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David Blackwell an ORAL HISTORY with DAVID BLACKWELL

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David Blackwell an ORAL HISTORY with DAVID BLACKWELL Regional Oral History Office University of California The Bancroft Library Berkeley, California David Blackwell AN ORAL HISTORY WITH DAVID BLACKWELL Interviews conducted by Nadine Wilmot in 2002 and 2003 Copyright 2003 by The Regents of the University of California Since 1954 the Regional Oral History Office has been interviewing leading participants in or well-placed witnesses to major events in the development of Northern California, the West, and the nation. Oral History is a method of collecting historical information through tape-recorded interviews between a narrator with firsthand knowledge of historically significant events and a well-informed interviewer, with the goal of preserving substantive additions to the historical record. The tape recording is transcribed, lightly edited for continuity and clarity, and reviewed by the interviewee. The corrected manuscript is indexed, bound with photographs and illustrative materials, and placed in The Bancroft Library at the University of California, Berkeley, and in other research collections for scholarly use. Because it is primary material, oral history is not intended to present the final, verified, or complete narrative of events. It is a spoken account, offered by the interviewee in response to questioning, and as such it is reflective, partisan, deeply involved, and irreplaceable. ********************************* All uses of this manuscript are covered by a legal agreement between The Regents of the University of California and David Blackwell, dated April 11, 2002. The manuscript is thereby made available for research purposes. All literary rights in the manuscript, including the right to publish, are reserved to The Bancroft Library of the University of California, Berkeley. No part of the manuscript may be quoted for publication without the written permission of the Director of The Bancroft Library of the University of California, Berkeley. Requests for permission to quote for publication should be addressed to the Regional Oral History Office, The Bancroft Library, Mail Code 6000, University of California, Berkeley, 94720-6000, and should include identification of the specific passages to be quoted, anticipated use of the passages, and identification of the user. It is recommended that this oral history be cited as follows: David Blackwell, "An Oral History with David Blackwell," conducted by Nadine Wilmot in 2002 and 2003, Regional Oral History Office, The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, 2003. !1 of !7 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction by Albert H. Bowker Interview History Interview 1: April 11 , 2002 (13 pages) Early years and family in Centralia, Illinois College years at University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana Interview 2: April 18, 2002 (18 pages) More on early years in Centralia and undergraduate education Graduate school with dissertation advisor Joseph Doob Obtaining a Rosenwald fellowship and going to the Institute for Advanced Study What is the meaning of denied access? Looking for work Teaching at Southern University and Clark Atlanta University Interview 3: April 25, 2002 (12 pages) More on the Institute for Advanced Study Howard University Teaching and mathematics department faculty Marriage and family Interview 4: May 2, 2002 (18 pages) Howard University, curriculm and environment Meeting Abe Girshick Community of statisticians Rao-Blackwell theorem Bayesian approach Summers at the Rand Corporation More on Bayesian approach Reviewing papers for favorites Interview 5: May 9, 2002 (14 pages) The mathematical mind An approach to mathematical activity Dynamic programming and information theory Lester Dubins Working on information theory with Leo Breiman Reviewing papers for favorites Government funded research Applied math versus pure math Using computers in his work Hugo Steinhaus Interview 6: May 16, 2002 (19 pages) Playing games at Rand Stanford statistical community in the early 1950s Coming to Berkeley Friendship with Jerzy Newman Living in Berkeley Berkeley's department of statistics Summer Statistics Program for Disadvantaged Students Involvement in the Academic Senate Afro-American Studies Committee Chair for two weeks Free Speech Movement protests on campus Military work Family and social change !2 of !7 Living in London as director of the Study Aboard Program Rouse Ball Lecture in London Interview 7: May 23, 2002 (19 pages) Coming to Berkeley, education of children in Berkeley Brown v. Board of Education Other African American faculty at Berkeley in 1954 Perception of teaching as a profession in the African American community Professional organizations for African American mathematicians Changing race relations and identity Friendship with Al Bowker Photo and interactions with William Shockley Awards and honors Visiting Europe, ancestral math sites, Bayes and Doblin Intuition and math Graduate students Music and math More on Centralia and family Northtown and Southtown Grandchildren Civil Rights Movement Interview 8: September 11, 2002 (4 pages) Affirmative action at UC Berkeley Howard versus UC Berkeley, a teaching institution versus a research institution The roots of being anti-war How having a family and children impacted professional choices !3 of !7 INTRODUCTION It is a pleasure to be asked to write an introduction to David Blackwell's oral history. I suppose I owe this invitation to the fact that I have known him longer than anyone else in the Berkeley community. During World War II, I worked with Abe Girshick in a military research group, and it was Abe who had interested David in mathematical statistics after his graduate work with J. L. Doob and his early papers in probability. Through Girshick I came to know of David. When we met in 1946, David was living in Washington D.C., where my parents also lived. My frequent visits to the city often included a meal at the Blackwell home, and I still remember in those early days driving with him from Washington to an Institute of Mathematical Statistics meeting at Cornell in 1946. In January of 1947 I accepted a position at Stanford, where I started to organize a separate department of statistics. (The mathematics department at Stanford, unlike the one in Berkeley, did not want to include statistics.) Girshick joined the department, and David became a frequent short-term visitor and also spent the 1950-1951 academic year in residence. During the 1950s he spent several summers at the Rand Corporation, and became acquainted with Kenneth Arrow, another early star in statistics at Stanford. His Berkeley connection was established when, in 1954, he came to Berkeley from Howard University as a visiting professor. The following year he accepted a position as Professor of Statistics. I had become chancellor at Berkeley in 1971, and this was a wonderful opportunity to renew our friendship. David has been an ideal faculty member. First and foremost, he is an excellent classroom performer. His classes have been both rigorous and popular, and he is also listed as the supervisor of nearly fifty PhD dissertations. He has done his share of administrative and committee work: a term as department chair, Director of California Study Abroad Center, Faculty Research Lecturer and chair of the committee to select others, and member of the committee that recommended my own appointment as chancellor. David's recognition is not limited to his work as a teacher. He has done fundamental work in game theory, Bayesian inference, and information theory. He was a principal developer of Bellman s dynamic programming ideas. He founded the theory of comparison of experiments, later developed by his colleague Lucien Le Cam to become one of the central tenets of mathematical statistics. With Arrow and Girshick he developed the backward induction method of solving sequential decision problems to solve the problem of determining Bayes solutions to such problems. He is the author of the classic book, Theory of Games and Statistical Decisions, along with some eighty papers in professional journals. Although I do not want to wander too far from his academic and scholarly contributions, I cannot refrain from mentioning at this point that in many ways in his career was deeply influenced by the fact that he is an African American who had to overcome great educational and professional obstacles. He grew up in modest circumstances in Centralia, Illinois, a home town of railroad employees. It is to the credit of his family and his teachers that they recognized his remarkable ability and encouraged him to seek higher education. He was accepted by the University of Illinois, although there was some reluctance to have him pursue advanced study there. After obtaining his doctorate and spending a year at the Institute for Advanced Study, he applied to traditionally black universities, teaching first at Southern University and Clark, before going to Howard and only much later to Berkeley. In fact, the first proposal to hire him at Berkeley was defeated on racist grounds. Despite the limitations that some tried to place on him, David has constantly forged ahead. I note that we are the same age, and he completed his PhD in 1941, the year that I graduated from college with all the privileges and encouragement that I accepted as a matter of course! Recognition has come to him over the years. He has served as president of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics, the Bernoulli Society, and the International Association for Statistics in the Physical Sciences. He has given a number of prestigious named lectures, and has a dozen honorary degrees. In 1965 he became the first African American to be elected to the National Academy of Sciences and was elected to the Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1968. In recent years universities have actively sought diversity in faculty ranks, and being an African American is not as much of a disadvantage as it once was. But David's remarkable career was established at a time when prejudice ruled in academia. We salute him for his persistence and human courage as well as for his great scholarly achievements. !4 of !7 Albert H. Bowker November 2003 !5 of !7 INTERVIEW HISTORY David Blackwell was born in 1919 in Centralia, Illinois.
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