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Algemeen Ambtsbericht Russische Federatie Algemeen ambtsbericht Russische Federatie Datum juli 2014 Pagina 1 van 73 Algemeen ambtsbericht Russische Federatie Colofon Plaats Den Haag Opgesteld door DCM/MA Pagina 2 van 73 Algemeen ambtsbericht Russische Federatie Inhoudsopgave Colofon ......................................................................................................2 Inhoudsopgave ............................................................................................3 1 Inleiding .................................................................................................. 5 2 Landeninformatie..................................................................................... 6 2.1 Politieke ontwikkelingen ................................................................................6 2.1.1 Het conflict tussen Rusland en Oekraïne...........................................................8 2.2 Veiligheidssituatie ........................................................................................9 2.3 Documenten.............................................................................................. 10 2.3.1 Identiteits- en reisdocumenten .....................................................................10 2.3.2 Biometrische gegevens ...............................................................................12 2.3.3 Documentfraude ........................................................................................12 3 Mensenrechten........................................................................................13 3.1 Juridische context ......................................................................................13 3.1.1 Verdragen................................................................................................. 13 3.1.2 Grondwet.................................................................................................. 13 3.1.3 Strafrecht en strafprocesrecht ......................................................................13 3.1.4 Administratief recht....................................................................................14 3.1.5 Familierecht ..............................................................................................14 3.1.6 Etniciteitsrecht........................................................................................... 15 3.1.7 Staatsburgerschaps- en vreemdelingenwetgeving............................................15 3.1.8 De ‘Anti-demonstratiewet’ ...........................................................................16 3.1.9 De ‘Ngo-wet’ .............................................................................................18 3.1.10 De ‘Hoogverraadwet’ ..................................................................................20 3.1.11 De ‘Blasfemiewet’.......................................................................................20 3.1.12 De ‘Anti-LHBT-propagandawet’ .....................................................................21 3.2 Toezicht en rechtsbescherming.....................................................................22 3.2.1 Aangiftes ..................................................................................................22 3.2.2 De rol van ngo’s en internationale organisaties................................................24 3.2.3 De rol van de ombudsman in het Russische rechtssysteem................................24 3.2.4 De rol van de Prokuratura (Openbaar Ministerie) .............................................26 3.2.5 Corruptie in het Russische rechtssysteem.......................................................27 3.3 Naleving en schendingen.............................................................................27 3.3.1 Vrijheid van meningsuiting...........................................................................27 3.3.2 Vrijheid van vereniging en vergadering ..........................................................31 3.3.3 Vrijheid van godsdienst en levensovertuiging ..................................................32 3.3.4 Bewegingsvrijheid ......................................................................................34 3.3.5 Rechtsgang ...............................................................................................36 3.3.6 Arrestaties, bewaring en detentie..................................................................37 3.3.7 Mishandeling en foltering.............................................................................38 3.3.8 Verdwijningen en ontvoeringen.....................................................................39 3.3.9 Buitengerechtelijke executies en moorden......................................................39 3.3.10 Doodstraf .................................................................................................39 3.4 Positie van specifieke groepen......................................................................39 3.4.1 Leden van oppositiepartijen en politieke activisten...........................................39 3.4.2 Etnische minderheden.................................................................................41 3.4.3 Religieuze minderheden ..............................................................................44 Pagina 3 van 73 Algemeen ambtsbericht Russische Federatie 3.4.4 Vrouwen...................................................................................................44 3.4.5 LHBT (Lesbisch, Homoseksueel, Biseksueel, Transgender)................................. 46 3.4.6 Alleenstaande minderjarigen ........................................................................49 3.4.7 Dienstplichtweigeraars en deserteurs.............................................................51 4 Vluchtelingen en ontheemden..................................................................55 4.1 Ontheemden- en vluchtelingenstroom............................................................55 4.2 Opvang in de regio.....................................................................................57 4.3 Activiteiten van internationale organisaties.....................................................57 4.4 Terugkeer.................................................................................................59 5 Situatie in de Noordelijke Kaukasus.........................................................61 5.1 Politieke situatie.........................................................................................61 5.1.1 Tsjetsjenië ................................................................................................62 5.1.2 Overige delen van de Noordelijke Kaukasus....................................................62 5.2 Veiligheidssituatie ......................................................................................63 5.3 Bloed- en erekwesties.................................................................................64 5.4 Tsjetsjenen in de Russische Federatie............................................................64 5.5 Alleenstaande minderjarigen ........................................................................66 5.6 Vrouwen...................................................................................................66 6 Bijlagen ..................................................................................................69 6.1 Geraadpleegde openbare bronnen.................................................................69 6.1.1 Artikelen, nieuwsberichten en persberichten ...................................................69 6.1.2 Rapporten en publicaties .............................................................................70 6.1.3 Wetteksten ...............................................................................................71 6.1.4 Websites................................................................................................... 72 6.2 Kaarten Russische Federatie en de Noordelijke Kaukasus .................................. 73 Pagina 4 van 73 Algemeen ambtsbericht Russische Federatie 1 Inleiding In dit algemeen ambtsbericht wordt de situatie in de Russische Federatie1 beschreven, voor zover deze van belang is voor de beoordeling van asielverzoeken van personen die afkomstig zijn uit dat land en voor de besluitvorming over de terugkeer van afgewezen Russische asielzoekers. Het ambtsbericht beslaat de periode van juni 2013 tot en met juni 2014. Dit ambtsbericht is gebaseerd op informatie van openbare en vertrouwelijke bronnen. Bij de opstelling is gebruik gemaakt van informatie van verschillende organisaties van de Verenigde Naties, (niet-)gouvernementele organisaties, vakliteratuur en berichtgeving in de media. Een overzicht van de geraadpleegde openbare bronnen is opgenomen in de literatuurlijst. Bovendien liggen bevindingen ter plaatse en vertrouwelijke rapportages van de Nederlandse vertegenwoordigingen in Moskou en Sint-Petersburg aan dit algemeen ambtsbericht ten grondslag. In dit algemeen ambtsbericht wordt veelvuldig verwezen naar geraadpleegde openbare bronnen. Daar waar openbare bronnen zijn vermeld, wordt de tekst in veel gevallen ook ondersteund door informatie die op vertrouwelijke basis is ingewonnen (aangemerkt in het notenapparaat met ‘vertrouwelijke bron(nen))’. In hoofdstuk twee wordt ingegaan op recente ontwikkelingen op politiek- en veiligheidsgebied. In hoofdstuk twee wordt eveneens ingegaan op identiteits- en reisdocumenten. In hoofdstuk drie wordt de mensenrechtensituatie in de Russische Federatie geschetst. Na een beschrijving van wettelijke garanties en internationale
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