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GEOS 424 Syllabus-Katmai (PDF)
SYLLABUS FOR GEOS F424 Katmai INTERNATIONAL VOLCANOLOGICAL FIELD SCHOOL, KATMAI SESSION (3 CREDITS) INSTRUCTORS Pavel Izbekov Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks AK; email: [email protected]; office phone: +1-907-474-5269 A two-week backpacking field trip to the Katmai National Park, Alaska provides an opportunity to learn about volcanic processes through direct examination of volcanic products while exploring the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, the site of the largest volcanic eruption on Earth in the 20th century. PREREQUISITES Acceptance into the course is contingent upon: (1) A completed application, (2) a reference letter, and (3) permission of the Instructor. RESTRICTIONS Students must be in good health, capable of hiking for at least 20 km per day carrying heavy backpacks, and be willing to camp under primitive, remote, and possibly uncomfortable conditions. TEXTBOOK Eichelberger, J.C. (2006). The Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, Alaska. University of Alaska Fairbanks, 60 p. Additional reading materials are listed below. KEY CONCEPTS ADDRESSED Magma processes Subduction-related volcanism Products of volcanic activity Volcanic features and landforms Petrology of the Katmai group of volcanoes Volcano monitoring and public safety STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES Students will learn to identify pyroclastic flow deposits, lava flows, and tephra fall deposits, as well as to describe characteristics and to discuss origin of aforementioned volcanic deposits Students will be able to make informed decisions conducting scientific field works in a remote environment while following safety requirements and communication protocols Students will develop / improve skills of effective communication with peers from different cultures COURSE STRUCTURE The course consists of day-long hikes interspersed with lectures. -
Universita' Degli Studi Di Milano Bicocca
Dipartimento di Scienze Ambiente e Territorio e Scienze della Terra Università degli studi di Milano-Bicocca Dottorato di Ricerca in Scienze della Terra XXVI ciclo Earthquake-induced static stress change in promoting eruptions Tutore: Prof. Alessandro TIBALDI Co-tutore: Dott.ssa Claudia CORAZZATO Fabio Luca BONALI Matr. Nr. 040546 This work is dedicated to my uncle Eugenio Marcora who led my interest in Earth Sciences and Astronomy during my childhood Abstract The aim of this PhD work is to study how earthquakes could favour new eruptions, focusing the attention on earthquake-induced static effects in three different case sites. As a first case site, I studied how earthquake-induced crustal dilatation could trigger new eruptions at mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan. Particular attention was then devoted to contribute to the understanding of how earthquake-induced magma pathway unclamping could favour new volcanic activity along the Alaska-Aleutian and Chilean volcanic arcs, where 9 seismic events with Mw ≥ 8 occurred in the last century. Regarding mud volcanoes, I studied the effects of two earthquakes of Mw 6.18 and 6.08 occurred in the Caspian Sea on November 25, 2000 close to Baku city, Azerbaijan. A total of 33 eruptions occurred at 24 mud volcanoes within a maximum distance of 108 km from the epicentres in the five years following the earthquakes. Results show that crustal dilatation might have triggered only 7 eruptions at a maximum distance of about 60 km from the epicentres and within 3 years. Dynamic rather than static strain is thus likely to have been the dominating “promoting” factor because it affected all the studied unrested volcanoes and its magnitude was much larger. -
Articles Ranging in Resents Both Gravitational Acceleration and the Effect of Bed Size from Tens of Meters to a Few Centimeters in Diameter
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 6, 671–685, 2006 www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci.net/6/671/2006/ Natural Hazards © Author(s) 2006. This work is licensed and Earth under a Creative Commons License. System Sciences Numerical simulation of tsunami generation by cold volcanic mass flows at Augustine Volcano, Alaska C. F. Waythomas1, P. Watts2, and J. S. Walder3 1U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Volcano Observatory, Anchorage, AK, USA 2Applied Fluids Engineering Inc., Long Beach, CA, USA 3U.S. Geological Survey, Cascades Volcano Observatory, Vancouver, WA, USA Received: 18 April 2006 – Revised: 22 June 2006 – Accepted: 22 June 2006 – Published: 26 July 2006 Abstract. Many of the world’s active volcanoes are situated 1 Introduction on or near coastlines. During eruptions, diverse geophysical mass flows, including pyroclastic flows, debris avalanches, Many of the world’s active volcanoes are located within a and lahars, can deliver large volumes of unconsolidated de- few tens of kilometers of the sea or other large bodies of wa- bris to the ocean in a short period of time and thereby gen- ter. During eruptions, large volumes of volcaniclastic debris erate tsunamis. Deposits of both hot and cold volcanic mass may enter nearby water bodies, and under certain conditions, flows produced by eruptions of Aleutian arc volcanoes are this process may initiate tsunamis (Tinti et al., 1999; Tinti exposed at many locations along the coastlines of the Bering et al., 2003). Worldwide, tsunamis caused by volcanic erup- Sea, North Pacific Ocean, and Cook Inlet, indicating that tions are somewhat infrequent (Latter, 1981); however, doc- the flows entered the sea and in some cases may have ini- umented historical cases illustrate that loss of life and prop- tiated tsunamis. -
Revision 3 New Petrological, Geochemical and Geochronological
1 Revision 3 2 New petrological, geochemical and geochronological perspectives 3 on andesite-dacite magma genesis at Ruapehu volcano, New 4 Zealand 5 6 7 Chris E. Conway1,2*, John A. Gamble1,3, Colin J. N. Wilson1, Graham S. Leonard4, Dougal 8 B. Townsend4, Andrew T. Calvert5 9 10 11 1 School of Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences, Victoria University, PO Box 600, 12 Wellington 6140, New Zealand 13 2 Department of Geology and Paleontology, National Museum of Nature and Science, 4-1-1 14 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0005, Japan 15 3 School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Ireland 16 4 GNS Science, PO Box 30-368, Lower Hutt 6315, New Zealand 17 5 US Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Road, MS-937, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA 18 19 20 *Email: [email protected] 1 21 ABSTRACT 22 Time-composition relationships in eruptive sequences at composite volcanoes can 23 show how the ongoing intrusion of magmas progressively affects the lithosphere at 24 continental convergent margins. Here, new whole-rock and microanalytical major and trace 25 element data from andesite-dacite lava flows are integrated with previous studies and existing 26 isotopic data, and placed within the framework of a high-resolution chronostratigraphy for 27 Ruapehu volcano (southern Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand). The geochemical evolution 28 of lavas erupted over the ~200 kyr lifetime of the exposed edifice reflects variable degrees of 29 fractionation and systematic changes in the type of crustal assimilation in the Ruapehu 30 magma system. Lavas erupted from ~200–150 ka have previously been distinguished from 31 those erupted <150 ka based on Sr-Nd isotopic characteristics, which indicate that the oldest 32 lavas were sourced from magmas that assimilated oceanic crust. -
Preliminary Volcano-Hazard Assessment for Augustine Volcano, Alaska
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Preliminary Volcano-Hazard Assessment for Augustine Volcano, Alaska by Christopher F. Waythomas and Richard B. Waitt Open-File Report 98-106 This report is preliminary and subject to revision as new data become available. Any use of trade, product or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory Anchorage, Alaska 1998 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas J. Casadevall, Acting Director For additional information: Copies of this report may be purchased from: U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory Branch of Information Services 4200 University Drive Box 25286 Anchorage, AK 99508 Denver, CO 80225-0286 CONTENTS Summary of hazards at Augustine Volcano....................................... 1 Introduction ............................................................... 3 Purposeandscope ...................................................... 3 Physical setting of Augustine Volcano ...................................... 4 Relation to previous studies on Augustine hazards ............................. 5 Prehistoric eruptive history ................................................... 5 Historical eruptions ......................................................... 8 Hazardous phenomena at Augustine Volcano ..................................... 8 Volcanic hazards ....................................................... 12 Volcanicashclouds -
Chronology and References of Volcanic Eruptions and Selected Unrest in the United States, 1980- 2008
Chronology and References of Volcanic Eruptions and Selected Unrest in the United States, 1980- 2008 By Angela K. Diefenbach, Marianne Guffanti, and John W. Ewert Open-File Report 2009–1118 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior KEN SALAZAR, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Suzette M. Kimball, Acting Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2009 For product and ordering information: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS Suggested citation Diefenbach, A.K., Guffanti, M., and Ewert, J.W., 2009, Chronology and references of volcanic eruptions and selected unrest in the United States, 1980-2008: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1118, 85 p. [http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1118/]. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted material contained within this report. 2 Contents Part I…..............................................................................................................................................4 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................4 -
Conduit and Eruption Dynamics of the 1912 Vulcanian Explosions at Novarupta, Alaska
CONDUIT AND ERUPTION DYNAMICS OF THE 1912 VULCANIAN EXPLOSIONS AT NOVARUPTA, ALASKA A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS December 2017 By Samantha Jo Isgett Dissertation Committee: Bruce F. Houghton, Chairperson Helge M. Gonnermann Christina Neal Thomas Shea John Allen © 2017, Samantha Jo Isgett ii Acknowledgements I probably would not be “standing here today” if my advisor Bruce Houghton had not introduced me to the wonderful world of volcanology. I entered his 300 level volcanology class as a naïve sophomore who had no ambitions of going to graduate school and left knowing that I wanted to be volcanologist and the steps that I needed to take to get there. Bruce has a passion not only for solving the big science question, but also in passing on his knowledge and skill-sets to his students. I cannot thank Bruce enough for seeing in me the potential makings of a scientist and guiding me there. It was, and always will be, a privilege to work with you. I would like to thank my committee — Helge Gonnermann, Thomas Shea, Christina Neal, and John Allen — for pushing me to take every problem and interpretation just a little (or a lot) further. I am especially grateful to Tom and John for stepping in at the last hour. Thank you all for your time and patience. Alain Burgisser, Laurent Arbaret, and Sarah Fagents also brought outside perspectives and skill-sets that were crucial for this project. -
AMS Conference Paper
8.1 WSR-88D OBSERVATIONS OF VOLCANIC ASH Jefferson Wood* and Carven Scott NOAA/National Weather Service, Anchorage, Alaska David Schneider U.S. Geological Survey-Alaska Volcano Observatory, Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, Alaska 1. INTRODUCTION (2006). The data are subject to limitations in both spatial and temporal resolution. Also, issues in- The eruption of Augustine Volcano during the volving the detection of ash clouds using infrared period 11-28 January, 2006, presented a variety brightness temperature differencing, a commonly of challenges and opportunities for forecasters, used method, have been addressed by Simpson scientists, and emergency managers throughout et al. (2000) and Prata et al. (2001), who suggest Southcentral Alaska. This event was the first time several scenarios where effective infrared satellite that a significant volcanic eruption was observed detection of volcanic ash clouds may be compro- within the nominal range of a WSR-88D. The mised. Prata et al. (2001) indicate that the bright- radar proved to be a crucial analysis and short ness temperature differencing, also known as the term forecasting tool for meteorologists at the Na- ‘split-window’ method, can be subject to errors tional Weather Service Forecast Office in Anchor- when the volcanic plume lies over a very cold sur- age, Alaska and complemented the real-time geo- face, or when the plume lies above a clear land physical monitoring conducted by the Alaska Vol- surface at night where strong surface temperature cano Observatory (Power et al., 2006). This pa- and moisture inversions exist. These scenarios per will review some of the highlights of the vol- can often be found over Alaska, particularly in the canic events from the perspective of the radar winter. -
PROPERN of Fairbanks, AK 99709 DGGS LIBRARY Open File Repod 98-582 Icpbs
EUSGS science tor a changing- - world DEPARTMENT OF THE iMTEIWlOR U.S. GEBLOGIICAL SURVEY I I CATALOG OF THE HISTORICALLY ACTIVE VOLCANOES OF ALASKA T.P. Miller I, R.G. McGirnsey l, D.W.Richter I, J.R. Riehle $ CC.J.Nye 2, M.E. \daunt l, and J.A. Durnoufin lU.S, Wlogieal Suwey Anehwage, AK 99508 2AlaskoDivisWl of Gedoglcaland Geophysicol Surveys PROPERN OF Fairbanks, AK 99709 DGGS LIBRARY Open File Repod 98-582 IcPBS Done in cooperation with the lnternaticnai Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior (IAVCEI) and the Catalog of Active Volcanoes of the W~rld(CAVW) Project This repart is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards (or with the North American Stsatigraphlc Code). Any use of trade. product or firm names is for I I descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Wew 10 t/7c west across the s~lrnrnircaldera of Mr. U+angell. The Eusf Crarer (foreground),North Crater (steaming)atld Ukst Crater (le~?)arc on the rim of rhe 4x6 krn cllldem. Mr. Dnrm is in the right background. Phoro by R.J. Motyka. Introduction ..........................................................................................................................................................................i Previous work .......................................................................................................................................................................ii Methodology ........................................................................................................................................................................ -
Historically Active Volcanoes of Alaska Reference Deck Activity Icons a Note on Assigning Volcanoes to Cards References
HISTORICALLY ACTIVE VOLCANOES OF ALASKA REFERENCE DECK Cameron, C.E., Hendricks, K.A., and Nye, C.J. IC 59 v.2 is an unusual publication; it is in the format of playing cards! Each full-color card provides the location and photo of a historically active volcano and up to four icons describing its historical activity. The icons represent characteristics of the volcano, such as a documented eruption, fumaroles, deformation, or earthquake swarms; a legend card is provided. The IC 59 playing card deck was originally released in 2009 when AVO staff noticed the amusing coincidence of exactly 52 historically active volcanoes in Alaska. Since 2009, we’ve observed previously undocumented persistent, hot fumaroles at Tana and Herbert volcanoes. Luckily, with a little help from the jokers, we can still fit all of the historically active volcanoes in Alaska on a single card deck. We hope our users have fun while learning about Alaska’s active volcanoes. To purchase: http://doi.org/10.14509/29738 The 54* volcanoes displayed on these playing cards meet at least one of the criteria since 1700 CE (Cameron and Schaefer, 2016). These are illustrated by the icons below. *Gilbert’s fumaroles have not been observed in recent years and Gilbert may be removed from future versions of this list. In 2014 and 2015, fieldwork at Tana and Herbert revealed the presence of high-temperature fumaroles (C. Neal and K. Nicolaysen, personal commu- nication, 2016). Although we do not have decades of observation at Tana or Herbert, they have been added to the historically active list. -
Volcano Awareness
Volcano Awareness Alaska sits on the “ring of fire”. With 44 historically active volcanoes there is always potential for one to awaken and threaten eruption. Mount Redoubt has been rumbling and simmering since January 25, 2009. This activity has caused its aviation status to be upgraded from yellow to orange. Redoubt’s last major eruption occurred in 1989. Within 23 hours it went from background seismic activity to full eruption- very rapid for a volcano. The resulting ash cloud nearly brought down a KLM passenger jet. The three most active Cook Inlet volcanoes over the past 50 years are Augustine Volcano, Mount Spurr and Mount Redoubt- all within 200 miles of anchorage, the most populous city in Alaska. Volcanic blasts spew hot dangerous gases, ash, lava and rock. These cause immediate destruction in the local area. Ice and snow are melted causing super heated mudslides (lahars) and flood surges leading to damage of anything in their path. Health concerns Heavy ash fall can cause collapse of roofs- crushing occupants. Inhalation of hot coarse ash particles can cause burns and asphyxiation. Inhalation of respirable ash particles (<10 microns in diameter) may be more problematic. Historical data suggests short term exposures to ash do not cause significant health hazards. Long term health effects need further study. Regardless, people should avoid unnecessary exposure to ash, especially people with chronic respiratory disorders- asthma, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis. Adverse health effects typically involve the respiratory tract, eyes and skin. Ash may contain free crystalline silica which is known to cause silicosis- usually found in miners and quarry workers who have been exposed to high concentrations of siliceous dust over long periods of time. -
Estimates of Eruption Velocity and Plume Height from Infrasonic Recordings of the 2006 Eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska
ARTICLE IN PRESS VOLGEO-04421; No of Pages 7 Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research xxx (2009) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jvolgeores Estimates of eruption velocity and plume height from infrasonic recordings of the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska Jacqueline Caplan-Auerbach ⁎, Anna Bellesiles 1, Jennifer K. Fernandes 2 Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, 98225, United States article info abstract Article history: The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska, began with an explosive phase comprising 13 discrete Received 27 April 2009 Vulcanian blasts. These events generated ash plumes reaching heights of 3–14 km. The eruption was recorded Accepted 5 October 2009 by a dense geophysical network including a pressure sensor located 3.2 km from the vent. Infrasonic signals Available online xxxx recorded in association with the eruptions have maximum pressures ranging from 13–111 Pa. Eruption durations are estimated to range from 55–350 s. Neither of these parameters, however, correlates with Keywords: eruption plume height. The pressure record, however, can be used to estimate the velocity and flux of material eruption fl plume erupting from the vent, assuming that the sound is generated as a dipole source. Eruptive ux, in turn, is used to infrasound estimate plume height, assuming that the plume rises as a buoyant thermal. Plume heights estimated in this acoustic way correlate well with observations. Events that exhibit strongly impulsive waveforms are underestimated by the model, suggesting that flow may have been supersonic. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.