THE MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS AND THE PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT OF YOGYAKARTA SPECIAL REGION THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA
STUDY ON REGIONAL WATER SUPPLY DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR GREATER YOGYAKARTA IN THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA
Technical Report
Volume II Main Report
March 2008
JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY
NIHON SUIDO CONSULTANTS CO., LTD. and KRI International Corp.
GE JR 08-021
PREFACE
In response to a request from the Government of Republic of Indonesia, the Government of Japan decided to conduct the study on Regional Water Supply Development Plan for Greater Yogyakarta in the Republic of Indonesia and entrusted to the study to the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA).
JICA selected and dispatched a study team headed by Mr. Takemasa MAMIYA of Nihon Suido Consultants Co., Ltd. and consists of KRI International Corp. between September 2006 and February 2008.
The team held discussions with the officials concerned of the Government of Indonesia and conducted field surveys at the study area. Upon returning to Japan, the team conducted further studies and prepared this final report.
I hope that this report will contribute to the promotion of this plan and to the enhancement of friendly relationship between our two countries.
Finally, I wish to express my sincere appreciation to the officials concerned of the Government of Indonesia for their close cooperation extended to the study.
March 2008
Ariyuki MATSUMOTO, Vice President Japan International Cooperation Agency March, 2008 Mr. Ariyuki MATSUMOTO Vice-President Japan International Cooperation Agency
Letter of Transmittal
Dear Sir,
We are pleased to submit to you this Technical Report on the Study on Regional Water Supply Development Plan for Greater Yogyakarta in the Republic of Indonesia. This report incorporates the views and suggestions of the authorities concerned of the Government of Japan, including your Agency. It also includes the comments made on the Draft Technical Report by various agencies concerned of the Republic of Indonesia.
We wish to take this opportunity to express our sincere gratitude to your Agency, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of the Government of Japan for their valuable advice and suggestions. We would also like to express our deep appreciation to the relevant officials concerned of the Government of Indonesia and Provincial Government of Special Region of Yogyakarta for their close cooperation and assistance extended to us throughout our Study.
Very truly yours,
Takemasa Mamiya, Team Leader Study on Regional Water Supply Development Plan for Greater Yogyakarta in the Republic of Indonesia LOCATION MAP
JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY (JICA)
THE MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS AND THE PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT OF YOGYAKARTA SPECIAL REGION THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA
STUDY ON REGIONAL WATER SUPPLY DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR GREATER YOGYAKARTA IN THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA
Technical Report
Volume I Executive Summary
Table of Contents
LOCATION MAP
CHAPTER 1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY ························································ 1 - 1
CHAPTER 2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY AND STUDY AREA························ 2 - 1 2.1 Objectives of the Study ··········································································· 2 - 1 2.2 Study Area ······························································································· 2 - 1
CHAPTER 3 NATURAL AND SOCIO ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF THE STUDY AREA··········································································· 3 - 1 3.1 Natural Conditions ·················································································· 3 - 1 3.1.1 Topography ·············································································· 3 - 1 3.1.2 Geology···················································································· 3 - 1 3.1.3 Climate····················································································· 3 - 2 3.1.4 Landuse···················································································· 3 - 4 3.1.5 Environmental Conservation ··················································· 3 - 4 3.2 Socio Economic Conditions ···································································· 3 - 6 3.2.1 Administrative Structure·························································· 3 - 6 3.2.2 Population·············································································· 3 - 14 3.2.3 Industry ·················································································· 3 - 16 3.3 Legislative System ················································································ 3 - 19 3.3.1 Water Law·············································································· 3 - 19 3.3.2 Legislation on Sanitation ······················································· 3 - 28
- i - 3.3.3 Environmental Laws ······························································ 3 - 34
CHAPTER 4 RELATED DEVELOPMENT PLANS AND ASSISTANCE OF OTHER DONOR AGENCIES ························································· 4 - 1
4.1 Development Plan of National Level ······················································ 4 - 1 4.1.1 National Development Plan and National Water Supply Sector Development Plan ············································ 4 - 1 4.1.2 PERPAMSI Benchmarking······················································ 4 - 3 4.2 Development Plan of Provincial Level···················································· 4 - 5 4.2.1 Provincial Level Water Sector Development Plan··················· 4 - 5 4.2.2 Inter Municipal Cooperation on Urban Infrastructure Management between Yogyakarta City, Sleman Regency, and Bantul Regency ················································· 4 - 7 4.2.3 Triple-A···················································································· 4 - 8 4.3 Assitance of Other Donor Agencies ························································ 4 - 8
CHAPTER 5 WATER RESOURCES ············································································ 5 - 1
5.1 General ································································································· 5 - 1 5.2 Water Resources for PDAM···································································· 5 - 2 5.2.1 Type of Water Sources ····························································· 5 - 2 5.2.2 Water Sources in Each Region··············································· 5 - 10 5.2.3 On-Site Measurement ···························································· 5 - 10 5.3 Water Resources for Community Water Supply System······················· 5 - 15 5.4 Review of Existing Groundwater Surveys in the Study Area ············· 5 - 17 5.4.1 Groundwater Recharge from Previous Surveys····················· 5 - 17 5.4.2 Groundwater Consumption in the Study Area from Previous Surveys··························································· 5 - 17
CHAPTER 6 EXISTING CONDITION OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM ················ 6 - 1 6.1 General ································································································· 6 - 1 6.2 PDAM Yogyakarta System······································································ 6 - 2 6.2.1 Organization············································································· 6 - 2 6.2.2 Water Supply System······························································· 6 - 3 6.2.3 Performance of PDAM Yogyakarta ········································· 6 - 8 6.2.4 Operation and Maintenance ··················································· 6 - 18 6.2.5 Summary of Problems Identified ··········································· 6 - 20 6.3 PDAM Sleman System·········································································· 6 - 21 6.3.1 Organization··········································································· 6 - 21 6.3.2 Water Supply System····························································· 6 - 21 6.3.3 Performance of PDAM Sleman ············································· 6 - 27 6.3.4 Operation and Maintenance ··················································· 6 - 31 6.3.5 Summary of Problems Identified ··········································· 6 - 33 6.4 PDAM Bantul System··········································································· 6 - 34 6.4.1 Organization··········································································· 6 - 34 6.4.2 Water Supply System····························································· 6 - 34 6.4.3 Performance of PDAM Bantul··············································· 6 - 39
- ii - 6.4.4 Operation and Maintenance ··················································· 6 - 45 6.4.5 Summary of Problems Identified ··········································· 6 - 46 6.5 Comparison of Three PDAMs, Yogyakarta, Sleman, and Bantul ········· 6 - 47 6.6 Community Water Supply System ························································ 6 - 53 6.6.1 Organization··········································································· 6 - 53 6.6.2 General Features of Existing Community Water Supply System··························· 6 - 53 6.6.3 Operation and Maintenance ··················································· 6 - 64 6.6.4 Summary of Problems Identified ········································· 6 - 67 6.7 UFW Survey·························································································· 6 - 68 6.7.1 Outline of the UFW Survey ··················································· 6 - 68 6.7.2 Methodology·········································································· 6 - 71 6.7.3 Result of survey ····································································· 6 - 72 6.7.4 Future Task············································································· 6 - 77 6.8 Results of Water Quality Analysis························································· 6 - 78 6.8.1 Results of Water Quality Analysis of Water Sources ············· 6 - 78 6.8.2 Results of Water Quality Analysis of Finished Water and Tap Water ··············································································· 6 - 91
CHAPTER 7 ADMINISTRATION AND MANAGEMENT OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM ·································································· 7 - 1 7.1 Overview of Water Sector Administration and Performance ·················· 7 - 1 7.1.1 Evaluation at Sector Level······················································· 7 - 1 7.1.2 Evaluation at Operator Level ··················································· 7 - 2 7.2 Administration and Management of 3 PDAMs······································· 7 - 5 7.2.1 Organizations of Each PDAM ················································· 7 - 6 7.2.2 Present Managerial and Financial Situation of Each PDAM········································································· 7 - 9 7.2.3 SWOT Analysis of PDAM····················································· 7 - 19 7.2.4 Policy and Strategy of Each PDAM ······································ 7 - 20 7.2.5 The Master Plan ····································································· 7 - 24 7.3 Community Water Supply System ························································ 7 - 24 7.3.1 Development Plan and Construction Process ························ 7 - 24 7.3.2 Funding·················································································· 7 - 25 7.3.3 Present WUO········································································· 7 - 25 7.3.4 O&M Situation ······································································ 7 - 26 7.3.5 Governmental Administration················································ 7 - 27 7.3.6 Recommendation ··································································· 7 - 27
CHAPTER 8 EXISTING CONDITION OF SEWERAGE SYSTEM/SANITATION·········································································· 8 - 1 8.1 General ································································································· 8 - 1 8.2 Sewerage ································································································· 8 - 1 8.2.1 Outline of Existing Sewerage System······································ 8 - 1 8.2.2 Sewer······················································································· 8 - 4 8.2.3 Sewage Treatment Plant··························································· 8 - 4 8.2.4 Operation and Maintenance of Sewerage Facility ··················· 8 - 8 8.2.5 Financial Situation ································································· 8 - 10 8.2.6 Sewer Tariff············································································ 8 - 11
- iii - 8.3 Community Plant··················································································· 8 - 12 8.3.1 Outline of Existing Community Plant···································· 8 - 12 8.3.2 Community Plant in Yogyakarta Municipality ······················ 8 - 12 8.3.3 Operation and Maintenance of Community Plants················ 8 - 17 8.3.4 Tariff Collection····································································· 8 - 18 8.3.5 Community Plant in Sleman and Bantul Regency················· 8 - 18 8.4 Sanitation Facilities ··············································································· 8 - 18 8.4.1 Outline of Existing Sanitation Facilities ································ 8 - 18 8.4.2 Sanitation Facility Type ························································· 8 - 18 8.4.3 Sludge Disposal ····································································· 8 - 20 8.4.4 Operation and Maintenance of Sanitation Facilities·············· 8 - 21 8.4.5 Restoration Support Project by Earthquake··························· 8 - 23 8.5 Water Quality Analysis·········································································· 8 - 24 8.5.1 Parameters and Location of Water Quality Survey················ 8 - 24 8.5.2 Water Quality Regulation in the River··································· 8 - 25 8.5.3 Result of Water Quality Survey ············································· 8 - 26 8.6 Identified Problems of Sewerage System/Sanitation ···························· 8 - 29 8.6.1 Sewerage················································································ 8 - 29 8.6.2 Community Plant··································································· 8 - 29 8.6.3 Sanitation Facility ·································································· 8 - 29
CHAPTER 9 STATUS OF ON-GOING BULK WATER SUPPLY PROJECT ················································································ 9 - 1 9.1 General and History of the DBOT Bulk Water Supply Project ························································································· 9 - 1 9.2 Scope of the DBOT Bulk Water Supply Project ····································· 9 - 4 9.3 Current Status of the Project and Issues Encountered····························· 9 - 5
CHAPTER 10 RESULTS OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY·································· 10 - 1 10.1 Methodology of Survey········································································· 10 - 1 10.2 Contents of Socio-Economic Survey ···················································· 10 - 2 10.3 Results of Socio-Economic Survey (Village Profile and Household Survey)················································ 10 - 2 10.3.1 Profiles of Target Villages······················································ 10 - 2 10.3.2 Profiles of Sampled Households············································ 10 - 5 10.3.3 Domestic Water Use······························································· 10 - 9 10.3.4 Public Water Supply System················································ 10 - 14 10.3.5 Private Water Supply System and Potential Customers····························································· 10 - 16 10.3.6 Health and Sanitation··························································· 10 - 20 10.4 Findings ····························································································· 10 - 24 10.4.1 Issues to be Addressed ························································· 10 - 24 10.4.2 Strategic Considerations from the Socio-Economic View Point············································································ 10 - 25
CHAPTER 11 EMERGENCY PILOT PROJECT FOR RESTORATION OF EARTHQUAKE DAMAGES··························· 11 - 1 11.1 Background and Purpose of Emergency Pilot Project··························· 11 - 1
- iv - 11.2 Selection of Project Sites······································································· 11 - 1 11.3 Detailed Design····················································································· 11 - 3 11.4 Project Implementation ········································································· 11 - 5 11.5 Completion and Handover of the Project ·············································· 11 - 7 11.6 Indices and Results of Project Evaluation············································· 11 - 7 11.7 Output of the Project ··········································································· 11 - 11
CHAPTER 12 VISION OF MASTER PLAN ······························································· 12 - 1 12.1 Vision/Policy of Master Plan································································· 12 - 1 12.2 National Policy/Action Plan and the Vision/Policy of the Master Plan···························································································· 12 - 1 12.3 Future Water Supply System ································································· 12 - 2 12.4 Approachs for Improvement of Water Supply System·························· 12 - 2 12.5 Visions/Policies and Strategies······························································ 12 - 2 12.5.1 Capacity Development Approach ·········································· 12 - 2 12.5.2 Legislative Improvement Approach······································· 12 - 4 12.5.3 Technical Improvement Approach········································· 12 - 6 12.5.4 Water Resource Conservation Approach ······························· 12 - 6
CHAPTER 13 FUTURE POPULATION AND WATER DEMAND PROJECTION13 - 1 13.1 Future Population Projection································································· 13 - 1 13.1.1 Procedures of Future Population Projection ·························· 13 - 1 13.1.2 Past Population Record for Future Population Projection ····· 13 - 1 13.1.3 Past Population Increase Ratio··············································· 13 - 6 13.1.4 Population Density······························································· 13 - 11 13.1.5 Future Population Projection ··············································· 13 - 13 13.2 Future Water Demand Projection ························································ 13 - 21 13.2.1 Review of Current Situation of Water Supply by Three PDAMs································································· 13 - 21 13.2.2 Domestic Per Capita Water Consumption···························· 13 - 21 13.2.3 Future Domestic Service Ratio ············································ 13 - 34 13.2.4 Future Domestic Water Demand·········································· 13 - 49 13.2.5 Non-Domestic Water Demand ············································· 13 - 53 13.2.6 Total Future Water Demand················································· 13 - 57 13.2.7 Case Study on Future Water Demand Projection················· 13 - 66 13.2.8 Area Wise Future Water Demand ········································ 13 - 74
CHAPTER 14 FUTURE WATER RESOURCES························································· 14 - 1 14.1 Groundwater Resources ······································································ 14 - 1 14.1.1 Geophysical Exploration for Evaluating Groundwater Resources ································· 14 - 1 14.2 Potential Water Resources··································································· 14 - 12 14.2.1 Evaluation of Groundwater Balance···································· 14 - 12
CHAPTER 15 ISSUES TO BE CONSIDERED IN MASTER PLAN ······················· 15 - 1 15.1 General ·································································································· 15 - 1 15.2 Issued on Legislative and Institutional Aspects····································· 15 - 1
- v - 15.2.1 Legislative Issues··································································· 15 - 1 15.2.2 Institutional Issues ································································· 15 - 2 15.3 Issues on Water Supply Facility Planning ············································· 15 - 4 15.3.1 Water Resources····································································· 15 - 4 15.3.2 PDAM Water Supply System················································· 15 - 5 15.3.3 Community Water Supply System······································· 15 - 11 15.4 Issues on Operation and Maintenance Planning·································· 15 - 14 15.4.1 General Issues······································································ 15 - 14 15.4.2 Special Attentions for Community Water Supply················ 15 - 17 15.5 Issues on Water Quality Management ················································· 15 - 19 15.6 Issues on Financial Aspect ·································································· 15 - 21 15.6.1 Issues on Each PDAM ························································· 15 - 21 15.6.2 Issues on Community Water Supply System ······················· 15 - 23 15.7 Issues on Social and Environmental Aspects ······································ 15 - 23 15.7.1 DBOT Bulk Water Supply Project······································· 15 - 23 15.7.2 Magelang Springs ································································ 15 - 25 15.7.3 Kamijoro Intake Weir Project ·············································· 15 - 26 15.7.4 Others··················································································· 15 - 26 15.8 Other Issues························································································· 15 - 26 15.8.1 DBOT Bulk Water Supply Project······································· 15 - 26 15.8.2 Issues ons Water Source······················································· 15 - 27 15.8.3 Consideration on Sanitation System ···································· 15 - 27
List of Appendices
Appendix for Chapter 1 Appendix 1.1 Scope of Work for Study on Regional Water Supply Development Plan for Greater Yogyakarta in the Republic of Indonesia, July 11, 2006 Appendix 1.2 Minutes of Meeting for Study on Regional Water Supply Development Plan for Greater Yogyakarta in the Republic of Indonesia, July 11, 2006 Appendix 1.3 Minutes of Meeting on the Inception Report for the Study on Regional Water Supply Development Plan for Greater Yogyakarta in the Republic of Indonesia, October 19, 2006 Appendix 1.4 Minutes of Meeting on the Progress Report No. 1 for the Study on Regional Water Supply Development Plan for Greater Yogyakarta in the Republic of Indonesia, March 6, 2007 Appendix 1.5 Letter from DIY to JICA, Ref. No. 690/1242, Dated April 5, 2007 Appendix 1.6 Minutes of Meeting Concerning Scope of Work of the Study for the Study on Regional Water Supply Development Plan for Greater Yogyakarta in the Republic of Indonesia, May 29, 2007 Appendix 1.7 ······ Letter from DIY to JICA, Ref. No. 019/06663, Dated July 23, 2007 Appendix 1.8 Minutes of Meeting on Draft Technical Report for the Study on Regional Water Supply Development Plan for Greater Yogyakarta in the Republic of Indonesia, February 14th, 2007
Appendix for Chapter 3 Appendix 3.1 Republic of Indonesia Number 7 of 2004 Concerning Water Resources
- vi - Appendix 3.2 President Regulation Number 42, Year 2005 Concerning National Committee for the Acceleration of Infrastructure Provision Policy Appendix 3.3 Presidential Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 67 of 2005 Concerning the Cooperation between the Government and the Business Entities in the Provision of Infrastructure Appendix 3.4 Regulation of the President of the Republic of Indonesia Number 36 Year 2005 Concerning Land Procurement for Implementation of Development for Public Interest Appendix 3.5 Minister of Finance of the Republic of Indonesia Extract Regulation of the Minister of Finance Number 38/Pmk.01/2006 Concerning Procedural Instructions for Risk Control and Management in Provision of Infrastructure Appendix 3.6 Decision of the Coordinating Minister for Economic Affairs as Head of the National Committee for the Acceleration of Infrastructure Provision Number: Kep-01/M.Ekon/05/2006 Concerning Organization and Working Procedures of National Committee for the Acceleration of Infrastructure Provision Appendix 3.7 Coordinating Minister for Economic Affairs Regulation as Head of the National Committee for the Acceleration of Infrastructure Provision Number PER-03/M.EKON/06/2006 Appendix 3.8 Regulation of the Coordinating Minister for Economic Affairs as Head of the National Committee for the Acceleration of Infrastructure Provision Number: Per-04/M.Ekon/06/2006 Concerning Procedures for Evaluation of Public Private Projects in the Provision of Infrastructure Which Require Government Support
Appendix for Chapter 6 Appendix 6.1 Table of Hydraulic Calculation Results Appendix 6.2 Hydraulic Calculation Model and Results Appendix 6.3 Comparison of Pipe Volume with Waterworks in Japan
Appendix for Chapter 7 Appendix 7.1 Administration and Management of 3 PDAMs Appendix 7.2 Job Description of PDAM Yogyakarta Appendix 7.3 MOHA Tariff Instructions Appendix 7.4 Guideline to Classify Success Rate and Calculate PDAM Performance Appendix 7.5 Bupati Sleman Decision No 5/Per.Bup/2006 About Tariff on PDAM Sleman Appendix 7.6 MOHA Regulation No 23/2006 About The Regulation of Technical and Regulation Tariff on PDAM
Appendix for Chapter 10 Appendix 10.1 Form 1 Interview Note of City/Village Profile and The Water Supply System Appendix 10.2 Form 2 Questionnaire of Household Survey
- vii -
Appendix for Chapter 11 Appendix 11.1 Result of Primary Screening Appendix 11.2a The List of First Selection for Systems and Facilities for Emergency Pilot Project (EPP)【 PDAM 】 Appendix 11.2b The List of First Selection for Systems and Facilities for Emergency Pilot Project (EPP)【 Community Water Supply 】 Appendix 11.3 Summary Sheet for Contract of EPP Appendix 11.4 Documents of Handover Appendix 11.5a Evaluation and Effects of Emergency Pilot Project 【PDAM Bantul System】 Appendix 11.5b Evaluation and Effects of Emergency Pilot Project 【Community Water Supply System in Bantul Regency】 Appendix 11.6 Photos of Emergency Pilot Project (EPP)
Appendix for Chapter 13 Appendix 13.1 Past Population Data for Future Population Projection, Yogyakarta Municipality Appendix 13.2 Past Population Data for Future Population Projection, Sleman Regency Appendix 13.3 Past Population Data for Future Population Projection, Bantul Regency Appendix 13.4 Future Population Projection for Each Kelurahan/Desa Appendix 13.5 Yogyakarta Municipality, Future Domestic Water Demand (l/sec) Appendix 13.6 Sleman and Bantul Regencies, Future Domestic Water Demand for PDAM (Urban) (l/sec) Appendix 13.7 Sleman and Bantul Regencies, Future Domestic Water Demand for PDAM (Rural) (l/sec) Appendix 13.8 Sleman and Bantul Regencies, Future Domestic Water Demand for Community Water Supply System (l/sec) Appendix 13.9 Sleman and Bantul Regencies, Future Domestic Groundwater Requirement (l/sec) Appendix 13.10 Summary of Domestic Water Demand in Sleman Regency (l/sec) Appendix 13.11 Summary of Domestic Water Demand in Bantul Regency (l/sec) Appendix 13.12 Summary of Domestic Water Demand
Appendix for Chapter 14 Appendix 14.1 Results of 2D Imaging Survey Appendix 14.2 Results of VES Survey
Appendix for Chapter 15 Appendix 15.1 Current Service Ratio Appendix 15.2 Distribution of Current Service Ratio Appendix 15.3 Contents of Questionnaire Survey for Poverty Survey 2006
- viii - Appendix 15.4 Data from “Poverty Survey 2006” Appendix 15.5 Poverty Distribution Map Appendix 15.6 Water Charge in Community Water Supply System
List of Tables
Table 3.1.1 Name of Capitals. Areas...... 3 - 1 Table 3.1.2 Rainfall by Regency/Municipality in 2005 ...... 3 - 3 Table 3.1.3 Area of Wet-land and Dry-land for Agriculture by Regency/Municipality ...... 3 - 4 Table 3.1.4 Nominated Fauna and Flora to be Protected in the Study Area...... 3 - 5 Table 3.1.5 Development Restricted Area within the Greater Yogyakarta...... 3 - 6 Table 3.2.1 Number of Households and Population by Sex and Regency/City in DIY ...... 3 - 15 Table 3.2.2 Population 15 Years of Age and over Who Worked during the Previous Week by Main Industry in DIY...... 3 - 16 Table 3.2.3 GRDP at Current & Constant Price in DIY...... 3 - 18 Table 3.2.4 Tourists to DIY...... 3 - 18 Table 3.2.5 Harvested Area of Food Crops by Kind and Regency/City in DIY ...... 3 - 19 Table 3.3.1 Summary of Responses to Questionnaire on Water Institution ...... 3 - 30 Table 3.3.2 Improvement Status on Environmental Related Laws ...... 3 - 34 Table 3.3.3 Major Environmental Related Rules and Regulations ...... 3 - 36 Table 3.3.4 Accession Status to the International Conventions ...... 3 - 37 Table 3.3.5 Water Supply Improvement Regulation on Environmental Protection...... 3 - 37 Table 3.3.6 Target Projects and/or Activities Required EIA ...... 3 - 39 Table 3.3.7 Demarcation Line on Judgment of Necessity between IEE and EIA.... 3 - 40 Table 4.1.1 Future Served Population/Service Ratio, Target of RPJMN 2004 - 2009 ...... 4 - 2 Table 4.1.2 Classification of PDAMs and Improvement Plan ...... 4 - 5 Table 5.2.1 List of Water Sources for PDAM Yogyakarta ...... 5 - 4 Table 5.2.2 List of Water Sources for PDAM Sleman ...... 5 - 6 Table 5.2.3 List of Water Sources for PDAM Bantul...... 5 - 8 Table 5.2.4 Number of Water Sources for Each PDAM ...... 5 - 9 Table 5.2.5 Quantity of Water Production Capacity in Each PDAM ...... 5 - 9 Table 5.2.6 Number of Water Sources in Each Region (for PDAM) ...... 5 - 9 Table 5.2.7 Water Production Capacity in Each PDAM(by Water source)...... 5 - 9 Table 5.2.8 Measurement Result of Water Sources of PDAM Yogyakarta...... 5 - 12 Table 5.2.9 Measurement Result of Water Sources of PDAM Sleman...... 5 - 13 Table 5.2.10 Measurement Result of Water Sources of PDAM Bantul ...... 5 - 14 Table 5.3.1 Measurement Result of Water Sources of Community Water Supply Systems in Yogyakarta Municipality...... 5 - 16 Table 5.3.2 Measurement Result of Water Sources of Community Water Supply Systems in Sleman Regency...... 5 - 16 Table 5.3.3 Measurement Result of Water Sources of Community Water Supply Systems in Bantul Regency...... 5 - 16 Table 5.4.1 Summary of Results of Previous Surveys in the Study Area...... 5 - 17 Table 5.4.2 Water Consumption by Use...... 5 - 18 Table 6.2.1 List of Water Production Facilities...... 6 - 5
- ix - Table 6.2.2 Pipe Length and Materials...... 6 - 7 Table 6.2.3 Water Productions by Water Source...... 6 - 9 Table 6.2.4 Annual Water Production ...... 6 - 9 Table 6.2.5 Metered Water Consumption by Category ...... 6 - 10 Table 6.2.6 Non-Revenue Water ...... 6 - 12 Table 6.2.7 Number of House Connection by Category ...... 6 - 13 Table 6.2.8 Number of Domestic Connections and Their Proportion by Category...... 6 - 14 Table 6.2.9 Number of Served Population ...... 6 - 15 Table 6.2.10 Served Population and Service Ratio ...... 6 - 16 Table 6.2.11 Domestic per Capita Water Consumption ...... 6 - 16 Table 6.2.12 Fluctuation of Water Consumption in a Year...... 6 - 17 Table 6.3.1 List of Water Production Facilities...... 6 - 25 Table 6.3.2 Annual Water Production ...... 6 - 27 Table 6.3.3 Water Consumption in Last 2 Years by Category...... 6 - 28 Table 6.3.4 Number of Domestic Connections ...... 6 - 30 Table 6.3.5 Number of Served Population ...... 6 - 30 Table 6.3.6 Served Population and Service Ratio ...... 6 - 31 Table 6.3.7 Domestic per Capita Water Consumption ...... 6 - 31 Table 6.4.1 List of Water Production Facilities...... 6 - 37 Table 6.4.2 Pipe Length by Water Unit ...... 6 - 38 Table 6.4.3 Annual Water Production ...... 6 - 39 Table 6.4.4 Metered Water Consumption by Monthly and Category...... 6 - 40 Table 6.4.5 Water Consumption in Last 10 Years by Category...... 6 - 41 Table 6.4.6 Number of Domestic Connections and Their Proportion by Category...... 6 - 43 Table 6.4.7 Number of Served Population ...... 6 - 43 Table 6.4.8 Served Population and Service Ratio ...... 6 - 44 Table 6.4.9 Domestic Per Capita Water Consumption ...... 6 - 44 Table 6.4.10 Fluctuation of Water Consumption in a Year...... 6 - 45 Table 6.5.1 Summary of PDAM Sleman Performance ...... 6 - 47 Table 6.5.2 Summary of PDAM Bantul Performance...... 6 - 48 Table 6.5.3 Summary of PDAM Yogyakarta Performance...... 6 - 49 Table 6.5.4 Comparison of Problems Identified in Respective PDAMs...... 6 - 52 Table 6.6.1 List of ID Number for Name of Kelurahan/Desa...... 6 - 57 Table 6.6.2 List of Community Water Supply System in the Study Area ...... 6 - 59 Table 6.6.3 Condition of O&M of Community Water Supply System in the Study Area ...... 6 - 65 Table 6.7.1 General Feature of Selected Areas for UFW Survey...... 6 - 69 Table 6.7.2 Result of Household Survey...... 6 - 72 Table 6.7.3 Meter Accuracy Test...... 6 - 73 Table 6.7.4 Flow Measurement Result...... 6 - 73 Table 6.7.5 Results of Meter Reading...... 6 - 74 Table 6.7.6 UFW in Survey Area ...... 6 - 75 Table 6.7.7 Result of Leak Detection Work ...... 6 - 76 Table 6.7.8 Effect of Leak Detection and Repair on UFW Reduction...... 6 - 77 Table 6.8.1 Results of Water Quality Analysis for Water Sources of PDAMs...... 6 - 83 Table 6.8.2 Results of Water Quality Analysis for Water Sources of Community Water Supply System...... 6 - 87 Table 6.8.3 Number of Water Sources in Each District and Type...... 6 - 88 Table 6.8.4 Number of Water Sources exceed the Standard Value of Fe ...... 6 - 88
- x - Table 6.8.5 Percentage of Water Sources exceed the Standard Value of Fe...... 6 - 89 Table 6.8.6 Number of Water Sources exceed the Standard Value of Mn...... 6 - 89 Table 6.8.7 Percentage of Water Sources exceed the Standard Value of Mn ...... 6 - 89 Table 6.8.8 Results of Water Quality Analysis for Progo River...... 6 - 90 Table 6.8.9 Results of Water Quality Analysis of Treated Water from Water Treatment Plants of PDAMs ...... 6 - 93 Table 6.8.10 Water Quality Comparison between Raw Water and Finished Water ... 6 - 94 Table 6.8.11 Results of Water Quality Analysis of Tap Water of PDAMs...... 6 - 99 Table 6.8.12 Results of Water Quality Analysis of Tap Water of PDAMs And Community Water Supply Systems ...... 6 - 102 Table 7.1.1 Performance Monitoring Indicators for Governments ...... 7 - 3 Table 7.1.2 Performance Monitoring Indicators for Operators (PDAMs) ...... 7 - 3 Table 7.1.3 Summary of Evaluation at Sector Level...... 7 - 4 Table 7.1.4 Division of Roles of Main Entities Concerned...... 7 - 4 Table 7.1.5 Capital Investment for Water Supply System(for PDAM and AMD)..... 7 - 5 Table 7.1.6 Summary of Evaluation at Operator Level...... 7 - 6 Table 7.2.1 Tariff Level...... 7 - 9 Table 7.2.2 Profit and Loss ...... 7 - 9 Table 7.2.3 PDAM Yogyakarta Unit Cost in 2005...... 7 - 10 Table 7.2.4 PDAM Yogyakarta Performance...... 7 - 11 Table 7.2.5 Tariff Level...... 7 - 13 Table 7.2.6 Profit and Loss ...... 7 - 13 Table 7.2.7 PDAM Sleman Unit Cost in 2005...... 7 - 14 Table 7.2.8 PDAM Sleman Performance ...... 7 - 14 Table 7.2.9 Tariff Level...... 7 - 16 Table 7.2.10 Profit and Loss ...... 7 - 16 Table 7.2.11 PDAM Bantul Unit Cost in 2005 ...... 7 - 17 Table 7.2.12 PDAM Bantul Performance ...... 7 - 17 Table 7.2.13 Unit Cost of PDAM...... 7 - 19 Table 7.2.14 Tariff Comparison ...... 7 - 23 Table 8.2.1 Sewer Length by Type and Diameter ...... 8 - 4 Table 8.2.2 Outline of Sewon Sewage Treatment Plant...... 8 - 5 Table 8.2.3 Water Quality Data in Sewon Sewage Treatment Plant ...... 8 - 6 Table 8.2.4 Sewon Sewage Treatment Plant Inflow Data ...... 8 - 7 Table 8.2.5 Balance Sheet of Sewerage System...... 8 - 11 Table 8.2.6 Tariff List...... 8 - 11 Table 8.3.1 Outline of Community Plant Facility ...... 8 - 14 Table 8.4.1 Sanitation Facility Construction/Repair Progress by UNICEF ...... 8 - 24 Table 8.5.1 Water Quality Standard for Public Water Body...... 8 - 25 Table 8.5.2 Result of Water Quality Analysis ...... 8 - 28 Table 9.1.1 History of DBOT BulHistory of DBOT Bulk Water Supply Project ...... 9 - 2 Table 10.1.1 List of Target Districts and Kelurahan/Desa ...... 10 - 1 Table 10.3.1 Summary of Targeted Kulurahan/Desa Profile...... 10 - 3 Table 10.3.2 Number of Collected Samples by Urban/Rural Classification...... 10 - 5 Table 10.3.3 Income of Household by Education Level ...... 10 - 6 Table 10.3.4 Water Supply Systems of Respondents ...... 10 - 8 Table 10.3.5 Number of Respondents by Earthquake Damage on Water Supply ...... 10 - 9 Table 10.3.6 Water Supply for Drinking Water...... 10 - 10 Table 10.3.7 Water Supply for Washing and Bathing ...... 10 - 10 Table 10.3.8 Expectations of the Public Water Supply System...... 10 - 17 Table 10.3.9 Degree of Interest in Signing Up for Water Pipe Connection ...... 10 - 18
- xi - Table 10.3.10 Comparison of Willingness to Pay and Actual Payment ...... 10 - 19 Table 10.3.11 Location of the Toilet ...... 10 - 22 Table 10.3.12 Types of Toilets ...... 10 - 22 Table 10.3.13 Frequency of Sludge Removal ...... 10 - 23 Table 10.3.14 Person/Organizations in Charge of Sludge Removal ...... 10 - 23 Table 11.3.1 Scope of Emergency Pilot Project-Package 1 ...... 11 - 4 Table 11.3.2 Scope of Emergency Pilot Project-Package 2 ...... 11 - 4 Table 11.3.3 Scope of Emergency Pilot Project-Package 3 ...... 11 - 4 Table 11.6.1 Summary of Indices and Results of Project Evaluation ...... 11 - 10 Table 13.1.1 Past Population Data, Yogyakarta Municipality...... 13 - 2 Table 13.1.2 Past Population Data, Sleman Regency...... 13 - 2 Table 13.1.3 Past Population Data, Bantul Regency...... 13 - 3 Table 13.1.4 Yogyakarta Municipality, Past Population Data for Future Population Projection ...... 13 - 4 Table 13.1.5 Sleman Regency, Past Population Data for Future Population Projection ...... 13 - 4 Table 13.1.6 Bantul Regency, Past Population Data for Future Population Projection ...... 13 - 5 Table 13.1.7 Total Past Population Data for Future Population Projection...... 13 - 6 Table 13.1.8 List of Kecamatan and Kelurahan of Each Kabubaten...... 13 - 13 Table 13.1.9 Future Population Projection for Each Kabubaten...... 13 - 17 Table 13.2.1 Summary of PDAM Yogyakarta Performance...... 13 - 22 Table 13.2.2 Summary of PDAM Sleman Performance ...... 13 - 23 Table 13.2.3 Summary of PDAM Bantul Performance...... 13 - 23 Table 13.2.4 Current Level of Domestic Per Capita Water Consumption (2005).... 13 - 21 Table 13.2.5 Comparison of Domestic per Capita Water Consumption by Outside/Inside of UAY for Sleman Regency...... 13 - 25 Table 13.2.6 Comparison of Domestic per Capita Water Consumption by Outside/Inside of UAY for Bantul Regency ...... 13 - 26 Table 13.2.7 Summary of Domestic per Capita Water Consumption in Each Area. 13 - 26 Table 13.2.8 Selection of Urban Area ...... 13 - 28 Table 13.2.9 Urban Kelurahan/Desa in the Study Area...... 13 - 32 Table 13.2.10 Future per Capita Domestic Water Demand...... 13 - 33 Table 13.2.11 Existing Service Ratio in Yogyakarta Municipality (2005)...... 13 - 35 Table 13.2.12 Served Population of Each Water Supply Unit of PDAM Sleman...... 13 - 36 Table 13.2.13 Service Ratio in Sleman Regency ...... 13 - 37 Table 13.2.14 Served Population of Each Water Supply Unit of PDAM Bantul ...... 13 - 38 Table 13.2.15 Service Ration in Bantul Regency...... 13 - 39 Table 13.2.16 Basis of Future Water Demand Projection ...... 13 - 42 Table 13.2.17 Future Domestic Service Ratio in Yogyakarta Municipality...... 13 - 46 Table 13.2.18 Service Ratio of PDAM (Urban)...... 13 - 47 Table 13.2.19 Service Ratio of PDAM (Rural)...... 13 - 48 Table 13.2.20 Average Length of Stay ...... 13 - 55 Table 13.2.21 Daily Number of Tourist Stay in DIY ...... 13 - 56 Table 13.2.22 Per Tourist Water Demand per Day...... 13 - 56 Table 13.2.23 Future Tourism Water Demand ...... 13 - 57 Table 13.2.24 Yogyakarta Municipality, Total Future Water Demand ...... 13 - 59 Table 13.2.25 Yogyakarta Municipality, Future Groundwater Requirement through Private Wells ...... 13 - 59 Table 13.2.26 Sleman Regency, Total Future Water Demand...... 13 - 61 Table 13.2.27 Sleman Regency, Future Groundwater Requirement
- xii - through Private Wells ...... 13 - 61 Table 13.2.28 Bantul Regency, Total Future Water Demand ...... 13 - 63 Table 13.2.29 Bantul Regency, Future Groundwater Requirement through Private Wells ...... 13 - 63 Table 13.2.30 Summary of Future Water Demand...... 13 - 65 Table 13.2.31 Conditions and Parameters of Case Study (Cases 1 to 4)...... 13 - 67 Table 13.2.32 Results of Case Study and Comparison of Cases for Yogyakarta Municipality...... 13 - 69 Table 13.2.33 Results of Case Study and Comparison of Cases for Sleman Regency ...... 13 - 70 Table 13.2.34 Results of Case Study and Comparison of Cases for Bantul Regency...... 13 - 71 Table 13.2.35 Summary of Future Total Water Demand of Each Case...... 13 - 72 Table 14.1.1 List of Survey Points (VES Sleman 21 points) ...... 14 - 5 Table 14.1.2 List of Survey Points (VES Yogyakarta 4 points) ...... 14 - 5 Table 14.1.3 List of Survey Points (VES Bantul PDAM 20 points) ...... 14 - 6 Table 14.1.4 List of Survey Points (VES Bantul PU 15 points) ...... 14 - 6 Table 14.1.5 List of Survey Points (2D Sleman 20 points)...... 14 - 7 Table 14.1.6 Average thicknesses of Presumed Aquifers in Each District...... 14 - 10 Table 14.2.1 Monthly Rainfall Observed at Beran station (1978-2005) ...... 14 - 13 Table 14.2.2 Monthly Mean Air Temperature ovserved at Plambongan station (1993-2003)...... 14 - 16 Table 14.2.3 Monthly Evapotranspiration (Estimated by Thornthwaite Method) ... 14 - 17 Table 14.2.4 Monthly Evapotranspiration from Previous Study (Estimated by Penman Method) ...... 14 - 17 Table 14.2.5 Infiltration Rates from Previous Studies ...... 14 - 18 Table 14.2.6 Summary of Results of Previous Studies in the Study Area...... 14 - 19 Table 14.2.7 Water Consumption by Use...... 14 - 19 Table 15.2.1 Models of Management Intergration by Wider Area Operation...... 15 - 3 Table 15.3.1 Shortage of Water Supply Capacity in 2020...... 15 - 5 Table 15.4.1 Possible Advantages and Merits by Appropriate Asset Management . 15 - 16 Table 15.4.2 Demarcation of Roles and Capacities for Related Persons/Parties for Community Water Supply (Example)...... 15 - 18 Table 15.4.3 Required Activities for Operation and Maintenance by Related Persons/Perties for Community Water Supply (Example) ...... 15 - 19
List of Figures
Figure 3.1.1 Temperature in the Study Area (2005) ...... 3 - 2 Figure 3.1.2 Rainfall in the Study Area (2005)...... 3 - 3 Figure 3.2.1 Hierarchy Government Structure ...... 3 - 7 Figure 3.2.2 Simplified Organization Charts of DIY and District Governments...... 3 - 9 Figure 3.2.3 Planning and Management Framework Based on Law 25/2004...... 3 - 10 Figure 3.2.4 IUIDP Planning and Implementation Process ...... 3 - 11 Figure 3.2.5 DIY Budget for 2006...... 3 - 13 Figure 3.2.6 Monthly Expenditure per Capita from 1997 to 2005 ...... 3 - 16 Figure 3.2.7 GDRP in DIY at Current and Constant Price (2000)...... 3 - 17 Figure 3.3.1 Water Resources Planning Framework Based on UU 7/2004...... 3 - 22 Figure 3.3.2 SPAM Planning Framework Based on PP16/2005...... 3 - 24 Figure 3.3.3 Water Supply Sector Institutional Framework Based
- xiii - on Law 7/2004 and Regulation 16/2005 ...... 3 - 25 Figure 3.3.4 Procedure for Obtaining Central Government Support Based on Permenken No. 38/2006 ...... 3 - 27 Figure 3.3.5 Procedures for UKL and UPL ...... 3 - 38 Figure 3.3.6 Procedures for EIA...... 3 - 40 Figure 4.1.1 Future Service Ratio, Target of RPJMN 2004 – 2009...... 4 - 2 Figure 4.1.2 Purpose of PERPAMSI Benchmarking ...... 4 - 4 Figure 4.1.3 System of PERPAMSI Benchmarking ...... 4 - 4 Figure 4.1.4 Improvement Plan of PDAM ...... 4 - 5 Figure 4.2.1 National and Regional Policies ...... 4 - 6 Figure 5.1.1 Groundwater Potential of the Study Area...... 5 - 1 Figure 5.2.1 Location of Water Sources for PDAM Yogyakarta ...... 5 - 3 Figure 5.2.2 Location of Water Sources for PDAM Sleman ...... 5 - 5 Figure 5.2.3 Location of Water Sources for PDAM Bantul...... 5 - 7 Figure 5.2.4 Location of Measurement Points for Water Sources ...... 5 - 11 Figure 6.2.1 Organization Chart of PDAM Yogyakarta ...... 6 - 3 Figure 6.2.2 Schematic Flow of Water Sources and Water Transmission ...... 6 - 4 Figure 6.2.3 Treatment Process Flow ...... 6 - 5 Figure 6.2.4 Component of Pipe Material ...... 6 - 6 Figure 6.2.5 Hydraulic Calculation Results...... 6 - 8 Figure 6.2.6 Annual Water Production ...... 6 - 10 Figure 6.2.7 Water Consumption by Category in Last 10 Years...... 6 - 11 Figure 6.2.8 Average Proportion of Water Consumption by Category in Last 10 Years ...... 6 - 11 Figure 6.2.9 Trend of Production and Consumption ...... 6 - 12 Figure 6.2.10 Trend of Non-Revenue Water...... 6 - 12 Figure 6.2.11 Fluctuation of NRW Ratio in Last 10 Years (1996 to 2005) ...... 6 - 12 Figure 6.2.12 Trend of House Connections ...... 6 - 14 Figure 6.2.13 Number of Domestic Connections by Category...... 6 - 14 Figure 6.2.14 Number of Served Population ...... 6 - 15 Figure 6.2.15 Total and Served Populations and Service Ratio...... 6 - 16 Figure 6.2.16 Domestic Per Capita Water Consumption ...... 6 - 16 Figure 6.2.17 Fluctuation of Water Consumption Throughout a Year...... 6 - 17 Figure 6.2.18 Monitoring Results of Water Flow ...... 6 - 17 Figure 6.3.1 Organization Chart of PDAM Sleman ...... 6 - 23 Figure 6.3.2 Location of PDAM Water Units...... 6 - 24 Figure 6.3.3 Treatment Process Flow ...... 6 - 22 Figure 6.3.4 Results of Hydraulic Calculation (Sleman)...... 6 - 26 Figure 6.3.5 Annual Water Production ...... 6 - 27 Figure 6.3.6 Water Consumption by Category in Last 2 Years (2004 and 2005) ...... 6 - 28 Figure 6.3.7 Average Proportion of Water Consumption by Category in Last 2 Years (2004 2005)...... 6 - 28 Figure 6.3.8 Breakdown of Water Production including NRW ...... 6 - 29 Figure 6.3.9 Fluctuation of NRW Ratio in Last 2 Years (2004 to 2005) ...... 6 - 29 Figure 6.3.10 Number of Domestic Connections ...... 6 - 30 Figure 6.3.11 Number of Served Population ...... 6 - 30 Figure 6.3.12 Total and Served Populations and Service Ratio...... 6 - 31 Figure 6.3.13 Domestic per Capita Water Consumption ...... 6 - 31 Figure 6.4.1 Organization Chart of PDAM Bantul...... 6 - 35 Figure 6.4.2 Location of PDAM Water Units...... 6 - 36 Figure 6.4.3 Treatment Process Flow ...... 6 - 37
- xiv - Figure 6.4.4 Results of Hydraulic Calculation (Bantul) ...... 6 - 38 Figure 6.4.5 Annual Water Production ...... 6 - 39 Figure 6.4.6 Water Consumption by Category in Last 2 Years (2004 and 2005) ...... 6 - 41 Figure 6.4.7 Average Proportion of Water Consumption by Category in Last 2 Years...... 6 - 41 Figure 6.4.8 Breakdown of Water Production Including NRW...... 6 - 42 Figure 6.4.9 Fluctuation of NRW Ratio in Last 2 Years (2004 and 2005)...... 6 - 42 Figure 6.4.10 Number of Domestic connections by Category...... 6 - 43 Figure 6.4.11 Number of Served Population ...... 6 - 43 Figure 6.4.12 Total and Served Populations and Service Ratio...... 6 - 44 Figure 6.4.13 Domestic per Capita Water Consumption ...... 6 - 44 Figure 6.4.14 Fluctuation of Water Consumption Throughout a Year...... 6 - 45 Figure 6.5.1 Total Water Production...... 6 - 50 Figure 6.5.2 Total Water Consumption...... 6 - 50 Figure 6.5.3 Water Consumption by Category ...... 6 - 50 Figure 6.5.4 Non Revenue Water Ratio ...... 6 - 51 Figure 6.5.5 Service Ratio ...... 6 - 51 Figure 6.5.6 Domestic per Capita Water Consumption ...... 6 - 51 Figure 6.6.1 Typical Organization Structure for Water User Organization (WUO) .. 6 - 54 Figure 6.6.2 Location of Community Water Supply System in the Study Area ...... 6 - 56 Figure 6.7.1 Locations of Selected Areas for UFW Survey...... 6 - 70 Figure 6.7.2 Procedure of the Survey ...... 6 - 71 Figure 6.7.3 Variation of Flow in Isolated Areas...... 6 - 74 Figure 6.7.4 Baseline Condition of NRW and Its Components in Survey Area ...... 6 - 76 Figure 6.7.5 Breakdown of Leakage in Survey Area...... 6 - 76 Figure 6.7.6 Effect of Leak Detection and Repair on UFW Reduction...... 6 - 77 Figure 6.8.1 Location of Sampling Points for Water Sources of PDAM Yogyakarta 6 - 80 Figure 6.8.2 Location of Sampling Points for Water Sources of PDAM Sleman...... 6 - 81 Figure 6.8.3 Location of Sampling Points for Water Sources of PDAM Bantul ...... 6 - 82 Figure 6.8.4 Location of Sampling Points for Water Sources of Community Water Supply Systems...... 6 - 86 Figure 6.8.5 Location of Sampling Points for Treated Water from Water Treatment Plants of PDAMs ...... 6 - 92 Figure 6.8.6 Location of Sampling Points for Tap Water in Yogyakarta Municipality ...... 6 - 96 Figure 6.8.7 Location of Sampling Points for Tap Water of Sleman Regency ...... 6 - 97 Figure 6.8.8 Location of Sampling Points for Tap Water of Bantul Regency ...... 6 - 98 Figure 7.2.1 PDAM Yogyakarta Organization Structure ...... 7 - 7 Figure 7.2.2 PDAM Sleman Organization Structure ...... 7 - 8 Figure 7.2.3 PDAM Bantul Organization Structure ...... 7 - 9 Figure 7.2.4 Profit and Loss ...... 7 - 10 Figure 7.2.5 Profit and Loss ...... 7 - 13 Figure 7.2.6 Profit and Loss ...... 7 - 16 Figure 7.3.1 Community Water Supply Organization Chart...... 7 - 25 Figure 8.2.1 Sewerage Area in Yogyakarta Municipality ...... 8 - 3 Figure 8.2.2 Sewon Sewage Treatment Plant Inflow Data ...... 8 - 8 Figure 8.2.3 DLH Organization Chart ...... 8 - 9 Figure 8.2.4 Sewon Sewage Treatment Plant Organization Chart...... 8 - 10 Figure 8.3.1 Location of Community Plant Facility in Yogyakarta Municipality ..... 8 - 13 Figure 8.3.2 Type of Community Plant Treatment Flow...... 8 - 16 Figure 8.3.3 Community Plant Standard Structure (Type-1) ...... 8 - 16
- xv - Figure 8.3.4 Community Plant Standard Structure (Type-2) ...... 8 - 17 Figure 8.4.1 Septic Tank Standard Drawing...... 8 - 20 Figure 8.4.2 Organization Chart of Sanitation Facility in Sleman...... 8 - 22 Figure 8.4.3 Organization Chart of Sanitation Facility in Bantul...... 8 - 23 Figure 8.5.1 Location of Sampling Points for Water Quality Analysis ...... 8 - 26 Figure 9.1.1 Milestones of DBOT Bulk Water Supply Project...... 9 - 1 Figure 10.3.1 Location Map of the Targeted Kulurahan/desa ...... 10 - 3 Figure 10.3.2 Number of Household Members ...... 10 - 5 Figure 10.3.3 Education Level of the Heads of Households ...... 10 - 6 Figure 10.3.4 Expenditure and Income of Household ...... 10 - 7 Figure 10.3.5 Diffusion Rate of Major Assets ...... 10 - 8 Figure 10.3.6 Preference on Drinking Water of PDAM Customers by Status of Well...... 10 - 10 Figure 10.3.7 Quantity of Water Usage per Person Per Day ...... 10 - 11 Figure 10.3.8 Water Usage by Customers ...... 10 - 12 Figure 10.3.9 Water Supplied by PDAM...... 10 - 13 Figure 10.3.10 Monthly Cost of Water Consumption per Household ...... 10 - 13 Figure 10.3.11 Monthly Payment for PDAM ...... 10 - 14 Figure 10.3.12 Registration of PDAM & PU System...... 10 - 14 Figure 10.3.13 Degree of Impact and Degree of Satisfaction...... 10 - 15 Figure 10.3.14 Reasons for Non-Membership in Public Water Supply System...... 10 - 16 Figure 10.3.15 Monthly Household Income by Status of Water Supply ...... 10 - 17 Figure 10.3.16 Willingness to Pay Initial Cost and Monthly Tariff...... 10 - 19 Figure 10.3.17 Consciousness Regarding Water and Health ...... 10 - 20 Figure 10.3.18 Consciousness and Attitude about Safe Water...... 10 - 21 Figure 10.3.19 Distance between Well and Toilet ...... 10 - 23 Figure 11.2.1 Location of Emergency Pilot Project ...... 11 - 3 Figure 11.4.1 Implementation Schedule of Emergency Pilot Project...... 11 - 6 Figure 12.2.1 Relation of National/Regional Action Plans and Vision of Master Plan ...... 12 - 1 Figure 13.1.1 Procedures or Future Population Projection...... 13 - 1 Figure 13.1.2 Past Population Data, Yogyakarta Municipality...... 13 - 2 Figure 13.1.3 Past Population Data, Sleman Regency...... 13 - 3 Figure 13.1.4 Past Population Data, Bantul Regency...... 13 - 3 Figure 13.1.5 Yogyakarta Municipality, Past Population Data for Future Population Projection ...... 13 - 4 Figure 13.1.6 Sleman Regency, Past Population Data for Future Population Projection ...... 13 - 5 Figure 13.1.7 Bantul Regency, Past Population Data for Future Population Projection ...... 13 - 5 Figure 13.1.8 Total Past Population Data for Future Population Projection...... 13 - 6 Figure 13.1.9 Average Annual Population Increase Ratio in Past 25 Years (1980-2005) ...... 13 - 7 Figure 13.1.10 Average Annual Population Increase Ratio in Past 10 Years (1995-2005) ...... 13 - 7 Figure 13.1.11 Past Population Trend of Yogyakarta Municipality by Kecamatan Level...... 13 - 7 Figure 13.1.12 Average Annual Population Increase Ratio in Last 25 Years (1980-2005) ...... 13 - 8 Figure 13.1.13 Average Annual Population Increase Ratio in Last 10 Years (1995-2005) ...... 13 - 8
- xvi - Figure 13.1.14 Past Population Trend of Sleman Regency by Kecamatan Level ...... 13 - 8 Figure 13.1.15 Average Annual Population Increase Ratio in Last 25 Years (1980-2005) ...... 13 - 9 Figure 13.1.16 Average Annual Population Increase Ratio in Last 10 Years (1995-2005) ...... 13 - 9 Figure 13.1.17 Past Population Trend of Sleman by Kecamatan Level ...... 13 - 9 Figure 13.1.18 Average Annual Population Increase Ratio in Last 25 Years (1980-2005) ...... 13 - 10 Figure 13.1.19 Average Annual Population Increase Ratio in Last 10 Years (1995-2005) ...... 13 - 10 Figure 13.1.20 Population Increase Ratio in Last 10 Years in Each Kelurahan (1995-2005) ...... 13 - 10 Figure 13.1.21 Population Density in Year 2005 in Each Area (2005)...... 13 - 11 Figure 13.1.22 Population Density in Each Kecamatan in Yogyakarta Municipality in 2005...... 13 - 11 Figure 13.1.23 Population Density in Each Kecamatan in Sleman Regency in 2005 . 13 - 11 Figure 13.1.24 Population Density in Each Kecamatan in Bantul Regency in 2005 .. 13 - 12 Figure 13.1.25 Population Density in Each Kelurahan in Year 2005 ...... 13 - 12 Figure 13.1.26 Example of Future Population Projection (Sleman, Sidoarum Kuluraha, Exponential Curve was selected)...... 13 - 16 Figure 13.1.27 Example of Future Population Projection (Bantul, Wonokromo Kuluraha, Geometric Curve was selected) ...... 13 - 16 Figure 13.1.28 Results of Future Population Projection...... 13 - 17 Figure 13.1.29 Yogyakarta Municipality Comparison of Population Projection (by JICA Study and BPS)...... 13 - 18 Figure 13.1.30 Sleman Regency Comparison of Population Projection (by JICA Study and BPS)...... 13 - 18 Figure 13.1.31 Bantul Regency Comparison of Population Projection (by JICA Study and BPS)...... 13 - 19 Figure 13.1.32 Total Population Projection (Yogyakarta, Sleman, and Bantul) Comparison of Population Projection (by JICA Study and BPS)...... 13 - 19 Figure 13.1.33 Population Density in the Study Area in Year 2020 ...... 13 - 20 Figure 13.2.1 Domestic per Capita Water Consumption ...... 13 - 21 Figure 13.2.2 Boundary of Urban Agglomeration of Yogyakarta (UAY) by YUDP . 13 - 24 Figure 13.2.3 Urban Area of Water Supply Planning ...... 13 - 31 Figure 13.2.4 Domestic per Capita Water Demand ...... 13 - 34 Figure 13.2.5 Existing Supply Conditions and Basis of Future Water Demand Projection...... 13 - 41 Figure 13.2.6 Future Domestic Service Ratio in Yogyakarta Municipality...... 13 - 46 Figure 13.2.7 Yogyakarta Municipality, Future Domestic Water Demand and Groundwater Requirement for Private Well ...... 13 - 49 Figure 13.2.8 Summary of Domestic Water Demand in Sleman Regency...... 13 - 50 Figure 13.2.9 Summary of Domestic Water Demand in Bantul Regency ...... 13 - 51 Figure 13.2.10 Summary of Domestic Water Demand...... 13 - 51 Figure 13.2.11 Summary of Domestic Water Demand Which will be Supplied by PDAMs...... 13 - 52 Figure 13.2.12 Summary of Domestic Water Demand which will be Supplied by Community Water Supply System ...... 13 - 52 Figure 13.2.13 Groundwater Requirement through Private Wells...... 13 - 53 Figure 13.2.14 Projection of Annual Foreign Tourist Arrival...... 13 - 54 Figure 13.2.15 Projection of Annual Domestic Tourist Arrival...... 13 - 54
- xvii - Figure 13.2.16 Total Annual Tourist Arrival to DIY...... 13 - 55 Figure 13.2.17 Net Water Demand for PDAM ...... 13 - 60 Figure 13.2.18 Future UFW Ratio ...... 13 - 60 Figure 13.2.19 Total Future Water Demand ...... 13 - 60 Figure 13.2.20 Total Future Water Demand and Groundwater Requirement for Private Wells...... 13 - 60 Figure 13.2.21 Net Water Demand for PDAM and Community Water Supply System...... 13 - 62 Figure 13.2.22 Future UFW Ratio ...... 13 - 62 Figure 13.2.23 Total Future Water Demand ...... 13 - 62 Figure 13.2.24 Total Future Water Demand and Groundwater Requirement for Private Wells...... 13 - 62 Figure 13.2.25 Net Water Demand for PDAM and Community Water Supply System...... 13 - 64 Figure 13.2.26 Future UFW Ratio ...... 13 - 64 Figure 13.2.27 Total Future Water Demand ...... 13 - 64 Figure 13.2.28 Total Future Water Demand and Groundwater Requirement for Private Wells...... 13 - 64 Figure 13.2.29 Summary of Future Water Demand...... 13 - 65 Figure 13.2.30 Shortage of PDAM Water Supply Capacity against Future Water Demand ...... 13 - 73 Figure 13.2.31 Study Area Zoning...... 13 - 74 Figure 13.2.32 Zonal Future Water Demand (Case 4)...... 13 - 76 Figure 13.2.33 Zonal future Water Demand ...... 13 - 77 Figure 14.1.1 Schlumberger configuration ...... 14 - 2 Figure 14.1.2 Dipole-Dipole configuration ...... 14 - 2 Figure 14.1.3 Location Map of Survey Points (VES)...... 14 - 3 Figure 14.1.4 Location Map of Survey Points (2D) ...... 14 - 4 Figure 14.1.5 Result of VES survey (Ciren, Triharjo, Pandak, Bantul)...... 14 - 7 Figure 14.1.6 Result of 2D imaging survey (Kayen, Wedomartani, Ngemplak, Sleman)...... 14 - 8 Figure 14.1.7 Result of Survey ...... 14 - 9 Figure 14.1.8 Thicknesses of Presumed Aquifers (in 100 Meter depth)...... 14 - 10 Figure 14.1.9 Results of 2D Imaging Survey ...... 14 - 11 Figure 14.2.1 Monthly Rainfall at Beran...... 14 - 14 Figure 14.2.2 Isohyet Map of the Study Area...... 14 - 15 Figure 14.2.3 Monthly Mean Air Temperature (Average, Maximum and Minimum) at Plambongan(1993-2003)...... 14 - 16 Figure 15.3.1 Contour Line of EL. 125 m in Study Area ...... 15 - 6 Figure 15.3.2 Strategic Leak Reduction Approach...... 15 - 9 Figure 15.4.1 Concept of Appropriate Asset Management...... 15 - 15 Figure 15.4.2 Special Attentions for Community Water Supply ...... 15 - 17 Figure 15.5.1 Vicious Cycle of Deterioration of Service Quality...... 15 - 20 Figure 15.7.1 Progo River’s Mean Monthly Discharge at Karangtalun Gauging Station and Withdrawals by Mataram Canal ...... 15 - 24
- xviii - Abbreviation
ADB Asian Development Bank AMD Air Minum Desa (Community Water Supply) APBD I Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Daerah Tingkat I (Provincial Budget) APBD II Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Daerah Tingkat II (District Budget) APBN Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja National (National Budget) ARI Acute Respiratory Infections AusAID Australian Agency for International Development BAPPEDA Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Daerah Tingkat-I and Tingkat-II (Development Planning Board for Provincial and District Level) BAPPENAS Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional (National Development Planning Board) BDD Bidan di Desa (Village midwife) BHN Basic Human Needs BMG Biro Meteorologi dan Geofisika (Meteorology and Geophysic Agency) BPAM Badan Pengelola Air Minum (Management Board for new Drinking Water Projects before being established as a PDAM BPD Village Representative Council BPL Below Poverty Line BPPSPAM Supporting Board for SPAM BPS Biro Pusat Statistik (Central Bureau of Statistics) BPT Break Pressure Tank Broncaptering Any small structure built to 'capture' a water source Buis beton Traditional concrete rings used to line hand-dug wells Bupati Kepala Kabupaten (Head of a District; sometimes called "Regent")
Camat Kepala Kecamatan (Head of a Sub-District) CARE Co-operative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere (International NGO) CCF Christian Children's Fund CIDA Canadian International Development Agency Cipta Karya Direktorat Jenderal Cipta Karya (Directorate General of Human Settlements DGHS) CMR Child Mortality Rate DATI I Daerah Tingkat I (Provincial Government Level) DATI II Daerah Tingkat II (District Government Level) DBOT Design, Build, Operation, and Transfer Desa Rural village, lowest level of Government DG Directorate General Dinas Provincial or District level governmental department DIP Daftar Isian Proyek (List of Development Projects) DIY Yogyakarta Special Province DPU Generic term for all departments of Public Works now included in Kimpraswil Dukun Traditional birth attendant DUPDA Daftar Usulan Proyek Daerah (List of Proposed Yearly Development Projects at Tk.II) Dusun Sub-Village/Hamlet in rural area EC Electric Conductivity EIIKK Eastern Islands IKK Water Supply and Sanitation Project (Aus AID program)
- xix - ESWS NTB Environmental Sanitation and Water Supply Project (Aus AID Program) FGD Focus Group Discussions FIRR Financial Internal Rate of Return FLOWS Flores Water Supply and Sanitation Reconstruction and Rural Development Project (Aus AID Program) FRP Fiber Reinforced Plastics GIP Galvanized Iron Pipe GIS Geographic Information System GL Ground Level GOI Government of Indonesia GOJ Government of Japan Goton-Royong Activity of Mutual Aid Society GRDP Gross Regional Domestic Product GSP Galvanized Steel Pipe Hamlet A small rural community not recognized as a Dusun HC House Connection (To a piped water supply system, usually metered) HDPE High Density Polyethylene Pipe IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development IEC Information, Education and Communication IGA Income Generation Activities IKK Ibu Kota Kecamatan (Core Area of a Sub-District) IMR Infant Mortality Rate Ir. Insinyaur (The Professional title 'Engineer') JBIC Japan Bank for International Cooperation JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency K. Desa Kepala Desa (Head of a Village - Lowest official level of local Government) Kabupaten/Kab District/Regency (Local Government level II or Tk.II) Kampung General term for any sub-village or hamlet, but more commonly used in urban and rural areas Kecamatan Sub-District Kelompok An unofficial committee or group of people Kelurahan Urban village, the lowest administrative unit in status equal to a Desa Kepala Desa Head of a Village (Lowest official level of local Government) Kepala Dusun Head of a Hamlet Kepala Suka Traditional Religions Leader (In Sumba) Keputusan Decree KFW German Development Bank KHPPIA Kelangsungan Hidup Perkembangan Perlindungan Ibu dan Anak (Development and Protection for Mother and Child) Kimpraswil Same as “Cipta Karya” KK or K/K Kepala Keluarga (Head of a family) Kotamadya City-equivalent administrative status to a Kabupaten Lb. Labuhan (Common place name ) Coastal plain behind the seashore LBW Low Birth Weight LKMD Lembaga Ketahanan Masyarakat Desa (Village self reliance organization, village development council) LRWSS Lombok Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project (AusAID program) M.A. Mata Air (Spring) MOH Ministry of Health MOHA Ministry of Home Affairs (Dalam Negeri)
- xx - MOU Memorandum of Understanding MSRI Ministry of Settlement and Regional Infrastructure Musbangdes Musyawarah Pembangunan Desa (Village development planning discussion) NGO Non-governmental Organization NTB Nusa Tenggara Barat (West Nusa Tenggara) NTT Nusa Tenggara Timur (East Nusa Tenggara) O&M Operasi dan Pemeliharaan (Operation and Maintenance) O/H Overhead (High tension electric power line) OECF The former Overseas Economic Cooperation Fund of Japan (now JBIC) OJT On-the-Job Training P2AT Proyek Pengembangan Air Tanah (Groundwater Development Project) P3P Proyek Peningkatan Prasarana Pemukiman (formerly P3AB) (Development and Management of Water Supply Construction Projects) PAM Perusahaan Air Minum (Water Enterprises) Generic term used for PDAM and BPAMs PDAM Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum (Regional Drinking Water Enterprise) Peraturan Regulation PERPAMSI Persatuan Perusahaan Air Minum Seluruh Indonesia (Indonesian Water Supply Association) PH Public Hydrant PKK Pembinaan Kesejahteraan Keluarga (Local Women's Welfare Organization) PLN Perusahaan Listrik Negara (National Electricity Enterprise) PMD Department of Community Empowerment POKMAIR Kelompok Pemakai Air (Name of WUO) Polindes Poliklinik Desa (Village health sub-center) PPP Public Private Partnership Propinsi Province (First level of local government Tk.I) PU Pekerjaan Umum (Public Works) Puskesmas Pusat Kesehatan Masyarakat (Village Health Center) PVC Unplasticized Polｙvinyl Chloride (Pipe) PVP Photovoltaic System Rakorbang Rapat Koordinasi Pembangunan (Project/Budget selection discussion at Tk.II)(Coordination Meeting for Development Budget Planning) RC RC (Reinforced Concrete) RDWS GOI Rural Water Supply Development Program RESV Reservoir RK Rukun Kampung (Hamlet in a rural area) RRA Rapid Rural Appraisal RT/RW Rukun Tetangga (Neighborhood)/Rukun Warga (Hamlet in an urban area) RWSS Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project (ADB program) S/W, SW Scope of Work Sawah An area of irrigated land used for growing paddy SC Specific Capacity Sekretaris Secretary, as in Sekretaris Desa SISKES GOI Health Services Improvement Program SPAM Drinking Water Supply System SSF Slow Sand Filter (Water Treatment Plant) SWL Static Water Level T Temperature TB Tuberculosis TBA Traditional birth attendant
- xxi - Tk.I Tingkat I. The first level of local government. I.e. Province Tk.II Tingkat II. The second level of local government. I.e. District TNI Tentara Nasional Indonesia. The Indonesian armed force TP-PKK Women's movement Organization U5MR Under 5 Mortality Rate UDKP Usulan Kecamatan (List of Development Planning Proposals) UFW Unaccounted-for-Water UNDP United Nations Development Program UNICEF United Nation Children's Fund UU Undang Undang (Law) VAP Village Action Plan VES Vertical Electric Sounding WSS Water Supply and Sanitation WSSLIC Water Supply and Sanitation Project for Low Income Communities (World Bank program) WTP Water Treatment Plant WUO Water Users' Organization
- xxii -
CHAPTER 1
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY CHAPTER 1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The study area covers the Yogyakarta Municipality, Sleman Regency and Bantul Regency. The total administrative area is about 1,200 km2 and the total population in 2004 was about 2,100,000. The water supply system is operated by PDAM, under the jurisdiction of the respective regional administrative bodies (i.e. the municipality and the regencies). The water supply situation is deteriorating due to population increases, lack of timely facility improvement, and ageing of the facilities. In 2004, the ratio of direct connection to PDAM in Yogyakarta Municipality was about 40 %, and was less than 10% in the Regencies of Bantul and Sleman. The direct connection ratios still remain low. The financial situation for each PDAM is weak and the PDAMs lack sufficient budgets for operation and maintenance. Outside of the PDAM service area, people rely on community water supply systems. These systems are usually supplied from groundwater or spring water.
The study area is located between the Purogo and Opaku rivers and has a rich groundwater resource. The groundwater has been used widely for domestic, industrial and commercial purposes. It is considered that this situation means that it may be difficult to further develop the groundwater resource within the study area. Therefore, the Government of the Special Province of Yogyakarta (DIY) has started preparatory work (by introducing private sector investment through the DBOT project) for a bulk water supply system.
Management capability improvement and increasing efficiencies of these PDAMs are required urgently. The vision for improvements to the water supply system includes establishing policies and strategies that target improvement, supported by development plans for water supply facilities and for capacity building to upgrade the service condition in the study area.
In response to an official request from the Government of the Republic of Indonesia (GOI), the Government of Japan (GOJ) agreed to provide technical support for the study for the Regional Water Supply Development Plan for Greater Yogyakarta (“the Study”). This support is being provided through the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). JICA is the GOJ’s official agency responsible for implementation of technical cooperation projects.
From 28 June to 17 July 2006, the JICA preparatory study team visited Indonesia. The scope of work for the study was agreed to on 11 July 2006. Agreed scope of work is attached in Appendix 1. Following this agreement, JICA formed the JICA Study Team by selecting appropriate consultants. The Study commenced during September 2006.
The Study was originally scheduled to be conducted in the following three phases: • Phase I: Formulation of Policy and Strategy
1 - 1 • Phase II: Formulation of Master Plan • Phase III: Formulation of Action Plan
The scope of work was mutually agreed by the GOI and JICA on July 11. In this Agreement, DIY requested to make the Master Plan in consistence with the bulk water supply project for which Yogyakarta Special Province has DBOT agreement signed on January 15, 2005.
JICA understood the above DIY’s request and it would consider, as given conditions for the Master Plan, the quality and quantity of the bulk water and its delivery points, which shall be reservoirs in Yogyakarta Municipality and Regencies of Bantul and Sleman.
JICA requested and DIY agreed to keep JICA informed of the bulk water supply project in order to implement the study work effectively.”
Since the DBOT project is located as upstream side of the JICA Study, from raw water intake to the reservoirs, detailed information concerning the DBOT bulk water supply project is indispensable for preparation of the Mater Plan by JICA.
Hence, the JICA requested to Indonesian side to provide sufficient authorized information for preparation of the Master Plan concerning the DBOT bulk water supply project from the stage of Phase I of the study before commencement of Phase II: Formulation of Master Plan.
At the end of the Phase I, “Progress Report No. 1” was prepared to inform the progress of the study work and findings during the Phase I which was conducted from September 2006 to March 2007 in Yogyakarta. Steering committee meeting was held on March 5, 2007 to discuss contents of the Progress Report No. 1 and the report was accepted by Indonesian side with some comments. These comments and agreements between Indonesian and Japanese sides are described in Minutes of Meeting which were signed on March 6, 2007 (Appendix 1).
In the Minutes of Meeting on the Progress Report No. 1, DIY agreed to notify in writing to JICA Indonesia Office of the latest status of water source development (DBOT bulk water supply project) by the end of March 2007.
Based on the agreement, the DIY issued a letter to JICA Indonesia office on April 5, 2007 (Appendix 1). According to the letter from the DIY, the situation of DBOT bulk water supply project had not been changed without any progress and the DIY informed that the DIY was still evaluating the problems concerning continuation of the DBOT bulk water supply project.
Under such circumstances, provision of sufficient authorized information of the DBOT project
1 - 2 to the JICA was difficult for Indonesian side because the DBOT bulk water supply project had been suspended and there was no progress of the DBOT project after agreement of the scope of work in July 2006.
In this context, JICA divided the Phase II into two parts such as “Part 1” and “Part 2”. The study scopes of the Part 1 were selected as they were weak link with the Bulk Water Supply Project and JICA was able to implement the study free from those unclear circumstances.
Major scope of the study of the Part 1 of Phase II are as follows. • Projection of future population and water demand • Evaluation of groundwater resources • NRW survey
At the commencement of the Part 1 of Phase II, JICA and Indonesian side held a series of meetings to discuss future direction and the scope of work of the Study.
The results of the meetings were described in the Minutes of Meeting concerning Scope of Work of the Study (Appendix 1) and Indonesian and Japanese sides mutually confirmed and agreed on May 29, 2007.
In the Minutes of Meeting, following issues were confirmed by the both parties. • The scope of the Part 2 of Phase II for preparation of Master Plan could not be commenced under the current circumstances. • In case that the necessary information such as the location/capacity of reservoirs and water quantity and quality of bulk water were not provided by Indonesian side, the Study would be regrettably terminated with the completion of the Part 1 of Phase II.
Indonesian side requested continuation of the Study and agreed to confirm conditions for continuation of the Study which were discussed during the meeting. Indonesian side agreed to issue the document for confirmation by July 25, 2007 as described in the Minutes of Meeting.
The DIY issued a letter on July 23, 2007, unfortunately, the contents of the letter were regrettably not sufficient to fulfill the requirements stated in the last Minutes of Meeting.
Upon receivable of the letter from the DIY, the JICA decided to terminate the Study in November 2007. This Technical Report was prepared to describe and to explain all the results by the Part 1 of Phase II. In this report, although the master plan was unfortunately not prepared, the issues which should be discussed in future master plan are also listed up based on the results of analysis and field investigation of the JICA Study Team.
1 - 3
CHAPTER 2
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY AND STUDY AREA CHAPTER 2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY AND STUDY AREA
2.1 Objectives of the Study
The original objectives of the Study which were agreed on July 11, 2006 between GOI and JICA were:
• to prepare a Master Plan on Regional Water Supply Development Project in Greater Yogyakarta (Yogyakarta Municipality, Sleman Regency and Bantul Regency) with a target year 2020, • to prepare an Action Plan for the institutional strengthening for the water supply services in Greater Yogyakarta, and • to carry out capacity building of counterparts through the participation in the Study
However, preparation of the Master Plan was suspended because of lack of sufficient authorized information concerning DBOT Bulk Water Supply Project as described in Chapter 1. Preparation of the Action Plan was also suspended accordingly.
The Study was ended by preparation of this Technical Report and the Report includes issues to be discussed in future mater plan.
2.2 Study Area
The Study area covers Yogyakarta Municipality, Sleman Regency and Bantul Regency.
2 - 1
CHAPTER 3
NATURAL AND SOCIO ECONOMIC CONDITIONS CHAPTER 3 NATURAL AND SOCIO ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF THE STUDY AREA
3.1 Natural Conditions
3.1.1 Topography
The Study area is located at southern central Java Island in DIY which is comprised of Kulonprogo Regancy, Bantul Regency, Gunungkidul Regency, Sleman Regency and Yogyakarta Municipality. The target areas of the Master Plan Study are Bantul Regency, Sleman Regency and Yogyakarta Municipality
Table 3.1.1 Name of Capitals. Areas Regency/Municipality Capital Area (km2) Area (%) Kulonprogo Wates 586.27 18.40 Bantul Bantul 506.85 15.91 Gunungkidul Wonosari 1485.36 46.63 Sleman Sleman 574.82 18.04 Yogyakarta Yogyakarta 32.50 1.02 DIY 3185.80 100.00 Source: National Land Board of DIY
Topographically important features of the province or the study area are listed as follows.
• An active volcano Mount Merapi, as the highest mountain (2,911m) in this area rises on the north of the area and its slope extend to the south by the Indonesian Ocean. • The study area lay between Mount Merapi and Indonesian Ocean. • The complex system of tributary rivers are draining the Merapi slopes either to the Progo River or the Opak River • Coastal alluvial plains of Kulonprogo and Bantul are stretching on the south. • Volcanic and sedimentary hills dominant at the border of eastern Buntul and northern Gunungkidul. • Old volcanic “West Progo” and limestone “Sentolo” hills of Kulonprogo is located on the west.
3.1.2 Geology
The geology of this area is complicated because of the volcanic activities that continue today and past changes in sea level. Large part of the study area is covered by alluvial deposits or volcanic sediments mainly originated from Mount Merapi. Lowland plain in the south part is covered by alluvial deposits derived mainly from the redeposited volcaniclastic materials. Important formations for water resources are the Tertiary and Quaternary deposits which consist
3 - 1 of alluvial deposits and volcaniclastic sediments. Because of it’s high permeability, these formation act as good aquifer.
There are one really major aquifer in the study area; the Merapi granular aquifer which outcrops over most of Sleman and Bantul.
The potential of the Wates aquifer in lowland Bantul and Wates is less than the Merapi. The Sentoio limestone outcrops in Kulonprogo and Bantul is minor in groundwater potential.
3.1.3 Climate
The climate of the study area is categorized as tropical monsoon by two seasons, the dry and rainy season. It is said that the dry season is from April until September and the rainy season is from October to March. Figure 3.1.1 stated the air temperature of a weather station which is located in the rough center of the study area.
Usually dry season is hotter than rainy season. The timing of rainy season is changing every year.
35.0
30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec ℃ 26.2 26.2 26.6 26.6 26.8 26.8 25.7 25.2 26.5 26.6 26.5 25.3
Figure 3.1.1 Temperature in the Study Area (2005) Observed at Jitengan, Balecatur, Gamping, Sleman (S07’48’59’18’, E110’17’42’00) Source: Meteorological and Geophysical Agency
3 - 2 600
500
400
300
200
100
0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec mm 360 318 275 87.8 0.2 18.8 25 0 2.2 103 126 547
Figure 3.1.2 Rainfall in the Study Area (2005) Observed at Jitengan, Balecatur, Gamping, Sleman (S07’48’59’18’, E110’17’42’00) Source: Meteorological and Geophysical Agency
Figure 3.1.2 illustrates the rainfall of the study area. The total rainfall was 1,862mm in 2005. The total amount of rainfall recorded in December was highest. The rice planting becomes active in this season. The dry season start from April and it seldom rains during dry season.
Due to the topographic condition, rainfalls and air temperatures are different by regency and Municipality. As shown in Table 3.1.2, the rainfall is higher in Gunungkidul and Sleman which are higher altitude areas.
Table 3.1.2 Rainfall by Regency/Municipality in 2005 (mm) Regency/Municipality Month Kulonprogo Bantul Gunungkidul Sleman Yogyakarta 1) 1. January 298-404 267-362 361-489 385-521 330 2. February 251-340 271-366 346-443 356-482 343 3. March 275-372 246-333 301-407 339-459 293 4. April 153-208 100-136 147-199 224-302 135 5. May 108-147 57-77 91-160 129-254 124 6. June 64-87 41-55 81-109 70-94 6 7. July 39-53 28-37 43-57 34-47 35 8. August 29-40 13-25 19-26 27-36 0 9. September 50-67 32-44 28-38 49-66 10 10. October 114-154 82-111 97-131 142-109 19 11. November 232-314 185-247 217-293 271-367 225 12. December 265-358 223-301 286-387 304-412 36 Source: Communications and Transportation Services of DIY Note: 1) Data Year 2004
3 - 3 3.1.4 Landuse
Land use for agriculture is notable in this area. Table 3.1.3 indicates the size and proportion of the wet-land and dry-land. Dry-land is slightly increasing in recent years. Most of the remaining water short “sawah”(means paddy field in Indonesian) in the province consists of discrete spring or rain-fed areas; many in upland locations. The water short tegal land have been identified throughout the province which are suitable for irrigation.
Table 3.1.3 Area of Wet-land and Dry-land for Agriculture by Regency/Municipality Land Area (ha) Regency/Municipality Total (ha) Wetland Dryland 1. Kulonprogo 10,833 47,794 58,627 2. Bantul 15,991 34,694 50,685 3. Gunung Kidul 7,626 140,901 148,536 4. Sleman 23,191 34,291 57,482 5. Yogyakarta 121 3,129 3,250 DIY 57,762 260,818 318,580 2004 58,050 260,530 318,580 2003 58,210 260,370 318,580 2002 58,367 260,213 318,580 2001 58,608 259,972 318,580 2000 58,858 259,722 318,580 1999 59,742 258,838 318,580 1998 59,792 258,788 318,580 Source: Agriculture Survey - VA, Regency/City of Agriculture Offices, DIY
3.1.5 Environmental Conservation
With regard to the relevant environmental conservation on natural conditions, scarce fauna/flora and development restricted area can be considered as the high priority targets in comparison to the other natural items such as topography/geology, soil erosion, groundwater, lake/river hydrological regime, and landscape taking the study object into account.
1) Scarce Fauna and Flora In term of the natural environmental conservation/preservation, hitherto known Wild Animal Protection Law (1927), Game Law (1940) and Natural Protection Law (1941) were abandoned, and Act on the Biological Resources/Living Resources and Ecosystems to strengthen the protection on rare fauna and flora (especially, endangered species), reservation on nature reserved area such mangrove forest and sustainable management on forest was established in stead in 1990.
3 - 4 The following fauna and flora as shown in Table 3.1.4 were nominated to be protected within the Greater Yogyakarta area. Geopelia Striata and Kepel were nominated as the identities and the symbol of logo for the Special Region of Yogyakarta. In addition, Puter and Sawo Kecik were also nominated as the identities within the Bantul Regency.
Table 3.1.4 Nominated Fauna and Flora to be Protected in the Study Area Classification Fauna Flora Type/Kind - Geopelia Striata (a kind of dove) - Cangkring (fruit-tree) - Puter (a kind of dove) - Duwet (fruit-tree) - Turtle - Gayam (tree) a) Green Turtle - Gedoya (wild plant) b) Hawksbill Turtle - Girang (fruit-tree) c) Olive Ridley - Janglot (used for building material) d) Demochelys Coriacea - Kepel (fruit-tree) - Klayu (wild plant) - Mundu (fruit-tree) - Randu Alas (leaf used for drug) - Rempeni (wild plant) - Salam (fruit-tree) - Sawo Kecik (fruit-tree) - Stone Banana (for drug) - Water Jambu (fruit-tree) Source: Environmnetal Protection Agency, The Provincial Government of the Yogyakarta Special Region
2) Development Restricted Area According to the information of respective BAPEDA and/or BAPEDALDA in Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta Municipality and Bantul Regency, Table 3.1.5 shows the development restricted area within the Greater Yogyakarta area.
3 - 5 Table 3.1.5 Development Restricted Area within the Greater Yogyakarta Name Park Temple Remains etc. Mosque Remark Sleman - Merapi - Abang - Petilasan Kraton - Masjid Agung Adisutjipto Regency National - Barongunibo Ratu Boko - Common mosques International Park - Bany Airport
- Gebang - Monument Yogya
- Grimbingan Kembali
- Gupolo
- Ijo - Kalangan - Kalasan - Karaton Boko - Morangan - Prambanan - Sambi Sari - Sari - Sari Sorogedug - Sejiwan - Watu Gudik Yogyakarta - Gembiraloka - Kraton Yogyakarta - Common mosques Municipality Zoo -Museum Sonobudoyo - Gedung Agung - Benteng Vredeburg Bantul - Grave Imogiri - Common mosques Regency Source: JICA Study Team
3.2 Socio Economic Conditions
3.2.1 Administrative Structure
(1) Government System and Decentralization Status The administrative (executive) structure of the Republic of Indonesia consists of three layers: the central government, provincial government, and regency’s/municipality’s government. The relationship between the three-level governments is of hierarchical nature in that the lower-level government reports and consults to the higher-level government which guides and supervises (oversights) the lower one as shown in Figure 3.2.1.1
1 The hierarchical nature of three-level governments was once disbanded by the previous decentralization Law No.22/1999, but then revived by the modified Law No. 32/2004.
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Central Government
Guide & Oversight Report & Consult
Regional Government (Province)
Guide & Oversight Report & Consult
Local Government (District)
(Source) JICA Study Team Figure 3.2.1 Hierarchy Government Structure
At the central level, the President holds executive power and is assisted by the Vice President and Cabinet in governing the country. At the provincial level, the head of a province – propinsi - is the gubernur. Two lower government levels operate below the propinsi; these are kabupaten (regencies) and kota (municipalies). The head of a kabupaten is the bupati, and the head of a kota is the walikota. There are several administrative levels of government under kabupaten/kota; these are kecamatan (sub-districts), kelurahan (towns), and desa (villages). Indonesia now comprises 33 provinces and 407 regencies/municipalities. Each province and regency/municipality has its own government structure as explained later in this section.
In 1999 the country’s regions were given increased autonomy with passing of two decentralization laws Undang-Undang 22/1999 (which provided for the decentralization of government powers and functions) and Undang-Ungang 25/1999 (which provided for revenue sharing and other financial arrangements between central and regional/local governments). The laws provided a new framework for governance by introducing new policies, laws, processes and procedures which give regions greater autonomy in decision-making process affecting regional development. Law 22/1999 devolved certain powers to local governments and set up regional political processes and Law 25/1999 supported decentralization by providing fiscal resources for the disposal of local governments.
Significant problems have been experienced with interpretation and implementation of these laws which did not meet many of expectations for regional autonomy. Subsequently the Government replaced the two laws with Law 32/2004 on regional government and Law 33/2004 on financial balance between central and local governments.
3 - 7 The new laws (Law 32/2004 and Law 33/2004) introduce important revisions to address failures in the 1999 versions. The new Government has not analyzed fully the implications of the changes introduced by these new laws involved with the implementation arrangements. The new laws especially seek to define more clearly the roles and responsibilities of the provincial and district governments, and the financial arrangements for revenue sharing. There is a need of new bylaws (rules and regulations) to enable the new laws to be implemented. However, as of December 2006, formulation and issuance of required bylaws is slowly progressed and delayed.
(2) DIY and District Government Structure The DIY consists of one municipality and four regencies: Yogyakarta Municipality, Sleman Regency, Bantul Regency, Gunungkidul Regency and Kulonprogo Regency. The profile of the districts comprising the Study Area is: • Yogyakarta Municipality consists of 14 sub-districts (Kecamatan) and 45 towns/villages (Kelurahan). • Sleman Regency consists of 17 sub-districts (Kecamatan) and 86 towns/villages (Kelurahan). • Bantul Regency consists of 17 sub-districts and 75 towns/villages.
The Provincial and Municipality’s/Regency’s Government have similar organization structures as shown in Figure 3.2.2. The Municipality’s/Regency’s government consists of head of Municipality/Regency (gubernur or bupayi/warikota) responsible for executive branch and the Municipality’s/Regency’s DPRD (House of Representative) for legislative branch. To implement administrative duties, according to coordinating of plan and job program for regional development, and provision of various public services, the head of the region has several organizations as his/her staff. They are the Secretary (Sekretaris), Services (Dinas-Dinas), Boards (Badan-Badan) and Offices (Kantol-Kantol). Besides the government departments, regional government-owned companies (BUMD) are established as a separate enterprise. Organization belonging of major institutions concerned for the JICA Study is as follows. Public works department and Health department belong to Dinas; Departments of planning (BAPPEDA), Finance & Budget, and Environment Control, to Badan; and PDAM, to BUMD. PDAM is a water supply service company 100 %-owned by the Municipality’s/Regency’s government.
3 - 8
Head of Region DPRD (Governor or Warikota/Bupati)
BUMD Secretary Secretary
Services Boards Offices
Profile of DIY Province & Three District No. of No. of Departments Government Staff Service Board Office BUMD DIY Province 7,850 12 8 4 3 Yogyakarta 9,400 12 7 4 2 Sleman 15,000 9 5 6 2
District Bantul 12,500 12 4 6 3
(Source) JICA Study Team Figure 3.2.2 Simplified Organization Charts of DIY and District Governments
The DIY Government has 24 technical (non-secretary) departments consisting of 12 services, 8 boards, 3 offices and a regional hospital. The Province owns three separate companies: a bank, a general service and a cigar factory.
Municipality’s/Regency’s governments have similar department compositions to the Provincial government.
• Yogyakarta city government has 24 technical departments, including 12 services, 7 boards, 4 offices and one district hospital and owns two separate companies, including PDAM and District Bank. • Sleman regency government has 21 technical departments, including 9 services, 5 boards, 6 offices and one district hospital and owns two separate companies, including PDAM and District Bank. • Bantul regency government has 23 technical departments, including 12 services, 4 boards, 6 offices and one district hospital and owns two separate companies, including PDAM, District Bank and a trading company .
The coverage of provincial and district services/boards is demarcated depending on the coverage of administration:
• Development and service activities across districts are under the responsibility and authority of the Provincial government. • Development and service activities within one district are under the responsibility and authority of the Provincial government.
3 - 9 (3) Regional Planning and Management System The hierarchical structure once disbanded by Law 22/1999 was partly revived as the result of the new decentralization laws (Law 32/2004 and Law 33/2004). Regional level planning documents (PRJ) are supposed to be integrated with national level documents, including the current National Development Plan released by Bappenas. They explain the development of general policy, programs and strategy, work plans (PKPD), sources of funding and functions of monitoring and evaluation. The relation between development planning documents at the national and regional levels is shown in Figure 3.2.3.
National RPJP Regional RPJP
National RPJM Regional RPJM Renstra-SKPD
National RKPD Regional RKPD Renja-SKPD
National APB Regional APB
Legend: RPJP : Long-term development plan (10-year) Renstra-SKPD : Mid-term department plan RPJM : Mid-term development plan (5-year) Renja-SKPD : Short-term development plan RKPD : Short-term Work Plan (1-year) APB : Annual Budget Plan (Source) JICA Study Team Figure 3.2.3 Planning and Management Framework Based on Law 25/2004
Regional development is a key priority policy area in the current President’s administration governance program. Mid-term development plans emphasize revitalization, decentralization and regional autonomy process; rural development; and alleviation of regional development disparities. The Mid-term Development Plan (RPJM) 2004-09 issued by Bappenas states that there are eleven problems and challenges faced by Indonesia in the five-year development period. These are described in the vision and mission statements of the development plan. The vision is to realize: a safe, integrated, harmonized and peaceful society; a community, country and citizenship that prioritises law, equality and human rights; and an economy that creates job opportunities and standards of living that strengthen sustainable development outcomes. The mission is to realize safety and peace, democracy and justice, and welfare. The plan is to be implemented under two national strategies. The first aims to reform national
3 - 10 governance based on the national ideology Pancasila. The second aims to implement the charter of the basic laws for Indonesia Undang Undang Dasa (UUD) 1945.
Meanwhile, the new laws (Law 32/2004 and Law 33/2004) have provided an opportunity for introduction of different modalities to implement plans. The Integrated Urban Infrastructure Development Program (IUIDP) approach is one of success approaches. The IUIDP approach initiated by the Ministry of Human Settlements and Regional Infrastructure has proved effective in addressing urban infrastructure development problems. Figure 3.2.4 shows the framework for regional development planning under the IUIDP process.
Spatial Plan
Operating y Output Input Strategic Programs y Service Information Decision and y O&M Decisions
Feedback to strategic decisions Feedback to operating Infrastructure decisions Strategies
(Source) ADB Figure 3.2.4 IUIDP Planning and Implementation Process
The Indonesian government helped develop the IUIDP process and it has now been implemented at a metropolitan-wide scale in several cites, such as Jakarta, Medan and Bandung. Furthermore, the IUIDP has been applied in a regional-wide approach to Botabeck UDP, Semarang - Surakarta UDP, Yogyakarta UDP and East Java - Bali UDP in anticipating of increasing pressure from rapid urbanization. The Yogyakarta UDP includes programs proposed by the Joint Secretariate of Kartamatul for inter municipal cooperation on urban infrastructure management between Yogyakarta City, Sleman Regency and Bantul Regency.
(4) Finance and Investment for DIY Based on Law 33/2004, state (central government) finances are transferred to the regional governments for implementation of decentralized functions based on tasks specified by the central government to the regional government, with due regard to fiscal stability and fiscal balance. It is a comprehensive system which funds decentralized, de-concentrated, and co-administered tasks. There are three types of allocation funds: (i) Dana Alokasi Umum (DAU) – general allocation funds, (ii) Dana Alokasi Khusus (DAK) – special allocation funds
3 - 11 and (iii) other grants
The Central government budget for 2006 amounting to Rp647.7 trillion (US$72 billion) is divided into Central government expenditure and transfer to regional governments. The state budget’s allocation for regional government expenditure was Rp220.1 trillion (US$24.5 billion) of which Rp145.7 trillion (US$16.2 billion) was disbursed through the DAU, and the balance through the DAK and other grants.
The administration of regional government affairs in the implementation of decentralization is funded by the regional budget, Anggaran Pendapatan Belanja Daerah (APBD), which is the responsibility of, and approved by, regional governors.
There are three principal sources of regional development funds:
• Regional revenue (regional taxes, regional retributions, profits from BUND, interests revenues, etc) • Balancing funds (natural resources revenue sharing funds, DAU, DAK) • Other funds (regional loans, regional reserve funds, proceeds from sales of regional assets, etc)
Figure 3.2.5 shows the source/use structure of DIY budget for year 2006. The total budget of Rp. 991.5 billion was sourced from regional revenue (37%), allocation funds (44%) and other funds (18%). The share of DAU/DAK (transfer from central government) of the allocation funds is as high as 91%. The budget was allocated to development expenditure (30%), routine expenditure (45%) and allocation to district governments (25%). We can say the budget structure of DIY is not healthy in that most of the budget is eaten up by recurrent expenditures (salaries, overheads, maintenance, etc) and only 30% is able to allocate to new infrastructure investment.
3 - 12 Source Use
Development Expenditure Regional Revenue Rp. 294.0 billion Rp. 368.5 billion (30%) (37%)
DIY Province Total Budget for Routine 2006 Expenditure Rp. 451.5 billion Rp. 991.5 billion Allocation Funds (45%) Rp. 441.6 billion (45%)
Allocation to District Gov’t Other funds Rp. 246.0 billion Rp. 181.4 billion (25%) (18%)
(Source) DIY (Bappeda) Figure 3.2.5 DIY Budget for 2006
Since the budget support by DAU/DAK is significantly important, details of DAU/DAK allocation mechanism are analyzed. Based on Law 33/2004, the total amount of DAU is set at, at least 26% of net domestic revenue as established in the state budget or Anggaran Pendapatan Belanja Nasional (APBN). DAU for a region is allocated based on the fiscal gap and basic allocation. The first gap is the difference between what a region needs to function and the capacity of the region to generate funds locally. The basic allocation is calculated based on the total salaries of the civil service in the region. The amount of DAK is determined annually in state budget (APBN) and is allocated to certain regions to finance special activities relevant to the region. The law establishes the criteria for DAK, including general criteria, special criteria and technical criteria. General criteria are established with due regard to the financial capacity of the region in regional government APBD, special criteria are established with due regard to the prevailing laws and regulations and the characteristics of the region, and technical criteria are established by the state ministry/technical department. Regions receiving DAK shall provide matching funds equivalent to an amount of at least 10% of the DAK allocation.
Presidential Decree (Keppres) 181/2000 was issued to provide for the DAU for salaries; Keppres 39/2001, Dana Kontingensi., later amended it. The fund is used to solve mismatches
3 - 13 in the financing of civil workers. Since decentralization, the transfer of civil workers from central government to local government has changed the status of central civil workers. The change has resulted in a shifting of salary payments from central to local government. However, late disbursements of DAU have led to significant cash flow problems at the district and provincial government level. Therefore, under Keppres 39/2001, the Dana Kontingens is used to finance routine needs (such as civil employees’ salaries). The local government may also borrow funds by raising bonds through regional development banks called Bank Pembangunan Daerah (BPDs) to finance development, capacity building needs and salaries. Lending for salaries is not sustainable and is resulting in increasing levels of debt servicing at the regional level.
Since 2001 there has been an increase in the base salaries of civil employees; however, although the provincial and district governments have had the power to raise additional revenues from land and property, they have been reluctant to do so. Many poorer districts are happy to operate on their DAU allocation, and not inclined to make an effort to improve revenue flow from other sources. Many chief executives have a low understanding of public and municipal sector finance laws and lending requirements, which is a reason for the generally weak financial management performance of many regional government agencies. The DIY is no exception in this respect.
There are also significant problems with asset management and valuation which is highly relevant to public asset administration. Many regional governments have not grasped the value of public sector assets under their jurisdiction accompanying decentralization. Under decentralization over 20 million assets items have been transferred from central to regional (province and district). The inventory and valuation records kept for these assets are insufficient. Subsequently, most regions own a large pool of public assets, or dead capital, which are generating limited or no returns. These are assets which cannot be taxed or utilized for public and private sector investment and revenue generation. Many regional governments find themselves in the position of being asset rich and cash poor. They need to develop capacity building to manage their assets better. The DIY is also facing this asset management problem.
3.2.2 Population
According to the results of the National Socio-Economic Survey in 2005, the population in DIY was recorded as 3,281,800 people, consisting of 50.78% females and 49.22 % males. The percentage of urban population is 58.11% and of rural population is 41.89%.
3 - 14 The growth rate of the population is 1.88%, which is greater than that of 2004 and before as shown in Table 3.2.1. The growth rate of Yogyakarta Municipality is higher than the total average of Yogyakarta Province at 5.5%2.
The provincial average size of household was 3.04 and that of Bantul, Sleman and Yogyakarta Municipality were 3.42, 3.00 and 2.78 respectively. According to the socio-economists, the definition of household in Indonesia is not clear enough. After marriage, husbands are recorded as the head of family even if they live with their parents or other family members. Consequently, ‘size of household’ isn’t always the same as the number of family members living in the same house.
Table 3.2.1 Number of Households and Population by Sex in DIY (by Regency/Municipality) Size of Household Population Ratio Regency/City Growth househol Sex Male Female Total d 1. Kulonprogo 106,896 192,988 193,689 386,686 0.99 2.83 3.62 2. Bantul 240,522 401,172 422,562 823,734 0.95 0.91 3.42 3. Gunung Kidul 200,800 340,862 354,886 695,748 0.96 1.3 3.46 4. Sleman 318,423 482,810 472,314 955,124 1.02 1.18 3.00 5. Yogyakarta 151,420 197,505 223,003 420,508 0.89 5.5 2.78 DIY 1,081,061 1,615,337 1,666,463 3,281,800 0.97 1.88 3.04 2004 959,552 1,584,421 1,636,387 3,220,808 0.97 0.42 3.36 2003 922,636 1,595,183 1,612,202 3,207,385 0.99 1.61 3.48 Source : National Labor Force SurveyBPS-Statistics of DIY
With the total area of DIY at 3,185,80 km2, population density in 2005 was 1,030 persons per km2. Yogyakarta City recorded the highest population density, 12,939 persons per km2, while Gunungkidul Regency had the lowest at 468 persons per km2.
Based on the National Labor-Force Survey, the population aged 15 years and over by activity is 1,851,209 people including 93,507 unemployed workers. Non-economically active people who are attending school, involved in housekeeping and others number 721,810 people.
Table 3.2.2 shows the population aged 15 years and over by main industries. 36.1% are involved in the agriculture sector. The service industry, whose ratio reaches 29.3%, comprises the second largest population. 20.0% are in the manufacturing and construction industries. 14.1% of the population works for public services.
2 The population projection was adjusted according to the real census data that was conducted in 2005. The growth ratio, 5.5, is the result of the adjustment, and not real population growth.
3 - 15
Table 3.2.2 Population 15 Years of Age and Over Who Worked During the Previous Week by Main Industry in DIY Population Main Industry Male Female Total % 1. Agriculture 331,043 303,378 634,421 36.09% 2. Manufacturing Industry 124,484 115,789 240,273 13.67% 3. Construction 108,305 2,381 110,686 6.30% 4. Wholesale, Retail Trade and Restaurant 196,374 230,004 426,378 24.26% 5. Transportation, Storage, and Communication 50,061 8,806 58,867 3.35% 6. Finance, Insurance, Real Estate and Business Services 19,988 9,735 29,723 1.69% 7. Public Services 129,875 116,993 246,868 14.04% 8. Others 10,096 390 10,486 0.60% Total 970,226 787,476 1,757,702 100.00% Source : National Labor Force Survey BPS-Statistics of DIY
The monthly expenditure per capita 3 recorded as Rp.337,717 in 2005 consists of food consumption in the amount of Rp.145,352 and non-food consumption of Rp.192,365 as shown in Figure 2.3.6. The ratio of expenditure increased 28.6% from 2004 to 2005. However, due to volcano eruption and earthquake, the expenditure is expected to be decreased in 20064.
400,000 337,747 350,000
300,000 230,315 238,284 262,539 250,000
200,000 132,074 168,756 150,000 122,253 91,368 95,449 100,000
50,000
0 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Non-food 44,907 49,168 46,127 52,689 74,473 113,412 116,034 135,788 192,395 Food 46,461 46,281 76,126 79,385 94,283 116,903 122,250 126,751 145,352
Figure 3.2.6 Monthly Expenditure per Capita from 1997 to 2005 (Rp.)
3.2.3 Industry
The major industries in the Study Area are; tourismand its relative services, small-scale manufacturing and agriculture. These categories share more than 70% of the total GDRP of the Study Area.
3 BPS statistics of DIY has taken expenditure approach instead of income approach to grasp the living standard. 4 Refer to Socio-Economic Survey conducted by JICA Study Team shown in Chapter 10
3 - 16 The economic growth of DIY in 2005 based on 2000 constant prices was recorded at about 4.74% in accordance with the statistical data of BPS DIY. There is positive growth in all sectors.
The construction sector had a high growth rate at 6.61% in 2005. The financial, ownership and business services sector, the electricity, gas, water supply sector and the transport and communication sector also all have positive growth rates at 8.17%, 5.83% and 5.76% respectively. Positive growth is also seen in the agriculture sector, at 4.35%.
Figure 3.2.7 illustrates the GDRP at current and constant price per capita in DIY. GDRP has grown constantly since the economic crisis in 1998.
Rp.1000 30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0 year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Current Price 15,289 17,522 19,613 22,024 25,419 Constant Price 14,055 14,687 15,360 16,146 16,911
Figure 3.2.7 GDRP in DIY at Current and Constant Price (2000)
The Gross Regional Domestic Product by Industrial Origin at Current Price in DIY is shown in Table 3.2.3. The obvious characteristics of the industrial structure can be observed. The trade, hotels and restaurants sector has the highest production in DIY, producing Rp.4,866,927 million in 2005. Borobodur and Prambanan are famous world heritages approved by UNESCO, thus, around 103,401 international visitors stayed in Yogjakarta to see the world heritages in 2004.
3 - 17
Table 3.2.3 GRDP at Current & Constant Price in DIY At Current Price Constant Industrial Origin Million Rp. % Million Rp. % 1. Agriculture 3,991,035 15.7% 3185771 18.8% 2. Mining and Quarrying 198,337 0.8% 122,332 0.7% 3. Manufacturing Industry 3,588,201 14.1% 2,463,230 14.6% 4. Electricity, Gas, and Water Supply 321,872 1.3% 153,291 0.9% 5. Construction 2,320,422 9.1% 1,395,079 8.2% 6. Trade, Hotels, and Restaurant 4,866,927 19.1% 3,444,828 20.4% 7. Transportation and Communication 2,589,587 10.2% 1,673,352 9.9% 8. Financial, Ownership and Business Services 2,522,222 9.9% 1,623,210 9.6% 9. Services 5,020,474 19.8% 2,849,959 16.9% Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) 25,419,079 100.0% 16,911,053 100.0% GRDP per capita (Rupiah) 7,602,192 5,057,661 Source : BPS - Statistics of DIY
The local tourists also enjoy visiting those heritages for vacation and a recorded 1,688,599 of them visited in 2004. Although 351,542 international visitors were recorded in 1996, tourism declined during the economic crisis. Since then foreign visitors have gradually come back to Yogyakarta. Table 3.2.4 shows the tendency of tourism promotion. The number of tourists in 2006, which was a year of disasters, has not yet been announced.
Table 3.2.4 Tourists to DIY Foreign Domestic TOTAL Year Growth (%) Growth (%) Growth (%) tourists tourists tourists 1997 277,847 -21.0％ 638,552 -29.17％ 916,399 -27.0％ 1998 78,811 -71.6% 309,135 -51.6% 387,946 -57.7% 1999 73,361 -6.9% 440,986 42.7% 514,347 32.6% 2000 78,414 6.9% 540,996 22.7% 619,410 20.4% 2001 92,945 18.5% 739,274 36.7% 832,219 34.4% 2002 90,777 -2.3% 888,360 20.2% 979,137 17.7% 2003 95,626 5.3% 1,234,690 39.0% 1,330,316 35.9% 2004 103,401 8.1% 1,688,599 36.8% 1,792,000 34.7% Source: Baparda Prop DIY 2005
The production of the manufacturing sector is influenced by tourism-related economic activities as well. The tourism market is one of the potential markets in Yogyakarta Province and the traditional goods, ethnic batik and various souvenirs are favorably purchased by tourists. Those small scale manufacturing businesses related to the tourism sector are good for rural development.
However, as mentioned before, the earthquake and volcano’s eruption in May 2006 might influence a lot of their economic activities. The damage by the earthquake was very serious especially in Bantul Rerigion. The World Heritage Prambanan was damaged by the
3 - 18 earthquake and it is still under repair.
It is projected that the tourism sectors have declined by such natural disasters. The statistical data has not been compiled yet, but the socio-economic indicators would show some impacts of natural disasters. Lastly, the importance of the agriculture sector in DIY should be emphasized here as well. It is not only significant for production but also for labors’ market and land usage including water resources. Table 3.2.5 illustrates the harvest areas of major food crops. Bantul and Sleman, which are target regencies of the Master Plan, have huge paddy fields. Other than that, vegetables and fruits are produced in this area. The production of animal husbandry has been increasing in recent years as living conditions have improved. The management of the water resources for irrigation and livestock are sometimes critical in the agriculture sector.
Table 3.2.5 Harvested Area of Food Crops by Kind and Regency/City in DIY Regency/City Crops Province Kulon-Progo Bantul Gunung-kidul Sleman Yogyakarta 1. Wetland Paddy 17,732 24,870 10,511 41,971 164 95,248 2. Dryland Paddy 16 211 35,063 435 - 35,725 3. Maize 3,889 5,155 59,046 4,604 20 72,714 4. Cassava 3,148 2,840 53,453 1,252 2 60,695 5. Sweet Potatoes 32 32 144 409 - 617 6. Peanuts 1,679 5,709 56,897 6,049 28 70,362 7. Soybeans 3,066 4,177 25,540 512 2 33,297 8. Green Peanuts 171 69 702 25 - 967 9. Sorgum - - 522 - - 522 Source : Agriculture Survey-IA/IB, Regency/City of Agriculture Offices, DIY
3.3 Legislative System
3.3.1 Water Law
(1) Law System in Indonesia The spectrum of Indonesian laws includes three levels (Constitution, Statues, and Regulations) and three branches of government (central, province, and district). When we speak of laws (acts), we usually refer to statutes in narrow sense, and sometimes include regulations or bylaws (rules and regulations) in broad term. Here we define the law (act) refer to the statutes and regulations refer to bylaws of particular laws.
The laws and regulations are categorized into six types in descending order of authoritative status:
3 - 19 (i) Undang Undang Dasar (UUD): Basic State Law (ii) Undang Undang (UU): State Law (iii) Peraturan Pemerintah (PP): Government Regulations (iv) Peraturan Presiden (PP): President Regulations (v) Peraturan Menteri (PM): Ministerial Regulations (vi) Peraturan Daerah (PD): Regional Government Regulations (Province/District)
As discussed below, there are two important legal documents governing the water supply sector: Water Resources Law and Drinking Water Supply System Regulation. The former is UU (No. 7/2004) and the latter, PP (No. 16/2005). PP 16/2005 is a bylaw of UU 7/2004 in that the former regulation is further stipulation of Article 40 of the latter law.
(2) Water Resources Law
The law governing water sector and water resources development is Law No. 7/2004 which was enacted in March 2004. The Law 7/2004 specifies basic principle of the following regulatory matters:
(i) Water usage rights (ii) Authority and responsibility of government institutions (central, province and districts) (iii) Water resource conservation (iv) Water resource utilization (development) (v) Control of destructive water power (vi) Water resources planning and management system (vii) Construction, operation and maintenance of water resources infrastructures (viii) Water resources information system (ix) Empowerment of water resources stakeholders and institutions (x) Financing for water resources management (xi) Rights, obligations and roles of communities (xii) Coordination of water resource management (cross-sectoral and cross-regional) (xiii) Treatment of complaints by communities and organizations
Important things stipulated by the Law relevant to our study are:
(a) Water includes surface water, ground water, rainwater and seawater found on land. (Art.1)
(b) The State guarantees the right of every person to get water for basic daily needs. (Art.5)
(c) The water resources shall be controlled by the State. (Art.6)
(d) The water usage right is divided into two forms: water use right and water utilization right. (Art.7)
(e) The water use right to fulfill basic daily needs of individuals and small-scale farming does not need a permit (license) from the government. (Art.8)
(f) Water exploitation right may be given to individuals or enterprises (PDAMs, etc) based
3 - 20 on a permit by the government. (Art.9)
(g) Surface water management and ground water management shall be based on water basin and groundwater basin, respectively based on the recommendation by the National Water Resource Council. (Art.13)
(h) The division of roles and functions of the three governments (central, province and district) is as follows: (Art. 14, 15 and 16) - The Central Government determines the norms, standards, guidelines and manuals (NSGM) on water resources management. - The Central Government deals with matters for river basins across provinces. - The Provincial Government deals with matters for river basins across districts. - The District Government deals with matters for river basins in one district area. - The District Government specifies daily minimum supply water requirement.
(i) Development of water resources shall be planned in a manner vertically (scheme-plan-program) and horizontally (central-province-district) coordinated as shown in Figure 3.3.1. (Art. 20, 26, 27, 34, 59, 62)
(j) The priority order of water use shall be (i) basic daily needs, (ii) small-scale farming, and others (agriculture, industry, energy, industry, mining, environment sanitation, etc). Priority order for the others shall be decided according to local needs. (Art.29)
(k) The fulfillment of domestic water needs shall be done by developing Drinking Water Supply System (SPAM). The detailed rules, roles and functions of institutions concerned, coordination and supporting bodies, etc shall be stipulated by separate government regulations. (Art. 40)
(l) The users of water resource shall be charged for the water resources management fees by the government responsible, except for users of water resources for basic daily needs and for small-scale farming. The latter users shall not be charged by the fees. (Art. 80)
UU7/2004 specifies basic principles and requirements in the abstract form. Detailed regulations (rules and guidelines) are needed to implement the Law. In this respect a number of government regulations (PP/PM) have been put in place to support implementation of the Law. PP 16/2005 stipulating the drinking water supply system (SPAM) as specified in Article 40 of UU7/2004 is one of such regulations. However, all the regulations specified in the Law have not been issued yet (as of December 2006).
In the local context of DIY management and control of surface water as well as groundwater is one of most important legal matters in order to plan and implement sustainable water resource management plans for the Province. However, the rules and regulations on management and development of those waters have not been issued by the Central Government though these are clearly specified in Articles 12, 36 and 37 of the Law 7/2004. Issue of this regulation is highly awaited.
3 - 21 National Water Provincial Water Resources Policy Resources Policy
Water Resources Water Resources Water Resources Management Schemes Management Schemes Management Schemes (across province) (across districts) (in district)
Regional Spatial Master Plan Water Resources Water Resources Water Resources Management Plans Management Plans Management Plans (across province) (across districts) (in district)
Programs/Activities Programs/Activities Programs/Activities (across provinces) (across districts) (in district)
Note: Schemes/Plans may be time-framed: long-term (25 yr), mid-term (10 yr) and short-term (5 yr)
(Source) JICA Study Team Figure 3.3.1 Water Resources Planning Framework Based on UU 7/2004
(3) Regulations on Drinking Water Supply System The Government Regulation on drinking water supply system (SPAM) was established in March 2005 to support implementation SPAM pursuant to Article 40 of UU 7/2004 as explained above.
The Regulation 16/2005 consists of the chapters specifying the following matters:
(i) Definition and scope of SPAM (ii) Water supply system (iii) Raw water protection (iv) Planning, Construction, Management, Operation & Rehabilitation, Monitoring & Evaluation (v) Authority and responsibility of central, provincial and district governments (vi) Supporting Board of Water Supply System Development (BPPSPAM) (vii) Financing and Tariff (viii) Duty and responsibility of service providers and customers (ix) Guidance and supervision (x) Public and organization claims (xi) Administrative punishment (xii) Transitional rules
Things stipulated by the Regulation we must be aware of for our study are summarized as follows:
(a) Raw water for SPAM is water which comes from surface water, groundwater and/or rainwater which meet quality standards as potable water. (Clause 1)
3 - 22 (b) SPAM is a unity of physical (technical) functions and non-technical (institution, management, finance, public relation, and legal matters) functions of water supply facilities and infrastructure. (Clause 1)
(c) SPAM can be classified into pipe system and non-pipe system. The pipe system consists of raw water unit, production unit, distribution unit, service unit and management unit. The non-pipe system is independent systems supplies by shallow well, pump well, rainwater basin, water terminal, water tank vehicle, etc. (Clause 5)
(d) The implementation of SPAM development must be performed integrally with sanitation facility and infrastructure development to guarantee sustainability of water supply function. (Clauses 2 and 23)
(e) The executor (service provider) of SPAM development and management will take company forms of state enterprise (Perusahaan Negara: PN), local enterprises (Perusahaan Daerah: PD), local corporation (Perseroan Daerah, Perseroda), limited corporation (Perseroan Terbatas, PT) or cooperative/community-based organizations. (Clause 1)
(f) The division of roles and functions of the three governments (central, province and district) is as follows: (Clauses 38, 39 and 40) - The Central Government determines the norms, standards, guidelines and manuals (NSGM) for development and management of SPAM. - The Central Government deals with matters for cross-province SPAM development. - The Provincial Government deals with matters for cross-district SPAM development. - The District Government deals with matters for SPAM development in its own district area - Concerned departments (PU) of district governments deal with SPAM development for the areas which PDAM does not provide services.
(g) The policy/strategy and master plans for PDAM shall be formulated in a manner vertically and horizontally integrated as shown in Figure 3.3.2. (Clauses 24 and 25)
(h) The service provider (PDAM, etc) has to prepare the master plan of PDAM for its own service area. The master plan must reflect suggestions and responses from customers through public consultation. (Clause 26)
(i) Technical guidelines and procedures for PDAM management, maintenance & rehabilitation, and monitoring & evaluation will be regulated by separate Ministerial Regulations (under drafting by PU). (Clauses 34, 35 and 36)
(j) If public service providers (PDAM, etc) cannot improve coverage and quality of service, the supervising local government can invite private companies to participate in implementation of improvement work needed. (Clause 37)
(k) The Supporting Board of Water Supply System Development (BPPSPAM) will be established in Jakarta pursuant to Ministerial Regulation No. 294/PRT/M/2005, to provide support and assistance for governments and service providers. (Clauses 42 to 56)
(l) The supervising governments can provide financial and capital contribution to improve
3 - 23 service performance of public service providers (PN, PD, Perseroda) based on other relevant laws/regulations (Law No.35/2004, Regulation No.107/PMK.06/2005, etc). (Clause 59)
(m) Rules and regulations for tariff setting will be set out by a separate Ministerial Regulation (PMDN No.23/2006). (Clause 60)
The progress of planning work (as of January 2007) for SPAM according to PP16/2005 is as follows. The National Policy and Strategy has been prepared by the Central Government (PU) (see Chapter 4 for details). DIY Government issued Governor Decision No.2/TIM/2007 regarding establishment of the Team for formulation of Regional Policy and Strategy for SPAM on the day of January 5, 2007. The DIY Government and the three District Governments are about to prepare the regional policy and strategy for SPAM.
Policy & Strategy Master Plan
National Policy & Cross-provincial Central Strategy (5-year) Master Plan
Provincial Policy & Cross-district Province Strategy (5-year) Master Plan
District District Master Plan
PDAM PDAM Corporate Plans
(Source) JICA Study Team Figure 3.3.2 SPAM Planning Framework Based on PP 16/2005
It should be mentioned that PP16/2005 calls for PDAMs to comply with the following two obligations as transitional rules (see Clause 78).
1) PDAMs must complete the master plan of SPAM in their service areas not later than 1 January 2010.
2) PDAMs must adjust with requirements specified by this Regulation not later than 1
3 - 24 January 2008. These requirements include duties and responsibilities of service providers as specified in Clause 63: a. Implement water supply system development that is integrated with determined development of sanitation facility and infrastructure; b. Implement plans and programs of procurement activities, including construction work, operation, maintenance and rehabilitation; c. Perform management activities, including collective service payments based on the determined tariff; d. Provide water supply service with suitable quantity and quality based on the determined standards; e. Make an implementation report transparently, accountably, and legally according to principles of good company management; f. Present the report to the central government/concerned local government; and g. Publish audited financial report to the public
The Government should closely watch if PDAMs concerned have complied or are willing to comply with above requirements.
Finally water sector institutional framework which UU 7/2004 and PP 16/2005 is likely to envisage is shown in Figure 3.3.3. It should be mentioned regulatory functions are not clearly set out in the Law and the Regulation. This is one of areas to be improved in legal aspects, especially relevant when PSP (Private Sector Participation) policy is implemented.
Central Province District Advisory Role Advisory & Regulatory Service Provider Policy Roles y Ministry of Public Works y Department (PU) y PDAM (PU) y Supervisory Board for y PU (Non-PDAM area) y Supporting Board for SPAM Management y Community-based Regulation SPAM (BPPSPAM) y Bulk Water Supply Project Organization (CBO) (PPP scheme)
Financial Support Operation (DAU/DAK) Financial Support (Allocation funds)
SPAM Development Program/Projects
(Source) JICA Study Team Figure 3.3.3 Water Supply Sector Institutional Framework Based on Law 7/2004 and Regulation 16/2005
3 - 25 (4) Regulations on Private Sector Participation
Since domestic water has been considered a basic need that the State must supply to every citizen (as Law 7/2004 implies), water supply and sanitation services in Indonesia have been traditionally provided by the public sector (PDAMs, etc). On the other hand, in several large industrialized European countries, such as France, UK and Spain, the water service has been extensively provided by private companies or mixed public-private companies.
As a result of the failure of many PDAMs in Indonesia to provide adequate service to the population, a trend started in the early 2000s to introduce in the water sector various forms of Private Sector Participation (PSP) or Public-Private Partnerships (PPP). This followed the large-scale introduction of private companies in other public sectors, such as energy, telecommunications and transportation. The introduction of various forms of PSP or PPP has been promoted to a greater extent by the World Bank and others international agencies.
The Indonesian Government has recently accelerated promotion of PSP/PPP in infrastructure development by enacting two important regulations. These are Presidential Regulation 67/2005 and Finance Ministry Regulation No. 38/PMK.01/2006.
According to Presidential Regulation 67/2005 on cooperation between the government and private sector in infrastructure provision, the central as well as local government’s support for infrastructure provision by means of cooperation agreement with private sectors has been enabled, as long as it gives heed to the principle of financial risk management and control in the National Budget (APBN) or Regional Budget (APBD).
Regulation 67/2005 has mandated the Ministry of Finance to be the executing agency for the risk control and management. Therefore, in May 2006, the Minister of Finance put into effect the Minister of Finance’s Regulation No.38/PMK.01/2006 as implementation guidelines for giving government’s support by the central government. The Committee on Infrastructure Provision Acceleration Policy (KKPPI) was established in the Ministry to evaluate proposals and analyze risks to support decision making by the Minister.
The Ministry of Finance has limited the types of risk that can be guaranteed and supported within the framework of Ministry’s Regulation 38/2006 to political risk, project performance risk, and request risk. Political risk can be allocated to the government by stipulating the amount of compensation in the infrastructure cooperation agreement.
On the other hand, support for project performance risk will be given by the government to location risk due to delay of land acquisition and increase in land price. There
3 - 26 is indication that this risk distribution is very attractive to investors in infrastructure sector that need land in a large amount such as for toll roads, large-scale water treatment plants, etc.
The cooperation agreement (BOT agreement) for development of bulk water supply for the Kartamatul area of DIY has been signed in 2005, but there has been no progress since then. Assuming the existing BOT agreement is cancelled or nullified and a renewed PPP project launches, the Government support will be provided through the steps as shown in Figure 3.3.4.
The DIY Province submits a proposal to the Ministry of Fnance Step 1 through KKPPI.
Step 2 KKPPI evaluates the proposal.
KKPI conveys the result of project evaluation considered feasible to Step 3 the Ministry of Finance.
The Risk Management Unit in the Ministry of Finance undertakes Step 4 an evaluation.
The Minister of Finance gives a response (in-principle approval/ Step 5 reevaluation).
DPR (House of Representatives) approves the proposal for Step 6 allocation of funds (DAU/DAK) in Draft State Budget.
Step 7 The DIY province goes through bid or tender process.
Step 8 Bid evaluation & Signing of Cooperation Agreement.
(Source) Infrastructure Vol. 02 (September 2006) Figure 3.3.4 Procedure for Obtaining Central Government Support Based on Permenken No. 38/2006
(5) Questionnaire Survey on Law, Policy and Administration The JICA Study Team conducted a questionnaire survey to see if government officials concerned have a clear understanding and interpretation of related regulations. The questions divided into four main subjects: (i) water law, (ii) water policy, (iii) water administration, and (iv) sector performance. Ten (10) entities have responded to the questionnaire. These include: two from DIY Province (Secretary and PU); two from Yogyakata City (BAPPEDA and PDAM); three from Sleman Regency (BAPPEDA, PU and PDAM); and three from Bantul
3 - 27 Regency (BAPPEDA, PU and PDAM).
Table 3.3.1 summarizes responses to questionnaire for the ten responders. The results of the questionnaire survey revealed that:
• The levels of governments (central, province and district) having prime responsibility for management of surface water, groundwater and water quality are different among entities. This suggests lack of clarity of institutional responsibility on this issue. • The cost recovery policy varies among PDAMs. Yogyakarta (urban area only) adopts full cost recovery while Sleman and Bantul (urban-rural mixed area) does partial cost recovery policy. Full subsidy policy for capital cost is adopted for the rural area not covered by PDAM. • Regarding PSP policy, the government agencies (Secretary, BAPPEDA and PU) prefer PSP/PPP while the operators (PDAM) are reluctant to take it. However, all respondents (even PDAMs) favor user participation and decentralization in water sector. • Perception of relative role and influence of government branches on domestic water supply varies among respondent. The PDAMs tend to perceive more decentralized institutional responsibility than regional governments. • Regarding of operators overstaffing and the effect of PSP/PPP there is a sharp division of opinion among respondents. All three PDAMs do not consider PSP can lead to redundancy in operation staffs. They seem to seek improvement of operational efficiency by not resorting to PSP options. • All entities do no think there is an independent body (regulator) for determining water price. This implies regulatory framework (including tariff regulation) is not established yet, and suggests area of policy improvement in this area.
Some respondents raised particular issues to be addressed.
• From the Secretary of DIY Province: areas needing technical assistance include: (i) development of stable water sources, (ii) equitable water use, (iii) prioritization of water use, (iv) management of water facilities by communities, and (v) watershed management and conservation • From PU of DIY Province: needs support for areas such as (i) water resources management and (ii) improvement of SPAM management by PDAMs. • From PDAM Sleman: areas to be improved include (i) how to motivate employees for making a profitable company, (ii) how to use cost-reducing technologies, (iii) how to reduce water losses, (iv) how to locate cheaper water sources, (v) how to replace water meters, (vi) how to make procedures simple, and (vii) how to upgrade team work capacity.
3.3.2 Legislation on Sanitation
The Regulation No. 16/2005 has the stipulations of the following related to sewer/sanitary facilities. The stipulations are summarized as follows.
1) The development of sanitation facility is based on the following considerations;
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• Consideration into the poor and people in water-troubled areas • Improvement of people’s health • Fulfillment of service standards • No involvement in negative social impact
2) If the sewage facility has already been available, every person and group is prohibited to be disposed to sewage directly, without undergoing any process, to raw water resources for drinking water.
3) If the sewage facility has not been available yet, every person and group is prohibited to dispose sewage directly, without undergoing any process, to raw water resources determined by the central government/concerned local government.
4) Centralized sewage disposal system is intended for populous areas with nothing the supporting capacity of an area and its water supply system and also considering people’s socio-economic condition.
Supplementation Density of a settlement means population density per area unit (example: 200 people/ha). A settlement can be so dense that it is impossible to apply localized wastewater system.
Example: it is inappropriate to use septic tank in a settlement with 300 people/ha or more, because it will possibly cause pollution of local water resources (shallow well).
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Table 3.3.1 Summary of Responses to Questionnaire on Water Institution Respondent DIY Yogyakarta City Sleman Regency Bantul Regency No. Question Secretary PU BAPPEDA PDAM BAPPEDA PU PDAM BAPPEDA PU PDAM 1 Water Law 1.2.1 Private water rights allowed? Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No No Yes Priority order of water use 1. domestic 1. domestic 1. environment 1. domestic 1. domestic 1. domestic 1. domestic 1. domestic 1. domestic 1. domestic 1.3.3.1 (listing top 3) 2. irrigation 2. irrigation 2. irrigation 2. irrigation 2. irrigation 2. irrigation 2. irrigation 2. irrigation 2. irrigation 2. irrigation & 2.2.2 3. environment 3. power 3. domestic 3. environment 3. commercial 3. environment 3. environment 3. commercial 3. environment 3. power Are conflict-resolution 1.4.1 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No clear Yes Yes Yes mechanisms specified in law? If yes, which organization 1. Local gov’t 1. Local gov’t 1. Local gov’t 1. Local gov’t 1.4.2 responsible for conflict- 2. River 2. River River Boards 2. River P3A, PTGA 2. River WUAs Local gov’t Local gov’t resolution? Boards Boards Boards Boards Level of government having
primary responsibility for: 1.6.1 (a) Surface water Central gov’t Central gov’t Central gov’t Provincial gov’t Central gov’t Central gov’t Central gov’t Central gov’t Central gov’t Central gov’t (b) Ground water Central gov’t Central gov’t District gov’t District gov’t Provincial gov’t Provincial gov’t Provincial gov’t Provincial gov’t Provincial gov’t Provincial gov’t © Water quality Central gov’t Central gov’t Provincial gov’t Provincial gov’t District gov’t Central gov’t Provincial gov’t Central gov’t District gov’t Central gov’t Existing intragovernmental responsibility favor an 1.6.2 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No No integrated water planning and development? Extent to which legal provisions effective in 1.6.6 8 8 7 not effective 6 6 5 7 8 8 protecting water quality (on 1 to 10 scale9 Does present law contribute to 1.7.1 Yes No No No Yes Yes No No No Yes centralization? Extent to which legal provisions favor for the 1.7.3 following (on 1 to 10 scale) in water development (a) Private sector 4 4 4 7 7 7 not effective 7 7 4 (b) NGO 3 3 3 2 7 3 not effective 7 6 3 © Community 3 3 7 4 6 1 not effective 7 8 3 2 Water Policy Cost recovery policy for 1. Partial cost 1. Partial cost Partial cost Full cost Partial cost Partial cost Partial cost Partial cost Full cost 1. Partial cost domestic use recovery for recovery for recovery recovery recovery recovery recovery recovery recovery recovery for urban water urban water urban water 2.4.2 2. Full subsidy 2. Full subsidy 2. Full subsidy for rural for rural for rural water water water Are there well-established Yes for policies for interregional and interregional, 2.5.1 No No Yes No No No Yes No Yes intersectoral water transfers? no for intersectoral
3 - 30
Respondent DIY Yogyakarta City Sleman Regency Bantul Regency No. Question Secretary PU BAPPEDA PDAM BAPPEDA PU PDAM BAPPEDA PU PDAM What is the organizational River boards, River boards, River boards, River boards, Stakeholder, 2.5.4 basis for wter transfer? River boards River boards Stakeholders basin-level basin-level basin-level River boards River boards stakeholders WUAs, etc organizations organizations organizations Government policies favour 2.7.1 Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes No water sector privatization? If yes, how favourable are Urban use: 8 Urban use: 8 Urban use: 6 Urban use: 6 Urban use: 9 Urban use: 8 Urban use: 9 2.7.2 those policies (on 1 to 10 Rural use: 8 Rural use: 6 Rural use: 5 Rural use: 4 Rural use: 8 Rural use: 8 Rural use: 8 scale) Commercial: 8 Commercial: 8 Commercial: 4 Commercial: 8 Commercial: 8 Commercial: 8 Commercial: 8 How well are users disposed Favorable in Favorable in Favorable in Favorable in Favorable in Favorable in Favorable in 2.7.4 toward private sector particular particular particular Indifferent particular particular Not favorable Indiferrent particular particular involvement in water sector? sector sector sector sector sector sector sector Government policies fabour 2.7.5 users participation and Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes decentralization? How well are government Favorable in Favorable Favorable Favorable in Favorable Favorable in Favorable in Indifferent Favorable Favorable in officials disposed toward user selective overall for overall for selective overall for selective selective overall for selective participation an contexts for both management contexts for development contexts for contexts for both contexts for 2.7.8 decentralization? both development both and favorable both development development both development and development in selective development but not and development and management and contexts for and favorable for management and management management management management management management How well does water policy 2.9.1 reflect water law (on 1 to 10 8 8 7 6 6 8 7 7 5 7 scale) How effective is the overall water policy in addressing 2.10.1 6 8 7 5 7 7 7 6 8 7 sectoral challenges (on 1 to 10 scale) 3. Water Administration Judgment on relative role and influence of government
branches on domestic water supply sector (on 1 to 10 scale) 3.1.1 (a) Central government 8 8 6 3 2 7 1 5 8 6 (b) Provincial government 8 8 6 5 6 7 7 5 8 6 © District government 8 8 6 8 7 7 10 7 5 6 (d) Water company (PDAM) 8 10 7 7 8 8 8 7 9 7 To what extent is 3.1.4 administrative coordination 6 6 7 5 8 7 7 7 8 6 achieved (on 1 to 10 scale) Is functional specialization 3.2.3 within water administration No No Yes No Yes Yes No Yes No No balanced?
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Respondent DIY Yogyakarta City Sleman Regency Bantul Regency No. Question Secretary PU BAPPEDA PDAM BAPPEDA PU PDAM BAPPEDA PU PDAM If no, what are the gaps in the Coordination Low Low Low Gap between Conflicts existing administrative setup? and coordination coordination coordination infrastructure between cooperation of between local between local between local management domestic and 3.2.4 parties governments governments governments needs and irrigation concerned at and PDAM and PDAM and PDAM human water uses the program resource levels capacities Do you feel water administration budget is 3.3.1 No No No Yes No No No Yes No No adequate to meet policy objectives? If no, how serious is the 3.3.2 budget constraint (on 1 to 10 8 8 6 2 6 8 6 7 scale) Is the water administration 3.3.3 Yes Yes No No Yes No Yes No No No overstaffed? If yes, how wide is the scope 3.3.4 for staff reduction (on 1 to 10 8 8 2 3 scale) Can privatization and community participation lead 3.3.5 Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No No No to redundancy in water administration? If yes, how strong in the 3.3.6 staff-reduction effect (on 1 to 10 scale)? (a) Privatization 10 8 7 6 7 (b) User participation 8 8 6 5 10 Is there an independent body 3.4.1 No No No No No No No No Yes No for determining water price? If yes, state the name of the 3.4.2 PDAM body If no, which agencies are Provincial Regency gov’t DPRD, Regency gov’t City gov’t, Head of 3.4.3 involved in price gov’t PDAM, Community PDAM WUAs PDAM, PDAM PDAM District gov’t determination? (?) customers water users customers 4 Overall Performance of Water Supply Sector and Institution Physical Performance (on 1 to 4.1 10 scale) (a) Ability to bridge overall 6 6 7 8 7 6 7 5 8 7 demand-supply gap (b) Physical health of water 7 6 7 8 7 6 7 6 6 7 development projects © Conflict-resolution efficiency (low cost and 8 8 7 7 6 7 8 7 5 7 less time) (d) Smoothness of water 8 8 6 9 7 6 3 7 7 6 transfer across sectors and 3 - 32
Respondent DIY Yogyakarta City Sleman Regency Bantul Regency No. Question Secretary PU BAPPEDA PDAM BAPPEDA PU PDAM BAPPEDA PU PDAM (e) Smoothness of water 8 8 7 9 8 8 9 7 6 7 transfer between users Financial Performance (on 1 to 4.2 10 scale) (a) Actual investment vs. 6 6 7 8 6 8 2 5 8 7 investment requirements (b) Cost recovery vs. 6 6 6 8 6 6 2 5 7 6 Economic Efficiency (on 1 to 4.3 4 4 7 8 5 8 3 5 8 7 10 scale) (a) Extent to which water 4 4 7 8 5 8 3 5 8 7 prices cover supply cost (b) Extent to which water 4 4 7 5 5 3 1 5 6 7 prices cover scarcity value Equity Performance (on 1 to 4.4 10 scale) (a) Equity between regions 8 7 7 8 7 8 8 7 8 7 (b) Equity between sectors 8 8 7 8 7 3 10 6 7 7 © Equity among social 8 8 6 8 6 9 10 6 6 6 groups Overall rating (on 1 to 10 4.5 7 7 7 8 7 7 6 6 7 7 scale) Key issues and challenges in Technical Needs support 1. to change water supply sector for the assistance in for water employees JICA Study Area water sector is resources mind towards needed for: management how to make the company 1. development and bigger of permanent management 2. to identify water sources for PDAM technologies 2. fair water use to decrease 3. Prioritization costs of water use 3. to reduce 4. sustainable water losses management 4. to find of water cheapest facilities by water sources communities 5. to replace 5. catchment water meters area 6. to make environment various conservation procedures simple 7. to upgrade team workmanship and capacity (Source) JICA Study Team’s questionnaire survey
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3.3.3 Environmental Laws
(1) Legal System and Environment Management Act Basic State Law (UUD) on Environment was enacted in 1982, and systematization on environmental law was thus attempted in accordance with the legal forms such as Governmental Ordinance, Presidential Decree, Environment Minister’s Decree, and BAPEDAL (former Environmental Impact Management Agency) Head’s Decree etc.
Table 3.3.2 shows the improvement status of environmental related laws. It can be understood that the legal system and administrative organization on Indonesia’s social environmental management system was improved from the 1980s up to the beginning of the 1990s. On January 2001, environmental management administration was transferred to the District Government in accordance with the enactment of Decentralized Law. Simultaneously, the State Ministry of Environment and the BAPEDAL were newly integrated as the Ministry of Environment in 2002.
Table 3.3.2 Improvement Status on Environmental Related Laws Issuance Year History on Act, Law, Rule/Regulation, and Decree etc. 1945, 1973 Constitutional Provision: Article 33(3) 1967 Forestry Basic Law & Mining Law 1972 Creation of National Environmental Commission 1973 - Water Quality Pollution Prevention/Restraint on Mining & Energy Business - Rules/Regulations on Insecticide 1974 Irrigation Law 1978 - Articulation of a national Environmental Policy, as part of the State Policy (GBHN) - Presidential Decree No. 28/1978 & No. 35/1978 - Creation of Ministry of Development Supervision & Environment - Prevention on Environmental Contamination caused by Factories 1982 Act No.4/1982 on the Basic Provision for Environmental Management 1983 - Presidential Decree No. 25/1978 - Creation of the State Ministry of Population & Environment (KLH) - Environmental Management Basic Law 1984 Minister’s Decree on National Parks 1985 Rules/regulations on Forestry Protection (Governmental Ordinance No.28) 1986 - Act No.4 on Basic Provisions for Management of Living Environment (Article 16) - Rules/regulations on Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) 1987 Governmental Ordinance No.29: Required Implementation as of 5 June 1987, of an EIA System 1988 Minister’s Decree on Standards of Environment & Effluence to the Air/Rivers/Sea areas 1990 - Presidential Decree No. 23, creating new agency BAPEDAL - Creation of Environmental Impact Management Agency (BAPEDAL ) - Rules/regulations on EIA (Governmental Ordinance No.50) - Ministerial Decrees Nos.49-53: General EIA Guidelines promulgated by KLH - Act No.5/1990 on Natural Resources Conservation and Ecosystem - Rules/regulations on Control of Water Pollution (Governmental Ordinance No.20) 1991 - Rules/regulations on Rivers - Rules/regulations on Swamps 1992 Act No.24 on Spatial Use Management 1993 - Assignment on the State Minister for Environment - Establishment of Environmental Management Center (EMC) by JICA’s aids - Rules/regulations on EIA (Revised): Governmental Ordinance No.51, repealing Nos.29 & 49-53, only address applicability parameters
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Issuance Year History on Act, Law, Rule/Regulation, and Decree etc. 1994 - Establishment of the State Ministry of Environment (LH) - Rules/regulations No.19 on Hazardous & Toxic Waste Management 1996 - Decree No.07/1996 by the State Minister for the Environment - Establishment of National Coordination Team Office on Forest Fire Management 1997 Act No.23/1997 on the Environmental Management 1999 Act No.22/1999 on Regional Autonomy (Decentralization ) and took effect in 2001 2000 Presidential Decree No.2/2000, Article 56a 2002 Integration of BAPEDAL and KLH as a new Ministry of Environment Source: Website, Smith & van der Wansem, 1995
(2) Environment Management Act and Guidelines New environmental management act was signed by President on September 19, 1997 and was served as a law (Act No.23, 1997). Consequently, the old environmental management basic law (Act No.4 of 1982) was off the books. This newly 1997 Environmental Management Act was characterized in that i) environmental regulation enhancement on businesses’ activities; ii) penalty enhancement; iii) enrichment of official regulations for dealing with environmental disputes and/or complaints; and iv) introduction of right specifications on environmental information for the public.
It is remarkable that the specifications by arbitration/intercession of voluntary neutrality third-party were set up in addition to the solution method in court based upon the justice concerning the enrichment of official regulations for dealing with environmental disputes and/or complaints. On the other hand, even if there exist a limit by regulative approach, BAPEDAL performed the business so-called JIGUNUSA under the cooperation among local public bodies, police, and prosecutors to solve the environmental offense and already tied up the numerous dispute matters not to be involved into the court, taking the regulative technique with advantages into consideration toward the regulatory compliance.
Furthermore, the public has the recognized right to interface with the environment information on the basis of “Any person have the right to know the information on the role of environmental management” stipulated by Provision No.2 of Article No.5 of new Environmental Management Act.
Environmental standards are stipulated by the Minister of Environment based upon the 1999 Environmental Management Law. Water quality and air environment standards were promulgated, however, the respective act such as Air Pollution Control Act or Water Pollution Prevention Act are not established yet. Table 3.3.3 summarized the major related rules and regulations in the Republic of Indonesia.
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Table 3.3.3 Major Environmental Related Rules and Regulations Item Classification Description Law Code No.
Act on Environmental Management No.23, 1997 Act on Conservation of Living Resources and their Act Basic No.5, 1990 Ecosystems Act on Spatial Use Management No.24, 1992 G.O. on the Control of Water Pollution No. 20, 1990 Governmental Water Ordinance Pollution, EIA, G.O. on Environmental Impact Assessment EIA No.51, 1990 (G.O.) Wastes G.O. on Hazardous & Toxic Waste management No.19, 1994 Presidential Presidential Decree on Environmental Impact System No.77, 1994 Decree Management Agency Minister's Decree on Quality Standards of Liquid Waste No.KEP-51/MENLH/10/1995 by Industry Activities Water Quality Minister's Decree. on Quality Standards of Liquid No.KEP-52/MENLH/10/1995 Waste by Hotel Activities Minister's Decree. on Standards concerning Automobile No.KEP-35/MENLH/10/1993 Exhaust Gases Minister's Decree. on Emission Standards for Stationary No.KEP-13/MENLH/3/1995 Sources Air Minister's Decree. on Blue Sky Program No.KEP-15/MENLH/4/1996 Implementation Minister's Decree. on Priority Stipulation to Primary No.KEP-16/MENLH/4/1996 Autonomy for Blue Sky Program Implementation Minister's Decree. on Noise Level Standards No.KEP-48/MENLH/11/1996 Noise, Vibration & Minister's Decree. on Vibration Level Standards No.KEP-49/MENLH/11/1996 Environment Offensive Odor Minister's Decree. on Offensive Odor Level Standards No.KEP-50/MENLH/11/1996 Minister's Minister's Decree. on Types of Businesses or Activities Decree No.KEP-11/MENLH/3/1994 Required to Prepare an Environmental Impact Minister's Decree. on General Guidelines for Environmental Management & Environmental No.KEP-12/MENLH/3/1994 Monitoring Procedures Minister's Decree. on Guidelines for Membership & No.KEP-13/MENLH/3/1994 EIA Working Procedures for EIA Commissions Minister's Decree. on General Guidelines for No.KEP-4/MENLH/3/1994 Preparation of EIA Minister's Decree. on Establishment of an EIA No.KEP-15/MENLH/3/1994 Commission for Integrated/Multi-sectional Activities Minister's Decree. on Determination of Significant No.KEP-56/1994 Impact Minister's Decree. on Guidelines for Establishment of No.KEP-02/MENLH/1/1998 Environmental Quality Standards Others Minister's Decree. on General Guidelines for No.KEP-42/MENLH/11/1994 Environmental Monitoring Implementation Head's Decree on Procedures & Requirements for No.KEP-01/BAPEDAL/09/1995 Storage & Collection of Hazardous & Toxic Wastes Head's Decree on Procedures & Requirements for No.KEP-02/BAPEDAL/09/1995 Hazardous & Toxic Waste Manifests BAPEDAL Head's Decree on Technical Requirements for Hazardous No.KEP-03/BAPEDAL/09/1995 Head's Hazardous & Toxic Waste Treatment Wastes Decree Head's Decree on Procedures & Requirements for Disposal of Treated Hazardous & Toxic Wastes and No.KEP-04/BAPEDAL/09/1995 Landfill Sites Head's Decree on Symbols & Labels for Hazardous & No.KEP-05/BAPEDAL/09/1995 Toxic Wastes Source: APCEL Report: Indonesia, Preliminary Assessment of Indonesia’s Environment Law, Alan K.J. Tan, Faculty of Law, National University of Singapore
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(3) International Conventions on Environmental Conservation The international conventions on environmental conservation were ratified and/or signed up by the Government of Indonesia was summarized on Table 3.3.4.
Table 3.3.4 Accession Status to the International Conventions Name of Convention Accession Status Remark Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) Ratified Treaty AD 1994 Convention for Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage Ratified Treaty AD 1990 International Environmental Information System （INFOTERRA） Environment Profile by Country Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer [Vienna Treaties] Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl - under Habitat [Ramsar Convention] Review Natural Environmental Conservation Strategy by Country Convention on International Sea Laws Ratified Treaty - Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora Ratified Treaty AD 1978 (CITES) [Washington Convention] Basel Convention on the Control of Trans-boundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal [Basel Convention] International Council for Bird Preservation (ICBP) [Migratory Bird Treaty Act] Test-ban Treaty Biological or Chemical Weapon Treaty Source: World Resources, 1993-1995
(4) Water Supply Improvement Regulation on Environmental Protection Water supply improvement regulation on environmental protection can be as summarized in Table 3.3.5 from the viewpoints of legislation, EIA guidelines, pollution and social issues . Table 3.3.5 Water Supply Improvement Regulation on Environmental Protection Classification Description - Bylaw on Water Use (Governmental rules and regulations No.22, 1988)
- Health-related Water Use Standard (Health Minister's Decree No.173/MenKes/PerVIII/1977) Legislation - Health-related Groundwater Use Standard (Health Minister's Decree No.258/MenKes/PerVII/1982)
- Drinking Water Quality Standard (Health Minister's Decree No.01/Burhukmass/I/1985) EIA - Technical Guidelines on EIA of Water Supply Guidelines - Environmental Standard on Noise & Vibration (Ministry of Environment) A-Weighted Sound Pressure Level for the residential zones is as designed 55 – 60 dB. Pollution - Sludge disposal of water treatment plant
- Historic Ruins Law (Holland Colonial Government, 1931)
Social Issues - Guidelines on Cultural Properties Protection (Ministry of Culture & Education, 1970)
- Impact to other water use
Source: Regulation on Indonesian Environmental Protection by Sector, March 1992, OECF (JBIC)
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(5) Necessity and Procedures of IEE and EIA Approval Initial Environmental Examination (IEE), i.e. UKL (Environmental Management Plan) and UPL (Environmental Monitoring Plan) are obligated during the full-scale study stage performing the Feasibility Study (F/S) in Indonesia. Figure 3.3.5 shows the flowchart on UKL and UPL procedures.
Form of UKL and UPL
Invitation to Take Coordinating Institution be Responsible for Activity Environmental Management
Adaptable for the Content of No To be Modified Form
Yes
Recommendations
Approval Letter for Activity
Source: The Regulation of State Ministry of Environment, No. 68, 2002 on Guidelines of Environmental Management Plan (UPL) & Environmental Monitoring Plan (UKL) Figure 3.3.5 Procedures for UKL and UPL
With regard to AMDAL (EIA: Environmental Impact Assessment), there are five (5) guidelines concerning the environmental assessment and/or environmental studies based on the 1986 governmental ordinance to stipulate the object or appraisal procedure and the 1987 Decree by the Environment Minister. Article No.16 of Environmental Management Law was established by Governmental Ordinance No.51 in 1993, and revised again in 1999.
However, the related ministries/agencies formulated the individual implementation guideline respectively. Furthermore, the agency governing the target project will give the final conclusive determination on AMDAL’s appraisal by obtaining the advices from the Central and/or Provincial Committee on Environment. Table 3.3.6 shows that any projects/activities related to the fourteen (14) sectors must be performed with the implementation of EIA. Figure 3.3.6 shows the flowchart on EIA procedures.
In addition, the demarcation line on judgment of necessity between IEE and EIA are summarized as Table 3.3.7 according to the information from BAPEDALDA of Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta City, and Bantul Regency respectively. Moreover, only submission of SPPL (Environmental Management Recommendation Letter) to BAPEDALDA is required while the very slight impact is anticipated.
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Table 3.3.6 Target Projects and/or Activities Required EIA Sector Type of Projects and/or Activities Scale I. Mining & Energy 1. Following Mining Area (Active Coal Mine) - Coal ≥ 200 ha or - Primary Mineral ≥ 200,00 tons/yr - Secondary Mineral ≥ 60,00 tons/yr - Nonmetal Mineral, Sand & Gravel ≥ 100,00 tons/yr - Radioactive Substances (including Mining, Process, and refinement) ≥ 300,00 tons/yr 2. Power-transmission Line 150 kV 3. Power Facilities (Diesel, Natural Gas, Steam and Combined-Cycle) 100 MW 4. Hydropower Facilities (except Small-scale and Direct Flow Types) 5. Geothermal Power Generation Facilities 55 MW 6. Other Power Facilities 5 MW 7. Digging of Oil & Natural Gas 8. Process (Refining) of Oil & Natural Gas 9. Oil & Natural Gas Pipelines ≥ 25 km II. Health Care 1. Hospital (Class A) 2. Hospital (Class A or Class I equality) 3. Other Hospitals ≥ 400 Rooms 4. Fully Nursing Hospital 5. Production Facilities of Experimental Medicals III. Public Works 1. Construction of Dam and Dyke/Levee Height ≥15 m or Reservoir Area ≥100 ha 2. Development of Irrigable Area Irrigated Area ≥2,000 ha 3. Development of Tidal Flat Area ≥5,000 ha 4. Coast Preservation in Great City Population ≥500,000 5. River Improvement Project in Great City Population ≥500,000 6. Canal or Flood-control Facilities in Great City Length ≥5 km or Width ≥20 m 7. Other Canal (Shore Frontage and Swamp etc.) Length ≥5 km or Width ≥20 m 8. Construction of Expressway and Road with Flyover 9. Construction of Arterial Road Length ≥25 km 10. Construction and Improvement of Arterial Road except Great City or Capital Length ≥5 km or Region Area ≥5 ha 11. Waste Incinerator ≥800 tons/ha 12. Waste Disposal Site (Reclamation) ≥800 tons/ha 13. Waste Disposal Site (Open Dumping) ≥80 tons/ha 14. Drainage Facilities in Great City or Capital Region Major 15. Drainage: - Drainage Facilities within Urban Area Area ≥50 ha - SewerageTreated Area ≥2,500 ha 16. Intake Facilities from Lake, River, and Spring etc. 17. Public Housing Area ≥50 ha 18. Urban Renewal Project Area ≥5 ha 19. High-rise Building and High-rise Condominium Height ≥60 m IV. Agriculture 1. Aquaculture of Shrimp/Prawn and Fish Area ≥50 ha 2. Paddy Development in Forest Area Area ≥1,000 ha 3. Plantation Area ≥10,000 ha 4. Cash Crop Farm Area ≥5,000 ha V. Sightseeing 1. Hotel Room ≥200 or Area ≥5 ha 2. Golf Course 3. Recreation Park Area ≥100 ha 4. Tourist Resort Area VI. Relocation/Resettlement & Construction of Inhabited Area for Immigrant Area ≥3,000 ha Forest Residence VII. Industry 1. Cement 2. Paper & Pulp 3. Chemical Fertilizer (Synthesis) 4. Oil Chemistry 5. Steelmaking 6. Lead Refinement 7. Copper Refinement 8. Production of Alumina 9. Production of Special Steel 10. Production of Aluminum 11. Production of Metal Pellet 12. Production of Pig Iron 13. Production of Ferro-alloy 14. Industrial Park/Complex 15. Shipbuilding Ship ≥3,000 dwt 16. Aircraft Manufacturing 17. Production of Plywood (including Related Facilities) 18. Production of Weapon, Munitions and Explosive 19. Waste Batteries VIII. Transportation 1. Construction of Railway Total Length ≥25 km 2. Construction of Subway 3. Construction of Harbor (1st - 3rd class) and Related Facilities 4. Construction of Special Seaport 5. Coast Reclamation Project Area ≥25 ha 6. Harbor Dredging Capacity ≥100,000 m3 7. Harbor Loading & Unloading Area 8. Airport and Related Facilities Trade & ≥ IX. Trade Center or Shopping Mall/Center Area 5 ha or Commercial/Business Building Area ≥10,000 m2 X. Safeguard & Security 1. Construction of Munitions Safekeeping Facilities Class A - Class C 2. Construction of Naval Base Class A - Class C 3. Construction of Air Force Base Class A - Class C 4. Combat Exercise Site or Shooting Range/Target Practice RangeArea ≥10,000 ha XI. Nuclear Power 1. Construction and Operation of Nuclear Reactor - Energy Production Reactor - Experimental Reactor ≥100 kW 2. Construction and Operation of Nuclear Energy Facilities except Nuclear Reactor - Production of Nuclear Substances ≥Fuel Seed 50/yr - Radioactive Waste Treatment Facilities - Radioisotope ≥1,850 TBq - Manufacture of Radioisotope XII. Forest 1. Construction of Safari Park Area ≥250 ha 2. Construction of Zoo Area ≥100 ha 3. Logging of Forest (Right of Forest Extension) 4. Logging of Sago Palm Woods 5. Logging of Industrial Tree-planting 6. Construction of Park (National Park, Natural Conservation Area, Game Area, Beach Park, Wildlife Sanctuary, Biosphere Sanctuary etc.) XIII. Hazardous Waste Construction of Hazardous Waste Treatment Facilities XIV. Integration/Multiple Related activities (EIA required respectively), on ecosystem with identity species, Ministries & Agencies belong to the project or activities were held jurisdiction by multiple ministries/agencies. Source: Environmental Conservation Measures in Indonesia, IWATA Genichi, 1995
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Plan of Activity from Inhabitant
KepMenLH No.17, 2001
EIA Required
Study EIA based on AMDAL Unnecessary
Extraction/Announcement of Issues
Framework Making Preparation & Submission of on KA-ANDAL Documents on UKL & UPL
Findings/Judgement of Issues on KA-ANDAL Recommendation on 75 days Implementation Document Submission for Approval on ANDAL, RKL & RPL
Judgments/Recommendations Adequacy on ANDAL, RKL & RPL on ANDAL, RKL & RPL 75 days Actions to be Taken on AMDAL Agreement on due to Inadequacy F/S by SMOE
Approval
Source: Interpretation from Government Regulation No.27, 1999 about AMDAL Figure 3.3.6 Procedures for EIA
Table 3.3.7 Demarcation Line on Judgment of Necessity between IEE and EIA Classification UKL & UPL（IEE） AMDAL（EIA） Remarks Water treatment capcity with 50 Water treatment capacity over 1) Water Treatment Plant*1 - 100ℓ/s 100ℓ/s 2) Withdrawal from River, - Draw water below 250ℓ/s - Draw water over 250ℓ/s - Urban Area Lake, and Spring*2 - Service area below 500ha - Service area over 500ha - Equivalent of supplied - Length of transmission main - Length of transmission main population of 200 below 10km over 10km thousands or medium- (Length of transmission main -Pipelinecrossover2 or scale city with 2 - 10 km*1) more regencies*2 3) Pumping-up of Pump up water with 5 - 50ℓ/s Pump up water over 50ℓ/s -Per well Groundwater*1*2 -Pumpupwaterfrom5 wells within 10ha 4) Withdrawal from Spring*1 Draw water with 5 - 50ℓ/s Draw water over 50ℓ/s Note: *1 Source for Groundwater and Springs refers “Type of Documents for Environmental management in Business, Attachment III, Yogyakarta Regulation No.41, 2006. *2 “Business and/or Activities need Execution of EIA", Appendix, No.117/2001, Decree by State Minister for the Environment.
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CHAPTER 4
RELATED DEVELOPMENT PLANS AND ASSISTANCE OF OTHER DONOR AGENCIES CHAPTER 4 RELATED DEVELOPMENT PLANS AND ASSISTANCE OF OTHER DONOR AGENCIES
4.1 Development Plan of National Level
4.1.1 National Development Plan and National Water Supply Sector Development Plan
The existing Nation Development plan is PROPENAS 2004 – 2009. In the National Development Plan, improvement of safe water supply system considering the poor is stated conforming to the last 5 year National Development Plan.
Referring to the National Development Plan and also Millennium Development Goals, mid-term water supply sector development plan (RPJMN 2004 – 2009) was prepared.
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs -2015) are as follows.
8 GOALS (Target) : • Reduce poverty and hunger • Universal Basic Education • Improve the gender and women empowerment • Reduce the mortality of infant and child • Improve the heals of pregnancy • Reduce HIV AIDS, Malaria, and other diseases • Sustainability of environment • Global relation ship to development
Based on above MDGs, GOI established “National Action Plan, Drinking Water Supply in Indonesia” as follows.
• GENERAL GOALS (Target): − Improve the people welfare through improve health rate with drinking water supply and clean environment • NATIONAL LEVEL TARGET to 2015 − Urban Area: Service ratio 80 %, with 100 l/d per capita consumption − Rural Area: Service ratio 60 %, with 60 l/d per capita consumption • PROVINCIAL/REGIONAL LEVEL TARGET − To establish policy support on regional development − To prepare regional land use plan − To secure potential water resources − To prepare Master plan of drinking water supply in urban and rural area − To achieve MDGs with adequate regional capacity
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According to the RPJMN 2004-2009, National development target by year 2009 is as follows.
Table 4.1.1 Future Served Population/Service Ratio, Target of RPJMN 2004-2009 No Category Present Served Population Target Served Population Increasing scope (million) (2004) (million) Million people (Service Ratio%) (2009) (Service Ratio%) 1 Urban 31.2 (33%) 77.0 (66%) 45.8 2 Rural 8.7 (7%) 36.0 (30%) 27.3 3 Total 39.5 (18%) 113.0 (40%) 73.5 Source: Ministry of Public Works
100 90 80 ) 70 60 50 40
Service Ratio (% 30 20 10 0 2004 2009 2015 Year
Urban Rural
Figure 4.1.1 Future Service Ratio, Target of RPJMN 2004-2009
In the RPJMN 2004-2009, problems and strategic issues are identified as follows;
Service Levels • The growth of services of drinking water supply with pipe system in last 10 years is not comply with population growth, 19 % in 1997 to 17 % in 2003 • Non-pipe SPAM on last 30 years is developed faster than piped SPAM, but the development of non-pipe SPAM still requires assistance. • Water loss of pipe system is 10%-50%, with average 37% in 2004 and water pressure in distribution network is usually low • Drinking water services though pipe system in urban area is limited for middle to high class people, but for poor people access to the piped water supply system is rather difficult • Accurate data concerning water supply services are not sufficiently available • Water production of PDAM may fulfill the requirement of clean water, but there is a contamination in distribution network • High number of diseases because of low access of drinking water
Financial Source, Budgetary Arrangements • SPAM funding problems for development, operation and maintenance, because of low tariff and high loan • Investment for SPAM development is depend on foreign loan, and own fund is not enough
4 - 2 • Low priority on regional government funding for SPAM development
Institution and Laws • Low function of boards/services on SPAM management, so the development function of SPAM is very weak • Business principle is not fully implemented yet on SPAM (PDAM), such as employee recruitment is not connect enough with human resources development program in SPAM management • SPAM should have cooperative attitude for agglomeration • Groundwater capacity in several location is limited because of the management of catchments area is not good enough • Groundwater quality is deteriorated, because of the increasing of human and industry activities are not balances with environmental protection
Stakeholders • Less community empowerment
Based on understanding these issues listed above, policy and strategy of SPAM development are described in the RPJMN 2004-2009. Contents of RPJMN 2004-2009 are:
• Service Level and Quality − To increase the service level and quality consistently, step by step − To decrease water loss through adequate maintenance and rehabilitation − To put higher priority to supply water to low income people • Funding − To increase the funding allocation of SPAM development through alternative source of fund − To improve management of PDAM financial situation • Institution, Regulation, and Laws − To strength the regulator and operator function on SPAM management − To implemente business principle on the management of institution − To make a regulation
4.1.2 PERPAMSI Benchmarking
PERPAMSI implemented a World Bank supported program (PPIAF) in 2002/2003 where 80 water utilities participated and increase number of utilities gradually.
Purpose and system operation of the benchmarking are as shown below.
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Source:http://www.worldbank.org/html/fpd/water/waterweek/presentations/24/WBI%20-%20PERPAMSI%20Twinnin g%20Program%20and%20Benchmarking.pdf
Figure 4.1.2 Purpose of PERPAMSI Benchmarking
The results of PERPAMSI Benchmarking (10 Best PDAM Kota) is shown in Appendix 7.
Source:http://www.worldbank.org/html/fpd/water/waterweek/presentations/24/WBI%20-%20PERPAMSI %20Twinning%20Program%20and%20Benchmarking.pdf
Figure 4.1.3 System of PERPAMSI Benchmarking
As a result of Cipta Karya and BPPSPAM’s evaluation, PDAMs were categorized as “healthy”, “less healthy” and “unhealthy” as shown on table below. Under the situation in 2002, 60 % of PDAMs were categolized in “unhealthy”. Improvements of PDAM situation are planed also shown on table below.
4 - 4 Table 4.1.2 Classification of PDAMs and Improvement Plan PDAM Category 2002 2005 2009
Healthy (PDAM has ability to develop, profitable company, 9% 12% 33% loan management, change the assets, efficient operational) Less healthy (PDAM is not developed enough, low profit) 31% 23% 24% Unhealthy (PDAM does not have ability to develop, no benefit, 60% 65% 43% operational on limited resources) Source: Policy and National Strategy of Drinking Water Supply System
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% Ratio 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2002 2005 2009 Year
Unhealthy Less Health Healthy
Source: Policy and National Strategy of Drinking Water Supply System
Figure 4.1.4 Improvement Plan of PDAM
Meanwhile, PDAM Health Program has been formed by Inter-department Central Government Team, which is consists of: BAPPENAS, Kimpraswil Department, Home Affair Department, and Financial Department based on Decision Letter of Minister of Coordinator in Economic, No. KEP 28/EKON/06/2002, with the main duties are • Formulating the policy and strategy of accelerating in Healthy PDAM, • Coordinating the plan and development of water supply program with other infrastructure and accelerating the increasing of water supply quality, and • Doing others duty that given by Minister of Economic Sector Coordinator.
4.2 Development Plan of Provincial Level
4.2.1 Provincial Level Water Sector Development Plan
Provincial development plan for water sector is planned by BAPEDA together with KIMPRASWIL (Cipta Karya) and the future plan and policy/strategy are set up conforming to the national development policy. Relation between national policy and provincial policy is shown on figure below.
4 - 5 MDG,s -2015
NATIONAL ACTION PLAN REGIONAL POLICY & THE IMPROVEMENT OF STRATEGY OF DRINKING DRINKING WATER SUPPLY WATER SUPPLY :
DRINKING WATER SUPPLY THE REGIONAL CONDITION IN URBAN AREA OF DRINKING WATER SUPPLY : • WATER RESOURCES • SERVICES SCOPE DRINKING WATER SUPPLY • PDAM & PEOPLE NEEDS IN RURAL AREA • REGIONAL & PEOPLE CAPACITY • CUSTOMS TO OWN WELL • OTHERS Source: Bappeda DIY Figure 4.2.1 National and Regional Policies
To achieve MDGs, “Grand Strategy of Water Supply in DIY” is prepared as follows.
• Expansion of Water Supply Service • By using water supply system optimally, using the PDAM idle production capacity, creating a new system, increasing the community role to achieve healthier life in Yogyakarta by Year 2010 • Maintain Sustainable Water Resources • By increasing the efficiency of water usage, protecting and increasing the quality of water resources, and increasing the environment quality through cooperation with other region to secure sustainable water resources • Technical assistance • By facilitating and giving physical assistance, especially for poor community • Mobilize Alternative Funding • By funding of government and cooperation funding network of private parties both domestic and foreign • Institutional Reformation • By increasing stakeholder role in decision-making and water supply management • Service Obligation • By determining and facilitating the minimal service to all community layer
Based on these grand strategies and considering “Health PDAM Program”, in DIY Province, action plan of water supply sector are supporting and facilitating followings: • Compilation of City/Regency Grand Strategy in Water Supply in DIY Province Area • Compilation of Water Supply Program in DIY Province to support the acceleration of achiving the MDGs-2015 target • Supporting and facilitating the arrangement of master plan in city/regency water supply in DIY Provincial area • Completion of the water supply in Gunungkidul Regency, specially in south area • Completion of the development of water supply system in Kulonprogo regency which using Sermo Dam
4 - 6 • Supporting and facilitating the water supply in Kartamantul agglomeration area • Completion of the development of water supply system in Prambanan Gunung • Fulfilling the water supply need in: Piyungan Bantul Industrial Area, Estate Campus Area, etc
KIMPRASWIL of DIY Province as an institution that has responsibility of water supply, as technical assistance of water supply in City/Regency in DIY Province will help Regional Government in: • Implementation of the technical assistance in compiling Master Plan • Identification of Water Supply Program in DIY Province in order to support the accelerating target fulfillment MDGs-2015 • Supporting the cooperation of City/Regency Government in supplying the safe water • Assistance to find funding resources of water supply infrastructure development that come from government or private cooperation funding both inside and outside the country • Supporting Central Government in PDAM Health Program • Improvement of water supply system, in order to accelerating the water supply service coverage and water supply fulfillment in the dry area • Securing sustainable water resources
4.2.2 Inter Municipal Cooperation on Urban Infrastructure Management between Yogyakarta City, Sleman Regency, and Bantul Regency
In 2001, Kartamantul Joint Secretariat was established based on agreement among Yogyakarta City, Sleman Regency and Bantul Regency to support cross boundary cooperation among these three regions. The Joint Secretariat published “Inter Municipal Cooperation Kartamantul” in 2006 reviewing situation of seven sectors. The seven sectors are • Roads Management, • Transportation Management, • Water Resource Management, • Wastewater Management, • Drainage Management, • Solid Waste Disposal Management, and • Organization Structure.
Vision of the Joint Secretariat is “Take responsibility as a bridge for the realization of an equal, fair, participative, transparent, and democratic cooperation, in order to develop the comfort, beautiful, & health urban agglomeration area with the support of adequate infrastructure and a high community participation”.
To materialize the vision, the Joint Secretariat announced its challenges as follows • Continued delivery of functions and role in public service improvement • Long-term institutional capacity development • Legal and political support such as central government policy, support of local provincial
4 - 7 government, optimal support from legislative assemble, and strong stakeholder network.
For water resource sector, the Joint Secretariat targets cooperation which will be built with objective to fulfill of permanent amount of water demands/clean water in the urban agglomeration area in DIY. The Secretariat focus on issues such as management and services including water treatment plants, piping, reservoir, organization and mechanism, financing, tariff, and environment.
4.2.3 Triple-A
The Triple-A is “Atlas”, “Agenda” and “Aturan-main (Rules-of-the game) of the DIY and translates the formal planning documents such as national development plan into concrete investment priorities of the development stakeholders based on their shared visions, joint strategies, synchronized investments and combined funding. The functions of these three instruments complement each other:
• Atlas presents relevant information on the existing conditions and trends, and of the development potential of DIY Province. • Agenda, based on the information provided in the Atlas, translates strategic development plans into concrete investment priorities of the stakeholders. • Aturan-main(Rules-of-the-game) present guidelines for the effective use of the Atlas and Agenda in mobilizing and coordinating stakeholder investment.
The Triple-A was conducted through multi-stakeholder task forces, and was supported by funding from the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), the Cities Alliance and the World Bank. The preparation of the Triple-A of DIY Province was coordinated with the simultaneous preparation of the similar instruments by the five regencies of the province. Besides, a regional Triple-A has been prepared which focuses o regional economic growth and poverty reduction through urban-rural linkages, inter-municipal relationships, and inter provincial synergies.
The Triple-A concept has been formally adopted in a joint commitment dated 24 August 2002, that was signed by the Governor of DIY and by the heads of its five regencies. The present updated Agenda was formally accepted on 20 December 2004 and finalized on 31 March 2005.
4.3 Assistance of Other Donor Agencies
Various donor agencies are actively implement many kinds of projects specially for restoration of damages caused by the last severe earthquake in May 2006.
4 - 8 Continuous assistance is made for water supply sector by USAID as a part of “Environmental Service Program (ESP)”. Under the scope of the ESP, the USAID is focusing on capacity development of PDAM. The USAID conducted a questionnaire survey (sample number is about 5,000 households) and the purpose of this survey is to improve customer management and customer relations of PDAM. The USAID will present guideline of improvement of customer management.
The USAID is also implementing assistance for reduction of NRW in Yogyakarta. As the first step, the USAID assists to prepare distribution pipe network drawings.
4 - 9
CHAPTER 5
WATER RESOURCES CHAPTER 5 WATER RESOURCES
5.1 General
In the study area, there are abundant water resources such as groundwater, spring water and river water. Large part of the study area is covered by alluvial deposits or volcanic sediments mainly originated from Merapi volcano. Alluvial deposits derived mainly from the redeposited volcaniclastic materials. These formations have high permeability so act as good aquifer. There are many springs and well for various kinds of usage. The Progo River is the biggest river in the Study Area and provides irrigation water through the Mataram canal that reaches the Opak River at all times of the year even in dry season.
Domestic water supplies (piped scheme) in the area consist of PDAM water supply system for urban areas and Community water supply system for rural areas. A number of shallow dug wells are also using for household use and small-scale irrigation.
Figure 5.1.1 shows a groundwater potential of the study area. The value on the figure means estimated yield of a well of each color-coded zone.
Source: “Peta Hidrogeologi Propinsi D.I.Y” Dinas Perindustrian Peerdagangan dan Koperasi D.I.Y 2004. Figure 5.1.1 Groundwater Potential of the Study Area
5 - 1 5.2 Water Resources for PDAM
There are three PDAMs in the study area, each for Yogyakarta Municipality, Sleman Regency and Bantul Regency. PDAM water supply systems are mainly covered urban areas in each region.
Figure 5.2.1 - 5.2.3 show the location of water sources for each PDAM, and Table 5.2.1 - 5.2.3 indicate the specification of each water source. These data were based on each PDAM by collecting records or interviewing with staff of PDAM.
PDAM Sleman and PDAM Bantul have water sources in its own area but large number of the water sources for PDAM Yogyakarta located in Sleman Regency (see Figure 5.2.1).
5.2.1 Type of Water Sources
Water sources for PDAMs are classified into river, spring, shallow well and deep well. Table 5.2.4 shows the number of water sources for each PDAM and Table 5.2.5 shows the total quantity of water production capacity in each PDAM. According to these tables, deep well has 62% share of water source by number and has 63% by quantity in total 3 regions. River has 5%, spring has 15% and shallow well has 17% share of water source by water production capacity in all 3 regions.
PDAM Yogyakarta depends largely on deep wells and the 67% of total production capacity is from its deep wells. For PDAM Sleman, spring has 26% of total production capacity and its share is higher than it of other 2 regions. Shallow well for PDAM Bantul has higher percentage (24%) of total production capacity than other 2 regions.
5 - 2
Figure 5.2.1 Location of Water Sources for PDAM Yogyakarta
5 - 3 Table 5.2.1 List of Water Sources for PDAM Yogyakarta Coordinates (or Location) Production Elev. Depth Diameter Water Level No. Type Code or Name Latitude Longitude Capacity memo (m) (m) (m) (G.L.-m) (dd'mm'ss's) (dd'mm'ss's) (L/s) Y01 River PadasanPadasan, Sleman - - - -80 Y02 Umbul Wadon S07'35'34'3 E110'26'24'3 916 - - - 90 Spring Y03 Karangayam I S07'45'39'6 E110'23'02'6 166 - - -38 Y04 Bedoyo S07'39'00'2 E110'25'52'9 502 11 1.5 - 15 Y05 Besi-1Besi, Sleman - - - -34 Y06 Besi-2 S07'41'57'0 E110'24'56'8 305 9.75 1.5 9.00 27 Y07 KentunganKentungan, Sleman - - - -12 Y08 CandiCandi. Sleman - - - -7 Shallow Y09 BulusanBulusan, Sleman - - - -6 Well Y10 Jongkang S07'44'56'7 E110'22'18'3 163 6.73 2.0 3.10 (43) Pump is repairing Y11 NandanNandan, Sleman - - - -6 Y12 Karang Gayam IIKarang Gayam, Sleman - - - -15 Y13 Karang WuniKarang Wuni, Sleman - - - -15 Y14 WinogoWinogo - - - -12at Kota Yogyakarta 21.08 Y15 K1 S07'45'39'4 E110'22'53'0 171 70 8inch 20 (DWL) Y16 K.3Depok, Sleman - 70 10inch -20 Y17 K.4Depok, Sleman - - - -20 Y18 K.5Depok, Sleman - 70 10inch -30 Y19 K6 S07'45'46'3 E110'23'19'3 152 63 8inch - 30 Y20 B.1 S07'44'38'1 E110'20'04'7 155 68 8inch -30 Y21 B.2 S07'44'51'8 147 66 8inch -25 Y22 B.3 S07'45'37'0 E110'20'39'2 144 70 8inch -30 18.07 Y23 B4 S07'45'20'2 E110'20'26'3 150 70 10inch 30 (DWL) Y24 B.5 S07'45'49'9 E110'20'50'0 137 70 8inch -30 Y25 B.6 S07'45'31'2 E110'20'34'6 142 70 10inch -30 Y26 B.7 S07'44'59'2 E110'20'24'7 154 70 10inch -30 Y27 B.8 S07'44'41'1 E110'20'12'3 157 65 8inch -20 Y28 B.9 S07'44'30'8 E110'20'00'6 157 68 8inch -40 Y29 B.10 S07'45'53'2 E110'20'57'0 137 - - -17 14.6 Y30 B11 S07'44'22'0 E110'19'55'2 163 70 8inch 30 (DWL) Y31 B.L S07'45'58'4 E110'21'04'0 135 68 8inch -30 Deep Y32 B.13 S07'46'06'9 E110'21'20'4 135 70 8inch -30 Well 9.4 Y33 BR1 S07'45'45'7 E110'20'42'8 137 70 10inch 25 (DWL) Y34 B.R2 S07'45'44'4 E110'20'43'8 138 70 10inch -(20)Not operated Y35 N3 S07'43'34'4 E110'23'57'2 236 65 10inch - 25 Y36 N.4Ngaglik, Sleman - 70 8inch -25 Y37 N.5Ngaglik, Sleman - - - -25 Y38 N6 S07'43'15'5 E110'23'24'7 237 70 10inch - 25 Y39 N.7Ngaglik, Sleman - 60 10inch -25 Y40 N.8Ngaglik, Sleman - 70 10inch -25 Y41 N.9Ngaglik, Sleman - 67 10inch -25 Y42 N10 S07'43'01'9 E110'22'26'1 232 67 10inch - 25 25 SWL GL -9m Y43 KG1 S07'49'05'6 E110'23'44'6 117 70 8inch 10 (DWL) at Kota Yogyakarta Y44 KG2Kotagede - 67 10inch -20at Kota Yogyakarta Y45 Gemawang.1Sinduadi, Mlati, Sleman - 74 10inch -- Y46 Gemawang.2Sinduadi, Mlati, Sleman - 80 10inch -15 Y47 Pengok.1Demangan,Gondokusuman - 78 10inch --at Kota Yogyakarta Y48 Pengok.2Demangan,Gondokusuman - 78 10inch --at Kota Yogyakarta Y49 ASinduharjo,Ngalik, Sleman - 78 10inch -11 Y50 GNgaglik, Sleman - 72 10inch -11 Note:All sources except Y14,Y43,Y44,Y47 and Y48 are in Sleman
5 - 4
Figure 5.2.2 Location of Water Sources for PDAM Sleman
5 - 5 Table 5.2.2 List of Water Sources for PDAM Sleman Coordinates (or Location) Production Elev. Depth Diameter Water Level No. Type Code or Name Latitude Longitude Capacity memo (m) (m) (m) (G.L.-m) (dd'mm'ss's) (dd'mm'ss's) (L/s) S01 Umbul Wadon S07'35'34'3 E110'26'24'3 916 - - - 90 Spring S02 Tuk Dandang S07'42'30'3 E110'21'47'9 221 - - - 25 S03 Sungai Denggung S07'42'30'2 E110'21'49'2 223 3 0.8 - 15 at the River bed constructed at Sept.'06 S04 Kadisono S07'39'35'3 E110'20'10'2 338 7.1 0.8 1.7 - Operation will be started in this year S05 SDK01 S07'47'44'0 E110'19'07'2 99 8 0.8 3.47 10 S06 SDK02 S07'47'43'7 E110'19'07'0 99 8 0.8 - 10
4.9 8L/s rainy season, S07 Sidomoyo S07'44'00'2 E110'19'43'6 168 8 0.8 8 (DWL) 4L/s dry season S08 Danen S07'43'39'6 E110'19'50'8 175 8 0.8 - 15 Nogotiro S09 Shallow S07'45'14'6 E110'20'58'5 148 8 0.8 - 6 same location as SB04 Shallow Well Well Ngaglic 3.62 S10 S07'43'24'1 E110'24'02'4 225 8 0.8 7 Shallow Well (DWL)
S11 JL.Kakap S07'44'40'6 E110'24'23'4 183 8 0.8 8.14 2 same location as SB19 Kregan S12 S07'44'10'5 E110'25'40'6 195 8 0.8 6.01 7 same location as SB31 Shallow Well
Cupuwatu same location as SB26 S13 S07'46'28'8 E110'27'06'4 134 8 0.8 4.6 6 Shallow Well SB26 is not operated
Prambanan, S14 S07'44'04'9 E110'28'37'1 182 12 0.8 - 4 same location as SB28 Shallow Well S15 SB01Mancasan, Pendowoharjo - 62 8inch - 15 S16 SB04 S07'45'14'6 E110'20'58'5 148 72 6inch - 20 S17 SB05DonokitriII, Nogotiro - 65 8inch - 20 S18 SB09 S07'40'37'0 E110'18'40'9 241 76 6inch - 20 S19 SB10 S07'45'35'6 E110'17'44'9 128 77 6inch - 25 S20 SB12Tegal 10, Seyegen - 69 12inch - 20
S21Deep SB19 S07'44'41'0 E110'24'24'2 183 80 0.3 - 35 Redrilled in 2005 S22Well SB20Jl.Mujair, Minomartani - 82 8inch - 15 4 S23 SB22 S07'38'37'8 E110'23'25'9 477 62 - 15 WL data from PDAM (DWL) S24 SB24 S07'40'13'4 E110'27'56'1 389 80 8inch - 25 S25 SB27Kemasan, Selomartani - 80 8inch - 15 S26 SB28 S07'44'04'9 E110'28'37'4 182 80 10inch - 20 S27 SB31 S07'44'11'2 E110'25'43'2 196 84 6inch - 30 S28 SB33 S07'42'20'8 E110'19'48'1 213 85 10inch - 20
5 - 6
Figure 5.2.3 Location of Water Sources for PDAM Bantul
5 - 7 Table 5.2.3 List of Water Sources for PDAM Bantul Coordinates (or Location) Production Elev. Depth Diameter Water Level No. Type Code or Name Latitude Longitude Capacity memo (m) (m) (m) (G.L.-m) (dd'mm'ss's) (dd'mm'ss's) (L/s) Kalijoho,Argosari, B01 River S07'49'24'4 E110'14'03'0 52 - - - 15 Sedayu
B02 Kalipakis, Kasihan S07'49'02'1 E110'20'07'7 86 - - - 5 near River Bedog Grajagan,Dlingo, B03 S07'56'22'4 E110'27'28'3 107 - - - 5 Dlingo Spring Tuk Gede' B04 DlingoII, S07'56'34'9 E110'27'23'9 91 - - - 10 Dlingo,Dlingo Rejosari,Jatimulyo, after earthquake B05 S07'54'58'3 E110'29'15'8 169 - - - 2 Dlingo Q=17l/s → 2l/s
1(up4m), 4.57 B06 Krandohan-1 S07'52'39'3 E110'20'23'3 52 7 14 12inch (DWL)
1(up4m), B07 Krandohan-2 S07'52'39'2 E110'20'22'6 52 7 3.34 14 12inch
Shallow Celan,Trimurti, B08 S07'55'30'3 E110'15'26'9 39 11.95 2 11 6 near River Progo Well Srandakan
Sindet,Trimulyo, B09 S07'52'44'2 E110'23'37'2 57 - 1 - 7.5 near River Opak Jetis
Wanunjoyo Lor, B10 S07'49'33'2 E110'29'00'5 101 6.22 0.8 5.72 3 Srmartani, Piyungan
B11 Sumberbatikan S07'54'27'0 E110'20'27'1 36 120 8inch - 5
36 B12 Kaliputih-1, Sewon S07'51'02'3 E110'20'52'8 66 120 - 13 (DWL) B13 Kaliputih-2, Sewon S07'51'01'3 E110'20'56'6 65 120 - - 12 3.15 B14 Dongelan, Sewon S07'49'36'9 E110'21'18'8 82 120 10inch 15 (DWL)
Tegal Senggotan, B15 S07'49'20'3 E110'20'55'8 87 100 10inch - - Bangunjiwo
Keloran, B16 S07'49'11'3 E110'20'44'0 87 100 10inch - 14 Deep Bangunjiwo Well Kasihan-1, B17 S07'46'11'9 E110'20'56'4 127 120 12inch - 7 Kasihan
Kasihan-2, B18 S07'46'13'3 E110'20'58'3 129 120 10inch - 12 Kasihan
Kasihan-3, B19 S07'46'13'4 E110'20'58'9 130 120 12inch - 5 Kasihan
J Banguntapan, B20 S07'48'27'2 E110'24'50'5 116 100 8inch - 7 Banguntapan
Bantul-Timur, B21 S07'53'40'6 E110'20'43'9 57 100 8inch - 15 Triharjo, Bantul
5 - 8 Table 5.2.4 Number of Water Sources for Each PDAM unit:number Type of PDAM PDAM PDAM Total Water Source Yogyakarta Sleman Bantul River 1 2% 0 0% 1 5% 2 2% Spring 2 4% 2 7% 4 19% 8 8% Shallow Well 11 22% 12 43% 5 24% 28 28% Deep Well 36 72% 14 50% 11 52% 61 62% Total 50 100% 28 100% 21 100% 99 100% Source:Noted above information is collecting from staff of each PDAM
Table 5.2.5 Quantity of Water Production Capacity in Each PDAM unit:L/s Type of PDAM PDAM PDAM Total Water Source Yogyakarta Sleman Bantul River 80 7% 0 0% 15 8% 95 5% Spring 128 11% 115 23% 22 12% 265 14% Shallow Well 192 16% 90 18% 44.5 24% 326.5 17% Deep Well 804 67% 295 59% 105 56% 1,204 64% Total 1,204 100% 500 100% 186.5 100% 1,891 100% Source:Noted above information is collecting from staff of each PDAM
Table 5.2.6 Number of Water Sources in Each Region (for PDAM) unit:number Type of Yogyakarta Sleman Bantul Total Water Source Municipality Regency Regency River 0 0% 1 1% 1 5% 2 2% Spring 0 0% 4 5% 4 19% 8 8% Shallow Well 1 20% 22 30% 5 24% 28 28% Deep Well 4 80% 46 63% 11 52% 61 62% Total 5 100% 73 100% 21 100% 99 100% Source:Noted above information is collecting from staff of each PDAM
Table 5.2.7 Water Production Capacity in Each PDAM (by water source) unit:L/s Type of PDAM Yogyakarta PDAM Sleman PDAM Bantul Total Water Source River 0 0% 80 5% 15 8% 95 5% Spring 0 0% 243 15% 22 12% 265 14% Shallow Well 12 29% 270 16% 44.5 24% 326.5 17% Deep Well 30 71% 1,069 64% 105 56% 1,204 64% Total 42 100% 1,662 100% 186.5 100% 1,891 100% Source:Noted above information is collecting from staff of each PDAM
By interviewing with official from PDAM Sleman, PDAM Sleman dug some new shallow wells as alternative to deep wells. The reasons are following. • water quality (deep well has high concentration of iron) • operation cost (deep well needs high cost for pumping and treatment)
5 - 9 5.2.2 Water Sources in Each Region
PDAM Sleman and PDAM Bantul have water sources in its own area but large number of the water sources for PDAM Yogyakarta located in Sleman Regency Water sources for PDAMs were categorized by their location. Table 5.2.6 shows the number of water sources in each region and Table 5.2.7 shows the quantity of water production capacity in each region.
According to these tables, 73 water sources of total 99 are on Sleman Regency and 1,662 L/s of total 1,891 L/s is from the water sources of Sleman Regency. For water supply of PDAMs in the study area, 74% by number of water sources and 88% by quantity of production capacity are depend on water sources in Sleman Regency.
Deep well is main source and shallow well is the second in all 3 regions.
5.2.3 On-Site Measurement
Figure 5.2.4 shows the location of water sources for PDAMs and Community Water Supply Systems, which were carried out the on-site measurement in this study. The measurement was conducted by using water level indicator for groundwater level, portable pH meter and EC meter for pH and EC (electric conductivity) of water taking from the sources. Concentration of iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) are also checked by PAC test (on-site simple measurement kit). Exact location of each water source was identified by using GPS receiver.
The measurement results and other information collecting from PDAMs are listed on Table 5.2.1, 5.2.2 and 5.2.3 by each PDAM.
5 - 10
Figure 5.2.4 Location of Measurement Points for Water Sources
5 - 11 Table 5.2.8 Measurement Result of Water Sources of PDAM Yogyakarta No. Name Type Latitude LongitudeElev. Depth Diameter Water Level EC pH Temp. Fe(mg/l) Mn(mg/l) memo (m) (m) (G.L.-m) (mS/m) (℃) (dd'mm'ss's) (dd'mm'ss's) (m) PY1 BR1 DW S07'45'45'7 E110'20'42'8 137 9.4 29.5 7.18 28.0 5 Not detected (operating) PY2 B4 DW S07'45'20'2 E110'20'26'3 150 70 10inch 18.07 30.7 6.80 29.2 2 0.5 (operating) PY3 B11 DW S07'44'22'0 E110'19'55'2 163 70 8inch 14.6 32.7 6.93 28.0 2～5 - (operating) PY4 Jongkang SW S07'44'56'7 E110'22'18'3 163 6.73 2.0 3.10 46.2 6.6527.9 Not detected Not detected Pump is repairing PY5 N3 DW S07'43'34'4 E110'23'57'2 236 65 17.5inch - 43.5 7.30 27.0 0.5 - PY6 N6 DW S07'43'15'5 E110'23'24'7 237 70 18inch - 24.9 7.0827.1 2～5 0.5 PY7 N10 DW S07'43'01'9 E110'22'26'1 232 67 17inch - 53.4 7.2427.0 0.5 - PY8 K1 DW S07'45'39'4 E110'22'53'0 171 70 8inch 21.08 31.4 7.10 27.6 0.5 0.5 (operating) PY9 K6 DW S07'45'46'3 E110'23'19'3 152 63 8inch - 34.2 6.8627.7 0.5 - PY10 KG1 DW S07'49'05'6 E110'23'44'6 117 70 8inch 25 66.5 7.11 28.6 2 0.5 SWL GL -9m (operating) After Treatment ------51.7 7.35 29.4 - - PY11 Umbul Wadon Spring S07'35'34'3 E110'26'24'3 916 - - - 23.0 6.68 21.0 Not detected - PY12 Bedoyo SW S07'39'00'2 E110'25'52'9 502 11 1.5 - 23.1 7.30 25.9 0.2 - PY13 Besi-2 SW S07'41'57'0 E110'24'56'8 305 9.75 1.5 9.00 30.6 6.7026.8 Not detected -
5 - 12
Table 5.2.9 Measurement Result of Water Sources of PDAM Sleman No. Name Type Latitude LongitudeElev. Depth Diameter Water Level EC pH Temp. Fe(mg/l) Mn(mg/l) memo (m) (m) (G.L.-m) (mS/m) (℃) (dd'mm'ss's) (dd'mm'ss's) (m) PS1 Tuk Dandang Spring S07'42'30'3 E110'21'47'9 221 - - - 22.4 6.74 27.1 Not detected Not detected PS2 Sungai Denggung SW S07'42'30'2 E110'21'49'2 223 3 0.8 - 27.0 7.18 27.1 0.05 Not detected River bed PS3 SB22 Surondadi, DW S07'38'37'8 E110'23'25'9 477 62 - 4(operating) 20.9 7.00 26.8 0.5 Not detected WL data from PDAM Turi PS4 Kadisono SW S07'39'35'3 E110'20'10'2 338 7.1 0.8 1.7 21.6 6.64 26.2 Not detected Not detected constructed at 29.9.'06 Operation will be started in next year PS5 SB09 Blimbingan DW S07'40'37'0 E110'18'40'9 241 76 6inch - 90.0 7.30 30.0 0.5～1 Not detected PS6 SB10 Kramen-I DW S07'45'35'6 E110'17'44'9 128 77 6inch - 70.5 7.04 28.8 2～5 <0.5 PS7 SDK01 SW S07'47'44'0 E110'19'07'2 99 8 0.8 3.47 36.7 7.00 28.8 1～2 1 PS8 SDK02 SW S07'47'43'7 E110'19'07'0 99 8 0.8 ------PS9 Sidomoyo SW S07'44'00'2 E110'19'43'6 168 8 0.8 4.9(operating) 31.2 7.08 27.7 <0.05 Not detected 8L/s rainy season, 4L/s dry season PS10 Danen SW S07'43'39'6 E110'19'50'8 175 8 0.8 - 28.8 6.66 27.4 Not detected Not detected Sampling at Sidomoyo PS11 SB33 DW S07'42'20'8 E110'19'48'1 213 85 10inch - 37.3 6.90 28.0 2 <0.5 same location as SB07 SB07 is not operated PS12 SB04 Nogotiro DW S07'45'14'6 E110'20'58'5 148 72 6inch - 47.6 7.10 29.2 1～2 <0.5 PS13 Nogotiro SW S07'45'14'6 E110'20'58'5 148 8 0.8 ------same location as SB04 Shallow Well PS14 Ngaglic SW S07'43'24'1 E110'24'02'4 225 8 0.8 3.62(operating) 32.1 6.76 28.0 1 Not detected Shallow Well PS15 JL.Kakap DW S07'44'41'0 E110'24'24'2 183 80 0.3 - 32.1 7.07 28.8 5 0.5 same location as SB19 PS16 Kregan SW S07'44'10'5 E110'25'40'6 195 8 0.8 6.01 27.4 6.60 27.7 Not detected Not detected same location as SB31 Shallow Well PS17 SB31 Kregan DW S07'44'11'2 E110'25'43'2 196 84 6inch - 32.9 7.12 27.9 1～2 <0.5 PS18 Cupuwatu SW S07'46'28'8 E110'27'06'4 134 8 0.8 4.6 30.0 6.68 (32.0) Not detected Not detected same location as SB26 Shallow Well SB26 is not operated PS19 SB28 DW S07'44'04'9 E110'28'37'4 182 80 10inch - 36.1 6.98 27.9 1 <0.5 PS20 Prambanan, SW S07'44'04'9 E110'28'37'1 182 12 0.8 - 32.0 6.76 27.9 Not detected Not detected same location as SB28 Shallow Well PS21 SB24 DW S07'40'13'4 E110'27'56'1 389 80 8inch - 18.85 6.96 24.5 2 Not detected
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Table 5.2.10 Measurement Result of Water Sources of PDAM Bantul No. Name Type Latitude LongitudeElev. Depth Diameter Water Level EC pH Temp. Fe Mn memo (m) (m) (G.L.-m) (mS/m) (℃) (mg/l) (mg/l) (dd'mm'ss's) (dd'mm'ss's) (m) PB1 Sumberbatikan DW S07'54'27'0 E110'20'27'1 36 120 8inch - 86.7 7.5930.0 0.05 Not detected PB2 Krandohan-1 SW S07'52'39'3 E110'20'23'3 52 7 1m 4.57 51.9 6.50 28.8 0.1 1 (upper4m), (operating) 12inch PB3 Krandohan-2 SW S07'52'39'2 E110'20'22'6 7 1m 3.34 - - - - - (upper4m), 12inch PB4 Kaliputih-1, Sewon DW S07'51'02'3 E110'20'52'8 66 120 - 36 52.7 6.50 29.0 5 1 (operating） After Treatment ------51.3 6.69- - - PB5 Dongelan, Sewon DW S07'49'36'9 E110'21'18'8 82 120 3.15 52.3 6.72 28.1 <0.05 2 (operating) PB6 Tegal Senggotan, DW S07'49'20'3 E110'20'55'8 87 100 - 62.5 6.93 28.6 2 1～2 Screen 32-42m, Bangunjiwo 45-60m PB7 Keloran, Bangunjiwo DW S07'49'11'3 E110'20'44'0 87 100 - 41.4 6.7228.8 5 1～2 sampling at Tegal Senggotan PB8 Kalipakis, Kasihan Spring S07'49'02'1 E110'20'07'7 86 - - - 36.7 6.5527.9 Not detected Not detected near River Bedog PB9 Kasihan-1, Kasihan DW S07'46'11'9 E110'20'56'4 127 120 12inch 33.6 6.8528.5 - - PB10 Kasihan-2, Kasihan DW S07'46'13'3 E110'20'58'3 129 120 10inch 34.4 6.8028.5 2 0.5 PB11 Kasihan-3, Kasihan DW S07'46'13'4 E110'20'58'9 130 120 12inch 36.1 6.8028.9 - - PB12 Kalijoho,Argosari, Sedayu River S07'49'24'4 E110'14'03'0 52 - - - 25.5 7.6429.6 0.05 Not detected PB13 Celan,Trimurti,Srandakan SW S07'55'30'3 E110'15'26'9 39 11.95 2 11 41.4 6.96 28.8 2 0.5 near River Progo PB14 Sindet,Trimulyo,Jetis SW S07'52'44'2 E110'23'37'2 57 - 1 - 38.4 6.9428.4 0.2 Not detected near River Opak PB15 Grajagan,Dlingo,Dlingo Spring S07'56'22'4 E110'27'28'3 107 - - - 60.1 6.9428.1 Not detected Not detected PB16 Tuk Gede' DlingoII,Dlingo, Spring S07'56'34'9 E110'27'23'9 91 - - - 52.3 6.9028.5 Not detected Not detected Dlingo PB17 Rejosari,Jatimulyo,Dlingo Spring S07'54'58'3 E110'29'15'8 169 - - - 60.9 7.09 28.2 Not detected Not detected after earthquake Q=17l/s→2l/s PB18 Wanunjoyo SW S07'49'33'2 E110'29'00'5 101 6.22 0.8 5.72 34.5 6.71 28.6 Not detected Not detected Lor,Srmartani,Piyungan PB19 J Banguntapan,Banguntapan DW S07'48'27'2 E110'24'50'5 116 100 8inch - 58.0 7.2329.3 2 0.5 PB20 Bantul-Timur,Triharjo,Bantul DW S07'53'40'6 E110'20'43'9 57 100 8inch - 86.8 7.5029.3 0.2 Not detected
5 - 14 5.3 Water Resources for Community Water Supply System
Community water supply systems covered rural areas where PDAM services cannot be provided. There are 104 community water supply systems in the study area (see 6.5 for details). 12 water sources for community water supply systems are selected in consideration of regional distribution and are measured in same way as PDAM water sources.
Measurement results are listed on Table 5.3.1, 5.3.2 and 5.3.3 by region. Spring water and shallow well are main water sources for community water supply systems.
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Table 5.3.1 Measurement Result of Water Sources of Community Water Supply Systems in Yogyakarta Municipality No. Name Type Latitude LongitudeElev. Depth Diameter Water Level EC pH Temp. Fe Mn memo (m) (m) (G.L.-m) (mS/m) (℃) (mg/l) (mg/l) (dd'mm'ss's) (dd'mm'ss's) (m) CY1 Jetisharjo Spring S07'46'38'0 E110'22'16'7 125 - - - 39.1 6.5328.1 Not detected Not detected Q=100m3/day
Table 5.3.2 Measurement Result of Water Sources of Community Water Supply Systems in Sleman Regency No. Name Type Latitude LongitudeElev. Depth Diameter Water Level EC pH Temp. Fe(mg/l) Mn(mg/l) memo (m) (m) (G.L.-m) (mS/m) (℃) (dd'mm'ss's) (dd'mm'ss's) (m) CS1 Nepen, Pakem Spring S07'38'43'1 E110'24'00'8 485 - - - 19.04 6.56 25.3 Not detected Not detected Q=3l/s(dry season), 7l/s(rainy season) CS2 Bangunsari, Turi Spring S07'38'39'4 E110'21'11'8 407 - - - 30.7 6.7 24.5 Not detected Not detected Q=1.5～2l/s CS3 Krangkapan, Seyegen Spring S07'45'04'1 E110'18'00'4 133 - - - 28.8 6.47 28.2 Not detected Not detected Q=1.5～2l/s CS4 Sembung, Gamping DW S07'49'40'5 E110'17'23'5 134 135 8inch (14) 91.3 7.08(30.5) res.tank Not detected Not detected CS5 Sumberwatu, Prambanan DW S07'46'54'9 E110'29'06'0 122 82 8inch - 38.7 6.82 (29.7)res.tank <0.05 Not detected Drilled by PPAB
Table 5.3.3 Measurement Result of Water Sources of Community Water Supply Systems in Bantul Regency No. Name Type Latitude LongitudeElev. Depth Diameter Water Level EC pH Temp. Fe(mg/l) Mn(mg/l) memo (m) (m) (G.L.-m) (mS/m) (℃) (dd'mm'ss's) (dd'mm'ss's) (m) CB1 Bibis SW S07'51'07'3 E110'18'12'6 119 9 2×2 2.63 68.3 6.7229.4 WL reach the suface in rainy season CB2 Metes SW S07'50'17'6 E110'16'24'2 131 3.74 1 2.75 92.8 6.6927.4 <0.05 <0.5 CB3 Paengunung SW S07'50'52'4 E110'26'35'6 71 6.17 0.82 4.12 60.4 6.82 28.8 0.05 0.5 4.5m3/day CB4 Teron SW S07'53'17'6 E110'27'07'0 363 6.55 1 5.62 18.546.07 27 Not detected Not detected CB5 Mangunam, Dlingo SW S07'55'49'5 E110'25'30'4 366 4.4 1 4.36 31.7 6.68 25.9 0.05 0.5 CB6 Mangunam2, Dlingo SW S07'55'51'4 E110'25'31'3 365 6.07 1.73×2.58 6.02 25.9 6.7 25.8 - -
5 - 16 5.4 Reviw of Existing Groundwater Surveys in the Study Area
Some surveys for evaluating groundwater resources were conducted in the study area.
5.4.1 Groundwater Recharge from Previous Surveys
Table 5.4.1 shows summary of the results of those studies.
Table 5.4.1 Summary of Results of Previous Surveys in the Study Area Study Organization Year Groundwater Groundwater Memo Recharge Storage (billion m3/y) (billion m3) Greater Yogyakarta Overseas Development 1984 1.0 _ Groundwater Resources Administration (UK) / (=32,000L/s) Study Sir M MacDonald & Partners Evaluasi Potensi Air Bawah Fakultas Teknik, 2001 (1.0) 5.0 Tanah di Zona Akuifer Universitas Gadjah Mada quoted value Merapi from the above (Evaluation of Potential of study MerapiAquifer) Good Governance in Water European Union / 2005 2.1*1 _ Resource Management PPSDA Propinsi,DIY / Dinas (=67,000L/s) PSDA Propinsi, Jawa Tengah Penyelidikan Potensi Dinas PERINDAGKOP, 2006 0.34 10.2 Bantul Airtanah DIY (=11,000L/s) only (Study of Groundwater (Bantul only) (Bantul only) Potential in Banlul) Kajian Potensi dan PU Sleman 2006 _ 8.0*2 Sleman Pemanfaatan Sumber Daya only Air (Sleman only) (Study of Water Resources Potential and Water Uses in Sleman) *1) value estimated from the survey result *2) revised value (the report shows 11.6Bm3, but the calculation process has a error) According to these results, the total amount of groundwater recharge in the study area range from 1.0 billion m3/year (=32,000L/s) to 2.1 billion m3/year (=67,000L/s).
5.4.2 Groundwater Consumption in the Study Area from Previous Surveys
Following table shows water consumption in the study area.
5 - 17 Table 5.4.2 Water Consumption by Use (m3/year) Use Sleman Bantul Yogyakarta Total Tap Water (PDAM)*1 5,612,405 3,385,821 18,290,918 27,289,144 Industrial Water*2 2,506,652 5,393,670 2,535,502 10,435,824 *1) actual value in 2005 Source;PDAM *2) estimated value in 2002 Source;Good Governance in Water Resource Management
In addition to above uses, much water has been used for irrigation but the irrigation water has been taking from surface water, river mainly.
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