THE FIELD NAMES OF THE MANOR OF by P.A.S. POOL, F.S.A.

The area The object of this study is to record the field names of six adjoining farms in the highland area of West , comprising the Manor of Mulfra, in the parishes of and Gulval. The names are recorded over a period of two centuries, c. 1640-1840, during which the language generally spoken in the remoter areas of West Penwith changed from Cornish to English. Particular attention is given to the effects on field names of this change of language, following previous evidence that field names were more transient than farm names, and that changes in their language were quite common and nearly always involved a change in meaning also.1

The Manor of Mulfra was from 1549, and probably earlier, associated with that of Trezelah in Gulval, so that they came to be regarded as a single manor. It is first recorded as the property of the Killigrews, who c. 1537 sold it to the Millitons of Pengersick. In 1571 the latter family died out in the male line, and their lands were divided among six co-heiresses; in the 17th century, following various sales and marriages, the manor was owned in undivided shares by the families of Robartes, Buller and Godolphin.2 The main portion of the manor, the area here studied, comprised the farms of Mulfra and Ninnes in Madron parish, and , , and Tredinnick in Gulval. Mulfra and Ninnes comprise a detached part of Madron, bounded on the north by and elsewhere by Gulval; the other farms comprise the north-west part of Gulval, bounded on the north by Zennor and on the west by the main part of Madron.

In topographical terms, the area of study is bounded on the east by the Trevaylor stream in the Try valley, and on the west by the crest of the ridge beyond the valley of the next () stream. It contains, north of the cultivated farmlands, large areas of moor, Mulfra Hill and Boskednan and Tredinnick Commons, which extend to the boundary with Zennor, here largely coincident with the watershed of West Penwith and with the ancient track now styled the the Tinners' Way (Map 1).

The area is renowned for its natural beauty and for its wealth of prehistoric antiquities; the latter include , the Nine Maidens , Bodrifty ancient village, and many barrows, and the field names indicate sites of other antiquities (especially barrows) which have vanished. Agriculture has been, and is, the main occupation of the inhabitants, but tin streaming and mining were important from the 17th century (and probably earlier) to the 19th, and the growth of Ding Dong Mine caused much change in the topography of Boskednan and Tredinnick and in their field names. The most common field names in the whole area are those denoting barrows (nos. 49, 70, 86, 130) and blowing houses (nos. 5, 44, 56, 101).

43 fZ~ MORVAH ZENNOR

8 — Venton Bebibell 7 Venton Nine* m Nigga Maidens Tuban Broze \ Tredinnick 1 Boskednan Common \ Common

Maen Ding CH Dour • Crofts Dong Dorlas Mine .TREDINNICK

\ r > 0 9 a J: Z c j Crofts ; « I i i .' • o J5> A i i •. CARFURY 2 j Carfury •WARTHA C_ "I- a i Crofts LS c VD \3 \2

t.. MAP 1 CARFURY WOLLAS MANOR of MULFRA \ c with parish and farm \..-••• boundaries from the maps of 1696 & 1831 GULVAL K -DP. eMJt. MCIVIxciv 1/4 Mile i i

44 ZENNOR KEY Letters for field names A Aro 10 11 idrifty Common \Tolgreek B Bill \Common c Creeg J \ i Hensa\ CH Checouth Crofts i Manel \ CR Crouse / A o Dre(Bos- v. \ kednan) \ Mulfra Hill Common \ .'•' BODRIFTY F Farme v / G Grambley Quoit, LS Long- \ • A stone /Crofts'-.. M Menhere

\ N Nenis : Crofts \ Ullas / p Pound «e,o /' v Vorne VD Vineyard . 'MULFRA i c . VEAN \ v - i 4) Farm •••A . ' Parish \ MULFRA • boundary \ N Farm 1 NINNES / boundary LS / CR 1-11 Parish boundary . M stones \.1 numbered :'MULFRA as in text 'MILL / \ v GULVAL A7 New V4 Mile "v7 Mill

45 Although the area is only three or four miles from , it is remote from urban and extraneous influences, and thus suitable for continuity and tradition in many aspects of human life, including language, agriculture, and the field names that link the two. The year 1700 is suggested as a round date by which Cornish ceased to be the normal spoken language of the majority of the rural inhabitants of West Penwith, and 1800 as that by which it ceased to be a spoken language at all.3 It seems reasonably certain that in the 17th century most inhabitants of the Manor of Mulfra would have been Cornish speakers, or at least only one generation away from such, and would have understood the meanings of their Cornish field names. By the 19th century, such understanding would have become limited to a small number of old people, and there is no actual proof of the survival of Cornish speaking in the manor. As their meanings were forgotten, the Cornish names became 'just names', and were increasingly subject both to corruptions making them appear meaningless, and to changes to different names in English.

The sources The principal sources used in this study are as follows: A. Manuscript lists, in private hands, of field names of the Buller lands, undated but probably c. 1630-40. B. The Lanhydrock Atlas of the Robartes estates, by Joel Gascoyne, 1696, now in possession of the National Trust, Vol.1 p. 14 —17. C. Survey of the Manor of Trezella Mulfra, the property of James Wentworth Buller, by J.H. Rutger, 1831 (CRO, BU 1172). This is stated to be revised from a survey made by Thomas Corfield in 1787, probably referring to a survey of the manor made for the Duke of Leeds in 1788, which Charles Henderson saw but of which the present whereabouts is unknown.4 D. The Tithe Apportionments of the parishes of Madron (1841) and Gulval (1843). (These sources are normally cited hereafter as sources A to D, as above).

The sources thus cover a period of two centuries, A and B being before, and C and D after, the assumed date of the change of spoken language and such changes in field names as it caused. Source A comprises lists only, without maps, so that doubts can arise as to the position of the fields named; the other sources comprise maps as well as lists, enabling the area covered by each name listed to be identified.

The field names A Cornish field name typically comprises two parts or elements; a generic, a noun denoting a piece of land, and a qualifier, a noun or adjective describing the land and containing the essence of the name. To these may be added a third element, an adjective distinguishing adjoining fields of the same name. In English names the order of the elements is normally reversed; thus, the Cornish names Park Grouse Wartha and Park Grouse Wollas have as their English equivalents Higher and Lower Cross Fields.

The Cornish field names in the Manor of Mulfra commonly used the generics gwel and park, both meaning 'field', found in 61 and 22 fields respectively in source B, and

46 dor, meaning 'ground', found in 17. Gwel is normally found in source A as gwele, in B as gwell, and in C and D as gweal (sometimes as guel or gwelch). No distinction in meaning is here apparent between gwel and park. Of the 61 gwel fields listed in source B, 48 were arable, 11 pasture, and 2 furze; of the 22 park fields, 20 were arable and 2 pasture. The gwel fields were spread evenly over the area, the parks concentrated on the eastern side at Mulfra, Ninnes and Bodrifty; there were only two parks (62, 77) at Carfury, one (101) at Boskednan, and none at Tredinnick. Two other Cornish generics found in source B are len, stitch (106, 107), and erow, acre (72). English generics found are 'Field', 'Meadow', 'Close', 'Stitch', 'Slip' (11), and 'Quillett" (120). When arranged by their qualifying elements, the field names show a wide range of themes. A field might be named from its size, as being large (50, 59), or small (3, 60); from its area (66, 82, 85, 94); from its position, as being higher (1, 47, 118), lower (13-15, 20, 50), or middle (2, 118, 124); or from its shape, as being long (17, 38, 42, 81), triangular (57, 86), square (65), round (88), or crooked (4). Its farming use might be indicated by reference to crops, as 'pillas' (40, 83, 84), rye (24, 47), wheat (65), oats (58), hay (72), cabbages (64), beans (68), and peas (96, 115); or to livestock, as sheep (57), horses (96), colts (9), cows (112), or oxen (16). A field might be named by reference to a natural feature, as a slope (6-7, 39-40), a earn (59, 61), a rock (10, 45, 107), a pool (53, 81, 85), a spring (8, 27), a down (23), a moor (128), or a hill (117); or an antiquity, as a prehistoric village (54-55), a longstone (20,34,71), a barrow (49, 70, 86, 130), a cromlech (99), or a cross (37). Some names record natural vegetation, as trees (26), furze (1, 33, 47), briars (72), thistles (91), ferns (108), and thorns (92, 106); others, the state of the ground, as black (25, 88), yellow (52, 93), stony (10, 103), rocky (44-5, 80, 102), or dry (Dore Seath on Carfury, source A only). Mining led to names denoting blowing-houses (5, 44, 56, 101), tin-ground (109), stamping mills (6, 24), and shafts (25). Some names referred to communications, as footpaths (50, 83, 86), a road (46), a ford (24), or a lane (Vounder an Noweth on Tredinnick, source C only). According to when it was taken into use, a field might be called old (82), or new (39, 77), and the name Gew (57, 122) is probably in this category. Some fields record personal names, as John (21), Harry (48), and Jeffery (74, 76), and the surnames Noy (4) and Gomer (87). One field is seemingly named from a wild animal (12). Finally a group of names indicates the proximity of fields to the farmstead or 'town', or to features around it; a field might adjoin it (44, 69), or be above it (63, 123), or below it (111), or adjoin the house (28, 63), the garden (18), the door (43, 78, 82, 104), or the barn (49, 90, 126). Names containing the third element, or distinguishing adjective, are rare in sources A and B: the only examples are the pair Bell Brose and Bian (large and small, 97 — 8); the triple group Tallow Wollas, Crese and Vean (lower, middle and small, 110); and Polispee Vian (85), Redannic Wolas (108), and Gwell Crese Wollas (71), the adjectives here occurring without their accustomed 'pairs'. In sources C and D, the English adjectives Higher, Lower, Great, Little, Outer (or Further), Middle, and Inner (or Homer), are common. Source B also lists areas of land other than fields, mainly crofts and moors. The crofts, areas of enclosed rough pasture, are frequently un-named and listed merely as 'croft'. By the 19th century (sources C and D) many of these had received specific names, and a few had been improved and become fields. Similar considerations affect the areas

47 described in B in Cornish as hal and in English as 'moor'; sometimes they had specific names, as Halliweeth (26) and Hall an Vah (46), but more often they were listed simply as 'moor'. These areas are 'moors' in the local sense of low-lying marshy places; moors in the sense of uncultivated uplands were styled in Cornish gun (goone in A, 24; goen in B, 23).

Problems arise in determining which entries in the source lists qualify as names, and in classifying names as Cornish or English. The areas listed in source B by innominate descriptions such as 'croft', 'moor', or 'meadow' are excluded from the farm lists printed below, but areas of these kinds are included when given names by added words, such as Croft Goen, Long Moor, and Little Meadow. The excluded areas are mentioned after the farm lists if they had significant names in sources C and D. When classifying names by language, that of the qualifying element is normally regarded as decisive; thus Park an Marten (12) contains the familiar Cornish generic and article park an, 'field of the', but it is reckoned as an English name as the qualifier is probably an English word for an animal. Names of doubtful meaning, possibly owing to corrupt spelling, are classified according to their general appearance; thus Dobtravas (80) is reckoned as Cornish, Tall Park (19) as English. Where the qualifier is a personal name, the field name is assigned to the language of its generic; thus Dor Juan (21), Gwell Harry (48) and Jeffery's Howas (74) are reckoned as Cornish, but Jeffery's Moor (76) as English.

Changes in field names A field name in the might, over a period of years, be retained; or replaced by another Cornish name with a different meaning; or replaced by an English name, which might be either the English equivalent of the former Cornish, or an English name of different meaning. Similarly, an English name might be retained, or replaced by a different English name, or by a Cornish name of the same or a different meaning. Changes from English to Cornish were, in a sense, contrary to the natural course of history, and were thus comparatively rare.

The frequency of such changes may best be ascertained by comparison of sources B (1696) and C (1831), both of which provide full lists of the field names in use throughout the area, supported by maps. The two 17th century sources, A and B, both contain a high proportion of Cornish names, as would be expected. Of 87 field names in A, all but two (12 and 55) are Cornish. Of 132 names recorded in B, 104 (79%) were Cornish, 28 (21 %) English. This reckoning is by names, not fields; where two or more adjoining fields on the same farm had the same name, this is here reckoned as one name. Since virtually all such fields had Cornish names, an alternative reckoning by fields rather than names produces a still higher proportion of Cornish. Thus, of 187 fields named in B, 158 (84%%) had Cornish names, and 29 (15%%) English.

This figure of 84%% of fields in the area having Cornish names in 1696, is higher than the figures for other groups of Robartes properties in West Penwith, also obtained from source B. The percentage for properties in Ludgvan and Lelant (Collorian, Boskennal and Gunwin) is 78%%; for those in Paul (Halwyn, Trevithal, Ragennis, Pednolva and Treropy) 74%; for those in Towednack and Zennor (Embla, Trevega, Gwealcarne, and Bosporthennis) 71%%; for those in St Just (Numphra,

48 Boscean, Boswedden, Brea Vean and Bosorne) 58y2%; and for those in Sancreed (Bodinnar Vean, Bosvenning, and Roskennals Veor and Vean) only 31 %. This figure for Sancreed is probably a 'freak', due to a high proportion of English names on Roskennals, possibly resulting from the arrival of English-speaking farm tenants who abandoned former Cornish names.

The high figure for the Manor of Mulfra may reflect a greater degree of remoteness and isolation. In contrast, source B indicates some very low levels of Cornish names on farms near towns. All the fields on Lesingey near Penzance and Tregenna near St Ives had English names, as did five of seven fields on Bahavella near St Ives. It appears that nearby urban influences and contacts tended to accelerate and increase the change of language in field names.5

Comparison of sources B and C, 135 years apart, shows that of 104 Cornish field names in the former, 78 (75%) survived in the latter, either totally or in part. In 57 instances (55%) the survival was total, in the sense that complete areas, each of one or more fields, bore the same Cornish names in both B and C, subject of course to frequent variations in spelling. In the remaining 21 instances (20%) the survival was partial only, usually in the sense that part of a group of fields, similarly named in B, had a different name in C. The remaining 26 Cornish names in B (25%) do not survive in C.

Some Cornish names which did not survive were replaced by other Cornish names of different meaning; examples of such replacement, total or partial, include: Park an Garrack to Park Minnock (10) Park an Joye to Gweal Ore (28) Park Nowith to Bowgy Reen (39) Pilloes Croft to The Reen (40) Croft an Pilloes to Little Carne (83) Dormelling to Boskednan Erra (93) Croft Checouth to Chyrease (115) Taller Bean to Tol Treen (121) (Part) Pool Noy to Park an Croum (4) (Part) Gwell Creeg to Gweal Skibor (49) (Part) Gwelley to The Qualks (89) (Part) Gwell Darras to Higher Vingham (104)

When a Cornish name was replaced by an English one, logic would suggest that the change should often be by translation into an English name of the same meaning. In fact this very seldom happened, and a change in language nearly always involved a change in meaning also. The only instances of change by translation in the Manor of Mulfra were Gwell Garrack to Rocky Field (45), and part of Gweal Crease to Middle Stitch (124); and even there, better translations would be to 'rock field' and 'middle field'. The only instances found elsewhere in West Penwith were at Corva in St Ives, where Park an Growse c. 1640 became Cross Field in the Tithe Apportionment, and at Numphra in St Just and Trevithal in Paul, where Park an Venton and Park an Here, both in 1696, became respectively Well Field and Long Field in the Tithe Apportionments.6

49 The following are examples from the Manor of Mulfra of replacement of Cornish names by English ones of different meanings: Croft Goen to Great Croft (23) Croft an Ithen to Meadows and Burrows (33) Menhere to Lower Croft (34) Polmeen to Poor Field (35) Tolldowre to Lower Long Moor (41) Gwell Vorne to Town Field and Homer Rocky Field (44) Park an Carne to Higher Great Field (59) Gwell Crese Wollas to Long Stone Field (71) Aro Drisack to Hay Meadow (alternative) (72) Dobtravas to Rocky Meadow (80) Polwavas to Long Meadow (81) Dorcreek to Three Corner Field and Way Field (86) Dore Dew to Further Croft, Inner Croft, and Round Field (88) (Part) Pool Noy to Rocky Field (4) (Part) Park an Vorne to Mill Moor (5) (Part) Grinnick to Lower Field (15) (Part) Cheres to Rye Croft (24) (Part) Croft Due to Shafty Croft (25) (Part) Gwell Wollas to Lower Great Field (50) (Part) Dorcoath to The Acre (82) (Part) Plispe to The Acre (85) (Part) Gwell Varth to Castle Field (96)

Of the 28 English names listed in source B, 8 survive totally in C, and another 6 in part, giving a survival rate of 50% as compared with 75% for the Cornish names. An English name might change to another, such as Little Meadow to Lower Field (14). Instances occur of English names changing to Cornish ones, against the historical trend, always with a change of meaning: Higher Field to Park Niethan (1) Above Town to Gweal Chye (63) Long Moor Croft to The Howes or Gweal Creege (73) Rocky Meadow to The Vichan and Maen Croum (102) Higher Close to Gweal Crease or Higher Stitch (118) Above Town to The Vichan and Gwelch-an-Brake (123)

The preceding paragraphs are based on comparison of sources B and C. The lists of names in C and D (the Tithe Apportionments) are very similar, as would be anticipated from the short interval between them. But significant differences between C and D occur, and sometimes a name from B, which had been replaced by another in C, re-appeared in D, such as Vingham (58). This strongly suggests that the names in both C and D were in use at the same time. Simultaneous use of two names is also indicated by instances of alternative names, often one Cornish and one English, being given in the same source: Gweal Cowls or Square Field (65, D) Ero Dry-sack or Hay Meadow (72, C) Churchway or Little Carne (83, D)

50 The survival or otherwise of each field name in the area is traced in the farm lists, but many of the factors mentioned above may be exemplified by preliminary examination of the small farm of Bodrifty (Map 2). Source B lists and locates there 16 fields bearing 11 names; two instances occur of three adjoining fields with the same name, and one of two such. Of the 11 names, 9 are Cornish and 2 English; 9, 8 Cornish and 1 English, were listed earlier in source A, which also lists an illegible name which is probably Cornish. Four of the Cornish names in B include the generic park, one (covering three fields) has gwel, and one has dor. Of the 11 names, 6 (51—56) survive totally in source C; there are some variations in spelling, such as the strange Lidden to Ladden (53), but what are undoubtedly the same names are used for the same areas, Organ, Dormellin, The Lidden, Park Fose, Park Round, Park Vorne. Five of the six also survive totally in source D, but Park Fose (54) is there named as Long Croft. The cases of partial survival present some complexities. Of three adjoining fields (50) called Gwell Wollas in B, two retain this name in C, but one is there called Lower Great Field. The adjoining field (59), called Park an Carne in B, is in C called Higher Great Field; but neither of these changes is found in D, where the two Great Fields revert to their previous names. Also in D, one of the Gwell Wollas fields, which is crossed by a footpath, is called Gweal Wollas Churchway. A field (57) called Geaw in B is in C divided into three, called The Sheep Field, The Three Corner Field, and The Stitch, with The Guews given as an alternative name for the first two; but in D The Gew is again the only name of the whole. Similarly, three fields (58) called Wingams in B are in C called Higher Stich, Poor Field and Oat Croft, but in D the two latter are again called Vingham. Little Meadow (60) in B is in C and D called simply The Meadow. Thus the five names in B, which do not survive totally in C, all survive either partly in C or fully in D. No name on Bodrifty in B was totally lost; in this respect it is untypical. As well as the 16 fields with their 11 names, source B lists at Bodrifty 11 un-named crofts, which have names (all English) in C and D, and two of which were improved to field status. These crofts are considered after the farm list for Bodrifty.

The farms Before listing the field names of each farm, a short account follows of the farms themselves, with special reference to their names and divisions.7 The name, Mulfra (Moelvre 1284, Molvre 1317, Mulvera 1403, Mulvra 1513, Mulfra 1621) is Cornish mol vre (from bre), bare hill. The farm is thus named from the bare isolated hill, on the southern slope of which the farmstead stands. The name is also found in as Mulvra and in Lanivet as Mulberry (Moelvre 1302). The Lanhydrock Atlas (source B) recorded that in 1696 Mulfra was divided into three tenements, Mulfra Mill Tenement, Mulfra and Cheres, and Mulfra Vean. Mulfra Mill Tenement, by the stream at the south-east extremity of Mulfra, had an alternative name not given in sources A or B, but recorded as Mulfra Mill otherwise Chynowe in 1607, Choynoy in 1668, New Mill Land or Chynoey in 1831, and Chynoey Tenement at New Mill as late as 1912.8

51 52 This is Cornish chy, house, with probably the surname Noy; one of the fields (4) was called Pool Noy in B. Documents of 1607 and 1621 record three mills here;9 Mulfra Mill, Mulfra New Mill, and Mulfra Stamping Mill, the second of which has given its name to the hamlet of Newmill. Source C records the stamping mill as 'old stamps' (6), and other 'old stamps' 1000 yards upstream at Chyrease (24). Mulfra and Cheres, later Chyrease, comprised the main part of the farm. The name Cheres (Cornish chy res, ford house) occurs independently as Chyryes in 1403 and Chyries in 1621, but from 1607 it is recorded regularly as part of Mulfra (Mulfra and Chireis in 1607, Mulfra and Cherese in 1672, Mulfra and Cherris in 1726, Mulfra and Chirose in 1831).10 The field name (24) shows that Cheres was about 500 yards north• east of the main farmstead, adjoining the boundary stream.

Mulfra Vean (Cornish vyghan, little, from byghan) is topographically as well as by name part of Mulfra, adjoining the farmstead to the north-west, but it was let and regularly recorded as part of Ninnes (Mulfra Vean and Nenys 1607, Nenis and Mulfra Vean 1653 and 1696, Ninnes alias Mulfra Vean 1831)."

Ninnes is first recorded in 1314 in the Latin form of the name, Insula (island); the Cornish forms contain enys (Enes in 1327, Enys in 1403 and 1524) or an enys (Nenis in 1621 and 1696, Nennys in 1668, Ninnis in 1841), the article an here appearing as an initial n. The primary meaning of enys, as of insula, is 'island', but it can also denote an isolated or detached area. Ninnes and Mulfra are isolated both topographically, on the isolated Mulfra Hill, and administratively, as a detached part of Madron parish. It is suggested that this area may have been known as 'the Enys', the isolated area; the adjoining farm to the north, in Zennor, is called Bosporthennis, the dwelling at the entrance to the isolated area. There are two farmsteads at Ninnes, about 400 yards apart, now distinguished as Higher and Lower Ninnes; most sources (including A-D) ignore this division, but its antiquity is shown by a reference in 1403 to Enys Wartha (higher).12

The recorded forms of the name Bodrifty (Bodrythekey in 1344, Botrithky 1456, Bodryghtye 1534, Bodrifkye 1570, Bodrethkie 1610, Bodriftye 1623) show that the first element is Cornish bos or bod, dwelling, possibly here followed (as often) by a personal name. Bodrifty is topographically, but not administratively, part of the 'Enys' of Mulfra Hill; like Mulfra and Ninnes it is on the hill slope, but it is in Gulval parish, not the detached part of Madron.

All forms but one of the name Carfury (Carfury in 1380, Carffiiry 1457, Carfurie 1575, Carvery alias Carfury 1607) suggest that the first element is Cornish ker, fortification, but the earliest source gives Carnfuru and Carfuru as alternative forms of the name in 1327. As there is at Carfury a prominent earn or rock-pile, but no recorded fortification, it seems likely that the first element is earn rather than ker. The second element in the name is obscure. The division of Carfury into Wartha and Wollas (Higher and Lower) is first recorded in 1621;13 the farmsteads adjoin.

The name Boskednan (Boskennen in 1310, Boskennan 1313, Boscennen 1327, Boskenan 1457, Boskednan 1609) comprises bos, dwelling, followed probably by a personal name. The intrusive d, found first in 1609 and regularly thereafter, is typical of

53 Late Cornish. Like Carfury, Boskednan is divided into Wartha and Wollas, the division being first recorded in 1607;14 the farmsteads adjoin.

There is between Boskednan Wartha and Boskednan Common an area, topographi• cally very much part of Boskednan, which is recorded by source B in 1696 as part of Tredinnick, but there styled as 'the fields called Boskednan Wartha'; later sources likewise record this area under Tredinnick. It included two adjoining fields called Farme (114) and Croft Checouth (chy coth, old house, 115), names which strongly indicate the site of a former farmstead (see also 111). It is suggested that this was the site of the original farmstead of Boskednan Wartha, abandoned possibly as a result of mining operations, and that the farmstead was moved about 400 yards south-east to adjoin that of Boskednan Wollas, the land around the old farmstead being for some reason incorporated into Tredinnick, from which it is physically detached.

Recorded forms of the name Tredinnick (Tredenek in 1457, Tredennek 1537, Tredenak 1570, Tredinnicke 1621) suggest that it contains tre, farmstead, and dynek, fortified. But there is no record of a fortification here, and early forms of the same name elsewhere suggest that the second element may be redenek, ferny; Tredinnick in St Issey and in East both occur as Treredenek, in 1296 and 1288 respectively."

The farm lists In the farm lists which follow, the first column contains field names from sources A-D, with a reference number for each. The lists are based primarily on source B, the Lanhydrock Atlas of 1696, and include all fields and other areas there named, but not those listed without names. The divisions of the farms are also based on B. The names of c. 1630 -40 (A) are listed with the fields in B to which they appear to belong. The names of 1831 (C), and of 1841 and 1843 (D), are those of the areas shown by those records to correspond with the fields of 1696. Names which appear separately in lists are divided by a colon (:). The second column contains interpretations of the names, and general comments, with reference by their numbers to fields with similar or related names.

MULFRA MILL

1. B HIGHER FIELD Park an eythyn, the furze field (33, 47) C PARK NIETHEN D PARK NITHAN

2. B, C MIDDLE FIELD Probably English 'ley', grassland D MIDDLE LAY FIELD 3. B, C, D LITTLE FIELD

4. B POOL NOY Pol, pool, with surname Noy; compare C PARK AN CROUM: ROCKY FIELD the tenement name Chynoey. Later D PARK AN CROWN: ROCK FIELD probably park crom, crooked field, with redundant an

54 5. B PARK AN VORNE Park an font, the furnace field, referring C PARK AN VORNE: MILL MOOR to a blowing-house for tin (44, 56, 101) D PARK AN VORN: MIDDLE MOOR AND BURROWS

6. B MIDDLE REEN Ryn, slope (39, 40) C LOWER REEN AND OLD STAMPS D LOWER REEN

7. B FURTHER REEN As above C, D HIGHER REEN

Source B also lists Moor Plotts at New Mill, called Mill Meadow in C and Meadow in D. C shows a detached area, then forming part of Chynoey or New Mill, north-east of Mulfra Hill adjoining the boundary with Treen Common in Zennor and Tolgreek Common in Gulval. In B it had been part of Mulfra and Nenis Common. C and D record two names here: HENSA MANEL may contain hensy, roads, perhaps with manal, sheaf, but a meaningful interpretation is difficult. VENTON GILBERTS is fenten, spring, with a personal name; C shows Venton Gilberts Barrow on Treen Common adjoining, presumably named from the Gilberts who were co-owners of Treen.

MULFRA AM CHERES

8. A PARK AN VINT AN: GWELE VINT AN Park an fenten, the spring field B PARK AN VENTON: LITTLE do. Adjoins 27 on Mulfra Vean C GREAT, LITTLE and FURTHER PARK AN VENTON: PARK AN VENTON MOOR D As C, omitting an, PARK VENTON etc.

9. A PARK ANEBBOLL Park an ebol, the colt field B PARK AN EBALL C, D PARK NEBIL: PARK NEBIL MOOR

10. A PARK MINACK Park meynek, stony field, and in B park B PARK AN GARRACK an garrek, the rock field C ROCKY, LOWER, and HIGHER PARK MINNOCK D ROCKY, LOWER, and HIGHER PARK MINNICK

11. B SLIP English 'slip', a narrow strip of land. For C, D THE GERNICK (part) Gernick see 15

12. A PARK ANMARTEN Probably from the marten, an animal of B PARK AN MARTEN the weasel type; or possibly personal C, D PARK MARTEN name

55 13. A GWELE LOWER Probably English 'lower', from position; B LOWER MEADOW or possibly Cornish lowarth, garden C, D PARK MARTEN MOOR

14. A MEADOW For French Croft see 15 B LITTLE MEADOW C LOWER FIELD (part) D Enclosure from FRENCH CROFT

15. A CRANECK Probably kernyk, little corner (119). B GRINNICK: LITTLE GRINNICK French furze probably as thought to be a C LOWER FIELD (part): THE strange or alien variety GERNICK (part) D LOWER MOOR: FRENCH FURZE CROFT: THE GERNICK (part)

16. A PARK ANOWEN Park an owen, the oxen field B PARK ANAUHAN C, D PARK OW (also in 1788)

17. A DOR HEERE Dor hyr, long ground, from shape. B DORHERE (2 fields) See 38 C LOWER and HIGHER DORHERE D LOWER and HIGHER DOR HEERE

18. A PARK AGARREN Park an jam, the garden field (adjoins B PARK AN GARNE farmstead) C PARK AN JARN D PARK AN JARNE

19. B TALL PARK Meaning obscure, presumably successive C TORR PARK (also in 1788) forms of an English name D FIR PARK

20. A GWELE GOLLAS Gwel woles, lower field, from goles (50). B GWELL WOLLAS (4 fields) Higher and Lower Way Fields adjoin a C LOWER and HIGHER CROFTS, farm track, Highway Croft adjoins a road HIGHER CROFT FIELD, HIGHER LONG STONE FIELD, HIGHER WAY CROFT, HIGHER and LOWER WAY FIELDS, HIGHER, MIDDLE, and LOWER STITCHES D As C, except FURTHER (for Higher) LONG STONE FIELD, and HIGHWAY (for Higher Way) CROFT

21. A GEORGJOWAN Dor Jowan, John's ground B DOR JUAN (3 fields)

56 C, D LOWER GROUNDS: DOR JOAN: DOR JOAN GARDEN

22. A TALPA AN CARNIBBAS Cam, rock-pile, with unidentified second B CARNABIS element, and unidentified prefix in A C CARNEVIS D CARNERVES

23. B CROFT GOEN Croft gun, down croft (adjoins Mulfra C, D GREAT CROFT Hill)

24. A GOONE CHARRESE Chy res, ford house, with in A gun, down B CHERES C, D CHYREASE: OLD STAMPS PLOT: HOMER CHYREASE: RYE CROFT (RIE CROFT 1788)

25. B CROFT DUE (2 crofts) Croft du, black croft (88) C CROFT DUE: SHAFTY CROFT D CROFT DEW: SHAFTY CROFT

Also in source A GWELE CRESE (gwel cres, middle field); and in B an un-named Moor, called LOWER MOOR in C.

MULFRA VEAN (part of Ninnes)

26. B HALLIWEETH Hal an wyth, moor of the trees C HALE AN WYTH D Un-named

27. B PARK VENTON Park fenten, spring field (adjoins 8). C, D GREAT and LITTLE PARK VENTON

28. B PARK AN JO YE Park an jy, the house field (adjoins C GWEAL ORE farmstead) (63); later gwel or, boundary D GWEAL ON field (on farm boundary), or possibly on, ash trees, or on, lamb

29. B PARK BARNE English 'barn' does not suit site, away C PARK BARE (also in 1788) from farmstead; Cornish her, short, is D GREAT and LITTLE PARK BACE inappropriate, so later forms hare and bace (also 30 and 31) are unexplained

30. B GWELOW Gwelow in B may be related to Gweal C HOMER PARK BARE Ore in 28, C D HOMER PARK BACE

57 31. B CROFT AN POW Probably English 'pound', enclosure; C PARK AN POUND: HIGHER usually for impounding animals, but here PARK BARE possibly referring to adjoining prehistoric D PARK AN POUND: HIGHER village PARK BACE

32. A TOSE (Sic) WIDNE Fos wyn, white wall B FOSE WIDDEN (2 fields) C HIGHER and LOWER FOSS WHIDDEN D HIGHER and LOWER FOSS WIDN

NINNES

33. B CROFT AN ITHAN Croft an eythyn, the furze croft (1, 47). C Meadows and burrows The nearest part of this farm to New Mill D LOWER MILL CROFT: HIGHER and LOWER NEW MILL CROFTS

34. B MENHERE Menhyr, longstone (not otherwise C, D LOWER CROFT recorded)

35. B POLMEEN Probably pol meyn, pool of stones C, D POOR FIELD

36. A NENIS OLWAS Farm name, probably with goles, lower, B NENIS ULLAS (2 fields) rather than olas, hearth; between upper C HIGHER, LITTLE, and GREAT and lower farmsteads, and possibly an NINNES OLLAS earlier site of the latter D HIGHER, LITTLE, and GREAT NINNIS OLLAS

37. A GWELE CROUSE Gwel crows, later park an grows, (the) B GWELLGROWS cross field (cross not otherwise recorded) C HOMER and FURTHER PARK AN GROUSE D HOMER PARK GROUSE: SOUTHERN PARK AN GROUSE

38. A DOR HEERE Dor hyr, long ground (17) B DORHERE C DOR HERE: LITTLE DOR HERE D DOR HERE: MOWHAY FIELD

39. B PARK NO WITH Park noweth, new field (77), later bowjy C, D BOWGY REEN ryn, cow-house on slope

40. B PILLOES CROFT Pylas, commonly 'pillas', naked oats (83, C THE REEN 84), later ryn, slope (6, 7) D Garden and Town Place

58 41. B TOLLDOWRE Tol dowr, water hole C LOWER LONG MOOR (part) D THE MOOR (part)

42. B LONG MEADOW: THE MEADOW 'Meadow' may be an error for 'Moor' C THE MOOR: LOWER LONG MOOR (part) D THE MOOR

43. A GWELE DARRAS: GWELE DARAS Gwel darras, park an darras, (the) door B PARK AND ARRAS (2 fields) field, the field outside the door (adjoins C GUEL DORRAS: LITTLE do: farmhouse) (78, 82, 104) GREAT GWEAL DORRAS D GWEAL DARRAS: LITTLE and GREAT GWEAL GARRAS (sit)

44. A GWELE FORNE Gwel font, furnace field (5, 56, 101). B GWELL VORNE (2 fields) Later named as adjoining the farm-place C, D TOWN FIELD: HOMER ROCKY or 'town' (69) FIELD

45. A GWELE GARRAC Gwel garrek, rock field (10, 107) B GWELL GARRACK AND MOOR C FURTHER ROCKY FIELD: FURTHER ROCKY MOOR D MOOR

46. A HAL ANVATH Possibly hal an forth, moor by the road, B HALL AN VA'H (2 fields) from position, with hal later misunder• C HOMER and FURTHER HALE'S VA stood as a personal name Hale (68) D HOMER HALES VOR: FURTHER HALES VA

47. A GWELE GWARR Gwel wartha, higher field; later eythyn, B GWELL WARTHA (3 fields) furze (1, 33), doubled in C, and sugaldyr, C HALE'S OUTER CROFT: EITHEN rye land, often taken to include chy, HYTHEN CROFT: CHYGOULDER house. For Hale see 46 D HALE'S OUTER CROFT: EASTERN HITHE CROFT: un-named

48. A GWELE HARY Probably gwel, field, with personal name B GWELL HARRY: LITTLE GWELL HARRY C OUTER, MIDDLE, and INNER GUEL HARRIS D OUTER, MIDDLE, and INNER GWEAL (sit)

59 49. A GWELE CREGE Gwel Cruk, barrow field (70, 86, 130); B GWELL CREEG (2 fields) later gwel skyber, barn field (90, 126). C HALE'S FIELD: GWEAL SKIBOR For Hale see 46 D LOWER and HIGHER HALE'S FIELD: GWEAL SKIBBER

Source B also lists seven un-named crofts, called in C Middle, Higher, Hale's, Rocky Lane, Carne (two), and Pedn Ren Crofts. In C the list names Pedn Ren Inner and Outer Crofts, but the map shows the name, probably correctly, as PEDN CREN, for the adjoining part of Mulfra Hill (possibly pen an cren, head of the round, referring to the adjoining prehistoric village on Mulfra Vean). In D the name is given as Pedn Crew Croft.

BODRIFTY

50. A GWELE GOLLOS: GWELE GOLLAS Gwel goles, in mutation woles, lower B GWELL WOLLAS (3 fields) field (20). Churchway refers to a footpath C LOWER and HIGHER GUEL GULLAS: crossing the former Lower Guel Gullas LOWER GREAT FIELD D GWEAL WOLLAS CHURCHWAY: GWEAL WOLLAS (2 fields)

51. A ARLAN Possibly oghen, oxen, but this is not B, C, D ORGAN supported by A

52. A DORMELLEN Dor melen, yellow ground (93); not B DORMELLIN melyn, mill, as no mill nearby C DOR MELLAN D DORMELLEN

53. A PARK ANLEDEN: PARK LIDEN Park (an) lyn, (the) pool field (pond B THE LIDDEN: LITTLE LIDDEN adjoins). Lyn often becomes lidden, but C LADDEN OR LADN (2 fields) the change to ladden etc. (already in D LADEN 1788) is strange

54. B PARK FOSE Park fos, wall field, probably from the C PARK FOSS (2 fields) prehistoric village D LONG CROFT

55. A, B, C, D PARK ROUND Field is rectangular, so probably named from a round structure, such as a prehistoric hut

56. A PARK FORN Park forn, furnace field (5, 44, 101) B PARK VORNE C PARK AN VORN D PARK VORN

60 57. A GEW Name often taken as keow, hedges, B GEAW indicating a hedged enclosure, often C THE SHEEP FIELD ) OR THE adjoining the farmstead (but not in this THREE CORNER FIELD ) GUEWS: instance), possibly the first field to be THE STICH enclosed (122) D THE GEW

58. A WING AN Name not explained (105) B WINGAMS (3 fields) C POOR FIELD: OAT CROFT (part): HIGHER STICH D VINGHAM (2 fields): HIGHER STICH

59. A PARK ANCARN Park an earn, the rock-pile field B PARK AN CARNE C HIGHER GREAT FIELD D PARK EN CARNE

60. B LITTLE MEADOW C, D THE MEADOW

Source A contains an illegible name, probably Cornish and possibly representing no.54. B lists 11 un-named crofts. One is called THE DOWNS in C and PARK DEVAS (davas, sheep, compare 57) in D. Another is called CALVES FIELD in C and PARK LIEN in D; the latter may be for LIEU, Cornish lugh, calf, which would be a remarkable instance of a croft becoming a field and being given equivalent names in both languages. The remaining crofts are named in C as Oat, Rough (two), Long, White (two), Burnt (two), and Little Crofts.

CARFURY WARTHA

61. A CARN BIAN Cam, rock-pile, with in A byghan, small B THE CARNE C, D HIGHER, GREAT and ROUND CARNE

62. A PARK LENE Park lyn, stitch field, as 116; not English B THE LANE 'lane'' C THE LEANS D HIGHER and LOWER LEANS

63. B ABOVE TOWNE Both names from position adjoining C, D GWEAL CHYE farmstead; later gwel chy, house field. See 28, 123

64. A GWELE CALL Probably gwel cawl, cabbage field B GWELL COWLE C, D GWEAL COWLS

61 65. B GWELLGEWANNET Gwel gwaneth, wheat field. In D, C GWANNET GWEAL Cornish borrowed from 64 adjoining, D GWEAL COWLS or SQUARE FIELD English from shape

66. B THE ARO Erow, acre (area is over 2 acres); adjoins C, D CARFURY ERRA Boskednan Erra (94)

67. A GWELE ANTER Name unexplained B GWELL UNKER C GWEAL LANCHA (also in 1788) D GWEAL LAMCHA

68. A GWILE FAVE Possibly gwel faf, beans field; or gwel B GWELL FAVE forth, way field, as adjoining footpath, C, D GWEAL VA (also in 1788) see 46

69. A GWILE DRIA Gwel dre, town field, from position near B GWELL DREA farmstead (44); C and D evidently errors, C,D GWEAL DREN (also in 1788) not dreyn, thorns

70. A GWELE CREG Gwel cruk, barrow field, or dor cruk, B DORCREEK barrow ground; distant from 86, adjoins C GWEAL CREEGE 130 on Tredinnick D GWEAL CREEG

71. B GWELL CRESE WOLLAS (2 fields) Appears to be gwel cres woles, lower C LONG STONE FIELD middle field, but crese in B may be an D LOWER LONG STONE error for crege, giving gwel cruk woles, lower barrow field (adjoins 70)

72. B ARO DRISACK Erow dreysek, briary acre C ERO DRY-SACK OR HAY MEADOW D ERRA DRYSACK ATTAY MEADOW

73. B LONG MOOR CROFT Names from adjoining 70 and 76; also C THE HOWES OR GWEAL CREEGE hewas, summer pasture D HEWASES

74. B JEFFERY'S HOWAS Hewas, see 73, with personal name C, D SOUTH HOWES

75. B LONG MOOR See 76 C, D ROUND MOOR

76. B JEFFERY'S MOOR In B 75 and 76 seem transposed; 76 C, D LONG MOOR should be Long Moor, from shape and from name in C and D

62 CARFURY WOLLAS

77. A PARK NOITH: PARK NOWITH Park noweth, new field (39) (2 fields, 3 in all) B PARK NOWETH (2 fields) C, D PARK NOWETH

78. A GELL DUR Gwel darras, door field, adjoining B GWELL DORRAS (2 fields) farmstead (43, 82, 104) C HIGHER and LOWER GUEL DORRAS D HIGHER and LOWER GWEAL DARRAS

79. B LITTLE MEADOW C, D THE MEADOW

80. B DOBTRAVAS Name in B seems meaningless, may be C, D ROCKY MEADOW miscopied from 81 adjoining

81. B POLWAVAS Pol gwavas, winter pool C, D LONG MEADOW

82. B DORCOATH Dor coth, old ground. The third field C LOWER CARTH: THE ACRE: named in D adjoins a cottage, see 43, 78, MEADOW 104 D LOWER CURTH: THE ACRE: FIELD BEFORE THE DOOR

83. B CROFT AN PILLOES Croft an pylas, pillas croft (see 40); C LITTLE CARNE crossed by a footpath, and adjoining the D CHURCHWAY OR LITTLE CARNE common, Carfury Carn

84. A DORE POOLOW Dor pylas, pillas ground (40, 83) B DOR PILLOES (2 fields) C LOWER POLLOW (2 fields) D LOWER PELLEW: PELLOW

85. A POLISPE: POLISPEE VIAN Pol, pool, with rest of name unexplained. B PLISPES (4 fields) In A, vyghan, small C, D PLISBY: GREAT and LITTLE PLISBY: THE ACRE

86. A GWELE CREG In A and B cruk, barrow, as 70, from B DORCREEK which this is distant. Way Field is crossed C THREE CORNER FIELD: WAY FIELD by a path, and in D is probably crugyn, D THREE CORNER FIELD: CROGGAN little barrow FIELD

87. B GOMERS MOORS (two) Gomer occurs as a surname in West C, D THE GREAT MOOR: THE MOOR Penwith in the 18th century

63 88. A DORE DEW Dor du, black ground (25). Round Field B DOR DEW named from shape C FURTHER CROFT: INNER CROFT: ROUND FIELD Source A (which does not distinguish between Carfury Wartha and Wollas) names five further fields: DORE SEATH (dor segh, dry ground), ALL CHUY, VAANCHUE, TALCHUE, and GWELE OLLE. These have not been identified with fields in the later sources, nor (except the first) have their meanings been interpreted. Source B lists six 'parcels which go amain between Carfury Wartha and Carfury Wollas' (presumably meaning that they belonged jointly to the two farms): GREAT and LITTLE COMMON MOORS, STITCH AND WASTE PLOT, and three un-named crofts. In C the Great Common Moor is divided up and named as ROBINS CARNE, WELL CARNE, CARFURY CARNE, and THE STANNACK (STENNACK in D, stenak, tin ground, see 109). The Stitch and Waste Plot is in 1788 and in C called LOWER CARNE OR VINEYARD, in D VINEYARD; the writer has elsewhere considered (inconclusively) the 'Vineyard' field names in West Penwith, which first appear in the 18th century, the earliest so far recorded being in 1744.16 The name may sometimes be a corruption of Vinack, a commonly found mutation of meynek, stony. The crofts un• named in B are in C called BLACK DOWNS, WHITE DOWNS, WOON DREY (DRAY and DREA in D), and WOON LOBBEN (LEBAN in D). Woon Drey is wun (gun, down), with possibly dreys, brambles, since dre, farmstead, is unlikely in this remote place; Woon Lobben may be wun lorn, bare down.

BOSKEDNAN WOLLAS 89. B GWELLEY (2 fields) Probably gwel legh, flat rock field; C GWEAL LEA: THE QUALKS meaning of 'qualks' not understood, MEADOW, mine account house, unless dialect 'qualk', a heavy fall17 houses and gardens, formerly one field called THE QUALKS D GWEAL LEA: QUALKS 90. A GWELE SCEBER Gwel skyber, barn field (49, 126) B GWELL SKEBA C GWEAL SKIBOR (five small meadows, formerly one field) D GWEAL SKIBBER: MIDDLE and HIGHER GWEAL SKIBBER 91. A GWELE SCELLACK Gwel ascallek, thistly field B GWELL SKELLACK C GWEAL SKELLACK D GWEAL SHELBOCK 92. A GWELE DRIAN Gwel dreyn, thorns field B GWELL DREAN C, D GWEAL DREN

64 93. A DOR MELLEN Dor melen, yellow ground (as 52). Name B DORMELLING in C and D transferred from 94, adjoining C BOSKEDNAN ERRA (part) D BUSKEDNAN ERRA (part) 94. A ERROW Erow, acre; adjoins similarly named field B ARO on Carfury, 66 C BOSKEDNAN ERRA (part) D BUSKEDNAN ERRA (part)

95. B LENGIO Probably lynyow, stitches (106) C, D LENGA

96. A GWELE MARTH (2 fields) Gwel margh, in mutation vargh, horse B GWELL VARTH (3 fields) field. Castle Field may relate to a C STICH: HIGHER and LOWER prehistoric dwelling, as at Try and GWEAL VERT: CASTLE FIELD Crankan in Gulval. For Pease see 115 D PEASE STITCH: HIGHER and LOWER GWEAL VERTH: CASTLE FIELD

97. A BELL BROSE Possibly pell, distant, as being most B BILL VRAUS (2 fields) remote from the farmstead, with bras, in C, D BULL BRASS AND THE MEADOW mutation vras, large

98. A BELL BIAN As above, with byghan, small B BILL BEAN C LOWER and HIGHER BULL BEAN D LOWER and HIGHER BULL BEAM

99. B GRAMBLEY Cromlegh, cromlech or quoit (not C, D HIGHER, MIDDLE, and LOWER otherwise recorded) CROMLEA

100. B CROFT BY DOWNES C, D PUNCHES DOWNS Source A also lists a field called (reading doubtful) GRAN LIHER (lyha, least).

BOSKEDNAN WARTHA

101. A PARK FORNE Park (an) forn, (the) furnace field (5, 44, B PARK AN VORNE 56) C, D PARK AN VORN

102. B ROCKY MEADOW Vichan not explained (123); also men C THE VICHAN: MAEN CROWM crom, crooked stone D THE VICHAM: MEAN CROWN

65 103. A DORMENE Dor (an) men, (the) stone ground B DORMEAN C, D DOR AN MEAN 104. B GWELL DARRAS (3 fields) Gwel darras, door field (43, 78, 82). For C GREAT and LITTLE GWEAL Vingham see 105 DORRAS: HIGHER VINGHAM D GREAT and LITTLE GWEAL DARRAS: HIGHER VINGHAM 105. A 7WITHEN? Gwedhen, tree, in A may relate to this B NINJAM field, but seems unlikely to have been C, D LOWER VINGHAM corrupted to the later forms, otherwise unexplained (58) 106. A LEN AN SPERNAN Lyn an spernen, the thorn stitch. C and D B SPERNANS (2 fields) probably lynyow, stitches (95). C, D LENGIA 107. B LEAN AN GARROCK Lyn an garrek, the rock stitch (10, 45) C, D LEAN AN GARRACK 108. A RIDANNIC WOLAS Redenek, ferny, with in A woles, lower, B REDANNACK and in C vyghan, small C REDANICK: REDANICK VEAN D REDANNACK 109. B WALLO B possibly English 'wallow', referring to C THE STANNACK tin streaming. Later stenak, tin-ground D STENNACKS 110. A TALA VIAN Unidentified element (tal, brow, does not B TALLOW WOLLAS, CRESE, suit topographically), with woles (goles), and VEAN cres, and vyghan (byghan), lower, C TALLOW GULLAS, CREAS, middle, and small and BEAN D As C, except CREES 111. A GWELE ISADREE In A apparently gwel ys an dre, field B DOR AN DRE (2 fields) below the farmstead, later dor an dre, C HIGHER and LOWER DOR AN DREY farmstead (town) field. It docs not adjoin D HIGHER DOR AN GREY (sic): the farmstead, but is close below the LOWER DOR AN DREA presumed abandoned one (114)

'BOSKEDNAN WARTHA' (part of Tredinnick) 112. B GWELLAMBRA (4 fields) The site adjoins the probable former farmstead (114), and Gwellambra may be an error for Gwellandra, gwel an dre, town field, giving Gwelch an Drey in C.

66 C GWELCH AN DREY OR SHOP FIELD: Bue (C) and View (D) suggest gwel an GWELCH AN DREY OR KILLAS vugh, the cow field (bugh). Shop (D) FIELD: EAST, WEST, and LOWER normally refers to a smithy. Killas (C) GWEAL AN BUE and Killers (D) probably refer to the D SHOP FIELD: KILLERS FIELD: nearby Killo lode (113). Gwelch (C) is an EAST, WEST and LOWER unusual form of gwel, field (113, 123) GWEAL AN VIEW

113. B GWELL AN TREVACK Gwel with unidentified second element in C GWELCH AN TREVACK B and C. D refers to the Killo lode of D KELLIER FIELD Ding Dong Mine, which passes beneath, probably kylyow, plural of kyl, nook, recess

114. B FARME Presumably English, referring to the C, D THE FARM supposed former farmstead of Boskednan Wartha. It was a pasture field in 1696 (B)

115. B CROFT CHECOUTH Probably chy coth, old house, referring to C CHYREASE (also in 1788) the former farmstead (114). C looks like D CHIPEASE chy res, ford house (as 24), but this does not fit site. D could be pys, pea-plants (96)

116. B LANES (2 fields) Lyn, stitch (of land), as 62. Lyn an toll, C GREAT LEAN: LITTLE LEAN: stitch of the hole LEAN AN TOL D As C, except TOLL

117. A GWELE MENER Gwel (an) meneth, (the) hill field, from B GWEALAMENNAR position, rather than menhyr, longstone. C GWEAL AN MENNOR Compare farm names Polmennor D GWEAL AN MENOR (Madron), Mennor (Lelant), Penmennor (St Buryan), and Trevenner (), all with the second element meneth

The significance of this area, topographically and in name part of Boskednan but let as part of Tredinnick, has already been considered. Source A names, as well as Gwele Mener (117), GWELE LUIS (not identified or interpreted) and 7 'steeches'. Source B includes 'a small plott' (called Boskednan Meadow in C and D), and seven un-named crofts. One of these crofts has in C and D similar names to those in 112 adjoining: in C, Gwelch an Drey or Ding Dong Field, Gwelch an Drey or Sawpit Field, and Gwelch an Brake Garden; in D, Ding Dong Field, Sawpit Meadow, Guch an Drea Garden. 'Brake', like 'Drey', is probably for dre, farmstead; see 112 and 123. The other crofts are in C and D called Tallow Croft (partly adjoins 110) and White Downs.

67 Two areas, which in source B were included in Boskednan Common, were by 1831 enclosed and named. These were in C called CROFT MAEN DOUR (men dowr, stone in water), and CROFT DORLAS (DARLAS in D, dor glas, green ground).

The map of 1831 (C), like that of 1788 seen by Henderson, names three features on Boskednan Common: the stone circle called NINE MAIDENS (called by Lhuyd in 1700 MEIN YN DANS, meyn an dons, stones of the dance); the spring of VENTON BEBIBELL (fenten with pybell, pipe, rather than Henderson's suggested byghanbobel, little people); and the barrow TUB-AN-BROZE (tomen bras, great mound). It may have been in error that Dr William Borlase, c. 1740, gave the name TUBAN BRAZ to the prehistoric village north of Mulfra farmstead, which is over a mile from this barrow.18

TREDINNICK

118 B HIGHER CLOSE See 124, which adjoins C GWEAL CREASE OR HIGHER STICH D HIGHER STITCH

119 B GERNICK Kernyk, little corner (15) C THE GERNICK OR GERNICK

D GERNICK COMMON

120 B QUILLETS Quillets are small garden-type C GUEW CROFT: LITTLE GUEW enclosures, seldom individually named. D GEW CROFT: LITTLE GUEW For Guew see 57, 122

121 B TALLER BEAN (2 fields) Possibly the same namd as 110, but the C TOL TREEN: MIDDLE GUEW places are distant. Tol Treen may include D TOLL TREEN: MIDDLE GUEW toll, hole, and ryn, slope, but is probably a corruption of Taller Bean

122 A THE GEWS For meaning see 57. Homer Guew B GEAWS (4 fields) adjoins the farmstead. See 120, 121 C THE GUEW: HOMER GUEW: MIDDLE GUEW D THE GEW: HOME GEW: MIDDLE GEW

123 B ABOVE TOWNE Adjoins the farmstead (as 63), and C THE VICHAN: GWELCH AN BRAKE: probably originally called gwel an dre, MIDDLE GWELCH AN BRAKE town field (see 112). 'Brake' may be an D THE VITCHEN: GWEAL EN BRAKE: error for dre, rather than English 'brake', HIGHER GWEAL AN BRAKE thicket. Meaning of Vichan obscure, see 102

68 124. A GWELE CRES Apparent from A and C, and from B GWELL RESE (2 fields) position, that this is gwel cres, middle C GWEAL CREASE OR MIDDLE STICH: field, and that Rese in B is an error and GWEAL CREASE OR not res, ford. See 118, adjoining LOWER STICH D MIDDLE STITCH 125. A GWELE STOR Meaning not apparent B GWELL STEWAR C, D HIGHER and LOWER GWEAL STORE

126. A GWELE SCEEBER Gwel Skyber, barn field (49, 90) B GWELL SKEBAR C FURTHER and HOMER GWEAL SKIBOR D FURTHER and HOMER GWEAL SKIBBER 127. A GWELE TIRNOW Possibly tornow, turnings B GWELL TURNO C, D GWEAL TURNER 128. A GWELE HALL Gwel hal, moor field (adjoins moor) B GWELL HALL (2 fields) C, D GWEAL HALE: LOWER GWEAL HALE 129. A LIGGWILL Probably lyjyow, muddy places, from lys, B LEDGWORTH (2 fields) mud C HOMER and FURTHER LEGIA D HOMER and FURTHER LEDGIA 130. A GWELE CREG Gwel cruk, barrow field; adjoins 70 on B GWELL CREEGS (4 fields) Carfury C LOWER, LONG, GREAT, and LITTLE GWEAL CREEGE D As C, except for CREEG 131. B LONG MOOR C, D TREDINNICK MOOR: LOWER MOOR 132. B LITTLE MOOR C, D THE MOOR

Source A names on Tredinnick a field DOR BRAG, which is not identified or interpreted. Source B lists un-named a meadow and six crofts; in C the meadow is HIGHER GWEAL HALE (adjoins 128), and the crofts are HIGHER GWELCH AN BRAKE (adjoins 123), CROFT GERNICK (adjoins 119), and GUEWS (some adjoin 122).

69 Part of Tredinnick Common bore a name recorded as VENTAN EGO in 1613 (parish bound, below); Venton Niggo in 1741 and Venton Ego in 1782 (tin bound, below); Venton Nigga in 1788 and 1831 (source C and its predecessor); and Venton Negger in 1886 (Cornish Telegraph). The name is fenten, spring, with possibly either ogo, cave, or ygor, daisy.

Source C names the lane leading to Tredinnick farm as VOUNDER AN NOWETH (either vounder noweth, new lane, with redundant an, or possibly vounder an aweth, the watercourse lane).

Tin-Bounds The names listed below are those of tin-bounds which covered the un-enclosed commons of Boskednan and Tredinnick. Nos. 1 — 16 are described and mapped in a survey of the tin-bounds of Samuel Borlase made by Charles Moody in 1782, and Moody's plan also shows 17, which did not belong to Borlase. Some of these bounds, with many others throughout West Penwith, had been acquired in 1741 by Walter Borlase from William Arundell of Trengwainton; the document of 1741 included no. 18, which is not listed in 1782. Earlier forms of some of the bound names are from the court book of the Manor of Trezela and Mulfra, 1666-1716.19

1. 1782 HUELPOOL Whel pol, pool work (the greater part on Lanyon in Madron)

2. 1741 THE NINE MAIDS OR MYNE The English and Cornish names for AN DANCE Boskednan stone circle; meyn an dons, 1782 MINE AN DAWNS stones of the dance

3. 1741 VENTON NIGGO Probably fenten ogo, cave spring; see 1782 VENTON EGO above under Tredinnick

4. 1782 HUEL AN GROUSE Whel an grows, the cross work

5. 1741 WHEALE AN MUNJOR Probably whel menhyr, longstone work. 1782 HUEL MINNOR Not near Gwelamennar (117)

6. 1782 HUEL AN DREAN Whel an dreyn, the thorns work

7. 1782 HUEL AN YATE Whel an yet, the gate work

8. 1782 DING DONG This bound gave its name to the famous mine, the sett of which included most of Boskednan and Tredinnick

9. 1782 HUEL AN TEAL Whel an with unidentified second element 10. 1741, 1782 LITTLE SPEEDWELL

11. 1692 WHELLAN BUSS A Whel with possibly dialect 'bussa', an 1782 HUEL BUSS A earthenware jug

70 12. 1782 LITTLE PAIR OR HUEL TUT Whel with unidentified second element. A very small bound

13. 1691 WHFI MAI KYN Whel with nosGhlv dialect 'malkin' 1692 WHEALAN MALKYN defineIIL t d VY a111s 1 'aC rag moJ p UlUlvbfor clearinl 111U1HHg as1 h, 1707 GWEALE MAULKIN from an oven', and as 'a dirty person'20 WHFAI F MAT KTN 1782 HUEL MALKIN 1831 WHEAL MALKIN

14. 1782 GREAT SPEEDWELL

15. 1782 TALLOW BOUNDS Near Tallow fields (110) and croft

16. 1782 HUEL AN BOYS Whel an with possibly bos, bush, or 1831 WHEAL BOYS LODE English

17. 1670 WHEALE WHIDDEN Whel wyn, white work, with English form 1688 WHELWIDDON in 1741 1741 THE WHITE WORKS 1782 HUEL WIDDEN

18. 1741 ADSAWENSACK Ajy wynsak, windy gap

Parish boundaries Finally, names are recorded of boundary stones on the west and north of the area studied, where the parish boundaries cross moorland commons.

The earliest source (for the north boundary only) is a terrier of the bounds of Zennor in 1613.21 Most of the names are in the Lanhydrock Atlas of 1696 (source B), and some in the map of 1788 seen by Henderson, but by 1831 (C) most had disappeared and the bounds were marked by anonymous 'bound stones'. In the list below, nos. 1—4 are bounds between Boskednan Common in Gulval, and Bosilliack and Lanyon in Madron; 5 marks the quadrijunction of Gulval, Madron, Zennor and Morvah; 6-9 are bounds between Boskednan, Tredinnick and Bodrifty commons in Gulval, and Bosigran, Bosporthennis annd Porthmeor commons in Zennor; 10 is a bound between Mulfra and Ninnes Common (Mulfra Hill), in the detached portion of Madron, and Treen Common in Zennor; and 11 is the trijunction of Madron (detached), Gulval and Zennor.

1. 1696 A GREAT STONE

2. 1696 THE STONE WITH NINE HOLES 1788 NINE HOLES 3. 1696 A BOUND STONE Wheal Ruan was presumably a tin-bound, 1788 WHEAL RUAN ROCK not otherwise recorded

4. 1696 A BOUND STONE IN A MARASH Pen, head or end, with unidentified 1788 PEDN ZOURD second element

71 5. 1613 MEANE CROUSE Men crows, cross stone, a natural rock 1696 MENE CROOSE bearing a small cross, with in 1788 pras, 1782 FOUR PARISHES STONE meadow 1788 PRAZE MAEN CROWZE 1831 A ROCK 1839 FOUR PARISHES BOUND ROCK

6. 1613 MEANE TOLL Men toll, stone with hole, not to be 1696 A ROCK confused with the famous Men-an-Tol on Lanyon in Madron

7. 1613 CARRAC VUROSE DAN Carrek vras dan Ventan Ego, great rock VENT AN EGO below Ventan Ego (for name see above 1696 A GREAT ROCK under Tredinnick)

8. 1696 A BURROUGH (or BURROW) English, a prehistoric barrow

9. 1613 CARRACK PEDDEN MELLEN Carrek pen melen, yellow head rock, 1696 CARRACK KINE HOH later carrek keyn hogh, hog-back rock, 1788 KARRAK AN OW strangely corrupted in 1788 and 1831 1831 KARAK AN OW

10. 1613 PEELE MYNE Pyl meyn, heap of stones

11. 1613 MEANE WEST TA BRIDGE TOLL Men west dhe Bridge Toll, stone west of 1696 A BLEW STONE Bridge (for Cridge) Toll; later Blew (plu, parish) stone. Cridge Toll was a barrow on Try in Gulval, cruk toll, barrow with hole; the elements were later transposed, giving Tolgreek in 1831 (C) and Toll Creeg in 1843 (D)

These names of our dead speech are music still In our dear living land, Which never can be void or desolate While here on every hand Is still the record of our fathers' lives, Though their old hopes and fears Have passed away like sunlight on the hills Down through the path of years.22

72 References 1. P.A.S. Pool, Field Names of West Penwith (1990) 13-18. 2 T. Taylor, VCH Hundred of Penwith (c.1908) Pt.I 16, 20; Pt.II 3 (unpublished, copies at RIC and CRO). 3. P.A.S. Pool, The Death of Cornish (1975) 23, 28. 4 Notes by Henderson in Calendar X (loose) and Penwith Topography MS, 166, RIC. 5. Pool, Field Names (note 1 above) 17. gives other examples. 6. Pool, Field Names 16. 7. Farm names mainly from J.E.B. Gover, Cornish Place Names 622 - 5, 646 - 51 (unpublished, copy at RIC), and Henderson's Penwith Topography MS 152-3, 161-2, RIC; see also P.A.S. Pool, Place Names of West Penwith (1973, 1985) 8. RIC Henderson I 101: RIC HU/13/6: source C: Mail 1912. 9. RIC Henderson I 101, 93. 10. RIC Henderson I 101: HU/13/6: HU/13/7: source C. 11. RIC Henderson I 101: HU/13/7: source B: source C 12. RIC Henderson I 118. 13. Ib. 93. 14. lb. 101. 15. Gover (note 7 above) 340, 373. 16. Pool, Field Names (note 1 above) 27. 17. F.W.P. Jago, Glossary of the Cornish Dialect (1882) 245. 18. William Borlase, Parochial Memoranda MS (BL Egerton MS 2657) 5. 19. Survey of 1782 B/16/1: deed of 1741 HHJ/8/15: court book HU/13/6 (all RIC). 20. Jago (note 17 above) 214. 21. CRO TER/444; C. Henderson, 'The Bounds of Zennor', Old I No.7 (1928) 13. 22. From 'The Old Names' by Katharine Lee Jenner; for the full poem see A Cornish Chorus (ed. M. Hawkey 1948) 80.

Acknowledgements The author records his thanks, for access to source material, to the National Trust, the Royal Institution of Cornwall, the Cornwall Record Office, Martin Picken, Oliver Padel, and the late Vivien Russell; likewise to Dr Padel for reading this work in draft and making many helpful suggestions, and to Roger Penhallurick for drawing the maps.

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