H former members 1900–1946 H

Jaime C. de Veyra 1873–1963

RESIDENT COMMISSIONER 1917–1923 NACIONALISTA FROM THE

s a journalist turned politician, Jaime de Veyra After the war, de Veyra worked as a newspaper editor, was the voice of the Philippines in Washington starting El Nuevo Día (The New Day) with his former following enactment of the landmark Jones Act college classmate, Sergio Osmeña, on the neighboring ofA 1916. As Manuel L. Quezon’s successor in Congress, island of . Together they dug into local political de Veyra spent six years as Resident Commissioner issues that arose during the transition from Spanish rule navigating the shifting U.S. political landscape, speaking to American occupation. The publication was critical on behalf of the Philippine legislature, and lobbying for an of the new U.S. administration, and cautious American independent Philippines. “No benefits, however great, and bureaucrats viewed de Veyra “as anti-American with pro- no altruism, however splendid, can compensate any people Republic sympathies.” Many worried that the paper might for the lack of that national independence,” de Veyra noted be too radical, but Osmeña’s deft skills as a diplomat kept in a House Floor speech late in his career. “Without freedom it from being censored or shut down. wealth is nothing, culture is meaningless, existence itself is El Nuevo Día ended up being a short-lived experiment. only the procession of idle images on a purposeless screen.”1 Osmeña quickly won election as governor of the province, Jaime Carlos de Veyra was born in Tanauan, which is leaving de Veyra to manage the paper by himself. But on the northeast coast of Leyte Province in the Philippines, de Veyra was also gradually drawn into Cebu City politics, on November 4, 1873, to Felix de Veyra, the director of winning election as municipal councillor in 1901. When a private school, and Ildefonsa Diaz. Born into a middle- El Nuevo Día folded in November 1902, de Veyra jumped class family on an island 600 miles southeast of , to another newspaper, La Nueva Era (The New Era) and de Veyra received an education in the local schools. He oversaw its Tagalog section. He also managed a private left Tanauan at age 15 to attend the Colegio de San Juan school in Leyte. In 1904, after narrowly losing the race for de Letran in Manila. After he graduated with a bachelor governor of his home province of Leyte, de Veyra returned of arts in 1893, de Veyra remained in Manila for two to Manila to join the staff of El Renacimiento (The more years to study at the University of Santo Tomas, Renaissance), a newspaper run by a former colleague from studying alongside future national leaders Sergio Osmeña El Nuevo Día, Rafael Palma. Like their old publication, El and Manuel Quezon. The Philippine Revolution of 1896 Renacimiento criticized the U.S. colonial government.3 interrupted de Veyra’s studies, prompting him to return In 1906 de Veyra left journalism for good. That year home and join the fight against the Spanish, eventually he again ran for governor of Leyte against Peter Borseth, serving as secretary to provincial rebel commander General one of the few remaining Americans in a popularly elected Ambrosio Mojica. On June 28, 1907, he married Sofia office. According to one scholar, de Veyra was part of an Reyes, a notable social worker who became one of the most emerging generation of politicians who commanded local prominent women on the islands. The couple had four bases of power outside Manila, their influence enhanced children, Jesus María, Manuel, Lourdes Josefina, and Maria by U.S. officials who wanted native allies to help maintain Rosario. In 1961, when de Veyra was in his late 80s, he control of the Philippines. Running as a Nacionalista, received an honorary PhD in humane letters from Ateneo de Veyra was seen by Manila authorities as an unpalatable Municipal de Manila.2 “radical.” Officials in Leyte, on the other hand, celebrated

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RESIDENT COMMISSIONER 1917–1923 NACIONALISTA FROM THE PHILIPPINES

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when he won the governorship. An American supporter De Veyra’s political skill, one Manila newspaper noted, cabled the news to Manila : “God lives. Leyte saved. made him “ably prepared” to direct the Philippines’ Borseth overwhelmingly defeated.”4 agenda on Capitol Hill in the years following the Jones De Veyra served as provincial governor for little more Act.9 According to the Christian Science Monitor, he and than a year before running for a seat from Leyte in the Yangco shared the workload. In effect, de Veyra would newly created first . Elected in July represent the Filipino people while Yangco would work 1907, he served for two terms (1907–1912) alongside to protect the Philippines’ commercial interests.10 While familiar faces. Osmeña, now a representative of Cebu Yangco did not stand for re-election in 1920, de Veyra Province, was speaker of the assembly, and his other college was re-elected by the Philippine legislature on February 7, contemporary, Manuel Quezon, represented Tayabas and 1920. His second term commenced midway through the served as majority floor leader. 66th Congress (1919–1921).11 When Outlook magazine profiled the assembly shortly Throughout his career on the Hill, de Veyra had the after it first convened, it noted that de Veyra had shed expert help of his wife, Sofia, who began her career as his reputation as a “revolutionary firebrand” in favor an educator and in her own right had become a leading “of more moderate measures.” De Veyra, according to proponent of Filipino women’s issues. In 1907 she founded Outlook, understood the assembly to be something of a the first training school for nurses on the islands and later “political training-school” where Filipino politicians could organized women’s clubs throughout the archipelago that prove to the world that they were capable of handling the she then consolidated into the National Federation of responsibilities of self-government.5 During his time in Women’s Clubs. The Philippines Free Press once observed the legislature, de Veyra earned the nickname “Protector that she was “the most envied woman of the Philippines” of Children,” steering government subsidies toward and a role model for many young women who aspired to pasteurizing the islands’ milk supply and authoring a law careers in public service.12 making women eligible to be schoolteachers. When the Nineteenth Amendment granting U.S. After Quezon went to Washington as Resident women the right to vote went into effect, Sofia de Veyra Commissioner in 1909, he and de Veyra stayed in close spoke frequently on the East Coast lecture circuit, stressing contact.6 That political connection advanced de Veyra’s the gains of Filipino women. Because of the matriarchal career at various turns, and in 1913 he was nominated to culture on the islands, they enjoyed progressive property serve on the . Four other rights and professional opportunities unavailable to women were also selected so that, when the commission convened in the United States, Mrs. de Veyra noted. She voiced the later that year, Native Filipinos held the majority for the strong desire among Filipinos for “progressive legislation” first time. De Veyra eventually became the commission’s particularly in women’s health care, child health, and executive secretary.7 day care. She confidently predicted that Filipino women Under the Jones Act of 1916, a formal, popularly would soon gain access to the ballot and was an unceasing elected senate replaced the Philippine commission, and in advocate for the right of the Filipino people for self-rule.13 Washington neither Quezon nor Manuel Earnshaw stood “I want the Americans to know the truth about that for re-election as Resident Commissioner. De Veyra and distant country,” Sofia said, “which is not infrequently Teodoro R. Yangco were nominated to take their places, misrepresented and misunderstood.”14 and, as the nominee of the new senate, de Veyra sailed During his entire six-year stint in Washington, House through the process. Facing only minor opposition, both Rules barred Jaime de Veyra from serving on committees or men were elected to three-year terms by a joint session of voting. He spoke sparingly in debates, perhaps a half dozen the Philippine legislature on January 10, 1917.8 times in all. He did not deliver his first floor speech until the

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closing weeks of the 65th Congress (1917–1919), when he Commissioners in charge of placing key issues before the eulogized William A. Jones, chairman of the Insular Affairs general public.21 Two months later, de Veyra published Committee and namesake of the Jones Act of 1916, calling a memorial calling for immediate independence in the him “the American most dear to our hearts.”15 Congressional Record, and in 1920 he led a Filipino De Veyra was far less a legislator than he was a salesman, delegation to the Democratic and Republican National constantly publicizing the Nacionalista platform and Conventions to lobby for immediate autonomy.22 calling for independence at the earliest possible moment.16 With Republican nominee Warren G. Harding’s decisive Like Quezon, he was a pragmatist who leveraged a variety victory in the 1920 presidential election, de Veyra and of opportunities to promote Philippine sovereignty. He other pro-independence activists realized they would need often spoke to the press and privately lobbied Members to move quickly to secure as much as they could from the of Congress and administration officials. He and Yangco outgoing administration. A former chairman of the frequently gave public lectures around the country, but Senate Committee on the Philippines, President Harding, principally in major East Coast cities, to publicize Philippine like many Republicans, believed the United States should autonomy.17 The pair also helped form a Philippine hold the islands indefinitely.23 American Chamber of Commerce to encourage trade and By November 1920, Horace M. Towner of Iowa, rally support for independence. De Veyra was often found chairman of the House Insular Affairs Committee, publicly testifying before House and Senate committees on economic declared he would not consider immediate independence, matters, including the adjustment of the Philippines’ debt forcing de Veyra and his newly elected colleague, Isauro load, tax revisions for U.S. citizens living on the islands, and Gabaldon, to shift their attention to the White House. salary changes for U.S. colonial officials.18 Wilson had earlier told Congress that the Philippines had When de Veyra went to Washington, Democrats “succeeded in maintaining a stable government … and have controlled both the House and the presidency and thus fulfilled the condition” in the Jones Act as a prerequisite were generally more focused on domestic reforms for independence.24 In the fall, in order to move one step and mobilizing for than the status of the closer to sovereignty, the two Resident Commissioners Philippines. In 1916, the year before he arrived, Democrats persuaded Wilson’s secretary to ask the President to support agreed to support the Jones Act, gradually eliminating U.S. a bill certifying that the Philippines successfully fulfilled that control over the Philippines, but when Republicans took requirement, but it was too little, too late. No Member in over in 1919, Congress changed its approach.19 When either chamber acted on Wilson’s request.25 the GOP issued calls to strengthen U.S. authority in the De Veyra backed one last, desperate measure in the Pacific, the Philippines’ territorial legislature responded by waning days of the Wilson administration to speed an more or less putting de Veyra in charge of an independence independence provision through Congress. Edward mission to Washington.20 King of Illinois submitted H.R. 14481, a bill to enable De Veyra met the independence mission when it the Philippine government, by means of a presidential disembarked in San Francisco in February 1919, and over proclamation, to form a constitutional convention within the next two months, the delegation traveled the country, one year of its enactment. Once the Filipino people publicizing Philippine independence. After meeting with drafted and approved a constitution, the President could, Secretary of War Newton Baker, the delegation brought at his sole discretion, declare the Philippines free and their cause to a number of cities, pushing for a final independent. In supporting the King bill, de Veyra cast resolution on the Philippines’ political status. Shortly aside concerns that the removal of U.S. military protection after the mission’s visit, the Philippines opened an official might embolden Japanese designs on the islands. “We are press bureau in Washington and put its two Resident willing to take a chance and we are confident we shall be

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able to … defend ourselves from any possible aggression.”26 The Wood–Forbes Commission inspired a second The bill went to the House Committee on Insular Affairs, Philippine independence mission to the United States in but never resurfaced. June 1922. As with the original mission three years earlier, Early in the next Congress, de Veyra and Gabaldon de Veyra helped to coordinate its activities. Unlike the 1919 met with President Harding to discuss the status of the group, this one had a singular political goal : challenging the Philippines in his new administration. The President Wood–Forbes report to protect the promise of autonomy refused to render an immediate decision about embodied in the Jones Act. Senator Quezon and Philippine independence, but told the Resident Commissioners he house speaker Osmeña, the insular legislature’s highest- would review the results of a fact-finding mission led by ranking officers, led the delegation. General Leonard Wood and former Governor General W. The House received the independence mission on June Cameron Forbes, who were sent to assess the Philippines’ 21, 1922, shortly after their arrival in the United States. “fitness” for independence. Even before Wood and Forbes Peering down from the public gallery, they listened as Insular departed for the islands there were doubts their report Affairs Committee Chairman Horace Towner complimented would have much effect. “Nothing in connection with Manila’s leaders as “educated men,” “able orators,” and “keen the investigation indicates that the movement to turn the debaters,” and he noted paternalistically that Congress was islands loose from this country will be encouraged as a “proud to claim them as our legislative children. We have result of the inquiry,” the New York Tribune reported.27 given them, and they have gladly received and assimilated, The Wood–Forbes Commission visited the islands from our form [of government] and most of our procedure.” After May to August 1921 and spoke with territorial government being recognized on the floor, the mission delegates went to officials, Filipinos, American residents, and “foreigners of meet with Speaker Frederick Gillett of Massachusetts and every walk of life.” The commissioners spent a week in other Members of the House.31 Manila, visited all but one of the 49 provinces of the islands, Nine days later, de Veyra submitted a “statement of and held meetings in nearly 450 cities and towns.28 In its final conditions” demonstrating the viability of the Philippine recommendation, the commission not only cautioned against government. The 23-page entry in the Congressional Record independence “until the people have had time to absorb accompanied the official memorial that the delegation and thoroughly master the powers already in their hands,” submitted to President Harding and Congress. Publicizing it actually recommended strengthening the powers of the the message via the Philippine press bureau, de Veyra argued governor general while weakening the territorial legislature.29 that the time was ripe for independence. Not only had the President Harding endorsed the findings and nominated Philippines kept their end of the bargain by maintaining General Wood to reassert U.S. authority as the islands’ new a “stable government” per the Jones Act, but each of the governor general. island’s main political parties favored independence.32 In Washington, de Veyra and Gabaldon protested the In 1922 de Veyra opted not to stand for renomination as commission’s report in a joint statement. They took particular Resident Commissioner. In retrospect, the reasoning behind umbrage at the suggestion of curtailing the hard-won rights his decision is not all that clear. One could perhaps infer that of the Philippine legislature : “To a subject people like us, the de Veyra understood that, with the transition from Wilson power of the Philippine senate to confirm or not to confirm to Harding, the case for immediate independence had been appointments … is a bulwark against possible tyranny on temporarily shelved. It is also plausible that, after more the part of the governor general … therefore we can not than 15 years in elected office, he was ready to return to surrender it.” De Veyra also submitted a letter of protest and private life. While he subsequently held appointed positions, supporting documentation to President Harding, challenging de Veyra never again sought elected office and seemed the reported results in the Congressional Record.30 content to focus on academic pursuits.

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Three weeks before his term expired at the end of _____. La Hispanidad en Filipinas (Madrid, Spain : Publicaciones del the 67th Congress (1921–1923), in early March 1923, Circulo Filipino, 1961). de Veyra submitted a request from the Philippine legislature calling for a constitutional convention. The “holding of a MANUSCRIPT COLLECTIONS constitutional convention,” he said, was the “next logical The New York Public Library (New York, NY). George F. Parker step to be taken in the direction of … complete and absolute Papers : 1919–1926, approximately 0.6 linear feet. Correspondents include Jaime C. de Veyra. independence.” He insisted that the desire for independence was requested “in no spirit of ingratitude, in no forgetfulness University of Michigan (Ann Arbor, MI). Anti-Imperialist League Papers : 1903–1922, items and 5 volumes. Authors include Jaime C. de Veyra. of the obligation of the Filipino people to the United University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library (Ann Arbor, MI). States.” Touting the United States’ own history and noting Microfilm : 1909–1944, 54 microfilm reels. The papers of Manuel Luis that many U.S. citizens were sympathetic to Philippine Quezon contain correspondence, speeches, articles, and other papers autonomy, de Veyra asked how much longer Filipinos must related to all phases of his career in the Philippines and as Resident wait. Citing the Jones Act, de Veyra noted that the stable Commissioner in the U.S. House of Representatives. Correspondents include Jaime C. de Veyra. government provision was the only requirement Congress asked of the Philippines prior to independence. Since the Philippines had met that obligation, de Veyra said, NOTES Congress’s opposition to independence was meant only to 1 Congressional Record, House, 67th Cong., 4th sess. (15 February 1923) : H3696–3698. benefit “small circles and private interests that derive profit 33 2 Gregorio F. Zaide, Great Filipinos in History : An Epic of Filipino from the present conditions.” Greatness in War and Peace (Manila, PI : Verde Book Store, 1970) : Upon the election of his successor , 616–621 ; Carlos Quirino, Who’s Who in Philippine History de Veyra returned to the Philippines, where he became (Manila, PI : Tahanan Books, 1995) : 69 ; “DeVeyra Buried Today,” a respected academic, widely recognized as “the peerless 8 March 1963, Manila Times : 2-A ; U.S. Passport Applications, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and Philippines, 1907–1925, box 4266, vol. literary critic in Filipino-Spanish literature.” He published 24 : Passport Applications-Philippine Islands, National Archives broadly in periodicals and academic journals and also and Records Administration (hereinafter NARA), Washington, authored several well-received books. He served as the head DC, http ://search.ancestrylibrary.com (accessed 2 March 2015) ; of the Spanish language department at the University of Congressional Directory, 67th Cong., 4th sess. (Washington, DC : Government Printing Office, 1923) : 126. the Philippines for nine years and was the assistant director 3 Michael Cullinane, Ilustrado Politics : Filipino Elite Responses to of the National Library of the Philippines. At the urging American Rule, 1898–1908 (Quezon City, PI : Ateneo de Manila of President Manuel Quezon, he headed the Institute of University Press, 2003) : 210­–219. National Language from 1936 to 1944.34 De Veyra also 4 Cullinane, Ilustrado Politics : 166–167. was a member of the Real Academia Española de la Lengua 5 G. H. Blakeslee, “The First Philippine Assembly,” 25 January 1908, and the Philippine Historical Committee. He died in Outlook : 174–179, quotation on p. 178. Manila on March 7, 1963.35 6 Zaide, Great Filipinos in History : 618 ; Peter W. Stanley, A Nation in the Making : The Philippines and the United States, 1899–1921 (Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press, 1974) : 168. FOR FURTHER READING 7 “Five Natives : Philippine Commissioners Are Selected,” 16 October De Veyra, Jaime C. Efemérides Filipinas (Manila, PI : Impr. y Libreria de 1913, Boston Daily Globe : 11 ; Stanley, A Nation in the Making : I. R. Morales, 1914). 205–206 ; Zaide, Great Filipinos in History : 618. _____. El Último Adiós de Rizal, Estudio Critico-Expositivo (Manila, 8 Diario de Sesiones de la Cámara de Representantes, 11 January 1917 PI : Bureau of Printing, 1946). (Manila, PI : Bureau of Printing, 1918) : 433 ; Jaime C. de Veyra _____. Tandaya ; O, Kandaya, Algunos Ensayos Historico-Literarios Certificate of Election (endorsed 17 March 1917), Committee on (Manila, PI : 1948). Elections (HR65-AJ1), 65th Congress, Records of the U.S. House

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of Representatives, Record Group 233, NARA ; “Yangco and Veyra Missions to the United States, 1919–1934 : 27 ; “Filipinos Press Chosen to Be Resident Commissioners to U.S.,” 11 January 1917, Claims,” 5 June 1920, Christian Science Monitor : 10. Cablenews-American (Manila, PI) : 1. 23 Gerald E. Wheeler, “Republican Philippine Policy, 1921–1933,” 9 “The New Resident Commissioners,” 12 January 1917, Cablenews- Pacific Historical Review 28 (1959) : 377–390 ; Eugene Trani and American Daily (Manila, PI) : 6. David L. Wilson, The Presidency of Warren G. Harding (Lawrence : 10 “New Filipino Agents in United States,” 20 April 1917, Christian University Press of Kansas, 1977) : 158–159. Science Monitor : 7. 24 , Eighth Annual Message, December 7, 1920, in 11 De Veyra Certificate of Election (endorsed 9 February 1920), American Presidency Project, ed. John T. Woolley and Gerhard Peters, Committee on Elections (HR68-AJ2), 68th Congress, Record Group http ://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29561 (accessed 233, NARA ; Congressional Directory, 67th Cong., 4th sess. : 126. 15 January 2016). See also Jaime C. de Veyra, “The Philippine Problem : The Truth about the Philippines,” 5 March 1921, The 12 Zoilo M. Galang, ed., Leaders of the Philippines (Manila, PI : Independent 7, no. 309 : 12–14. National Publishing Company, 1932) : 16–18. 25 Churchill, The Philippine Independence Missions to the United States, 13 “Filipino Women Have Made Great Strides, One of Them Says,” 1919–1934 : 27. 2 May 1920, Boston Globe : SM15 ; “Status of Philippine Women High,” 26 October 1922, Christian Science Monitor : 3 ; “Mother is 26 “Filipino Independence Gets a Boost in House,” 17 December ‘Boss,’ ” 5 June 1922, Los Angeles Times : sec. 3, p. 11 ; “Says Suffrage 1920, Los Angeles Times : 11. Is in Grasp of Filipino Women,” 27 April 1922, Baltimore Sun : 11. 27 “Policy in Philippines Waits on Wood’s Report,” 15 March 1921, 14 “Mme De Veyra Shows Filipino Progress,” 10 January 1921, Boston New York Tribune : 4 ; “Seek Philippine Independence,” 15 March Globe : 4. 1921, Washington Post : 6 ; “Wants Filipinos Given Short Test,” 2 June 1921, Washington Post : 4. 15 Congressional Record, House, 65th Cong., 3rd sess. (16 February 1919) : 3523–3524. 28 Condition in the Philippine Islands : Report of the Special Mission to the Philippine Islands to the Secretary of War, 67th Cong., 2nd sess., 16 “New Philippine Delegates,” 13 January 1917, Washington Post : 2 ; H. Doc. 325 (1922) : 10–12. “New Filipino Agents in United States.” 29 Condition in the Philippine Islands : 45–46. 17 Public Law 64-240, 39 Stat. 545 (1916) ; “Philippine Issue to be Discussed,” 8 December 1917, Christian Science Monitor : 11 ; Jaime 30 “Criticize Philippine Report,” 2 December 1921, Washington Post : C. de Veyra, “The Philippine Elections,” 6 July 1919, New York 6 ; Congressional Record, Appendix, 67th Cong., 2nd sess. (5 January Times : 30. 1922) : 13263–13268. 18 “New Philippine-American Chamber of Commerce,” January 1920, 31 Congressional Record, House, 67th Cong., 2nd sess. (21 June 1922) : Bankers’ Magazine, vol. 100 : 72 ; “Trusts American Capital,” 23 June 9110–9112, quotation on p. 9110. Towner also inserted the 1921, New York Times : 28 ; Hearing before the House Committee mission’s petition for independence into the Record. on Insular Affairs, Indebtedness of the Philippine Government, 32 Churchill, The Philippine Independence Missions to the United States, 67th Cong., 1st sess. (1921) : 18–19 ; Hearing before the House 1919–1934 : 29–52 ; “Insist All Filipinos Want Independence,” 25 Committee on Ways and Means, Internal-Revenue Revision, July 1922, New York Times : 9 ; Congressional Record, House, 67th 67th Cong., 1st sess. (1921) : 22–24 ; Hearing before the House Cong., 2nd sess. (30 June 1922) : 9821–9844. Committee on Insular Affairs, Increase of Salaries of Auditor and 33 Congressional Record, House, 67th Cong., 4th sess. (15 February Deputy Auditor of the Philippine Government, 67th Cong., 4th sess. 1923) : 3696–3698 ; “Seeks Constitution for the Philippines,” 16 (1922) : 3–6. February 1923, Washington Post : 4. 19 Frank H. Golay, Face of Empire : United States-Philippines Relations, 34 “Jaime C. de Veyra,” Biographical Directory of the United States 1898–1946 (Quezon City, PI : Ateneo de Manila University Press, Congress, 1774–Present, http ://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/ 1997) : 171–172. biodisplay.pl?index=D000276 ; Zaide, Great Filipinos in History : 20 Bernardita Reyes Churchill, The Philippine Independence Missions 618–619. to the United States, 1919–1934 (Manila, PI : National Historical 35 “New Filipino Commissioner,” 18 February 1923, Baltimore Sun Institute, 1983) : 9–17. 2 ; “De Veyra Buried Today” ; “Jaime C. de Veyra,” Biographical 21 Churchill, The Philippine Independence Missions to the United States, Directory of the United States Congress, 1774–Present, http :// 1919–1934 : 13, 15, 17–18, 305. bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=D000276. 22 Ibid., 9–17, 27 ; Congressional Record, Appendix, 66th Cong., 1st sess. (11 June 1919) : 8848 ; Churchill, The Philippine Independence

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Jaime C. de Veyra Congressional Record, February 15, 1923

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