pathology, University of Pretoria, South Africa 9 b Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, USA 10 c College of Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, UK 11 d Scientific Services, Rand Water, Vereeniging, South Africa 12 13 *corresponding author: Dr Ameet J Pinto 14 Email address: [email protected] 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/655316; this version posted June 13, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 26 Abstract 27 Nitrification is a common concern in chloraminated drinking water distribution systems. The 28 addition of ammonia promotes the growth of nitrifying organisms, causing the depletion of 29 chloramine residuals and resulting in operational problems for many drinking water utilities. 30 Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the microbially mediated processes behind 31 nitrogen metabolism together with chemical water quality data, may allow water utilities to 32 better address the undesirable effects caused by nitrification.
    [Show full text]