DOCSLIB.ORG

Water and Choice in Canterbury

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Water and Choice in Canterbury WATER AND CHOICE IN CANTERBURY : Review and Assessment of Research Priorities for Lower Rakaia and Central Plains Irrigation Planning K.L. Leathers, B.M.H. Sharp, W.A.N. Brown with M.T. Laing, L.E. ~ochhGad, D. Williams, A.M. Cree, I.S. Knowles, J. Gough February 1983 RESEARCH REPORT NO. 135 AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS RESEARCH UNIT LINCOLN COLLEGE CANTERBURY NEW ZEALAND ISSN 0069-3790 THE AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS RESEARCH UNIT Lincoln College, Canterbury, N.Z. The Agricultural Economics Research Unit (AERU) was established in 1962 at Lincoln College, University of Canterbury. The aims of the Unit are to assist by way of economic research those groups involved in the many aspects of New Zealand primary production and product processing, distribution and marketing. Major sources of funding have been annual grants from the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research and the College. However, a substantial proportion of the Unit's budget is derived from specific project research under contract to government departments, producer boards, farmer organisations and to commercial and industrial groups. The Unit is involved in a wide spectrum of agricultural economics and management research, with some concentration on production economics, natural resource economics, marketing, processing and transportation. The results of research projects are published as Research Reports or Discussion Papers. (For further information regarding the Unit's publications see the inside back cover). The Unit also sponsors periodic conferences and seminars on topics of regional and national interest, often in conjunction with other organisations. The Unit is guided in policy formation by an Advisory Committee first established in 1982. The AERU, the Department of Agricultural Economics and Marketing, and the Department of Farm Management and Rural Valuation maintain a close working relationship on research and associated matters. The heads of these two Departments are represented on the Advisory Committee, and together with the Director, constitute an AERU Policy Committee. UNIT ADVISORY COMMITTEE G.W. Butler, M. Sc., Fil.dr., F.R.S.N.Z. (Assistant Director-General, Department of Scientific & Industrial Research) B.D. Chamberlin (Junior Vice-President, Federated Farmers of New Zealand Inc.) P.D. Chudleigh, B.Sc. (Hons), Ph.D. (Director, Agricultural Economics Research Unit, Lincoln College) (ex officio) J. Clarke, C.M.G. (Member, New Zealand Planning Council) J.B. Dent, B.Sc., M.Agr.Sc., Ph.D. (Professor & Head of Department of Farm Management & Rural Valuation, Lincoln College) E.J. Neilson, B.A.,B.Com., F.C.A., F.C.I.S. ,L (Lincoln College Council) B.J. Ross, M.Agr.Sc., *h c, ?. (Professor & Head of Department of Agricultural Economics & Marketing, Lincoln College) P. Shirtcliffe, B.Com., ACA (Nominee of Advisory Committee) C Professor Sir James Stewart, M.A., Ph.D., Dip. V.F.M., FNZIAS, FNZSFM (Principal of Lincoln College) E.J. Stonyer, B.Agr. Sc. (Director, Economics Division, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries) UNIT RESEARCH STAFF: 1983 2 Director P.D. Chudleigh, B.Sc. (Hons), Ph.D. Rasearch Fellow in Agricultural Policy J.G. Pryde, O.B.E., M.A., F.N.Z.I.M. Senior Research Economists A.C. Beck, B.Sc.Agr., M.Ec. K.L. Leathers, B.S., M.S., Ph.D. R.D. Lough, B.Agr.Sc. R.L. Sheppard, B.Agr.Sc.(Hons), B.B.S. Research Economist R.G. Moffitt, B.Hort.Sc., N.D.H. Assistant Reseearch Economists G. Greer, B.Agr.Sc.(Hons) (D.S.1.R Secondment) S.A. Hughes, B.Sc.(Hons), D.B.A. G.N. Kerr, B.A., M.A. (Hons) M.T. Laing, B.Com.(Agr), M.Com.(Agr) (Hons) P.J. McCartin, B. Agr.Com. P.R. McCrea, B.Com. (Agr) J.P. Rathbun, B.Sc., M.Com.(Hons) Post Graduate Fellows N. Blyth, B.Sc.(Hons) C.K.G. Darkey, B.Sc., M.Sc. Secretary C.T. Hill PREFACE With the need for increased production from New Zealand's traditional resource strength, land, the waters of our rivers can be seen to make a significant contribution to this end via irrigation. But such uses of river water can conflict with other existing and potential water uses, notably in the realm of conservation and fisheries. These potential conflicts, and the information needed to help resolve them, is the topic of this report. The study was undertaken by a multi-disciplinary team of economists, geographers, physicists, biologists, sociolog~stsand public policy and legal experts from a range of institutions in Canterbury. The project was supervised by Dr K.L. Leathers, Senior Research Economist in the A.E.R.U. The publication of this report forms part of an existing A.E.R.U. programme of research in the field of natural resource economics and management. This report should make a valuable contribution not only to the present decision problem regarding the Rakaia River but also to the future approach to research by various agencies responsible for the development of the country's natural resources. It is important for such agencies to approach these difficult issues with a multi-objective philosophy, if not with a multi-disciplinary team of qualified personnel. This philosophy is important because the resolution of issues such as described in this report calls for logical and integrative thinking by all concerned. P.D. Chudleigh Director ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AND DISCLAIMERS This study was made possible with a research grant from the Water and Soil Division, Ministry of Works and Development. The Study Team also wish to acknowledge the valuable assistance received from other institutions, agencies and individuals. The study materially benefited by their encouragement and co-operation. With respect to information sources, published and otherwise, the assistance of the following organisations deserve special acknowledgement: (1) the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries' Farm Advisory Service, Research Division and Fisheries Research Laboratory (Christchurch); (2) the Ministry of Works and Development's Water and Soil Division and Science Centre (Christchurch); (3) the North Canterbury Catchment and Regional Water Boards' Resource Investigation and Management Sections; (4) the Canterbury United Council's Planning Department; and (5) the Lincoln College/University of Canterbury's Agricultural Economics Research Unit, Centre of Resource Management, Agricultural Engineering Department, and the New Zealand Agri- cultural Engineering Institute. A number of individuals deserve special recognition for the time they willingly contributed at various stages in the study. The Study Team is grateful to Mike Bowden'and staff (Resources Section, North Canterbury Catchment Board), Walter Lewthwaite, Sally Davis, Nicola Shadbolt, Dave Joblin and staff (Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries' Research Division) for providing a wealth of informative data, including some yet unpublished information. Peter Chudleigh, Bruce Ross, Ken Hughey, Grant McFadden, Herb Morriss, Walter Lewthwaite, John Greer, Garth Cant, and colleagues at the Agricultural Economics Research Unit and Centre for Resource Management provided useful criticisms on content and presentation. The editorial suggestions of an anonymous reviewer, from the Water and Soil Division (M.W.D.), were also greatly appreciated. The final draft benefits greatly by their suggestions. Special mention is due to Herb Morriss and Walter Lewthwaite, the liaison officers for the study, (iii) for their able assistance in formulating and guiding the research effort, and for their critical appraisal of the methodology and results. The funding agency provided considerable flexibility in conducting the study, particularly with regard to the length of time taken to complete it. More effort went into the study than was originally envisaged. This was partly due to individuals' enthusiasm for an exciting area of applied research, but also because it became evident from the importance of the issues that much care was needed in presenting a balanced appraisal. The conclusions reached and recommendations, however, are not necessarily endorsed by the funding agency or by Lincoln College, nor should they be attributed to any organisations or individuals who co-operated in the study. The senior author accepts responsibility for any remaining errors and omissions in the final editing of the report. SYNOPSIS OF FINDINGS Regional agencies responsible for the administration, planning, development and management of water resources in Canterbury face some difficult decisions in the near future. Applications For rights to divert water from the Rakaia to supply two major Community Irrigation Schemes may have to be decided in the next 12 months or so. On the basis of present scheme designs, it is possible that the proposed level of abstraction will affect detrimentally present recreation and preservation uses of the river. The magnitude of this possible loss in regional welfare is not well established, while the anticipated regional income and employment benefits of the proposals are more clearly understood. The dilemma that confronts the Regional Water -Board is that the water allocation decisions will have to be made with limited knowledge of the consequences, especially when some of those decisions are potentially irreversible. A considerable amount of research in connection with the proposals has been carried out by the Regional Water Board, M.W.D. and M.A.F. in recent years. In some cases the level of understanding about certain parameters needed for allocation decisions is more than adequate and supported by well documented empirical evidence. However, there are other decision parameters for which present knowledge is inadequate for informed decision making, and still others where virtually no reliable information exists. The purpose of this study has been to establish what these information "needs" are, to carefully review and assess previous and ongoing research directed at fulfilling these needs, and to recommend priority research areas which can fill gaps in knowledqe and which take account of near-term and future planning requirements. The work was carried out by a multi- disciplinary group of social and physical scientists with backgrounds in economic project appraisal and social and environmental impacts assessment.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Christchurch Tramper
    TTHEHE CCHRISTCHURCHHRISTCHURCH TTRAMPERRAMPER Published by CHRISTCHURCH TRAMPING CLUB INC. PO Box 527, Christchurch, www.ctc.org.nz Affiliated with the Federated Mountain Clubs of NZ Inc. Any similarity between the opinions expressed in this newsletter and Club policy is purely coincidental. Vol. 79 December 2009/January 2010 No. 8 The CHRISTCHURCH TRAMPING CLUB has members of all ages, and runs tramping trips every weekend, ranging from easy (minimal experience required) to hard (high fitness and experience required). We also organise instructional courses and hold weekly social meetings. We have a club hut in Arthurs Pass and have gear available for hire to members. Membership rates per year are $40 member, $60 couple, $23 junior or associate, with a $5 discount for members who opt to obtain this newsletter electronically. Paske Hut in a Blizzard, June 2009 For more about how the club operates, see Ian Dunn's winning photo in the 2009 CTC photo contest More about the CTC. Contents Tramper of the Month 2 Events Calendar 5 Editorial 3 Trip Reports 21 News 3 More about the CTC 24 Obituaries 4 Classifieds & General Notices 24 Christmas Greetings from the Club Captain I hope that all Club Members and their families have a happy Christmas and New Year. To those of us heading into the outdoors have a great trip and return safely in the New Year. The Club has had a successful year with plenty of good tramps and it is particularly pleasing to welcome so many new members to the Club. Happy Christmas and a prosperous and safe New Year.
    [Show full text]
  • The Wrybill <I>Anarhynchus Frontalis</I>: a Brief Review of Status, Threats and Work in Progress
    The Wrybill Anarhynchus frontalis: a brief review of status, threats and work in progress ADRIAN C. RIEGEN '1 & JOHN E. DOWDING 2 •231 ForestHill Road, Waiatarua, Auckland 8, NewZealand, e-maih riegen @xtra.co. nz; 2p.o. BOX36-274, Merivale, Christchurch 8030, New Zealand, e-maih [email protected]. nz Riegen,A.C. & Dowding, J.E. 2003. The Wrybill Anarhynchusfrontalis:a brief review of status,threats and work in progress.Wader Study Group Bull. 100: 20-24. The Wrybill is a threatenedplover endemic to New Zealandand unique in havinga bill curvedto the right.It is specializedfor breedingon bareshingle in thebraided riverbeds of Canterburyand Otago in the SouthIsland. After breeding,almost the entirepopulation migrates north and wintersin the harboursaround Auckland. The speciesis classifiedas Vulnerable. Based on countsof winteringflocks, the population currently appears to number4,500-5,000 individuals.However, countingproblems mean that trendsare difficult to determine. The mainthreats to theWrybill arebelieved to be predationon thebreeding grounds, degradation of breeding habitat,and floodingof nests.In a recentstudy in the MackenzieBasin, predation by introducedmammals (mainly stoats,cats and possibly ferrets) had a substantialimpact on Wrybill survivaland productivity. Prey- switchingby predatorsfollowing the introductionof rabbithaemorrhagic disease in 1997 probablyincreased predationrates on breedingwaders. A recentstudy of stoatsin the TasmanRiver showedthat 11% of stoat densexamined contained Wrybill remains.Breeding habitat is beinglost in somerivers and degraded in oth- ers,mainly by waterabstraction and flow manipulation,invasion of weeds,and human recreational use. Flood- ing causessome loss of nestsbut is alsobeneficial, keeping nesting areas weed-free. The breedingrange of the speciesappears to be contractingand fragmenting, with the bulk of the popula- tion now breedingin three large catchments.
    [Show full text]
  • Basemap Using the NZ Digital River Network
    Building a Hydrologic Base Map Prepared by David R. Maidment Waterways Centre for Freshwater Research University of Canterbury 14 March 2018 Goals of the Exercise This exercise shows how to develop a hydrologic base map for a catchment showing the catchment boundary and the rivers and streams within it. This is done in two ways – for the Rakaia river in Canterbury using the NZ Digital River Network, and for the Puriri river catchment in Papua-New Guinea using ArcGIS Online ready to use Hydro Services. Computer and Data Requirements To carry out this exercise, you need to have a computer, which runs ArcGIS Desktop version 10.5. This exercise will also work with version 10.4.1 if you do not have access to Version 10.5. You will need a login and password for the University of Canterbury Organizational Account for ArcGIS Online. Part One: Basemap using the NZ Digital River Network Check out information about the New Zealand Digital River Network, or REC (River Environment Classification) at https://www.niwa.co.nz/freshwater-and-estuaries/management- tools/river-environment-classification-0 You can download a copy of the dataset for all of New Zealand at: https://www.niwa.co.nz/static/web/nzRec2_v4.gdb.zip This is a 487 MB file, so you need a good Wifi connection or wired internet connection to do this. When you uncompress this file, it looks like this The nzRec2_V4.gdb is a 2.2 GB geodatabase covering all of New Zealand. If you have the full REC database and you open ArcMap and look at the REC Geodatabase, below is what you see.
    [Show full text]
  • Station to Station Station to Station
    Harper Road, Lake Coleridge R.D.2 Darfield, Canterbury PH: 03 318 5818 FAX: 03 318 5819 FREEPHONE: 0800 XCOUNTRY (0800 926 868) GLENTHORNE GLENTHORNE STATION STATION EMAIL: [email protected] WEBSITE: www.glenthorne.co.nz STATION TO STATION GLENTHORNE STATION STATION TO STATION SELF DRIVE 4WD ADVENTURES CHRISTCHURCH SELF DRIVE 4WD ADVENTURES THE ULTIMATE HIGH COUNTRY EXPERIENCE LAKE COLERIDGE NEW ZEALAND 5 days and 6 nights Tracks can be varied to suit experience levels TOUR START OXFORD AMBERLEY and part trips are available. GLENTHORNE STATION 1 Accommodation is provided along with LAKE COLERIDGE dinner and breakfast. KAIAPOI Plenty of time for walking, fishing, mountain biking, DARFIELD MT HUTT 77 CHRISTCHURCH swimming and photography. METHVEN Daily route book supplied on arrival. Season runs from January to March. 1 LINCOLN Tracks are weather dependant however there are RAKAIA alternative routes, if a section is not available. Traverse the high country from “Station to Station” ASHBURTON CONTACT US FOR A FREE INFORMATION PACK through some of the South Islands remotest areas 0800 XCOUNTRY [0800 926 868] in your own 4WD. PH: 03 318 5818 Starting north of the Rakaia River at FAX: 03 318 5819 Glenthorne Station on the shores of Lake Coleridge, the trail winds its way via formed station tracks EMAIL: [email protected] interlinked by back country roads and finishing in WEBSITE: www.glenthorne.co.nz Otago’s lake district. Harper Road, Lake Coleridge R.D.2 Darfield, Canterbury PH: 03 318 5818 FAX: 03 318 5819 GLENTHORNE FREEPHONE: 0800 XCOUNTRY (0800 926 868) STATION EMAIL: [email protected] LAKE COLERIDGE NEW ZEALAND WEBSITE: www.glenthorne.co.nz GLENTHORNE STATION STATION TO STATION SELF DRIVE 4WD ADVENTURES Starting north of the Rakaia at Lake Coleridge the trail winds Your Station to Station adventure begins at Glenthorne Station, THE ULTIMATE HIGH COUNTRY EXPERIENCE its way via formed station tracks and back country roads.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction Getting There Places to Fish Methods Regulations
    3 .Cam River 10. Okana River (Little River) The Cam supports reasonable populations of brown trout in The Okana River contains populations of brown trout and can the one to four pound size range. Access is available at the provide good fishing, especially in spring. Public access is available Tuahiwi end of Bramleys Road, from Youngs Road which leads off to the lower reaches of the Okana through the gate on the right Introduction Lineside Road between Kaiapoi and Rangiora and from the Lower hand side of the road opposite the Little River Hotel. Christchurch City and its surrounds are blessed with a wealth of Camside Road bridge on the north-western side of Kaiapoi. places to fish for trout and salmon. While these may not always have the same catch rates as high country waters, they offer a 11. Lake Forsyth quick and convenient break from the stress of city life. These 4. Styx River Lake Forsyth fishes best in spring, especially if the lake has recently waters are also popular with visitors to Christchurch who do not Another small stream which fishes best in spring and autumn, been opened to the sea. One of the best places is where the Akaroa have the time to fish further afield. especially at dusk. The best access sites are off Spencerville Road, Highway first comes close to the lake just after the Birdlings Flat Lower Styx Road and Kainga Road. turn-off. Getting There 5. Kaiapoi River 12. Kaituna River All of the places described in this brochure lie within a forty The Kaiapoi River experiences good runs of salmon and is one of The area just above the confluence with Lake Ellesmere offers the five minute drive of Christchurch City.
    [Show full text]
  • Survival of Chinook Salmon, Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha, from A
    812 Abstract.-To characterize the im­ Survival of chinook salmon, pact ofspring floods on the survival of juvenile chinook salmon in the un­ Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, from a stable, braided rivers on the east coast ofNew Zealand's South Island, I exam­ spawning tributary of the Rakaia Rivet. ined correlations between spring and summer flows in the mainstem of the New Zealand, in relation to spring and Rakaia River and fry-to-adult survival for chinook salmon spawningin a head­ summer mainstem flows water tributary. Flow parameters that were investigated included mean flow, maximum flow, and the ratio of mean Martin J. Unwin to median flow (an index of flow vari­ National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) ability), calculated during peak down­ PO Box 8602, Christchurch, New Zealand river migration ofocean-type juveniles (August to January). Survival was E-mail address:[email protected] uncorrelated with mean or maximum flow but was positively correlated with the ratio of mean to median flow dur­ ing spring (October and November). The correlation suggests that pulses of suits can be derived (Kope and Bots­ freshwater entering the ocean during To understand the population dy­ floods may butTer the transition offin­ namics of anadromous Pacific ford, 1990). gerlings from fresh to saline waters and salmonids <Oncorhynchus spp.), it Despite the importance of in­ thus partly compensate for the lack of is important to isolate and charac­ stream habitats for rearingjuvenile an estuary on the Rakaia River. A posi­ terize the influence of varying en­ chinook salmon <0. tshawytscha), tive correlation between spring flow variability and the proportion ofocean­ vironmental factors on annual pro­ the relation betweenflow and brood type chinook in relation to stream-type duction.
    [Show full text]
  • Former Power House and Setting – 1 R Ue Pompallier
    DISTRICT PLAN – LISTED HERITAGE PLACE HERITAGE ASSESSMENT – STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE HERITAGE ITEM NUMBER 752 FORMER POWER HOUSE AND SETTING – 1 RUE POMPALLIER, AKAROA PHOTOGRAPH : B. SMYTH, 23/12/14 HISTORICAL AND SOCIAL SIGNIFICANCE Historical and social values that demonstrate or are associated with: a particular person, group, organisation, institution, event, phase or activity; the continuity and/or change of a phase or activity; social, historical, traditional, economic, political or other patterns. The former Power House at 1 Rue Pompallier has high historical and social significance as one of the South Island’s earliest town electricity generating plants. Electricity was introduced to New Zealand in the 1880s and from 1888 cities and some towns used electricity for street lighting and trams. Businesses, industrial enterprises and some farms set up their own generators. After Christchurch, Ashburton and Timaru, Akaroa had the earliest local electricity supply authority in Canterbury when its town supply began on 11 September 1911. The electricity was generated in a small hydro-electric power station below L’Aube Hill. A penstock from a small reservoir above L’Aube Hill, supplied initially from the Balguerie Stream, fed water to a Pelton wheel which drove a dynamo to provide a direct current supply. The Pelton wheel, generator and a switchboard were housed in a small, square, brick building. A larger addition to the rear of the original powerhouse was built several years later to house a gas engine and workshop. The gas engine was needed because the flow of water was insufficient to generate an adequate supply in the summer months.
    [Show full text]
  • REDCLIFFE Lease Number : PC 141 Conservation Resources Report
    Crown Pastoral Land Tenure Review Lease name : REDCLIFFE Lease number : PC 141 Conservation Resources Report As part of the process of Tenure Review, advice on significant inherent values within the pastoral lease is provided by Department of Conservation officials in the form of a Conservation Resources Report. This report is the result of outdoor survey and inspection. It is a key piece of information for the development of a preliminary consultation document. Note: Plans which form part of the Conservation Resources Report are published separately. These documents are all released under the Official information Act 1982. June 05 “RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT” Conservation resources of Redcliffe Pastoral Lease, Canterbury Department of Conservation report on Tenure Review of Redcliffe under Part 2 Crown Pastoral Land Act 9 February, 1999 PART 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION Redcliffe pastoral lease covers 9,192 hectares of land on the southern banks of the Rakaia River between the junction with the Wilberforce River and the Rakaia Gorge. A central piece of the property of around 4940 hectares of the Mount Hutt Range has been retired and is to be surrendered once cadastral survey is complete. The area left over, once surrender is complete, is the only area that was assessed for tenure review, on the understanding that the retired area would in the future be administered by the Department of Conservation. Land adjoining to the east is Mount Hutt Forest (administered by DoC) and freehold (Cleardale), to the west Glenrock and Winterslow pastoral leases, to the north Redcliffe freehold (approx. 625 ha) and Crown river bed (Rakaia River).
    [Show full text]
  • Report 4: Hydro-Power Schemes Background and Descriptions
    Hydrological Modelling Dataset - Interim Update Report 4: Hydro-power Schemes Background and Descriptions Hydrological Modelling Dataset - Interim Update Report 4: Hydro-power Schemes Background and Descriptions Prepared By Opus International Consultants Ltd Lizzie Fox Wellington Environmental Office Water Resource Scientist L10, Majestic Centre, 100 Willis St PO Box 12 003, Thorndon, Wellington 6144 New Zealand Reviewed By Telephone: +64 4 471 7000 Dr Jack McConchie Facsimile: +64 4 499 3699 Technical Principal - Hydrology Date: August 2017 Reference: 3-53376.00 Status: 2017.2 Approved for Release By Dr Jack McConchie Technical Principal - Hydrology © Opus International Consultants Ltd 2017 Hydrological Modelling Dataset : Hydro-power Schemes Background and Descriptions i VERSION CONTROL REFERENCE ISSUE NO. DATE DESCRIPTION OF CHANGES 3-53203.00 2015.1 Nov 2015 Issue 1 3-53203.16 2016.1 3 June 2016 Interim update 2016 – draft for EA review 3-53203.16 2016.2 30 June 2016 Interim update 2016 – final for publication 3-53376.00 2017.1 30 June 2017 Interim update 2017 – draft for EA review 3-53376.00 2017.2 August 2017 Interim update 2017 – final for publication 3-53376.00 | August 2017 Opus International Consultants Ltd Hydrological Modelling Dataset : Hydro-power Schemes Background and Descriptions ii 3-53376.00 | August 2017 Opus International Consultants Ltd Hydrological Modelling Dataset : Hydro-power Schemes Background and Descriptions iii Preface A large proportion of New Zealand’s electricity needs is met by generation from hydro power. Information about the distribution of inflows, and the capability of the various hydro systems is necessary to ensure a reliable, competitive and efficient market and electricity system.
    [Show full text]
  • Maori Cartography and the European Encounter
    14 · Maori Cartography and the European Encounter PHILLIP LIONEL BARTON New Zealand (Aotearoa) was discovered and settled by subsistence strategy. The land east of the Southern Alps migrants from eastern Polynesia about one thousand and south of the Kaikoura Peninsula south to Foveaux years ago. Their descendants are known as Maori.1 As by Strait was much less heavily forested than the western far the largest landmass within Polynesia, the new envi­ part of the South Island and also of the North Island, ronment must have presented many challenges, requiring making travel easier. Frequent journeys gave the Maori of the Polynesian discoverers to adapt their culture and the South Island an intimate knowledge of its geography, economy to conditions different from those of their small­ reflected in the quality of geographical information and island tropical homelands.2 maps they provided for Europeans.4 The quick exploration of New Zealand's North and The information on Maori mapping collected and dis- South Islands was essential for survival. The immigrants required food, timber for building waka (canoes) and I thank the following people and organizations for help in preparing whare (houses), and rocks suitable for making tools and this chapter: Atholl Anderson, Canberra; Barry Brailsford, Hamilton; weapons. Argillite, chert, mata or kiripaka (flint), mata or Janet Davidson, Wellington; John Hall-Jones, Invercargill; Robyn Hope, matara or tuhua (obsidian), pounamu (nephrite or green­ Dunedin; Jan Kelly, Auckland; Josie Laing, Christchurch; Foss Leach, stone-a form of jade), and serpentine were widely used. Wellington; Peter Maling, Christchurch; David McDonald, Dunedin; Bruce McFadgen, Wellington; Malcolm McKinnon, Wellington; Marian Their sources were often in remote or mountainous areas, Minson, Wellington; Hilary and John Mitchell, Nelson; Roger Neich, but by the twelfth century A.D.
    [Show full text]
  • ANNUAL REPORT 2013 Contents
    1 1 = 3 The Power of Working Together ANNUAL REPORT 2013 Contents 02 Who We Are 03 Highlights & Strategic Focus 04 Directors’ Report 07 Board of Directors 08 Chief Executive’s Report 10 Leadership Team 12 Snowtown Stage II 14 Reliable Irrigation 16 Fibre Services Shine 18 Powering Locals 20 Shared Understanding 22 Safety First 23 Stakeholders with Vision 24 About our Sustainability Report 25 Sustainability Outlook 26 Our People 27 Our Environment 28 Our Community 29 Our Customers 30 Our Economic Performance 32 Stakeholder Interaction 34 Corporate Governance Statement 37 Financial Statements 2013 38 Auditors’ Report 76 Statutory Information 79 Security Holder Information 81 Directory 81 Financial Calendar TRUSTPOWER ANNUAL REPORT 2013 01 TrustPower Our Industry Partners Our Customers Our Local Communities Our Staff Our Environment Better Results We believe that working collaboratively will consistently deliver better results. Hence we’re always looking for opportunities to bring together teams of talented people to work simultaneously to make things better. 02 These assets produce an average of 2,800GWh per year. Our first Who We Are irrigation asset, a pumping facility using water from our Highbank hydro generation scheme, has completed its first full season of operation. We own 630MW of hydro and wind generation spread We supply electricity to around 206,000 customers and provide 43,000 telecommunications services to 26,000 customers throughout throughout New Zealand as New Zealand. We have 481 full time equivalent employees working well as the 100MW Snowtown throughout New Zealand and three employees in Adelaide. Around 65% Wind Farm in South Australia. of New Zealand employees are based in our Tauranga head office.
    [Show full text]
  • Infratil Update March 2011
    Energy Fuel Public Airports Distribution Transport March 2011, Issue No. 33 update Lake Coleridge TrustPower’s Coleridge Power Station Infratil’s largest investment is its 50.6% holding of Over the last 20 years the New Zealand electricity sector TrustPower. It has a market value of nearly $1.2 billion has undergone profound restructuring and change. It has (almost $2 per Infratil share). Infratil has received cash transitioned from being almost 100% state owned with dividends of $385 million from TrustPower since 1994. political decision makers, to now having some private The shareholding cost $391 million and was purchased ownership and prices and investment decisions mainly over the period 1994 to 2005. determined in a market that reflects real supply and TrustPower owns 21 New Zealand electricity generation demand. It has also transitioned from anticipating that schemes with 430MW of hydro and 200MW of wind electricity would be increasingly generated by large coal/ capacity, and a 100MW wind farm in South Australia. The gas plants, to now expecting that future electricity needs hydropower schemes are spread around New Zealand will largely come from renewable sources. providing diversification against regional weather patterns Two key drivers of TrustPower’s profitability, over the last and a base for significant future expansion. TrustPower 17 years and into the future, are New Zealand electricity also has a strong electricity retail business with 220,000 prices and the Company’s ability to find good expansion customers in mainly regional areas. investment opportunities. Infratil invests in businesses where it has expertise, can This Update explains why New Zealand electricity prices exert control or strong influence and where sector change have risen over the last decade and where they are likely and growth has the potential to deliver growing returns.
    [Show full text]