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Download PDF Version MarLIN Marine Information Network Information on the species and habitats around the coasts and sea of the British Isles Trembling sea mat (Victorella pavida) MarLIN – Marine Life Information Network Biology and Sensitivity Key Information Review Michelle Carter & Angus Jackson 2007-09-03 A report from: The Marine Life Information Network, Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. Please note. This MarESA report is a dated version of the online review. Please refer to the website for the most up-to-date version [https://www.marlin.ac.uk/species/detail/1302]. All terms and the MarESA methodology are outlined on the website (https://www.marlin.ac.uk) This review can be cited as: Carter, M.C. & Jackson, A. 2007. Victorella pavida Trembling sea mat. In Tyler-Walters H. and Hiscock K. (eds) Marine Life Information Network: Biology and Sensitivity Key Information Reviews, [on-line]. Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.17031/marlinsp.1302.2 The information (TEXT ONLY) provided by the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License. Note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own terms and conditions and they may or may not be available for reuse. Permissions beyond the scope of this license are available here. Based on a work at www.marlin.ac.uk (page left blank) Date: 2007-09-03 Trembling sea mat (Victorella pavida) - Marine Life Information Network See online review for distribution map Zooids of Victorella pavida with lophophores everted. Distribution data supplied by the Ocean Photographer: Michelle Carter Biogeographic Information System (OBIS). To Copyright: Marine Biological Association of the UK (MBA) interrogate UK data visit the NBN Atlas. Michelle Carter & Angus This information is not Researched by Refereed by Jackson refereed. Authority Saville-Kent, 1870 Other common - Synonyms - names Summary Description This creature looks more like a plant than an animal. It is a colonial bryozoan that may form either diffuse branching chains or develop into dense clumps. During the peak of the growth season (summer), colonies have the appearance and texture of velvet. Individuals within a colony vary in shape and size. Attached zooids posses a roughly oval base and a cylindrical peristome (erect tube). Erect zooids may be cylindrical of slightly bulbous at the base. In dense colonies the zooids may be as short as 0.3 mm and in diffuse colonies they may reach 1 mm long. Recorded distribution in Britain and Ireland In the British Isles, Victorella pavida is only found in Swanpool: a brackish water lagoon near Falmouth in Cornwall. Global distribution Various sites on the southern shores of the North Sea on the European Mainland. Common in the Mediterranean. Also reported from India, the Black Sea, the Baltic, Brazil, the eastern United States and Japan. https://www.marlin.ac.uk/habitats/detail/1302 3 Date: 2007-09-03 Trembling sea mat (Victorella pavida) - Marine Life Information Network Habitat Found in areas of low and fluctuating salinity such as estuaries and lagoons. The trembling sea mat grows in shallow water on submerged stones, plants and wood as well as artificial substrata such as concrete. Depth range 5 Identifying features Colonies may consist of dense clumps or chains of zooids. Individual zooids may be up to 1 mm in size. Attached zooids posses a cylindrical base with a tubular extension (peristome). The sphincter is situated at the base of the gut. Gizzard absent. Eight tentacles. Embryos released through special intertentacular organ. Produces dark brown/black hibernacula (dormant resting buds). Additional information No text entered Listed by Further information sources Search on: NBN WoRMS https://www.marlin.ac.uk/habitats/detail/1302 4 Date: 2007-09-03 Trembling sea mat (Victorella pavida) - Marine Life Information Network Biology review Taxonomy Phylum Bryozoa Sea mats, horn wrack & lace corals Class Gymnolaemata Order Ctenostomatida Family Victorellidae Genus Victorella Authority Saville-Kent, 1870 Recent Synonyms - Biology Typical abundance High density Male size range Male size at maturity Female size range Very small(<1cm) Female size at maturity Growth form Mat Growth rate 8cm/month Body flexibility No information Mobility Characteristic feeding method Active suspension feeder Diet/food source Typically feeds on Microalgae, rotifers. Sociability Environmental position Epifaunal Dependency See additional information. Supports No information Is the species harmful? No Biology information Environmental position At Swanpool, the trembling sea mat can be found growing on any hard surfaces such as stones, traffic cones, and concrete structures but has a particular predilection for submerged stems and rhizomes of Phragmites australis. Associated fauna Several taxa are consistently present living amongst Victorella pavida colonies, and on the Phragmites reeds, forming a community of aquatic organisms collectively termed 'Aufwuchs'. Taxa typically present include: chironomid larvae, nematodes, protozoans Stentor spp., and Zoothamnium spp., green and brown algae, mites, Nais spp., freshwater bryozoan Plumatella repens, and various small freshwater crustaceans including Gammarus chevreuxi. https://www.marlin.ac.uk/habitats/detail/1302 5 Date: 2007-09-03 Trembling sea mat (Victorella pavida) - Marine Life Information Network Growth rate Approximately 8 cm of linear growth over 1 month was observed in cultured colonies of Victorella pavida (Carter, 2004). Habitat preferences Physiographic preferences Isolated saline water (Lagoon) Biological zone preferences Not relevant Artificial (man-made), Mixed, Other species (see additional Substratum / habitat preferences information) Tidal strength preferences No information Wave exposure preferences Not relevant, Ultra sheltered Salinity preferences See additional Information Depth range 5 Other preferences None known Migration Pattern Non-migratory / resident Habitat Information Salinity The salinity of Swanpool is highly variable (0.5-22 psu) (Carter, 2004). A culvert connects the lagoon to the sea, with the incursion of seawater occurring on very high tides such as spring tides. At the northern end of Swanpool, the lagoon is fed freshwater from the Tregoniggie stream as well as diffuse drainage from a local catchment (Gainey, 1997; Evans, 2003). Substratum/habitat Victorella pavida can grow on any hard surface and in Swanpool can be found growing on concrete surfaces, stones, traffic cones and mainly Phragmites australis. Life history Adult characteristics Reproductive type Protandrous hermaphrodite Reproductive frequency See additional information Fecundity (number of eggs) See additional information Generation time <1 year Age at maturity 8 weeks Season June - September Life span See additional information Larval characteristics Larval/propagule type - Larval/juvenile development Lecithotrophic https://www.marlin.ac.uk/habitats/detail/1302 6 Date: 2007-09-03 Trembling sea mat (Victorella pavida) - Marine Life Information Network Duration of larval stage < 1 day Larval dispersal potential No information Larval settlement period Life history information Lifespan The lifespan of an individual zooid has not been researched in this species. Generally, the polypides (combined lophophore and gut) of individual zooids within a bryozoan colony have the potential to undergo a cyclical degeneration and regeneration process. Polypides may last for one week up to 10 weeks (Reed, 1991). With respect to the lifespan of a Victorella pavida colony, new colonies emerge from dormancy during the spring and when temperatures are approximately 13°C. By November and the onset of winter, zooids begin to degenerate and eventually only the asexually produced dormant resting bodies (hibernacula) remain. The hibernacula germinate again in the spring and the cycle begins again (Carter, 2004). Reproduction frequency Reproduction is seasonal and eggs were observed in zooids from June to September. Following reproduction the colony will degenerate in preparation for winter dormancy (Carter, 2004). Fecundity Approximately 25 eggs can be produced per gravid zooid (Carter, 2004). Overall colony fecundity, therefore, varies with size of the colony. https://www.marlin.ac.uk/habitats/detail/1302 7 Date: 2007-09-03 Trembling sea mat (Victorella pavida) - Marine Life Information Network Sensitivity review This MarLIN sensitivity assessment has been superseded by the MarESA approach to sensitivity assessment. MarLIN assessments used an approach that has now been modified to reflect the most recent conservation imperatives and terminology and are due to be updated by 2016/17. Physical Pressures Intolerance Recoverability Sensitivity Confidence Substratum Loss High Moderate Moderate Moderate Victorella pavida requires hard substrata for larval settlement and growth and can grow on stones but has a particular predilection for Phragmites australis. Removal of any hard substrata could potentially remove a significant proportion of the Swanpool population permanently and is therefore considered highly intolerant of substratum loss. However, recoverability is considered moderate on the basis that it may be possible for residual hibernacula to germinate and any remaining colonies can potentially undergo clonal propagation. The possibility that Phragmites australis will be partially or fully
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