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Effects of Environmental Factors on the Paternal Brood Pouch and Sound Production in Two Sympatric Pipefish Species from the Chincoteague Bay, Virginia

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Effects of Environmental Factors on the Paternal Brood Pouch and Sound Production in Two Sympatric Pipefish Species from the Chincoteague Bay, Virginia Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports 2006 Effects of environmental factors on the paternal brood pouch and sound production in two sympatric pipefish species from the Chincoteague Bay, Virginia Jennifer L. Ripley West Virginia University Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd Recommended Citation Ripley, Jennifer L., "Effects of environmental factors on the paternal brood pouch and sound production in two sympatric pipefish species from the Chincoteague Bay, Virginia" (2006). Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports. 2403. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/2403 This Dissertation is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by the The Research Repository @ WVU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Dissertation in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you must obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Dissertation has been accepted for inclusion in WVU Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports collection by an authorized administrator of The Research Repository @ WVU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Effects of Environmental Factors on the Paternal Brood Pouch and Sound Production in Two Sympatric Pipefish Species from the Chincoteague Bay, Virginia Jennifer L. Ripley, M.A. Dissertation submitted to the Eberly College of Arts and Sciences at West Virginia University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Biology Christy M. Foran, Ph.D., Chair Joseph A. Marshall, Ph.D. Patricia M. Mazik, Ph.D. David A. Ray, Ph.D. Matthew E. Wilson, Ph.D. Department of Biology Morgantown, West Virginia 2006 Keywords: Syngnathidae, polychlorinated biphenyls, hypoxia, development, paternal-fetal transfer, feeding behavior Copyright 2006 Jennifer L. Ripley Abstract Effects of environmental factors on the paternal brood pouch and sound production in two sympatric pipefish species from the Chincoteague Bay, Virginia Jennifer L. Ripley Pipefishes and seahorses of the family Syngnathidae are important inhabitants of diminishing grass beds threatened by excessive nutrient loads, sedimentation, and chemical contaminants. This research examined the influence of these environmental factors on two sympatric pipefishes from the Chincoteague Bay, Virginia. Syngnathids are characterized by a unique mode of reproduction in which the male carries developing embryos in a placenta-like ventral brood pouch until the fry are free-swimming. Interspecific comparisons revealed differences in parental nutrient allocation to embryos. In Syngnathus fuscus, females produce nutritionally poor eggs and males implant developing embryos adjacent to blood vessels. The loose connection between eggs and brood pouch tissues and the appearance of lipid droplets in the pouch of Syngnathus floridae suggest this species utilizes nutrient-rich eggs as nurse eggs to supplement embryonic development. A balanced sex ratio and similar size distributions between the sexes support the physiological evidence of equal parental contribution in S. floridae. In contrast, female-biased breeding populations indicate higher costs of S. fuscus paternity. Because of the potential for lipophilic contaminants to be transferred to developing pipefish through the paternal brood pouch, pipefish are likely to be exposed to contaminants during critical stages of development analogous to in utero human exposure. Following exposure to the PCB mixture Aroclor 1254 over the brood period, we found increased plasma protein and lipid levels in gravid females of both species and S. fuscus males, suggesting altered metabolic demands. Pouch fluid protein and lipid concentrations declined with Aroclor 1254 treatment in S. fuscus but not S. floridae. The first samples from S. fuscus indicate this species is more sensitive to PCB exposure during embryonic development and egg production. Seasonal declines in the concentration of dissolved oxygen, hypoxia, in estuarine waters present a problem of rapidly increasing severity. We investigated pipefish tolerance to hypoxic conditions by monitoring acoustic behavior during feeding. Both species produced high frequency, short duration clicks that positively correlated with food intake. Under hypoxia, reduced feeding activity corresponded with decreased sound production. Overall, these projects compare species responses to environmental stressors to determine how reproductive and feeding behavior relates to species sensitivity. Table of Contents Abstract........................................................................................................................................... ii List of Abbreviations ...................................................................................................................... v List of Figures................................................................................................................................ vi List of Tables .................................................................................................................................. x Acknowledgements....................................................................................................................... xii Forward........................................................................................................................................ xiv Chapter I: General Introduction..................................................................................................... 1 References................................................................................................................................. 10 Chapter II: Population Structure, Growth Rates, and Seasonal Abundance of the Northern, Syngnathus fuscus, and Dusky Pipefishes, Syngnathus floridae, in the Chincoteague Bay, Virginia ......................................................................................................................................... 17 Abstract..................................................................................................................................... 18 Introduction............................................................................................................................... 19 Materials and Methods.............................................................................................................. 21 Results....................................................................................................................................... 25 Discussion................................................................................................................................. 41 References................................................................................................................................. 48 Chapter III: Differential Parental Nutrient Allocation in Two Congeneric Pipefish Species (Syngnathidae: Syngnathus spp.).................................................................................................. 54 Abstract..................................................................................................................................... 55 Introduction............................................................................................................................... 56 Materials and methods .............................................................................................................. 59 Results....................................................................................................................................... 63 Discussion................................................................................................................................. 75 References................................................................................................................................. 82 Chapter IV: Comparison of Parental PCB Exposure on Nutrient Allocation to Egg Production and Developing Embryos in the Placenta-like Paternal Brood Pouch of Two Pipefishes............ 90 Abstract..................................................................................................................................... 91 Introduction............................................................................................................................... 92 Materials and methods .............................................................................................................. 94 Results....................................................................................................................................... 99 Discussion............................................................................................................................... 110 References............................................................................................................................... 118 iii Chapter V: Influence of Estuarine Hypoxia on Feeding and Sound Production by Two Sympatric Pipefish Species (Syngnathidae) ............................................................................... 127 Abstract..................................................................................................................................
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