SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT Monthly JuLY 2011 30 June 2011 This report is available online and can beFORECAST viewed together with Update Reports on developments during the month at www.securitycouncilreport.org

CONTENTS OF THIS ISSUE Status Update since our June Forecast...... 2 Libya...... 4 South Sudan...... 6 Sudan/Darfur...... 8 Somalia...... 11 Children and Armed Conflict...... 12 Insights on the work of the UN Security Council Maintenance of International Peace and Security: Impact of Climate Change...... 14 What’s in Blue? Côte d’Ivoire...... 16 Security Council Report will launch in mid-July a website Lord’s Resistance Army...... 18 with daily insights into the work of the Security Council. Lebanon...... 19 Iraq...... 21 Peacekeeping...... 22 Afghanistan...... 23 Central African Republic...... 24 An email notification will be sent to all our current Central Asia...... 26 electronic subscribers with the launch date, West Africa (UNOWA)...... 27 so subscribe now and keep an eye on your inbox. Notable Dates...... 28 Important Dates over the Horizon....28

Aide-Memoire

Important matters pending include: TCCs. The Secretary-General has yet to n The mandate to the Secretary-General to n The December 2004 report by the report back to the Council and the TCCs assist with the delineation of the interna- Secretary-General on human rights on this issue. tional borders of Lebanon, especially violations in Côte d’Ivoire, requested in n UNAMI reports on human rights in Iraq, in Sheb’a Farms, in accordance with resolu- a May 2004 presidential statement the past were produced every two to tion 1701, continues to await completion. (S/PRST/2004/17), was never made pub- three months. They have decreased in n The committee established by resolution lic. Also on Côte d’Ivoire, the December their frequency. The last report, released 1540 (non-proliferation of weapons of 2005 report by the Secretary-General’s in July 2010, covered the period from 1 mass destruction and terrorism) has not Special Adviser on the Prevention of July to 31 December 2009. yet completed a report this year on the Genocide has not been published. n The request in resolution 1460 on Children implementation of that resolution. (Reso- n On 28 May 2010 in resolution 1925 on the and Armed Conflictthat all the Secretary- lution 1810 of 2008 directed it to submit mandate of MONUSCO, the operation in General’s reports to the Council on the report to the Council by 24 April 2011. the DRC, the Council requested the country-specific situations include the pro- On 24 April the committee informed the Secretary-General to elaborate the con- tection of children is not yet implemented. Council that it was continuing its consid- cept of operation and rules of engagement In 2010 protection of children elements eration of the report and would submit it of MONUSCO, in line with the resolution, had been incorporated into just over half of by 24 May.) The committee also has yet and to report back to the Council and the the relevant country-specific reports. >>page 2

Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 1 Aide-Memoire (continued)

to complete its programme of work for the transfer of power to a new Haitian govern- Taliban sanctions, the 1373 Committee or current year. (Resolution 1977, which ment in 2011. The inauguration of the new CTC, and the 1540 Committee on weap- extended the mandate of the committee Haitian president, Michel Martelly, took ons of mass destruction) should be on 20 April, also decided that the commit- place on 14 May after a lengthy and co-located and asked the Secretary- tee should prepare its programme of delayed electoral process. It is unclear General make the necessary work by 31 May.) when the Secretary-General’s compre- arrangements “as soon as possible.” This n In its presidential statement of 22 October hensive assessment will be concluded. request, reiterated in September 2010 2010 (S/PRST/2010/21) the Council said n The position of Special Envoy for Myan- (S/PRST/2010/19), is still outstanding. it looked forward to receiving within six mar has not been filled since Ibrahim n On 11 November 2009 in resolution 1894 months a report from the Secretary- Gambari left the post in January 2009. on protection of civilians, the Council General which would define the United Vijay Nambiar, the Secretary-General’s requested the Secretary-General to Nations Secretariat’s strategic vision for Chef de Cabinet, took on the position of develop guidance for UN operations and UN-AU cooperation in peace and secu- Special Advisor to the Secretary-General other relevant missions on reporting for rity taking into account the lessons learnt on Myanmar in what was expected to be enhancing the Council’s monitoring and from the various experiences of joint temporary role. oversight. There has been no report back cooperation between the two bodies. The n The Secretary-General’s Advisory to the Council on this. report was expected to be made available Committee on the Prevention of Geno- n The Council requested the Secretariat on in June, but now it appears it has been cide has been dormant since 2008 when 21 November 2006 (S/2006/928) to delayed until late in the year. it held its last meeting. update the index to Council notes and n Resolution 1944 (14 October 2010) called n Resolution 1904 in December 2009 statements on working methods. This on the Secretary-General to conduct a indicated that the expert groups assisting has not been published. comprehensive assessment of the secu- the three counterterrorism committees rity environment following the election and (the 1267 Committee on Al-Qaida and

Status Update since our June Forecast n Tribunals: On 6 June, the Council heard peace and security” focused on the raised by members like Brazil, South a briefing (S/PV.6545) by the presidents impact of HIV/AIDS on conflict and post- Africa, India, China and Russia was that and prosecutors of the ICTR and ICTY. conflict society and the UN’s role in the Council should not be prescribing They stressed that their courts were mitigating that impact. The Council heard precisely how a country should reform imperilled by persistent staffing prob- briefings from the Secretary-General and itself politically. It seems that there is no lems, challenges in enforcing sentences, the head of UNAIDS. The Council longer unequivocal support for the argu- and the failure to set up a trust fund for adopted resolution 1983 during the ment made by some members at an the victims. On 29 June, the Council meeting. The resolution considerably earlier stage that this is an internal situa- adopted a resolution extending the terms advanced upon the Council’s previous tion and that President Assad should be of certain judges of the ICTY till 31 resolution on this subject (resolution given more time to deal with it without December, 2012. The Council has yet to 1308), by including specific language on international interference. However, at adopt a resolution amending the Statute the vulnerability of women and girls to issue is the mode for the Council to of the ICTR in response to the request of HIV and highlighting the importance of express itself and the content. At press the tribunal to allow for an appeals cham- addressing conflict-related sexual vio- time, the initiative on Syria and the Coun- ber judge to serve as president of the lence. The resolution also recognised cil’s possible political engagement was ICTR, or for an ad-litem judge to take on the role of peacekeeping operations in still an active issue. that position when the current president contributing to an integrated UN n Iran: On 9 June, the Council extended is deployed to the appeals chamber. response to HIV and AIDS, especially the mandate of the panel of experts that n Council Mission to Africa: On 6 June, through SSR and DDR programmes. supports the Iran sanctions committee the Council was briefed on the visit to n Syria: On 8 June, Council members for one year (S/RES/1984). The resolu- Africa which Council members took from were briefed by Assistant Secretary Gen- tion requested that the panel submit to 19 to 26 May (S/PV.6546). The trip’s lead- eral Oscar Fernandez Taranco in closed the Council a midterm report on its work ers described concerns over the situation consultations. Discussions followed on a by 9 December and a final report upon in Abyei, the humanitarian situation in draft resolution on the situation in Syria termination of its mandate (9 June 2012). Darfur and Somalia’s institutional infight- circulated on 25 May by the UK, France, The panel is requested to provide each of ing (SC/10271). Germany and Portugal. Some Council these reports to the Committee a month n HIV/AIDS: On 7 June, the president of members were uncomfortable with what before they are submitted to the Council Gabon presided over a high-level Coun- they saw as possible action-oriented in order to allow for a discussion. In addi- cil debate (S/PV.6547) under the agenda language which might lead to robust tion, the panel is asked to provide the item the “maintenance of international follow-up by the Council. Another issue Committee with a programme of work

2 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org Status Update since our June Forecast (continued)

within 30 days of its appointment. individuals asking to be taken off the to the AU (UNOAU), Zachary Muburi- (S/PV.6552) sanctions list will submit their requests to Muita. In his first address to the Council, n DPRK: On 10 June, the Council extended the UN Focal Point mechanism (estab- he said his Office was making solid prog- the mandate of the panel of experts that lished in resolution 1730) rather than to ress in its transition towards a “new, lean, supports the DPRK sanctions committee the office of the Ombudsperson (estab- self-sufficient operation” based in Addis until 12 June 2012 (S/RES/1985). The lished in resolution 1904). The monitoring Ababa (SC/10288). resolution requested that the panel sub- team that has supported the 1267 Com- n Liberia: On 23 June, the Council held mit to the Council a midterm report on its mittee up to now will also support the consultations on the mid-term report of work by 12 December 2011 and a final new Taliban committee for a period of 18 the Panel of Experts of the Liberia report upon termination of its mandate. months. The monitoring team is to sub- Sanctions Committee (S/2011/367). The The panel is asked to provide each of mit two reports to the committee on report considers in detail the arms these reports to the Committee a month implementation of the resolution (the first embargo and travel bans on individuals before they are submitted to the Council by 31 March 2012 and the second by 31 identified as a threat to stability in Liberia, in order to allow for a discussion. In October 2012), as well as a report within and assets freeze against Charles Taylor addition, the panel is requested to pro- 90 days on linkages between Taliban and his associates. It also details prog- vide the Committee with a programme of individuals and entities on the new list ress made by the Liberian authorities in work within 30 days of its appointment. and al Qaeda. regulating the natural resource sector, in (S/PV.6553) particular ensuring its diamond industry In resolution 1989, the Council decided n Cyprus: On 13 June, the Council unani- is in compliance with the Kimberley that the al Qaeda-related entries on the mously adopted resolution 1986, Process and its forestry and timber 1267 consolidated list will now be known extending the mandate of the UNFICYP sector is being managed in compliance as the “Al-Qaeda Sanctions List”. The until 15 December 2011. The Council with domestic laws. The Panel’s final resolution extends the mandate of the also called upon the leaders of the two report is due 1 December. Ombudsperson and the monitoring communities on the island to intensify the n Middle East: On 23 June, the Council team for 18 months. The monitoring momentum of negotiations, engage in was briefed by Under-Secretary- team is to submit two reports to the com- the process in a constructive and open General for Political Affairs B. Lynn mittee on implementation of the manner, and work on reaching conver- Pascoe on the impasse in the Israeli/Pal- resolution by 31 March 2012 and 31 gences on the remaining core issues in estinian peace process. Pascoe said that October 2012. Several new procedures preparation for their meeting with the US President Barack Obama’s 19 May were adopted for strengthening the Secretary-General in July. (S/PV.6554) speech offered important ideas to move office of the Ombudsperson. When n Secretary-General Appointment: On 16 the process forward. This was endorsed presenting delisting requests to the June the Council adopted resolution by the Quartet on 20 May which also Committee, the Ombudsperson will now 1987 recommending to the General called on the parties to overcome obsta- include a recommendation that the com- Assembly that Ban Ki-moon be appointed cles and return to negotiations (S/ mittee either retain the listing or consider Secretary-General of the UN for a second PV.6562). The Quartet met an envoy’s delisting. When the Ombudsperson rec- term of office from 1 January 2012 to 31 level on 24 June. At press time it remained ommends delisting, the individual will be December 2016 (S/PV.6556). This formal unclear if there will be a follow-up meet- taken off the list unless the Committee recommendation came after the Council ing of the principals in July. decides by consensus within 60 days to met twice in informal consultations to dis- n UNODC: On 24 June, Yury Fedotov, retain the listing. Likewise, when a desig- cuss the appointment, on 10 and 15 Executive Director of the UN Office on nating state requests that an entry now June. On 21 June the General Assembly Drugs and Crime (UNODC) briefed the be removed, the entry will be removed formally appointed Ban to a second term Council on the illicit drugs trade and unless the Committee decides by con- (GA/11102). organised crime (SC/10295). He called sensus to retain the listing within 60 n Counterterrorism (1267 Committee): the international drug problem a days. (When the Committee cannot On 17 June, the Council adopted two shared responsibility, stressing the come to consensus, a committee mem- resolutions related to the 1267 Commit- need to bolster regional capacity and ber may request the chair to submit the tee on Taliban and al Qaeda sanctions. strengthen international cooperation question of whether to delist that indi- Resolution 1988 proceeds from a recog- when confronting it. vidual/entity to the Council, with a nition that the security situation in n Yemen: On 24 June, Ambassador Nel- decision within 60 days.) The chair of the Afghanistan has evolved. It now estab- son Messone of Gabon, who holds the Committee is requested to continue lishes a separate list for Taliban individuals Council presidency for June, said in participating in the joint briefing of the and entities subject to sanctions. It also remarks to the press that the Council Council by the counterterrorism com- establishes a new Afghanistan focused expressed grave concern on the deterio- mittees every six months. sanctions committee to oversee the list. rating security and humanitarian n Peace and Security in Africa: On 21 This new list removes Taliban from the situation in Yemen and urged all parties June, the Council was briefed consolidated list utilised by the 1267 to show maximum restraint and to (S/PV.6561) by the head of the UN Office Committee up to this time and Taliban engage in an inclusive political dialogue.

Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 3 Status Update since our June Forecast (continued)

These comments followed the briefing Guinea-Bissau addressed the Council, logistical assistance to the upcoming by UN envoy Jamal bin Omer after his as did the Permanent Representative of national and local elections. recent visit to Yemen. (Elements to the Brazil, in her capacity as Chair of the n UNDOF: At press time, it was expected press were suggested by Germany on Guinea-Bissau configuration of the that on 30 June the Council would renew 20 April and 16 May when the Council Peacebuilding Commission. The Council the mandate of the UN Disengagement was briefed on developments in Yemen held consultations on the situation in Force in the Golan Heights for a further as part of the regular monthly DPA brief- Guinea-Bissau following the briefing. six months. Still at issue at press time ing. However, there was no consensus n DRC: On 28 June, the Council unani- was whether to reflect in the resolution on those two previous occasions.) mously adopted resolution 1991, language about the current situation in n Guinea-Bissau: On 28 June, the Council extending the mandate of the UN Orga- Syria and implementation for UNDOF was briefed by the head of the UN inte- nization Stabilisation Mission in the DRC and whether to continue to issue the grated peacebuilding office in Guinea- (MONUSCO) for another 12 months. accompanying presidential statement as Bissau (UNIOGBIS), Joseph Mutaboba The resolution maintains the current has been the practice since 1976. On 23 (S/PV.6569). The briefing drew upon the strength and priorities of MONUSCO’s June, the Council held consultations on latest report of the Secretary-General mandate and authorises the force to the Secretary-General’s most recent (S/2011/370). The defence minister of continue to provide technical and UNDOF report (S/2011/359).

Libya 1973 was to ensure protection of civilians A revised version was circulated on 22 and humanitarian access and that a politi- June that: Expected Council Action cal, rather than a military, solution is the n reaffirms the Council’s commitment to Council members are expecting the regular only way. the full implementation of resolutions monthly briefing on Libya from Under- 1970 and 1973; The ICC issued arrest warrants for Muam- Secretary-General for Political Affairs B. n calls for a ceasefire and a political solu- mar Qaddafi, his son and his intelligence Lynn Pascoe in late July. tion to the conflict; chief on 27 June for alleged war crimes n supports the efforts of UN Special Envoy and crimes against humanity, including Agreement on the need for an end game in Abdel-Elah Al-Khatib and the part­ murder and persecution of civilians, Libya has been a major preoccupation for nership with the AU committee and recruitment of mercenaries and authoris- Council members in recent days. Some other stakeholders (citing the 18 June ing attacks against protestors. On 8 June, convergence may be occurring. However, Cairo meeting); the dividing point remains over when in remarks to the press, the ICC prosecutor n calls for humanitarian access; and Muammar Qaddafi might remove himself said his office was collecting evidence on n stresses accountability. and his cohorts from political control. Lead- allegations of sexual violence by regime ership of mediation efforts in that regard has forces in the Libyan conflict. On 13 June, Germany recognised the also been contentious. A presidential state- TNC after a visit by its foreign minister On 18 June the UN, AU, Arab League, EU ment introduced on 14 June by Gabon, to Benghazi. and the Organisation of the Islamic Confer- Nigeria and South Africa and competing US ence met in Cairo to underscore the UN’s On 10 June media reports indicate that suggestions to that draft remain on the leading role in cooperation with these Turkey had suggested to the Tripoli regime table for consideration in July. organisations for a Libyan transition. that time was running out for an honourable The next meeting of the Libya Contact exit to be negotiated for Qaddafi. On 15 June the foreign minister of Maurita- Group is anticipated for mid-July in Turkey. nia, in his capacity as chair of the AU High On 9 June, Khatib briefed Council members Key Recent Developments Level Ad-Hoc Committee on Libya, briefed via video-conference in informal consulta- At press time, NATO air strikes against Lib- the Council on its mediation efforts. Fol- tions and said that for the first time both yan military capabilities under resolution lowing the public briefing, the AU sides signalled a willingness to discuss 1973 continued. (On 1 June, NATO Committee members and Security Council political transition. However, he said, seem- extended the operation to late September.) members discussed the Libyan situation in ingly irreconcilable differences remained as an interactive dialogue which did not to what that “political transition” means in On 27 June Pascoe, in the monthly briefing produce any results. Benghazi and Tripoli. to the Council, said that the political pro- cess was in its nascent stages and the On 14 June the African members of the Also on 9 June the Libya Contact Group international community must send consis- Council circulated a draft presidential state- met in Abu Dhabi and: tent messages to both Benghazi and Tripoli. ment on Libya. n reasserted that Qaddafi must leave power and endorsed the TNC’s road On 16 June the US introduced amendments Also on 27 June, South Africa’s Ambassa- map for political transition; dor, Baso Sangqu, in remarks to the press to the draft underscoring that Qaddafi had n encouraged those in Qaddafi’s regime lost legitimacy and must leave power and said the situation in Libya has deteriorated who don’t want to be associated with urging member states to recognise the with loss of civilian life and that South Afri- human rights violations to defect; ca’s intent when it voted for resolution Transitional National Council (TNC). n reasserted the UN’s lead in facilitating

4 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org dialogue and any political process and Khatib’s role in that regard; Human Rights-Related Developments n welcomed UN post-conflict planning; SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT n established a temporary financial mech- On 17 June the Human Rights Council Monthly anism to channel funds to the TNC urgently repeated its call to the Libyan (media reports indicate $1.3 billion in authorities to cease all violations of JULY 2011FORECAST pledges against Benghazi’s stated need human rights immediately and to coop- of $3 billion); erate fully with the Commission of Inquiry Another option if mediation efforts n agreed to find a mechanism to unfreeze established last February. The Commis- seem to be gaining traction is involving Libyan assets or use such assets as sion presented its first report on 9 June, Council members in more detail on post- security for financing TNC obligations which reached the conclusion that conflict planning. (the EU has endorsed such measures crimes against humanity and war crimes and the US is introducing legislation to had been committed by Tripoli and pro- Another option for the Council in July is to allow such measures domestically); vided estimates that between 10,000 continue to monitor the situation based on n encouraged finding ways the TNC would and 15,000 had been killed during the the regular Secretariat briefing. be able to export oil (there have been conflict. The Commission’s mandate The option to designate more individuals limited shipments via Qatar and one was extended with a request for an oral and entities under the sanctions regime is confirmed sale to the US); and update in September and a final written still on the table in the sanctions committee. n acknowledged AU efforts and looked report in March 2012. forward to working with African states to Council Dynamics reinforce the message that Qaddafi Key Issues Since the G8 statement in late May, there must go (it seems the AU attended Ongoing key issues for the Council include: now seems to be some agreement among the Abu Dhabi meeting as an observer n whether the Council can play a more a majority of Council members that political but left its chair empty at the adoption of active role in establishing parameters for transition in Libya is an essential part of the the statement). political initiatives to secure an end-game end game and a political process leading to in Libya; and this is the way forward. Aspects of the UN post-conflict contingency n the divergence among members regard- planning undertaken by special adviser Ian ing the interpretation of resolution 1973. Council members that have formally or de Martin were shared in Abu Dhabi and facto recognised the TNC include France, include preliminary assessments in six An issue coming to the foreground is the Germany, the UK and the US. China, Russia areas: political process, security apparatus, humanitarian impact on the population and South Africa are also openly engaging rule of law and human rights, economic under Qaddafi’s control and related access with Benghazi. In the context of the contact recovery, public administration and physi- issues and the case for a ceasefire. group, elected Council member Lebanon cal infrastructure. (This was also shared has sent similar signals. Potential issues for the Council in the future with Council members on 31 May in Pas- include: However, the Libyan situation continues to coe’s briefing.) n the parameters for any ceasefire, includ- polarize the Council. There are wide gaps On 6 June, President Mohamed Ould ing timing; over the best approach and some raw Abdel Aziz of Mauritania said, “Qaddafi n a UN role in any ceasefire-monitoring nerves over who is leading that effort. There can no longer lead…his departure has mechanism; and also seems to be tension in the Council over become necessary.” On 30 May, South n a UN role in post-conflict Libya. how best to achieve humanitarian access in African President Jacob Zuma visited Trip- Qaddafi-controlled areas. Options oli to discuss an exit strategy with One option for the Council is to find consen- Regarding the ICC arrest warrants, some Muammar Qaddafi. (Aziz is the chair and sus on a presidential statement on the Council members welcomed the develop- Zuma is a member of the AU’s High Level Libyan situation. More precise language on ment in 27 June consultations. Other Ad Hoc Committee on Libya.) the terms of a ceasefire is one possibility. members remain concerned that the ICC On 27 May the G8 said that Qaddafi must Another is tackling the question of political indictments will continue to complicate leave power. transition in a substantial way and finding already delicate mediation efforts. middle ground between the AU position in Developments in the Libya this regard and the US position. The format of the 15 June AU Committee Sanctions Committee briefing was a point of tension among Further options are briefings from: Council members. Some Council members On 24 June the Sanctions Committee n UN Special Envoy Khatib (at press time were concerned that a public debate would announced that it had added two more there was no confirmed date for his next not be constructive but were able to accept individuals subject to a travel ban and round of talks but in recent months he having the AU briefing in a public format. assets freeze and one entity subject to has gone to Libya prior to the Contact Others felt that without a full airing of the the assets freeze. On 6 June the Com- Group meetings); and issues between the Committee and Council mittee met with its recently appointed n Special Representative Margot Wall- members, the AU would not get the focus panel of experts. The panel is expected ström on the alleged sexual violence that it wanted. It seems the interactive dia- to submit its interim report to the Council aspects of the conflict. logue format was important in order to allow in August.

Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 5 the non-Council members of the AU Com- Sudan on 13 July to mark the occasion of Other Relevant Facts mittee a forum to exchange views with South Sudan’s independence. It is Council members. But despite the format, Chair of the Sanctions Committee expected that the Council will use the occa- little was achieved. Ambassador José Filipe Moraes Cabral sion to adopt a resolution recommending (Portugal) that the Republic of South Sudan be admit- Some Council members felt that the 15 ted as a member of the UN and issue a June meeting solidified the gaps between Sanctions Committee’s Panel of Experts separate presidential statement on the the AU and UN approaches. • Yousef Fahed Ahmed Alserhan, independence of South Sudan. Jordan (maritime) In regard to the ongoing discusssions on a • Oumer Dièye Sidi, Niger (customs) Key Recent Developments draft presidential statement, some Council • Theodore M. Murphy, US On 20 June the government of Sudan and members see value in a statement if it (humanitarian and regional) the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement enables the Council to bridge those gaps, • Giovanna Perri, Italy (finance) (SPLM) signed an agreement on tempo- show a unified position on the Libyan situa- • Salim Raad, Lebanon (heavy rary arrangements for the administration tion and clear the soured atmosphere so weapons) and security of the Abyei area. The agree- that the Council can be effective on other • Savannah de Tessières, France ment provides for the withdrawal of military issues that warrant its response. (small arms and light weapons) forces—both Khartoum’s Sudan Armed UN Documents • Ahmed Zerhouni, Algeria (aviation) Forces (SAF) and Southern Sudan’s UN Special Envoy Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA)— Security Council Resolutions immediately following the deployment of Abdel-Elah Mohamed Al-Khatib (Jordan) • S/RES/1973 (17 March 2011) autho- an Interim Security Force for Abyei (ISFA) rised all necessary measures to Human Rights Council Commission composed of a brigade of Ethiopian protect civilians in Libya and enforce of Inquiry troops. The agreement also indicates that the arms embargo, imposed a no-fly Cherif Bassiouni, Chair (Egypt); an Abyei police service shall be estab- zone, strengthened the sanctions Asma Khader (Jordanian/Palestinian); lished to deal with particular issues related regime and established a panel Philippe Kirsch (Canada) to nomadic migration. The agreement also of experts. AU High Level Ad-Hoc Committee established the Abyei Joint Oversight • S/RES/1970 (26 February 2011) Committee (AJOC), which is to be com- Heads of state of Congo, Mali, Mauritania referred the situation in Libya to the posed of four members, with each party (Chair), South Africa, Uganda and the ICC, imposed an arms embargo and nominating two representatives. chair of the AU Commission. targeted sanctions and established a On 27 June the Security Council adopted sanctions committee. International Contact Group resolution 1990 authorising for six months a Bahrain; a rotating seat shared by Security Council Meeting Records mission called the UN Interim Security Belgium and the Netherlands; Bulgaria; • S/PV.6566 (27 June 2011) and Force for Abyei (UNISFA) that shall com- Canada; France; Germany; Greece; S/PV.6541 (31 May 2011) were the prise a maximum of 4,200 military Italy; Japan; Jordan; Kuwait; Lebanon; most recent monthly briefings on personnel, 50 police and appropriate civil- Malta; Morocco; a Nordic seat shared by Libya by Pascoe. ian support with the following mandate: Denmark, Norway and Sweden; Poland; • S/PV.6555 (15 June 2011) was the n monitor and verify the redeployment of Qatar; Spain; Turkey; United Arab Emir- briefing by the AU High-Level Ad-Hoc armed groups from Abyei Area, as defined ates; UK; USA and representatives from Committee on Libya. by the Permanent Court of Arbitration; the Arab League, EU, GCC, NATO, OIC n participate in relevant Abyei Area bodies Security Council Letters and the UN. The AU, Cyprus, Egypt, as stipulated in the agreement; • S/2011/350 (10 June 2011) was the Romania, South Africa and Sudan attend n assist in de-mining; joint communiqué of the UN Security as observers. n facilitate humanitarian access; Council and the AU Peace and Commander for NATO Operations under n strengthen the capacity of the Abyei Security Council issued on 21 May Resolution 1973 Police Service; and in Addis Ababa. Lt. Gen. Charles Bouchard (Canada) n provide security for oil infrastructure; • S/2011/346 (31 May 2011) was from and, under Chapter VII: Qatar regarding oil exports from areas n protect UNISFA and UN personnel, facili- in Libya under the control of the TNC. ties, installations and equipment; Human Rights Council South Sudan n ensure security and freedom of move- • A/HRC/17/44 (1 June 2011) was the Expected Council Action ment of UN personnel, humanitarian report of the Commission of Inquiry The Council is expected to finalise and workers and military observers; authorised in resolution A/HRC/S-15/2. adopt the mandate of a new mission for n protect civilians under imminent threat of South Sudan ahead of its independence on physical violence; 9 July. The mandate of the UN Mission in n protect the Abyei Area from incursions by Sudan (UNMIS) expires on 9 July. unauthorised elements; and n ensure security in the Abyei Area. The foreign minister of Germany is sched- uled to preside over a high-level debate on

6 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org The resolution also requests the Secretary- on 17 June. It is understood that they were General to ensure that effective human detained and subjected to a mock firing rights monitoring is carried out in Abyei and squad. On 23 June, six UNMIS national SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT report to the Council in 30 days and every staff were arrested as they were preparing Monthly 60 days thereafter. to relocate from Southern Kordofan to Southern Sudan. UNMIS protested the JULY 2011 On 20 June the Security Council received a FORECAST clear violations of the Status of Forces briefing on the Abyei agreement from the Agreement (SOFA). head of the AU High Level Implementation Kordofan and Blue Nile states. A related Panel (AUHIP), Thabo Mbeki, and the head On 8 June authorities in Southern Sudan issue is the likelihood that the Council might of UNMIS, Haile Menkerios. Their briefing provided an update on their planned disar- need to react quickly to agreements reached also covered progress on negotiations mament, demobilisation and reintegration by the parties on these arrangements. between the parties on other post-referen- (DDR) programme. The programme Another issue is the role the new mission in dum issues (such as wealth-sharing and focuses on vulnerable groups, such as South Sudan could play in terms of quick border arrangements) and the humanitar- former combatants and women associated impact work in South Sudan to address the ian situation in Southern Kordofan. with armed groups. The second phase, links between security and development as starting after independence, will focus on Menkerios provided further detail on post- identified by the Council in February 2011 in downsizing the SPLA. On 21 June, the UN UNMIS planning, including preparations for S/PRST/2011/4. regional coordinator for Southern Sudan, a new mission in South Sudan. Menkerios David Gressly, called for South Sudan to A further issue is ensuring there are suffi- said that the AUHIP was continuing discus- halve the SPLA as the country would be bet- cient opportunities for all Council members sions with the parties on the possibility of ter off with a smaller, better trained army. to participate in consultations with the UN UN assistance for border- monitoring, not- Gressly noted that the disparate armed Secretariat on the mandate for a new mis- ing that this possibility had yet to be either groups that the SPLA had absorbed since sion in South Sudan, including with the accepted or rejected. The AUHIP had sug- signing the Comprehensive Peace Agree- newly appointed special representative of gested that any border-monitoring function ment (CPA) could continue to cause the Secretary-General in South Sudan, be a UN mission integrated with the leader- insecurity. The UN says more than 1,500 Hilde Johnson. ship of the mission in Abyei. Menkerios said people have been killed in Southern Sudan that there would also be a need, post- Underlying Issues this year due to former SPLA fighters turn- UNMIS, for the UN to assist the AUHIP at The ongoing blockade of trade routes from ing on the army. the political level, noting it had been pro- the north into South Sudan—and the result- posed that the Secretary-General appoint a Human Rights-Related ing soaring food and fuel prices— highlights special envoy to provide his good offices in Developments the vulnerability of the new state. support of the AUHIP. It may be that Menke- On 22 June the deputy UN high commis- There is a widespread proliferation of rios himself would be appointed if this sioner for human rights, Kyung-wha small arms in Southern Sudan, which position was created. Kang, visited Juba as part of an eight- raises the stakes of inter-tribal conflict and Mbeki informed the Council that talks day visit to Sudan. Kang said that criminal activity. following independence South Sudan between the parties on the security and Options political situation in Southern Kordofan should ratify all key global treaties For the follow-on to UNMIS in South Sudan, would start in Addis Ababa on 21 June. upholding human rights and ensure that the Council could: its citizens are able to enjoy basic free- n decide to re-hat the UNMIS presence in Fighting in Southern Kordofan has entered doms. Kang said that national laws must South Sudan to a new mission without a its fourth week. The UN estimates fighting be in harmony with these international change in mandate for a short period has displaced more than 70,000 people. standards. while negotiations continue on a new On 22 June the head of the Office for the Key Issues mandate; or Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs A key issue will be defining the mandate for n decide that a new mission should be (OCHA), Valerie Amos, said that the treat- a new mission in South Sudan while mandated by 9 July and negotiate and ment of civilians, including reported human significant uncertainty continues over the adopt the mandate by 9 July. rights abuses and targeting of people along relationship between the north and South ethnic lines in Southern Kordofan, was With regard to the mandate of the new mis- Sudan. The uncertainty over the force pos- reprehensible. Amos called for an end to sion, the Council could: ture of the SPLA, due to threats from the movement restrictions to allow aid agencies n closely follow the Secretary-General’s north, may be an issue for the Council in to have free access to the civilian popula- recommendation on the mandate of the reaching decisions on the mandate, leader- tion. Amos also expressed concern that the new mission and the force levels for the ship structure and force strength of a new inability of farmers in the Nuba Mountains to military and police elements (7,000 and mission in South Sudan and the UN’s role in sow crops would cause food shortages. 900 respectively); DDR and security sector reform. n add a border-monitoring role entirely The UN strongly condemned the A further issue is the complication of a pos- based in South Sudan; detention and abuse by SAF of four sible separate border focused mission or n adjust the recommended force level; or UNMIS peacekeepers on patrol in Kadugli possible separate presence in Southern n ensure the mandate addresses issues of

Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 7 UN integration and “delivering as one” as given the force posture of the SPLA in Other Relevant Facts well as beginning the process of adapt- response to insecurity along the border. ing mission structures and tasks to the UN Mission in South Sudan: Special The force level recommended by the Secre- security/development nexus. Representative of the Secretary-General tariat is of concern to a number of Council and Head of Mission Procedural Option: Admission of members, but for differing reasons. Some Hilde Frafjord Johnson (Norway) South Sudan as a New Member feel that the number is too low, particularly if UNMIS: Special Representative of the a new mission is going to fulfil a Chapter VII of the UN Secretary-General and Head of Mission protection of civilians mandate effectively. After declaring independence, the new Others feel that the number is too high, Haile Menkerios (South Africa) government of South Sudan is expected given that UNMIS had a force level of 10,000 UNMIS: Force Commander to present a letter to the Secretary-Gen- and a much wider area of operation. There eral on 9 July applying for membership Maj. Gen. Moses Bisong Obi (Nigeria) seems to be a suspicion that budgetary of the UN. The Secretary-General will UNMIS: Size, Composition, Cost and considerations are guiding the decision- convey the application to the president Duration making of some member states, based on of the Council, who will establish an ad- Maximum authorised strength: up to a rumour that the Secretariat was being lob- hoc committee on admission of new 10,000 military, including 750 military bied to recommend a mission in South members, composed of all Council observers and 715 police personnel Sudan that was “cheaper than UNMIS.” members. The ad-hoc committee is Main troop contributors: India, Bangla- expected to quickly reach consensus on At the other end of the spectrum, however, a desh, Egypt, Pakistan and Kenya a short resolution recommending to the number of members that are not large Military strength as of 31 May 2011: 9,264 General Assembly that South Sudan be donors to the peacekeeping budget also troops and 457 military observers admitted to membership in the UN (S/ seem to want the size of the new mission to Police Strength as of 31 May 2011: 697 RES/1691 on Montenegro’s admission be limited so as to ensure that the UN does police personnel in 2006 is the most recent example). The not take on functions that the newly sover- Annual Budget: $1 billion Council is expected to adopt this resolu- eign state should be responsible for. These Duration: 24 March 2005 to present; tion at the high-level meeting on 13 July. members appear to want South Sudan to mandate expires 9 July 2011 The General Assembly is expected to face up to the responsibility that comes with take up the recommendation quickly. being an independent state and not become Admission requires the support of two- overly reliant on international assistance. thirds of the UN membership. Sudan/Darfur The US continues to be the lead country on Council Dynamics South Sudan in the Council. Expected Council Action Recent negotiations on several Council The Council is expected to renew the man- decisions on Sudan continue to highlight UN Documents date of the AU-UN Hybrid Mission in Darfur (UNAMID) ahead of the expiry of its man- the significant differences that remain Security Council Resolutions date on 31 July. between Council members. • S/RES/1990 (27 June 2011) estab- Many Council members seem concerned lished the UNISFA. The Council is expected to receive a brief- that the current issues, while already highly • S/RES/1978 (27 April 2011) extended ing on the situation in Darfur from the head complex, will become much more serious the mandate of UNMIS until 9 July of UNAMID, Ibrahim Gambari, based upon following South Sudan’s independence. 2011. the latest quarterly report of the Secretary- While some Council members tend to char- • S/RES/1590 (24 March 2005) estab- General, expected to be issued in mid-July. lished UNMIS. acterise the current violence as “internal”, Key Recent Developments after 9 July provocations between north and Presidential Statements The All Darfur Stakeholders Conference south will definitely be seen as a threat to • S/PRST/2011/12 (3 June 2011) was (ADSC) was held in Doha, Qatar, from 27 to international peace and security. on the situation in Abyei. 31 May. The conference brought together The Council seemed to be somewhat in Latest Secretary-General’s Report more than 500 delegates representing internally displaced persons (IDPs), refu- agreement with the initial recommenda- • S/2011/314 (17 May 2011) was a spe- gees, civil society (including women’s tions of the Secretary-General on the role of cial report with recommendations on a groups), the government of Sudan, elected the new mission in South Sudan. But the new UN mission in South Sudan. pace of events, particularly in Abyei, and officials, tribal leaders and the Darfuri dias- Other increasing tensions between the north and pora. Most rebel movements were not south are causing some members to ques- • S/2011/384 (23 June 2011) was a represented. The main outcome of the tion the ability of a new mission in South letter from the Secretary-General ADSC was the endorsement by the stake- Sudan to be entirely quarantined from the conveying the Abyei agreement. holders of the “Doha Draft Document for realities of events unfolding in Abyei, South- • S/PV.6559 (20 June 2011) was a brief- Peace in Darfur” as the basis for reaching a ern Kordofan and possibly Blue Nile. For ing from Mbeki and Menkerios on the permanent ceasefire, a comprehensive and example, some have questioned whether a situation in Abyei. inclusive peace settlement and sustainable DDR mandate would even be possible, peace and stability in Darfur. The draft peace document is arranged in seven

8 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org chapters: human rights and fundamental to commence its investigation. Militia freedoms; power-sharing and administra- stopped the car carrying the Zaghawa com- tive status of Darfur; wealth-sharing; munity leader, who was shot and killed. The SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT compensation and return of IDPs and refu- convoy immediately returned to El Fasher. Monthly gees; justice and reconciliation; permanent Separately, UNAMID confirmed that fight- ceasefire and final security arrangements; JULY 2011 ing occurred on 18 and 19 June between FORECAST and internal dialogue and consultation and unknown armed men and the SAF in implementation modalities. Shangil Tobaya, North Darfur state, result- Human Rights-Related The stakeholders also endorsed the forma- ing in close to 1,000 civilians seeking Developments tion of the Darfur Implementation Follow-Up protection at UNAMID’s nearby team site. Committee (IFC)—chaired by the state of The UN independent expert on the situa- Rebel fighters from the Sudan Liberation Qatar to include other as-yet undetermined tion of human rights in the Sudan, Movement led by Abdul Wahid (SLM-AW) international partners—to work with the AU Mohamed Chande Othman, visited Dar- and Minni Minnawi (SLM-MM) and SAF and UN to assist all parties to reach a com- fur for the third time from 5 to 7 June, fought from 15 to 23 June in the area of prehensive agreement. travelling to El Fasher, North Darfur and Jebel Marra in West Darfur. SLM-AW Nyala, South Darfur. On 10 June, Oth- On 22 June the Council held an informal claimed to have killed 35 SAF soldiers and man commented that civilians in Darfur interactive dialogue with the foreign minis- said SAF planes had bombed the area continued to bear the brunt of fighting ter of Burkina Faso and former AU-UN joint forcing hundreds of civilians to flee. between armed movements and gov- mediator, Djibril Bassolé, and the state ernment forces that has resulted in the UNAMID has posted a map on its website minister for foreign affairs of Qatar, Ahmed killing of civilians and destruction of their that shows that about a quarter of Darfur is bin Abdullah Al-Mahmoud, to discuss the homes and properties and has led to ready for recovery (i.e. development) activi- outcomes of the ADSC. It is understood the further displacements and affected ties, mainly the area west of Ed Daein mediators highlighted the ongoing prob- humanitarian access. He said the state north-westward toward Nyala, Kass, Zalin- lem of securing the participation of all of emergency in Darfur continued to cur- gei and El Geneina; however, approximately belligerent groups in meaningful peace tail fundamental rights and freedoms; three-quarters of Darfur is either only poten- negotiations. On 23 June the Council Pres- arbitrary arrests and prolonged deten- tially ready or not ready for recovery. The ident delivered a Council press statement tions without judicial oversight were following areas are identified as not ready: welcoming the outcome of the ADSC as a being carried out under emergency or areas along the border with South Sudan; significant step forward and as the basis national security legislation or both. Oth- the area north-east of Nyala; the area of for achieving a comprehensive peace in man said that humanitarian assistance Shangil Tobaya; the area of Jebel Marra; Darfur. The AU and UN have yet to appoint to camps for IDPs was strictly limited in Kutum town; the area north of Malha; and a a replacement joint mediator. South Darfur, noting that in some camps large area north of Kornoi along the border the newly displaced had not received The security situation in Darfur remains with Chad. food, medical aid and shelter since Jan- poor, with reports of continued fighting On 6 June three Bulgarian pilots who uary. He said that IDPs lived in a state of between various rebel groups and Sudan had been kidnapped at an airstrip in insecurity due to the presence of armed Armed Forces (SAF) and pro-government West Darfur state on 12 January while elements and criminal activity occurring militia, particularly in the areas of Shangil working for the World Food Programme within the camps. Othman will present Tobaya in North Darfur and Jebel Marra in were released unharmed. his findings to the September session of West Darfur. There have been reports of the Human Rights Council. SAF planes bombing these areas. On 8 June the Council received a briefing on the work of the International Criminal On 1 June a militia raided three ethnically Key Issues Court (ICC) in Sudan from the court’s Zaghawa villages near Shangil Tobaya, A key issue for the Council is that Bassolé’s prosecutor, Luis Moreno-Ocampo. Moreno- looting property and stealing cattle. A group departure effectively ends the formal Ocampo said crimes against humanity and of villagers confronted the militia, recover- AU-UN contribution to internationally based genocide continued unabated in Darfur, cit- ing some cattle. Witnesses later saw SAF peace talks. ing attacks on the Fur, Massalit and personnel apprehend this group as they Zaghawa ethnic groups. He added that the A second key issue is the difficulty of pro- returned to their village and take them current governor of Southern Kordofan, ceeding with a Darfur-based process in the away. Sixteen of the villagers were executed Ahmad Harun (who has been indicted by absence of a signed comprehensive peace by firing squad. the ICC) provides a good example of the agreement. A related issue is determining On 4 June the government of North Darfur consequences of ignoring information how to encourage or pressure all belliger- formed a commission of inquiry, compris- about serious crimes, saying that in the ent groups to agree to a ceasefire in the first ing representatives from the North Darfur 1990s Harun used local militia to attack civil- instance and then consider a comprehen- governor’s office, the attorney general’s ians in the Nuba Mountains in Southern sive peace agreement, such as the draft office, police, the National Intelligence and Kordofan and used the same tactics endorsed at the ADSC. Security Service and a Zaghawa commu- between 2003 and 2005 in Darfur. A further issue will be how to support a sus- nity leader. On 5 June the commission tainable Darfur-based process, balancing travelled from El Fasher to Shangil Tobaya the preferences of Khartoum, the AU and

Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 9 the UNAMID leadership to commence the Positions differ on both the DPP and the UN Documents Darfur-based Political Process (DPP) as Doha process and, as a result, the political soon as possible, bearing in mind the defi- role of UNAMID in facilitating the DPP is Security Council Resolutions cits in the enabling environment as outlined controversial. Some want the DPP to start • S/RES/1982 (17 May 2011) extended in the special report of the Secretary- immediately with UNAMID support. Others the mandate of the Sudan sanctions General in April. believe a DPP would not be successful in panel of experts to 19 February 2012. the current circumstances. Many Council • S/RES/1935 (30 July 2010) renewed A related issue is how UNAMID can best members are troubled by the human rights UNAMID. assist in enhancing the enabling environ- situation in Darfur and some are very con- • S/RES/1593 (31 March 2005) referred ment for the DPP, including working with cerned that any work toward a DPP at this the situation in Darfur to the ICC. Khartoum to lift the state of emergency and stage would not be inclusive or sustainable. • S/RES/1591 (29 March 2005) and improve the human rights situation. These members are concerned that a DPP S/RES/1556 (30 July 2004) imposed Another issue is how the independence of process conducted under these conditions sanctions. would not lead to real peace but would be a South Sudan on 9 July will affect the situa- Secretary-General’s Reports tion in Darfur. A related practical issue will Khartoum-dominated charade. • S/2011/252 (15 April 2011) was on be whether to consider basing some lead- The other view in the Council is that it is implementation of the DPP. ership components of UNAMID in wrong to try to set pre-conditions for the • S/2011/244 (14 April 2011) was the Khartoum, to facilitate the UN’s good- DPP, “ideal scenarios”, that would be diffi- previous quarterly report of the offices role, following the expected cult for many post-conflict societies to meet. Secretary-General on UNAMID. departure of the UN Mission in Sudan The members who support the immediate (UNMIS) from Khartoum as of 9 July. Meeting Record start of the DPP feel it is important that the • S/PV.6548 (8 June 2011) was the Underlying Issues peace process move away from talks with latest briefing by the ICC prosecutor. While UNAMID patrols have successfully the rebel groups or small delegations sent achieved more access recently, the broader to Doha and include the full spectrum of Other lack of access for the media and humanitar- Darfuri society. Supporters of the DPP also • SC/10291 (23 June 2011) was the ian agencies in Darfur limits information on point out that most rebel groups have Council press statement on the Doha the humanitarian situation. This lack of rejected the Doha peace talks and their peace process. information directly impacts UNAMID’s abil- intransigence should not prevent others ity to investigate possible situations relevant seeking solutions. Other Relevant Facts to their protection-of-civilians mandate. There are also differences between Council UNAMID: Joint AU-UN Special Representative for Darfur There is still no ceasefire between govern- members on their approach to applying ment forces and rebel groups, let alone a pressure to rebel groups to cease their con- Ibrahim Gambari (Nigeria) peace agreement. UNAMID therefore con- frontations with pro-government elements UNAMID: Force Commander and join established peace processes. tinues to operate in an environment in which Lt. Gen. Patrick Nyamvumba (Rwanda) it has “no peace to keep.” Some on the Council seem to feel that the Council focuses too much attention on its UNAMID: Size, Composition, Cost Options condemnation of the actions of Khartoum and Duration The Council could: and that the Sudan sanctions regime might Maximum authorised strength: up to n renew UNAMID’s mandate for 12 months be a possible approach to pressure leaders 19,555 military personnel, 3,772 police and with no changes to its mandate or force such as Abdul Wahid to participate more 19 formed police units (total police 6,432) level; constructively in talks. Main troop contributors: Nigeria, Rwanda, n include specific reference to UNAMID Egypt, Ethiopia and Senegal providing assistance to the DPP; There is a strong possibility that the nega- Military strength as of 31 May 2011: tive dynamics that characterised some n make the lifting of the state of emergency 17,760 military personnel in Darfur a condition for UNAMID assis- recent discussions on the implementation Police Strength as of 31 May 2011: tance to the DPP; of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement 4,986 police personnel n highlight how lifting the state of emer- between Sudan and Southern Sudan will Annual Budget: $1.81 billion gency would facilitate the effectiveness of exacerbate the divisions on Darfur and Duration: 31 July 2007 to present; the DPP; or strain the atmosphere of the UNAMID nego- mandate expires 31 July 2011 n urge the appointment of a replacement tiations. (The Council will have been Sanctions Committee Chairman for Bassolé to ensure there is an AU-UN intensively negotiating Sudan-related out- representative on the IFC set up by Qatar. come documents for roughly two months Néstor Osorio (Colombia) without interruption.) Panel of Experts Council Dynamics The Council is very divided in its approach Rajiva Sinha (India): finance and to a number of aspects of the situation coordinator of the panel in Darfur. Claudio Gramizzi (Italy): arms Michael Lewis (UK): aviation Hesham Nasr (Egypt): international humanitarian law Jérôme Tubiana (France): regional

10 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org Somalia local and regional administrations and international partners; Expected Council Action n welcomed the upcoming consultative SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT In July, the Council is expected to renew the meeting in Mogadishu, emphasising that Monthly mandate of the sanctions Monitoring the meeting should agree on a roadmap Group. The Group is due to present its final for the next 12 months with clear time- JULY 2011FORECAST report (which was circulated to Council lines and benchmarks (as called for by members in June), and the Sanctions Com- the Kampala Accord); Human Rights-Related mittee Chair, Indian Ambassador Hardeep n warned that future support to the TFIs Developments Singh Puri, will report to the Council on this would depend on completion of key and the work of the Committee. tasks; and On 17 June, the Human Rights Council n recalled the Council’s authority to impose (HRC) renewed the mandate of the UN It is unclear whether the Council will targeted measures. independent expert on the situation of consider the proposal made by the human rights in Somalia for a period of Secretary-General’s Special Representa- Also on 24 June, the Somali president one year, from September 2011. The tive on Children and Armed Conflict, nominated Abdiweli Mohamed Ali to suc- HRC requested the independent expert Radhika Coomaraswamy, in her briefing to ceed Mohammed Abdullahi Mohammed to evaluate the sufficiency and effective- the Sanctions Committee on 23 May. She as prime minister, following the latter’s res- ness of the technical assistance called for expanding the listing criteria ignation on 19 June as called for by the provided to Somalia, and to submit under the Somalia sanctions regime to Kampala Accord. Abdiweli, a Somali- comprehensive reports to the HRC at its include violations against children and American like his predecessor, served as next two sessions, in September 2011 appointing an expert on children and armed minister of planning and international and March 2012. conflict to the Monitoring Group. cooperation in the previous government. The Somali parliament approved his Key Issues It is also possible that there will be a brief- appointment on 28 June. The new prime ing by the Secretary-General’s Special A key issue for the Council in July is the minister now has 30 days, according to the mandate renewal of the Monitoring Group Representative Augustine Mahiga. The Kampala Accord, to appoint the members Mogadishu consultative meeting that was and whether to request the Secretary- of his cabinet and submit the list of names General to appoint as a new member an initially scheduled for 11 to 16 June has to the president, who should then forward now been postponed until mid-July. expert on children and armed conflict. A this to the parliament for endorsement. related issue is whether to also strengthen At press time it was unclear whether there The security situation remained unstable. its focus on issues such as piracy. would be any follow-up in July to the The Islamist rebel group Al Shabaab Secretary-General’s report on the modali- Another key issue is whether to expand the claimed responsibility for a suicide attack on sanctions listing criteria for Somalia to ties for the establishment of specialised 10 June that killed Somali Interior Minister Somali anti-piracy courts. The International include violations against children or to Abdi Shakur Sheikh Hassan. Other develop- more specifically target piracy leaders. Contact Group on Piracy off the Coast of ments, however, indicated a continuing Somalia is scheduled to meet on 14 July weakening of the rebels, including the killing A third key issue is whether the Kampala under the chairmanship of Singapore. by Somali police in June of Fazul Abdullah Accord can effectively contain the power Key Recent Developments Mohammed, Al-Qaida’s leader in East Africa struggles among Somali leaders, improve On 9 June, Somali president Sheikh Sharif and a field commander for Al Shabaab. the functioning of the TFIs and open the way for real progress on remaining transitional Sheikh Ahmed and speaker of parliament On 21 June, Under-Secretary-General for Sharif Hassan Sheikh Aden reached an tasks and in improving security. A related Legal Affairs Patricia O’Brien briefed the issue is whether the Council should take the agreement on transitional issues, the Kam- Council on the Secretary-General’s 14 June pala Accord. The accord effectively extends opportunity of its focus on Somalia in July to report on modalities for the establishment include political language reinforcing recent the transitional period for one year by delay- of Somali anti-piracy courts. The report ing elections for the positions of president positive developments so as to help keep addressed the legal and practical consider- them on track and underline the need to and speaker until August 2012 “in order to ations for the establishment of such courts, adequately prepare and complete priority implement the roadmap to be agreed at the including the constitutional and legal basis in upcoming meeting in Mogadishu. transitional tasks.” (For more details on the Somalia, adequate criminal and procedural accord, please refer to our Update Report legislation, availability of trained judges and A final issue is whether to continue in July on Somalia of 23 June 2011.) other personnel, imprisonment facilities, the discussions on the proposal to estab- On 24 June, the Council adopted a presi- financing and timelines. It identified a num- lish specialised Somali anti-piracy courts dential statement welcoming the signing of ber of significant challenges that would have with a view to making further decisions. to be overcome and indicated that Somali the Kampala Accord. It: Options authorities oppose the idea of an extraterrito- n called on the signatories to honour their Key options for the Council include: rial court. In her statement, O’Brien obligations under the accord; n renewing the mandate of the Monitoring underlined, however, that the Secretariat n called on the Transitional Federal Group without any changes; would be ready to respond with urgency to Institutions (TFIs) to build broad-based n expanding the Somalia sanctions regime any request from the Council aimed at the representative institutions and consult listing criteria to include violations against establishment of specialised courts. widely with all stakeholders, including children (it could use language similar to

Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 11 resolution 1807 on the Democratic related to piracy and drafted resolution Useful Additional Source Republic of the Congo) and requesting 1976 in close coordination with France. n The Human Cost of Somali Piracy, the Secretary-General to appoint an Oceans Beyond Piracy, June 2011. expert on children and armed conflict to UN Documents the Monitoring Group; Security Council Resolutions n expanding the listing criteria to specifi- • S/RES/1976 (11 April 2011) welcomed cally target piracy leaders; Children and Armed Conflict the report of the Special Adviser on n adopting a statement following the con- Legal Issues Related to Piracy off the Expected Council Action sultative meeting in Mogadishu in July coast of Somalia and requested a The Council is expected to discuss children reinforcing previous messages and report within two months on the and armed conflict in an open debate in expressing its intention to closely monitor modalities of establishing specialised mid-July, which is expected to be presided implementation of the road map; and courts to try suspected pirates. over by German Foreign Minister Guido n adopting a resolution on ways to • S/RES/1950 (23 November 2010) Westerwelle. Germany is also the chair of strengthen prosecution and incarcera- renewed for a period of 12 months the Council working group on children and tion of Somali pirates, either through the the anti-piracy measures of previous armed conflict. The main focus of the creation of specialised courts or building Council resolutions. debate will be on the Secretary-General’s on existing efforts. • S/RES/1916 (19 March 2010) extended 2011 report on children and armed conflict. Council Dynamics the mandate of the Monitoring Group The Special Representative for Children The 24 June presidential statement provided for Somalia and established a humani- and Armed Conflict, Radhika Coomaras- an indication of the current mood among tarian asset-freeze exemption. wamy, and representatives from DPKO and Council members. While the Kampala • S/RES/1844 (20 November 2008) UNICEF are expected to brief the Council Accord is seen as a major step forward, there imposed targeted sanctions. during the session. • S/RES/1807 (31 March 2008) set out are real concerns about keeping the agreed A resolution, possibly adding an additional the listing criteria under the Demo- process on track over the next 12 months. violation to be used as criteria for the inclu- cratic Republic of Congo sanctions sion in the Secretary-General’s annexes, is At press time, discussions on the sanctions regime, which include “political and a possible outcome of the debate. regime had not yet started, and it was there- military leaders . . . recruiting or using fore unclear whether the Council would children in armed conflicts” and Germany is also organising a side event on take up any of Coomaraswamy’s sugges- “individuals . . . committing serious attacks on schools and hospitals on 30 tions. At her meeting with the sanctions violations of international law involving June in preparation for the open debate. committee in May, only a few Council mem- the targeting of children or women.” The keynote speech will be delivered by bers, including France, Germany and Latest Presidential Statement Her Highness Sheikha Moza Bint Nasser, Portugal, explicitly supported her proposal Consort of the Emir of the State of Qatar and • S/PRST/2011/13 (24 June 2011) to expand the sanctions criteria. Most mem- UNESCO Special Envoy on Basic and welcomed the signing of the Kampala bers wanted more time to consider it. Higher Education. Among the panellists are Accord. As for any possible follow-up to the representatives from UNESCO, UNICEF, Secretary-General’s Reports Secretary-General’s piracy report, Council ICRC and the Watchlist on Children and members are clearly divided. France and • S/2011/360 (14 June 2011) was the Armed Conflcit. Other interested parties like Russia remain in favour of creating spe- Secretary-General’s report on spe- the Group of Friends of Children and Armed cialised Somali piracy courts, including an cialised Somali anti-piracy courts. Conflict, a network of 35 interested member extraterritorial court, in spite of the legal and • S/2011/277 (28 April 2011) was the states chaired by Canada, will also be given practical challenges identified in the report. latest regular report. the opportunity to make statements. The UK, on the other hand, seems to prefer a Meeting Records Security Council Report will publish its practical as opposed to a legal approach, • S/PV.6560 (21 June 2011) was the fourth Cross-Cutting Report on Children especially through the current UN programs meeting on the Secretary-General’s and Armed Conflict in early July. aimed at strengthening the capacity of report on specialised Somali anti- Somaliland and Puntland to prosecute and piracy courts. Key Recent Developments incarcerate pirates. The UK sees the lack of • S/PV.6532 (11 May 2011) was the The Secretary-General’s 2011 report, pub- prisons rather than courts as the most critical Special Representative’s latest lished on 23 April, highlighted the growing issue. The US also wants to build on existing briefing on Somalia. trend of attacks against schools and recom- efforts, but supports the idea of a dedicated mended the Council expand the “gateway Other court or specialised chamber in one of the to the annexes” to the Secretary-General’s neighbouring states in the region that would • S/AC.51/2011/2 (1 March 2011) were report to include parties that attack schools operate under the domestic laws of that the conclusions on Somalia of the and hospitals. (Secretary-General’s reports state. Other Council members seem open to Council’s Working Group on Children since 2002 have contained two annexes of discuss different options, but emphasise the and Armed Conflict. parties to armed conflict that recruit chil- need to take into account the views of the • S/2011/30 (24 January 2011) was dren: Annex I is made up of situations that Transitional Federal Government. a letter from the Secretary-General are on the Council’s formal agenda and transmitting Jack Lang’s report The UK is the lead country on Somalia, but on piracy. Russia has taken the lead on legal issues

12 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org Annex II are those not on the Council’s actors who are parties to the conflicts in the agenda.) Other recommendations focused DRC and Afghanistan respectively as a fol- on the application of targeted measures low-up to the working group’s conclusions SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT against persistent perpetrators of grave vio- on the DRC and Afghanistan. Monthly lations against children, including: (For more information on the Working n designating child-protection criteria in JULY 2011 Group’s activities in 2010 please see our FORECAST the renewal or establishment of the man- upcoming Cross-Cutting Report on Chil- dates of sanctions committees; dren and Armed Conflict.) persistent perpetrators with the working n requesting specific child protection group’s demands. expertise in its expert groups; and Since the last debate in June 2010, Cooma- n including systematic information on vio- raswamy has made five field trips: Uganda A related issue is assessing the tools used lations against children in reports and (June 2010), Somalia and Kenya (Novem- to reach out to non-state actors and recom- recommendations to relevant sanctions ber 2010), Afghanistan (January 2011), mending more effective alternatives. committees from the Council and the Philippines (April 2011) and Chad (June A growing issue for the working group is the working group on children and armed 2011). In both Afghanistan and Chad, she difficulty of holding meetings due to a short- conflict. witnessed the signing of action plans by age of space and translators. the government. In 2011 no parties were removed from the Options annexes but four were added—two in Coomaraswamy briefed the Somalia/ One option is a resolution reiterating resolu- Yemen (placing it for the first time on the Eritrea Sanctions Committee on 23 May tion 1882 and the June 2010 presidential Secretary-General’s annexes) and two in and proposed that it consider adding a new statement. Possible new elements may be: Iraq. The report notes the signing of action listing criteria related to children to its sanc- n expanding the criteria for inclusion in the plans by Sudan Liberation Army (SLA)- tions regime. This was the second briefing annexes of the Secretary-General’s Free Will and SLA/Mother Wing (Abu of a sanctions committee on the issue of annual report to include parties that Gasim) in Sudan and the Afghan National children and armed conflict. She briefed the engage in attacks on schools and hospi- Security Forces. DRC Sanctions Committee on 21 May tals in a situation of armed conflict; 2010, which most likely led in August 2010 A delegation representing the working n requesting sanctions committees to to the committee’s adding the practice of group on children and armed conflict vis- include the targeting of children in armed recruitment and use of children as criteria ited Afghanistan from 4 to 9 June. Germany, conflict as part of their sanctions regime; against nine individuals already under which is the chair of the working group, sent and sanctions. And on 1 December 2010 the representatives from New York, while the n signalling that the Working Group should committee added an individual who was rest of the delegation was made up of repre- be more proactive in recommending that designated for holding direct and com- sentatives from the Kabul missions of the the Council adopt resolutions with tar- mand responsibility for child recruitment UK, US, France, China and Russia. The geted sanctions against individuals in and maintaining children within his troops. main objectives of the trip were to take appropriate cases; and stock of progress made by the Afghan gov- Key Issues n indicating that the Working Group can, if ernment in the implementation of the Action The key issue for the Council is whether to necessary, perform the role of a sanc- Plan signed in January and to assess the focus a resolution on expanding the trigger tions committee in such situations where impact of the conflict on the safety and to include attacks against schools and hos- there is no sanctions committee. accessibility of schools and hospitals for pitals (and the related need for monitoring Other possible options include: children. During the visit the delegation met and action plans for this new criterion) or to n initiating a discussion on how to address with government officials, community and focus also on possible action regarding issues like cross-border violations religious leaders, civil society and Interna- sanctions committees, persistent violators against children, reaching out to non- tional Security Assistance Force (ISAF). and non-state actors. state actors and persistent violators; So far in 2011, the working group has A key issue is whether the Council should n requesting the Secretary-General to pro- adopted four sets of conclusions—on try to use specific language for the new trig- vide alternatives to action plans for Somalia, the Democratic Republic of the ger based on international humanitarian non-state actors; Congo (DRC), Afghanistan and Chad. It is law or if it should keep the wording more n suggesting a report from the Secretariat currently discussing conclusions for the general, and thus allow the Secretariat reviewing the mechanisms set up by Central African Republic, which it is some flexibility. resolution 1612 to be presented in hoping to adopt by the end of July. In the early 2012; second half of the year, the working group Also an issue is whether a possible new trig- n requesting the Secretary-General include is expected to consider the Secretary- ger should be confined to attacks and in his country-specific reports on children General’s reports on Iraq, Sudan, Sri threats of attacks against schools and hos- and armed conflict a section on follow-up Lanka, Myanmar and Colombia. pitals or if it should also include attacks to the Working Group’s conclusions; and against teachers and medical personnel. n requesting that the chair of the working Germany, as chair of the working group, group explore ways of getting funding for Another issue is whether there is a need also issued two press statements, on 18 field missions. March and 18 May, addressing non-state to address the lack of compliance by

Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 13 Council Dynamics Security Council Debate non-members of the Council, focused on Most Council members appear to be open the compatibility of the agenda item with the • S/PV.6341 and resumption 1 (16 June to the idea of adding an additional trigger mandate of the Council under the UN Char- 2010) was the lastest debate on through the adoption of a resolution follow- ter. There was no formal outcome. Both the children and armed conflict. ing the debate. The main concern among Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) and the members appears to be related to ensuring Conclusions of the Security Council Group of 77+China sent letters to the Working Group that the language is appropriate for this new Council expressing concern about Council trigger, particularly in the context of interna- • S/AC.51/2011/4 (3 May 2011) was encroachment on the prerogatives of the tional humanitarian law. on Chad. General Assembly and the Economic and • S/AC.51/2011/3 (3 May 2011) was Social Council. Under the German chairmanship, which on Afghanistan. began in January 2011, the working group • S/AC.51/2011/1 (8 Mar 2011) was Since 2007, global concern about climate has significantly reduced the time-lag on the Democratic Republic of change and its implications intensified. between publication of Secretary- the Congo. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate General’s reports on children and armed • S/AC.51/2011/2 (8 Mar 2011) was Change (IPCC)—established by UNEP conflict and the working group adopting on Somalia. and the World Meteorological Organiza- conclusions. Following a strict schedule of • S/AC.51/2010/5 (12 November 2010) tion (WMO)—issued its assessment weekly meetings with informal meetings as was on the Philippines. report, “Climate Change 2007” in Novem- needed, the working group has been able • S/AC.51/2010/4 (12 November 2010) ber 2007, which highlighted the reality of to generally publish about two conclusions was on Nepal. climate change, its impact and possible every two months. • S/AC.51/2010/3 (30 September 2010) consequences. The constant interaction among members was on Colombia. On 3 June 2009, on the initiative of the of the working group has led to a collegial • S/AC.51/2010/2 (3 June 2010) was small-island developing states of the Pacific working environment in which members on Sri Lanka. Ocean, the General Assembly held a appear keen to cooperate in order to keep • S/AC.51/2010/1 (16 June 2010) was debate on climate change and its possible to a schedule of reports and conclusions. on Uganda. security implications. At the end of the Among the new elected members, Portugal Letter debate, the Assembly adopted a resolution has given this issue high priority and is play- • S/2010/410 (2 Aug 2010) was the inviting the relevant organs of the UN to ing an active role both within the working annual report on the activities of the intensify their efforts in considering and group and in mainstreaming the issue in the Security Council Working Group on addressing climate change, including its Council. France and the UK also continue Children and Armed Conflict, estab- possible security implications, within their to pay keen attention to the issue. lished pursuant to resolution 1612 respective mandates. It also requested the (2005), covering the period 1 July Secretary-General to submit to it a compre- UN Documents 2009 to 30 June 2010. hensive report on the possible security Security Council Resolution implications of climate change. • S/RES/1882 (4 August 2009) was the On 11 September 2009, the Secretary- latest children-and-armed-conflict res- Maintenance of International General presented his report to the General olution, which expanded the trigger for Assembly. The report identified climate inclusion in the Secretary-General’s Peace and Security: Impact of Climate Change change as a “threat multiplier” that exacer- annexes to include killing, maiming bates existing threats, such as persistent and sexual violence. Expected Council Action poverty, weak institutions for resource Presidential Statement In July, the Council will hold an open debate management and mistrust between com- on the impact of climate change on the munities. It identified five further ways in • S/PRST/2010/10 (16 June 2010) was maintenance of international peace and which climate change might affect security: the latest presidential statement. security. The executive director of the UN n climate change could threaten food Secretary-General’s Reports on Children Environment Programme (UNEP), Achim security and human health and increase and Armed Conflict Steiner, is expected to address the Council, exposure to extreme events; • S/2011/250 (23 April 2011) was the and the Secretary-General may attend. n it could undermine the stability of states latest report on children and armed Many countries are also expected to par- by slowing or reversing development; conflict. ticipate in the open debate. n it could increase the likelihood of domes- • S/2011/366 (15 June 2011) was tic conflict due to migration and depleting on Iraq. Background resources, with possible international • S/2011/55 (3 February 2011) was On 17 April 2007 the Council held a high- ramifications; on Afghanistan. level debate on the relationship between n disappearance of territory might raise • S/2010/577 (9 November 2010) was energy, security and climate, initiated issues of sovereignty, rights and security; on Somalia. by the UK, which held the Council presi- and

• S/2010/369 (9 July 2010) was on dency that month. It was the first time n international conflict might be a result of the DRC. the Council had addressed the potential climate change’s impact on shared or impact of climate change on security. Some demarcated international resources. of the debate, particularly statements by

14 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org In December 2009, the 15th session of the Council Dynamics Conference of Parties (COP) to the UN Germany, with the strong support of Portu- Framework Convention on Climate gal, has initiated this open debate. Germany SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT Change, was held in Copenhagen. The out- will circulate a concept note prior to the Monthly come document sets a goal of reducing debate and would like to focus on two sub- global emissions so as to hold temperature topics. The first is the rising sea level and its JULY 2011FORECAST rises to no more than 2°C but no legally impact on coastal and small island states, binding commitments to emissions reduc- from the loss of coastal territory to the dis- the debate in 2007, more scientific evi- tions to achieve that goal. It also called for appearance of certain islands completely. dence has been produced on the long-term the mobilisation of funds from developed to The second is threats to food security due ramifications of climate change and some developing countries, but does not lay to climate change and its effects on peace have linked recent conflicts to the rising down specifics to achieve this end. The out- and security. come was heavily criticised by some prices of basic foodstuffs and diminishing developing countries claiming that it did not Several countries on the Council are sup- water resources. address their needs. portive of having a second debate on this issue. They view it as an opportunity for the UN Documents The 16th session of the COP took place in Council, as part of the UN system, to dis- Press Statement Cancun, ending in December 2010 with an cuss the relevance of climate change to its • SC/9000 (17 April 2007) was a state- agreement that set up a new fund to help mandate under the Charter, as called for by ment issued following the debate on poor countries adapt to climate changes, the General Assembly. They are, however, energy, security and climate contain- and created new mechanisms for transfer prudent about the need for the Council to ing divergent views on the relevance of clean energy technology, but again fell be seen to be cautious and not as overstep- of the agenda item to the Council’s short of specific legal obligations to achieve ping its boundaries and undermining other mandate. these ends. processes, such as the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. They see a Meeting Record Key Issues modest outcome from the debate as con- • S/PV.5663 and S/PV.5663 Resump- A key issue is whether the Council can find sistent with the cautious approach and are tion 1 (17 April 2007) was the debate common language for a statement which hoping to reach consensus on some con- on energy, security and climate. reflects an appropriate role that the Council crete steps that can be taken by the Council can play to complement other international Secretary-General’s Report and on having this topic on the Council’s efforts to address climate change. • A/64/350 (11 September 2009) was agenda again in the future. the report addressed to the General A second issue is how to integrate analysis Some NAM and Group of 77+China coun- Assembly on climate change and its of the role that climate change may have in tries are still concerned with the Council possible security implications. sparking or aggravating existing tensions engaging on an issue that, even given its that could lead to conflict into existing con- Letters security dimensions, is not in their view prin- flict-prevention analyses. A related issue is • S/2007/211 (16 April 2007) was sent cipally part of the Council’s responsibility integrating long-term thinking into the by the Group of 77 and China to the under the UN Charter, and is the focus of Council’s work on the serious implications president of the Council on their other UN organs and entities. Brazil, for climate change may have on small-island concerns regarding the Council’s example, has argued that there is no direct states and coastal states. involvement in matters of climate link established between climate change change. and peace and security and that social and Options • S/2007/203 (13 April 2007) was sent economic development provides adequate Options for the Council include: by NAM to the president of the Coun- n tools to tackle climate change’s impact. adopting a presidential statement recog- cil on their concerns regarding the However, the members are also conscious nising the interrelations between climate Council’s involvement in matters of that there are now a number of NAM and change and security issues; climate change. n G-77 countries which strongly support the calling upon the Secretary-General to • S/2007/186 (5 April 2007) was the let- Council giving attention to the issue. prepare a report on the relationship ter from the UK to the president of the between climate change and peace and There is growing understanding that spe- Council containing its concept note security and a mechanism for evaluating cific conflicts may have climate change for the debate on energy, security the possible impact of climate change as related aspects. and climate. a trigger of conflict in current and future Selected General Assembly Resolution conflict and post-conflict situations; Compared to the impression left four years n noting the need to integrate climate ago, there seems to be less resistance to • A/RES/63/281 (3 June 2009) invited change dimensions, where they exist, having the debate on the Council’s agenda, UN organs to consider the issue of into peacekeeping and peacebuilding as is evident by the name given to the climate change within their mandates. activities in situations on the Council’s agenda item itself, linking climate change agenda; or to security issues. Some members think n taking no action at this time. that this may be due to the fact that since

Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 15 Côte d’Ivoire their repatriation on 27 May. Repatriation Human Rights-Related had begun in March, but was suspended Developments Expected Council Action due to increasing insecurity. In July the Council is expected to renew the The international commission of inquiry On 14 June, UNHCR reported that it had mandate for UNOCI. The current mandate established by the Human Rights registered 322,277 internally displaced expires 31 July. The Secretary-General’s Council (HRC) in its resolution 16/25 vis- people across Côte d’Ivoire, mainly in the report on UNOCI, due 30 June, is expected to ited Côte d’Ivoire from 4 to 28 May and west, but also in the north and Abidjan. recommend extending UNOCI for 12 months submitted its report on 9 June. The Com- According to UNHCR, there continue to be at current troop levels, with a midterm mission found that serious violations of more than 180,000 Ivorian refugees in Libe- review. Legislative elections are scheduled human rights and international humani- ria and more than 25,000 Ivorian refugees in to be held before the end of the year. tarian law had been committed following other countries in West Africa. last November’s presidential election. Key Recent Developments On 1 June, Ouattara announced a new gov- Violations were committed both by Although the security situation began to ernment that notably lacked representation forces loyal to Gbagbo and to Ouattara. improve in May and June, continuing vio- from Gbagbo’s Popular Front Party. The HRC expressed concern over the lence indicated that the post-election crisis humanitarian situation in Côte d’Ivoire, had not entirely ended. A report from The international commission of inquiry on called for an immediate end to the vio- Human Rights Watch, issued 2 June, Côte d’Ivoire submitted its report to the lence there and established a mandate asserted that since mid-April forces loyal to Human Rights Council on 9 June. for a UN independent human rights Ivorian President Alassane Ouattara had expert for a period of one year. The On 23 June, Luis Moreno-Ocampo, the killed at least 149 “real or perceived” sup- expert will assist the government in the prosecutor of the International Criminal porters of former president Laurent implementation of the resolutions of the Court, formally submitted a request to open Gbagbo, while pro-Gbagbo forces had HRC and of the recommendations of the an investigation into crimes committed in killed at least 220 individuals. On 9 June the commission of inquiry. It will report to the Côte d’Ivoire following the elections in human rights section of the UN Operation in March 2012 session of the HRC. Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI) reported an increase November. Earlier, on 17 June, he gave in attacks and violence by the Forces public notice that victims of the post-elec- Key Issues Républicaines de la Côte d’Ivoire (FRCI), tion violence have 30 days to submit The key issue for the Council is determin- loyal to Ouattara, in the south and west of testimony to the Court. Moreno-Ocampo is ing focus for UNOCI’s mandate in the the country. scheduled to visit Côte d’Ivoire from 27 new situation. A related issue is whether June to 4 July. to make permanent the earlier ad hoc Reports continued of Liberian mercenaries troop increases. retreating west, towards the border with On 16 June the Ivorian government Liberia, contributing to insecurity in those announced the establishment of a national Another key issue is determining the new areas. On 14 June, the National Liberian commission to investigate human rights role for UNOCI in disarmament, demobilisa- Police announced the arrest of a Liberian violations perpetrated during the post- tion and reintegration of all combatants and mercenary, formerly in the employ of electoral crisis. reform of the security sector. Gbagbo, operating under the nom de On 22 June, Amnesty International guerre “Bob Marley.” Human Rights Watch A final issue is whether to apply, in the spe- reported that authorities in Côte d’Ivoire cific case of Côte d’Ivoire, the key element has linked Marley to massacres in which had detained at least 50 individuals, includ- more than 100 people were killed, including arising from its thematic debate in February ing high profile politicians from Gbagbo’s on security and development of the need to the execution of at least 50 people, among party, without charge. them many children, on 25 March in Blolé- address root causes (S/PRST/2011/4) and quin, a village in western Côte d’Ivoire. The UN’s Department of Peacekeeping the implications of it for UNOCI’s role in pro- Operations conducted a military capability moting national reconciliation. On 17 June, Liberian authorities discov- study in Côte d’Ivoire from 21 to 29 April ered an arms cache consisting of AK-47 Underlying Problems and in Liberia from 3 to 6 May. An interde- Though there has been some improvement rifles, machine guns, rocket-propelled gre- partmental assessment mission also visited nades and several thousand rounds of on the ground in Côte d’Ivoire, major chal- Côte d’Ivoire from 1 to 14 May. Based on lenges remain. Reconciling supporters of ammunition near the border with Côte these visits, the Secretary-General wrote to d’Ivoire. Liberia has detained 92 Ivorian Gbagbo and Ouattara in order to reunify the the Security Council on 10 June recom- country is the foremost issue facing Côte refugees for questioning regarding the mending an extension of the redeployment weapons. A recent report of the Panel of d’Ivoire. At the same time, the continuing of three armed helicopters to UNOCI and presence of unofficial armed groups— Experts on Liberia highlighted ongoing the return of two deployed utility helicopters problems with the movement of arms and including Liberian mercenaries—is having to the United Nations Mission in Liberia a destabilising effect throughout the armed groups across the border separat- (UNMIL). ing the two countries. country. While police have gradually been On 29 June, the Security Council adopted returning to their posts, many precincts and Liberian refugees who had taken refuge at resolution 1992 extending the redeploy- policing functions remain in the hands of the offices of the UN High Commissioner for ment of troops and helicopters from FRCI soldiers. Refugees (UNHCR) in Abidjan during the UNMIL to UNOCI. immediate post-election violence resumed Given the lack of effective control by Ouat- tara over the various armed groups that

16 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org supported him in the post-election crisis, Council Dynamics disarming and demobilising militias active Many members seem to want to ensure that throughout the country is an issue, as is the the recent gains made in Côte d’Ivoire are SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT question of impunity for those responsible not allowed to slip. As a result there appears Monthly for the ongoing violence. The refusal of mili- to be some consensus amongst Council tia leader Ibrahim Coulibaly, formerly loyal members on the need to reinforce disarma- JULY 2011FORECAST to Ouattara, to disarm his troops in April, ment, demobilisation and reintegration and and his subsequent death in an assault on add security sector reform to the mandate his compound by the FRCI, provides evi- of UNOCI. • S/RES/1968 (16 February 2011) dence of the complexity of the relationship extended the mandate of troops between Ouattara and his allies. It seems also that most Council members temporarily deployed from UNMIL also agree that UNOCI should maintain cur- to UNOCI for three months. Options rently mandated troop levels, including the • S/RES/1967 (19 January 2011) autho- The Council could: temporary increases authorised in resolu- rised an increase of 2,000 troops in n renew UNOCI for six months, focusing tions 1942 and 1967. the overall strength of UNOCI military the mission’s role on assisting with legis- personnel and authorised the rede- It is likely that there would be resistance lative elections; ployment of aviation assets from from some members of the Council to con- n renew UNOCI for 12 months, with a mid- UNMIL to UNOCI. tinuing the certification role mandated for term review and a much wider focus; • S/RES/1942 (29 September 2010) the special representative of the Secretary- n increase the authorised troop level authorised the deployment of 500 General in the presidential elections. to permanently include the previous ad additional troops to UNOCI to help Resolution 1765 mandated that the special hoc troop authorisations, including with security during the election representative would certify both the presi- the elements temporarily transferred period. dential and legislative elections. However, from UNMIL; • S/RES/1765 (16 July 2007) included some seem to feel that the problems n maintain the current number of autho- the elections-related mandate of following the presidential election were rised troops in UNOCI; the special representative of the complicated, rather than helped, by the n enhance UNOCI’s current mandate Secretary-General. special representative’s certification role. for disarmament, demobilisation and • S/RES/1528 (27 February 2004) reintegration; Some Council members seem concerned established UNOCI. n note the emerging evidence of major about the national reconciliation path and Presidential Statement human rights violations and enhance see risks in the lack of representation of • S/PRST/2011/4 (11 February 2011) UNOCI’s current mandate to support the members of Gbagbo’s party in the new was the statement made following the promotion and protection of human Ivorian government. They appear inter- Council’s thematic debate on “the rights, including the importance of wom- ested in emphasising the need for national interdependence between security en’s and children’s issues; reconciliation. and development”. n add provisions for UNOCI to assist Ivo- rian authorities with security sector Some differences seemed apparent in the Latest Report of the Secretary General Council in discussions over extending the reform to the mandate; or • S/2011/211 (30 March 2011) n highlight national reconciliation issues redeployment of certain assets from UNMIL Selected Letter and reinforce the good-offices role of the to UNOCI. It seems a number of Council Special Representative of the Secretary- members were concerned by the continued • S/2011/351 (10 June 2011) contained General in promoting reconciliation and redeployment of resources from UNMIL to the Secretary-General’s recom­ the importance of his leadership of the UNOCI, particularly ahead of potentially dif- mendations regarding temporary security and development work of the UN ficult Liberian elections expected later this redeployments from UNMIL to UNOCI. with specific responsibilities to integrate year. It seems that the compromise to return Other efforts to address root causes. utility helicopters to UNMIL, whilst retaining • S/2011/367 (15 June 2011) was a the attack helicopter capacity in UNOCI, report of the panel of experts on Regarding support for the electoral pro- addressed some of these concerns. cess, the Council could: Liberia. • A/HRC/17/49 (14 June 2011) was the n limit UNOCI’s role to providing logistical France is the lead country on this issue in support for the elections; the Council. report of the high commissioner for human rights on Côte d’Ivoire. n mandate UNOCI to provide more detailed technical support to Ivorian electoral UN Documents • A/HRC/17/48 (14 June 2011) was the report of the international commission authorities throughout the electoral pro- Security Council Resolutions cess; or of inquiry on Côte d’Ivoire. • S/RES/1981 (13 May 2011) extended • A/HRC/RES/16/25 (13 April 2011) n reiterate the certification role of the special the mandate of UNOCI until 31 July established the HRC’s international representative of the Secretary-General in and authorised the Secretary-General the legislative elections. commission of inquiry on Côte to extend until 30 June the temporary d’Ivoire. redeployment of UNMIL assets to UNOCI.

Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 17 issued a press statement (SC/9791) have concluded that these issues must be Other Relevant Facts expressing concern at the direct and seri- addressed for a regional response to the Special Representative of the Secretary- ous threat the activities of the LRA posed to LRA to succeed. General and Head of Mission the civilian population, humanitarian opera- On 8 June, the defence and security minis- Choi Young-jin (Republic of Korea) tions and regional stability. ters of those countries affected by the LRA UNOCI Force Commander On 24 November 2010, US President (CAR, DRC, Uganda and southern Sudan) Maj. Gen. Gnakoudè Béréna (Togo) Barack Obama presented a new strategy to met to consider the establishment of a UNOCI Police Commissioner address the LRA problem. The US military regional task force authorised by the AU has been providing intelligence and finan- with the support of the international com- Maj. Gen. Jean Marie Bourry (France) cial support to the Uganda People’s munity. They decided to set up a joint Chair of Sanctions Committee Defence Force (UPDF)—operating in CAR, mechanism to coordinate their efforts, as Maria Luiza Ribeiro Viotti (Brazil) the DRC and southern Sudan, as well as well as those of the AU and other partners. UNOCI: Size, Composition, Cost Uganda—for several years. The four main In a press release, the ministers agreed to and Duration objectives of the strategy were to increase submit the outcome of the meeting to their Maximum authorised strength protection for civilians, encourage rebel governments and to the AU summit of (including temporary reinforcements): defections, improve humanitarian access heads of state to be held in Malabo, Equato- 11,142 total uniformed personnel, and “apprehend or remove from the battle- rial Guinea on 30 June to 1 July. field Joseph Kony and senior commanders” including 9,600 troops, 192 military The International Working Group on the (Kony, facing charges for international observers, 1,350 police LRA, a group of interested states, met in crimes before the International Criminal Strength (as of 31 May 2011): 7,966 Washington, D.C., on 27 June. troops, 184 military observers, 1,267 Court (ICC), is still at large and believed to police personnel be in the DRC). The US Senate Armed On 28 June, the Council adopted resolution Main troop contributors: Bangladesh, Services Committee set aside $35 million to 1991 renewing the mandate of the Stabiliza- Pakistan, Jordan, Morocco and Ghana fund the strategy on 17 June. tion Mission in the DRC (MONUSCO). The resolution contains language supporting Annual Budget: $485.1 million In 2011, LRA attacks have continued, most MONUSCO’s efforts in assisting those Duration: 4 April 2004 to present; man- noticeably in the DRC. In March, the UN resisting the LRA. Regarding the priorities date expires 31 July 2011. High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) of the mission, the resolution refers to reported that since January, the LRA had MONUSCO’s mandate protection of civil- intensified its attacks in Orientale province ians as laid out in resolution 1925, which of the DRC, killing some 35 people, abduct- contains language on efforts to address the Lord’s Resistance Army ing 104 others and displacing more than LRA issue, both in terms of military assis- Expected Council Action 17,000 people. Since 2008, according to tance and integration. In July, Under-Secretary-General for Politi- Human Rights Watch, the LRA has killed cal Affairs B. Lynn Pascoe is expected to over 2,400 civilians in the region, abducted Key Issues brief the Council on recent developments 3,400 others—many of whom are chil- A key issue for the Council is that the brief- relating to the Lord’s Resistance Army dren—and displaced over 400,000 people ing is the first step in a process. The next (LRA) and the conclusions of the recent from their homes. step will be the possible AU initiative for a joint UN assessment mission to LRA- regional response to address the LRA. And During the second half of May, a joint UN affected areas. Council members hope to for later in the year, once more information assessment mission was sent to the region, receive the mission’s report prior to the is available, the question would be identify- led by the Department of Political Affairs debate. Pascoe might be joined by briefers ing the Council’s best role in supporting or (DPA) and DPKO. The mission visited from the Department for Peacekeeping endorsing AU efforts and what other steps Sudan, the DRC, the Central African Repub- Operations (DPKO) and the Office for the can be taken by the Council to enhance lic and Uganda and then met with AU Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs existing and future peacekeeping missions’ officials in Addis Ababa. The mission was to (OCHA). Council members are to discuss (as the new mission in Southern Sudan) report to the Secretary-General’s policy ways to address the challenges posed by response to the LRA. committee towards the end of the month. the LRA. Another factor is the role that the newly The mission found that the LRA has weak- Key Recent Developments established UN Regional Office in Central ened in capabilities and numbers yet On 17 November 2009, Pascoe briefed Africa (UNOCA) can play in coordinating continues to be a disruptive and life-threat- members of the Council, followed by con- UN efforts on this issue. ening force in the region. The report may sultations to discuss the Great Lakes region also note that the governments in the region Options and the LRA attacks on civilians in the Dem- do not see the LRA as a major strategic Options for the Council in July include: ocratic Republic of Congo (DRC), the threat and are in disagreement as to n issuing a press statement indicating its Central African Republic (CAR) and Sudan. whether and to what extent the LRA is active This was the last time the LRA was dis- ongoing concerns and future intentions in a regional sense. Animosities between cussed as a standalone issue in an official to keep a focus on the issue; the different government forces active in the Council meeting. The briefing came after an n requesting UNOCA to enhance coopera- region have been a factor in pursuing any increase in LRA activities in the previous tion between the UN missions and kind of joint strategy. The mission seems to months. Following the meeting, the Council information-sharing related to LRA;

18 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org n noting the upcoming AU regional attacks by the LRA in the DRC and discussions and requesting that the southern Sudan, recalled the ICC Secretary-General keep the Council arrest warrant for certain LRA leaders, SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT informed of the particulars of the initiative welcomed the joint efforts made by Monthly as they unfold; countries in the region to address n urging better cooperation among JULY 2011 the security threat posed by the FORECAST countries in the region in prioritising the LRA and welcomed the reestablish- need for protection of civilians in LRA- ment of peace and security in expected to underscore that for most of the affected areas; northern Uganda. reporting period Lebanon was without a n including language on the LRA in the government which curtailed progress with resolution establishing the mandate for Press Statement Lebanon’s national dialogue, border issues the new mission in Southern Sudan; or • SC/9791 (17 November 2009) and Ghajar. The UN Interim Force in Leba- n taking no action at this time. expressed concern at the threat posed non (UNIFIL) has had to cope with two by LRA activities to civilian populations significant events during the reporting Council Dynamics and regional stability. It called for the period: the 15 May al-Nakba protests and a Though the LRA has not been discussed in relevant UN peacekeeping missions 27 May attack on a UNFIL convoy. The the Council as a standalone issue since to coordinate strategies and share report is also expected to track ongoing November 2009, it has come up in country- information to address the issue. specific contexts, and Council members issues such as demarcation of the Blue have continued to discuss the LRA regularly Secretary-General’s Reports Line, Israeli overflights and security along at the expert level. Against the backdrop of • S/2011/298 (12 May 2011) was the the line of buoys. the recent changes in LRA activity, and in latest report on the DRC, stating that On 13 June Lebanese Prime Minister Najib light of the recent UN assessment mission the LRA continues to attack and Mikati announced his cabinet in which 18 of and the AU initiative, some members feel abduct civilians in Orientale Province. the thirty seats go to two Hezbollah MPs and that this is an opportunity to regain momen- • S/2011/239 (12 April 2011) was on its allies. Former Prime Minister Saad Hariri’s tum towards addressing the issue. UNMIS, recognizing a decline in LRA attacks in southern Sudan. 14 March coalition did not join the new gov- Most Council members seem supportive of • S/2006/478 (29 June 2006) was on ernment. Key portfolios including defence, a strong regional response to the LRA. At the LRA. foreign affairs, justice and telecommunica- this juncture, it is unclear whether and to tion ministries are held by Hezbollah- what extent this includes agreement on the aligned ministers. (The previous Hariri-led role for the Council, and the UN as a whole. government fell on 12 January when 11 Some Council members seem conscious Lebanon Hezbollah-aligned ministers withdrew.) that taking a leading role on the LRA issue The immediate focus of the new govern- at this time may complicate rather than facil- Expected Council Action ment will be to agree on a ministerial itate regional initiatives. Council members In July Council members are expected to statement which requires parliamentary are likely to gain more knowledge following hold consultations on the Secretary- approval (it seems the current government the AU summit and the meeting of the inter- General’s report on the implementation of has a slight majority, 68 of 128 seats). Media national working group in Washington. resolution 1701, which in August 2006 called for a cessation of hostilities between reports indicate that policy is stalled on the UN Documents Hezbollah and Israel. UN Special Coordi- issue of the Special Tribunal for Lebanon. nator for Lebanon Michael Williams is Security Council Resolutions Mikati has said there would be no radical expected to brief. • S/RES/ (28 June 2011) extended shift in policy and the government would MONUSCO’s mandate for another The situation in southern Lebanon has not maintain close ties with other Arab states. year. It condemned the attacks by LRA been as quiet as in previous reporting peri- Previously, he said that the future Lebanese in the Orientale Province of the DRC ods. And Council members will also have government would respect international and demanded that LRA immediately in mind the recent formation of a govern- obligations, including resolution 1701. stop recruiting and using children and ment and its potential effects for However, he has yet to comment specifi- release all children associated with it. cooperation with UNIFIL and the Special cally on Lebanon’s continued cooperation • S/RES/1919 (29 April 2010) renewed Tribunal for Lebanon. with the Special Tribunal for Lebanon. the mandate of the United Nations Council members will also have in mind the Analysts note that the Syrian crisis and Mission in Sudan UNMIS and current regional political climate and in par- expected Tribunal indictments may have encouraged cooperation among UN ticular effects on Lebanon and spill over influenced the recent cabinet formation. peacekeeping missions in addressing effects from the crisis in Syria. (Syrian President Bashar al-Assad met with regional threats such as the LRA. Lebanese MP Walid Jumblatt on 9 June in Presidential Statement No formal action is expected. The UNIFIL Damascus and said a new Lebanese cabi- mandate expires on 31 August. • S/PRST/2008/48 (22 December 2008) net was essential to Lebanon’s stability.) condemned Joseph Kony’s repeated Key Recent Developments On 27 May the Council issued a press failure to sign the Final Peace Agree- At press time, the Secretary-General’s statement condemning an attack on a UNI- ment, strongly condemned the recent report was expected on 30 June. It is FIL convoy. A bomb exploded on a road

Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 19 regularly travelled by UNIFIL injuring six Options UN Documents Italian peacekeepers and two Lebanese The Council’s most likely option is to take civilians. (The last such attack was in no action, as has been the practice since Security Council Resolutions January 2008.) April 2008 (the last time the Council issued • S/RES/1937 (30 August 2010) a presidential statement on resolution renewed UNIFIL until 31 August 2011. On 15 May it seems that Israeli forces killed 1701). But, given the apprehension about • S/RES/1757 (30 May 2007) estab- 11 civilians and injured 130 when crowds of the possible heightened spill over effects lished the Special Tribunal for Palestinian refugees living in Lebanon into Lebanon from the situation in Syria, a Lebanon to investigate the February approached the Blue Line near Maroun al press statement is one possibility. 2005 assassination of former Leba- Ras in southern Lebanon during al-Nakba nese Prime Minister Rafiq Hariri and protests. Coordination between UNIFIL, Council Dynamics 22 others. Israeli and Lebanese forces effectively Council members agree that UNIFIL is an • S/RES/1701 (11 August 2006) called avoided a repeat event anticipated for 5 important stabilising factor between Israel for a cessation of hostilities between June, the anniversary of the 1967 war. and Lebanon—especially in light of the cur- Hezbollah and Israel. rent developments in the region. Most On 6 May the Tribunal’s prosecutor filed a • S/RES/1680 (17 May 2006) strongly realise that continued quiet in southern Leb- second amendment to the original sealed encouraged Syria to delineate its anon may be the only achievable goal in the indictment. Media reports indicate confir- common border with Lebanon. medium term. mation of the indictments may be ready • S/RES/1559 (2 September 2004) very soon but any trial activity is unlikely Most Council members agree that arms urged the disarmament of all militias until later in the year. Hezbollah has said it smuggling and disarmament remain key and extension of the Lebanese expects the indictments to implicate its concerns but seem to accept that prog- government’s control over all members. (The indictments were a key ress is only likely in the context of an Lebanese territory. factor in the Hariri government’s collapse inter-Lebanese dialogue and improve- Security Council Press Statement in January.) ment on the Israel-Syria track, which at • SC/10264 (27 May 2011) condemned this juncture seems unlikely to yield prog- On 6 May, Special Envoy Terje Rød-Larsen the attack on a UNIFIL convoy. ress any time soon. briefed Council members on the Security Council Letters Secretary-General’s 1559 report. The dis- On the issue of the formation of a new • S/2011/312 (15 May 2011) and cussion in consultations focused on the Lebanese government, Council members S/2011/309 (16 May 2011) were ongoing disarmament challenge and clearly attach value to the fact that Leba- letters from, respectively, Lebanon related border security issues, the then nese constitutional process is being and Israel regarding the 15 May lack of a government and developments in followed. Council members will be hoping al-Nakba protests. the Special Tribunal for Lebanon. It seems for an explicit statement from Lebanon that • S/2011/47 (26 January 2011) was a the Syrian situation was also brought up it remains committed to its international position paper by Lebanon on imple- during consultations. commitments, including Council resolu- mentation of resolution 1701. tions. On resolution 1701, Lebanon—an Key Issues Secretary-General’s Reports elected member of the Council—reiterated A key issue is how to get Israel and Leba- this commitment in a 26 January letter to • S/2011/258 (20 April 2011) was the non to move from the status quo—a fragile the Council. latest report on resolution 1559. cessation of hostilities—toward a ceasefire • S/2011/91 (28 February 2011) was the and permanent solution. But in the current Regarding the Tribunal, Council members latest report on resolution 1701. climate progress seems more remote seem to anticipate continued tension in than ever. Lebanon as indictments wind their way Other Relevant Facts through the judicial process. Council mem- Related issues include the regular Israeli Special Coordinator for Lebanon bers in past practice have generally overflights and its occupation of Ghajar in underscored the importance of the Tribu- Michael Williams (UK) violation of resolution 1701 and the fact that nal’s independence and foresee no Council Special Envoy for the Implementation of Hezbollah now maintains significant mili- role in its activities. However, if Lebanon’s Security Council Resolution 1559 tary capacity in violation of resolutions 1559 ministerial statement is problematic and 1701. Terje Roed-Larsen (Norway) vis-à-vis the Tribunal then some Council UNIFIL Force Commander The issue of Sheb’a Farms also remains members may consider it necessary to frozen. address that development in some way. Maj. Gen. Alberto Asarta Cuevas (Spain) Size and Composition of UNIFIL as of 30 Regarding the Tribunal, there are no imme- Lebanon, for its own domestic political rea- April 2011 diate issues for the Council. However, if the sons, is likely to be uneasy about any Authorised: 15,000 troops expected Lebanese ministerial statement deviation from past practices when it comes Current: 11,873 military personnel rejects cooperation with Tribunal the issue to the UNIFIL renewal or addressing Tribu- Troop Contributors: Bangladesh, Belarus, may come to the fore. nal issues in the Council. Belgium, Brazil, Brunei, Cambodia, China, France is the lead country on Lebanon in Croatia, Cyprus, Denmark, El Salvador, the Council. France, FYR of Macedonia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Hungary,

20 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org President Joseph Biden on 22 June in India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Malaysia, Washington to discuss a range of issues. A Nepal, Portugal, Qatar, Republic of Korea, statement issued after the meeting reported Serbia, Sierra Leone, Slovenia, Spain, SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT that Biden thanked Nujaifi for his support of Sri Lanka, Tanzania and Turkey Monthly a $400 million compensation package for Duration US victims of the Saddam regime and JULY 2011FORECAST March 1978 to present; mandate expires offered continued support for the develop- 31 August 2011 ment of democratic institutions in Iraq. noting a decrease in such incidents in Cost Leon Panetta, the nominee to be the next Iraq, the working group urged the Iraqi 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011: $518.71 US Secretary of Defense, told a Senate government to bring into force as a million (A/C.5/65/15) panel on 9 June that Iraq was considering matter of priority its legislation regulat- the possibility of requesting some US troops ing security companies. to stay in the country after 2011 and that he believed such a request would be forthcom- Key Issues Iraq ing. The next day, a US State Department The key issue for the Council is whether to spokesperson said the US was continuing extend the UNAMI mandate. A related Expected Council Action question is the contribution UNAMI makes The mandate of the UN Assistance Mission with its scheduled withdrawal. Any possible to the stability of Iraq. for Iraq (UNAMI), expires on 31 July. The request for some troops to remain in Iraq Council is also due to receive the Secretary- was up to the Iraqi government. Another issue is whether the composition of General’s regular report on UNAMI in July. Iraqi Prime Minister Nuri al Maliki held meet- the mission should be altered in some way The Council seems likely to extend the mis- ings with his cabinet on 7 and 8 June to to better address the challenges it faces. A sion’s mandate. A briefing by Special discuss chronic power shortages and related issue is how best to ensure that Representative Ad Melkert is expected. related issues. There has been increasing UNAMI is provided with adequate protec- pressure on the government to tackle prob- tion in light of the imminent US withdrawal Key Recent Developments (US troops will apparently cease direct sup- Ambassador Gennady Tarasov, the high- lems related to the delivery of social port of UNAMI in July and be fully withdrawn level coordinator for Iraq/Kuwait missing services. (In the wake of public protests, from the country by December). Possible persons and property, briefed the Council Maliki had directed government ministers implications for the UN budget fall within the on 22 June. The members of the Council on 27 February to accelerate public-service purview of the General Assembly. released a press statement the same day reforms within the next 100 days.) welcoming the commitment to full imple- On 26 May thousands of supporters of Underlying Problems mentation of all Iraqi obligations to Kuwait. Iraqi political leader and cleric Moktada al A key underlying problem is the fact that The statement also welcomed efforts Sadr marched in Baghdad in support of a significant sectarian and political divisions undertaken in the framework of the complete US troop withdrawal by the end persist in Iraq. In addition, key ministerial technical subcommittee of the Tripartite of the year. posts such as that of defence have been Commission to develop a functional mech- unfilled for months and tension remains anism for exploratory missions to search for Violence in Iraq has continued. Several over the extent to which political power missing persons. (The Tripartite Commis- bombs killed almost two dozen people near should be consolidated in the central gov- sion was established under the auspices of a Shiite religious site in Baghdad on 23 ernment. Disagreement over whether to the International Committee of the Red June. On 21 June two car bombs killed request some limited continuation of US Cross in 1991 after the invasion of Kuwait to more than 20 people in the city of Diwaniya, troop presence in the country may cause investigate missing persons. France, Saudi and on 3 June two suicide bombings in further contention among political actors. Arabia, the UK and the US participate in the Tikrit killed nearly the same number. Scores Options commission along with Iraq and Kuwait. more were wounded in the attacks. Accord- Options for the Council include: The technical subcommittee focuses on ing to an Oxfam report on the protection of n renewing the UNAMI mandate without practical aspects of the search.) civilians issued in May, civilian deaths in Iraq in 2010 exceeded 4,000, making it the substantial changes to its scope or com- However, the statement also noted that lim- conflict-affected country with the highest position; ited progress had been made on clarifying number of civilians killed that year. n including some acknowledgement of the fate of the Kuwaiti national archives and the increasing security needs of the mis- urged Iraq to fulfil as soon as possible its Human Rights-Related sion (and the related increased cost) pledge to establish a national body for Developments and the persistent violence impacting on coordinating efforts with regard to missing Iraqi civilians with some reference to The UN working group on the use of property, including the archives. The state- protection of civilians norms developed mercenaries completed a visit to Iraq ment also supported extending the by the Council; on 16 June. The group, which reports to financing of the activities of the high-level n urging Iraq to finalise its government for- the Human Rights Council, examined coordinator for six months to build on the mation by filling all vacant ministerial the government’s efforts to regulate present momentum. posts; or and monitor the activities of private mil- n reiterating the importance for Iraq to itary and security companies in Iraq to The speaker of Iraq’s Council of Represen- make progress on resolving outstanding tatives, Osama al Nujaifi, met with US Vice prevent human rights abuses. While

Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 21 issues related to Kuwait (including bor- Organisation Stabilisation Mission in the Safeguards Agreement with the IAEA ders, missing persons and property). Democratic Republic of the Congo as soon as possible. (MONUSCO), the UN Mission in Sudan Council and Wider Dynamics • S/RES/1956 (15 December 2010) (UNMIS) and the UN Stabilisation Mission in Most Council members view UNAMI as extended the DFI and related immuni- Haiti (MINUSTAH), as well as the chief of staff providing important support to Iraq and ties a final time until 30 June 2011 and of the UN Truce Supervision Organisation favour the extension of the mission’s man- affirmed that five percent of Iraqi pro- (UNTSO). The Force Commanders shared date. Many members remain concerned ceeds from oil sales would continue to lessons learned, laid out the challenges about the overall security situation in the be deposited into a compensation ahead and were given a chance to respond country, as well as the significant social fund after that date. to questions raised in members’ statements. unrest over the provision of government • S/RES/1936 (5 August 2010) extended Bangladesh, Canada, India, Pakistan, the services that has been apparent during the UNAMI’s mandate through 31 July Philippines and the Republic of Korea also last several months. 2011 and welcomed Iraq’s provisional participated in the debate last year. application of the IAEA additional Members are also aware of the mission’s protocol to the Comprehensive Safe- The Council has had regular consultations expanding security needs in light of the US guards Agreement, though reaffirming on peacekeeping since its August 2009 withdrawal and are sensitive to the mem- the need for its ratification. presidential statement (S/PRST/2009/24) ory of the 2003 bombing of the mission’s Press Statement calling for regular briefings from the Depart- compound in Baghdad. Members are ment of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) mindful that in April’s UNAMI briefing • SC/10289 (22 June 2011) expressed and the Department of Field Support. The Melkert stressed the need for the mission the Council’s intention to continue statement also called for better information- to generate a full range of logistics and funding for the activities of the high- sharing on military operational challenges security resources and hoped for continu- level coordinator for missing Kuwaiti and more meaningful engagement with ing member state support through the persons and property. police and troop-contributing countries provision of additional UN guards and Meeting Record (TCCs). In 2010 these briefings took place approval for enlarging the UNAMI com- • S/PV.6511 (8 April 2011) was the latest every three months. There seems to have pound in Baghdad. briefing on UNAMI. been no recorded decision on reducing the Most Council members continue to view the Secretary-General’s Reports frequency but the briefings now appear to be occurring on a six-monthly cycle in 2011. three resolutions adopted in December • S/2011/373 (20 June 2011) was the 2010 as significant steps in restoring Iraq’s most recent report on Iraq/Kuwait Key Recent Developments international standing. (The resolutions missing persons and property. The Working Group on Peacekeeping has lifted Chapter VII measures related to weap- • S/2011/213 (31 March 2011) was the held four meetings under Nigerian leader- ons of mass destruction, ended the most recent report on UNAMI. ship this year. It adopted its programme of Oil-for-Food programme and provided a work for the first half of 2011 at its first final six-month extension for the Develop- Other Relevant Facts meeting on 18 February. On 7 and 27 April ment Fund for Iraq, or DFI.) As expressed in the working group was briefed by DPKO June’s press statement, members are con- Special Representative of the on challenges facing UN missions due to cerned with the lack of progress on locating Secretary-General in Iraq the evolving political situations in Sudan the Kuwaiti national archives. Many Council Ad Melkert (Netherlands) and the Democratic Republic of the members continue to stress that it is impor- Secretary-General’s High-Level Congo. At its fourth meeting, the Working tant for Iraq to make further efforts to fulfil its Coordinator for Iraq/Kuwait Missing Group discussed peacekeeping transi- obligations to Kuwait. Persons and Property tions and exit strategies. The US is the lead country on Iraq issues in Gennady Tarasov (Russia) In the second half of the year, the working general, and the UK is the lead on Iraq/ group may focus on issues that were raised Kuwait issues. by the TCCs during the UN’s Special Com- UN Documents Peacekeeping mittee on Peacekeeping Operations (C-34) 2011 session. It also hopes to provide Security Council Resolutions Expected Council Action inputs to the Council ahead of the renewal • S/RES/1958 (15 December 2010) ter- The Council is expected to have a briefing of peacekeeping mandates and may work minated the Oil-for-Food programme on UN peacekeeping from a number of UN with the Secretariat on case studies on and established an escrow account to force commanders and the Secretariat in UNMIL and MINUSTAH, the UN Operation provide indemnification to the UN with late July. At press time the format and in Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI), UN Interim Force regard to the programme for a period participants had not been decided. in Lebanon (UNIFIL) all of which will have of six years. Background mandates coming up for renewal in the • S/RES/1957 (15 December 2010) A similar session was held last year when second half of 2011. terminated the WMD-related Chapter the Council was briefed during an open On 17 February, Le Roy and Under- VII measures Iraq was subject to and debate (S/PV.6370) by the Under-Secretary- Secretary-General for Field Support urged Iraq to ratify the Additional General for Peacekeeping Operations, Alain Susana Malcorra briefed the Council on Protocol to the Comprehensive Le Roy and the Force Commanders of the the issues related to national consent by UN Mission in Liberia (UNMIL), the UN

22 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org host countries that have peacekeeping Afghanistan missions. Following the briefing, Council members discussed issues related to Expected Council Action SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT managing consent in peacekeeping oper- The Council is expected to hold an open Monthly ations, including the idea of qualified debate on Afghanistan, during which it will consent and the implications of a more receive a briefing from the head of UNAMA, JULY 2011FORECAST legal contract with host governments. Staffan de Mistura, drawing upon the latest quarterly report of the Secretary-General on The C-34 substantive session ran from 22 strengthened the language on the impor- the situation in Afghanistan. UNAMA’s man- February to 18 March. However, it took del- tance of Afghan leadership and the date expires on 23 March 2012. egates until 9 May to agree on the final transition process, women’s rights, sus- tainability of electoral processes and the report (A/AC.121/2011/L.3) due to signifi- No outcome is expected. cant differences over the issue of troop cost threat posed by illicit drugs. Key Recent Developments reimbursement. On 17 June the Council adopted resolu- On 22 June US President Barack Obama tions 1988 and 1989, which split the Issues announced the US would reduce its troop sanctions regimes set up under resolution The key issue for the Council in July is how presence (currently over 90,000) in Afghan- 1267 into two separate regimes covering to make the best use of the presence of the istan by 33,000 over the next 12 months. US the Afghanistan Taliban (resolution 1988) force commanders to obtain a better under- troops would continue to reduce their pres- and Al-Qaida (resolution 1989). Resolution standing of the operational challenges. ence until a complete transition to Afghan 1988 replaces resolution 1267 as far as responsibility for security in mid-2014. An issue is whether receiving feedback from Afghanistan is concerned and the new France indicated it would likewise draw- the field in this form can be translated into sanctions regime is now a country-specific down its forces (currently just under 4,000) more realistic peacekeeping mandates. one for Afghanistan. This gives both the along the same timeline. Council and Afghan authorities greater flex- Another issue for the Council is how best to On 22 March the Security Council renewed ibility in its implementation. The resolution maximise the Working Group’s activities in the mandate of the UN Mission in Afghani- recognised that the sanctions regime can a way that is useful to the Council, particu- stan (UNAMA) mandate for 12 months. The play a part in the Afghan-led reconciliation larly ahead of mandate renewals or setting Council’s negotiations seemed to focus on processes and, for example, detail delisting up new missions. how best to incorporate Afghan govern- criteria for reconciled individuals, as well as Options ment views on UNAMA’s role in the eventual re-listing criteria for reconciled individuals Options for the Council include: transition to full Afghan ownership, assis- who resume activities proscribed by the n listening to the briefings and responding tance for reconciliation and reintegration sanctions regime. with statements in an open meeting; processes and broader UN assistance to Violence has continued in Afghanistan in n moving into a closed meeting after the Afghan development priorities. recent months, as the country enters what Force Commanders brief in order to The foreign minister of Afghanistan, Zalmai is known as the “spring/summer fighting allow for a more open and interactive Rassoul, had written to the Council on 1 season”. Violence has been particularly tar- discussion; and March, outlining the government’s requests geted against Afghan police. In April, n agreeing to more regular briefings of the for UNAMA’s mandate. The letter was not Taliban fighters carried out a string of bomb Council and the working group by rele- distributed as a document of the Council attacks, assassinations and suicide attacks vant Force Commanders as mission (i.e. made public), but it is understood that in Kandahar city. On 15 April a suicide mandates come up for renewal. Rassoul emphasised the importance of the attacker dressed in a police uniform deto- Council Dynamics UN “delivering as one” in Afghanistan by nated explosives in the police headquarters, Most Council members are open to being better integrating the work of UNAMA and killing the police chief of Kandahar. briefed by the Force Commanders and UN funds and programmes, as well as the On 25 April more than 541 inmates escaped appear to have found last year’s discussion UN better coordinating other international from the jail in Kandahar city, including constructive. Russia, which had initiated assistance. A key request of the Afghan about 106 Taliban commanders. Taliban last year’s debate, and India appear partic- government was a comprehensive review forces facilitated the escape by digging a ularly keen to keep a conversation going of UNAMA’s mandate. 360-metre tunnel under the prison from a with the Force Commanders. There In the new mandate, the Council requested nearby residential compound. The tunnel appears to be a slowing of momentum, the Secretary-General to conduct a com- took more than five months to dig. however, with peacekeeping issues gener- prehensive review of UNAMA’s mandated ally. In 2009 the UK and France had been On 7-9 May approximately 60 Taliban fight- activities and UN support in Afghanistan pushing for peacekeeping to be taken up ers launched a coordinated assault on by the end of 2011, with a view to informing on a regular basis by the Council. But this government installations in Kandahar, the Council’s review of UNAMA’s mandate seems to have waned and may be due to effectively paralysing the city. Senior in March 2012. The review would be con- other priorities, such as emerging crisis sit- police in Kandahar blamed the prison ducted at around the same time as the uations in the Middle East and the pressing escape for the raid, noting that the com- Bonn international conference on Afghani- need for regular briefings from DPKO on plex nature of the assault was due to the stan, scheduled for November, allowing these situations, rather than on peacekeep- presence of many of the experienced fight- the outcomes of Bonn to feed into ing as a thematic issue. ers and commanders who had escaped. the review process. The Council also

Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 23 Most of the 25 insurgents killed were identi- A further issue, following the adoption of • S/PV.6497 (17 March 2011) was the fied as prison escapees. resolution 1988, is how further to integrate March open debate. the work of the 1988 Sanctions Committee On 11 June a suicide bomber attacked a • S/2011/124 (10 March 2011) was the with the broader political consideration in the police station in Khost province, killing two quarterly ISAF report from 1 Novem- Council of the situation in Afghanistan, par- policemen and a civilian and wounding 12 ber 2010 to 31 January 2011. ticularly as it pertains to Afghan-led efforts to others. On 22 June at least six policemen reconcile with former members of the Tal- were killed in an attack on a checkpoint in Other Relevant Facts iban. A related procedural issue may be to Ghazni province. elect a chair of the new 1988 Committee. Special Representative of the Secretary- General and UNAMA’s Head of Mission UNAMA’s director of human rights Options announced on 11 June that more civilians Staffan de Mistura (Sweden) One option is a presidential statement fol- were killed in May than in any other month lowing the debate highlighting key political UNAMA: Size, Composition and Duration since 2007, when UNAMA began docu- issues relevant to the work of the UN in Strength (as of 30 April 2011): 402 inter- menting civilian casualties. At least 368 Afghanistan, drawing upon observations national civilians, 1,643 local civilians, civilians were killed in combat in May, with from the Secretary-General’s report and 11 military observers, 2 police, 60 UN anti-government elements responsible for key points in Rassoul’s letter. volunteers 301, or 82 percent, of the deaths and pro- Duration: 28 March 2002 to present; government forces, including NATO forces, Council Dynamics mandate expires on 23 March 2012 responsible for 45 deaths, or 12 percent. Although it is only a short period of time since Improvised explosive devices (IEDs) set by the Council’s detailed discussions surround- ISAF Military Commander anti-government elements were responsible ing the renewal of UNAMA’s mandate, the US Gen. David Petraeus (US) for 41 percent of the total number killed. decision to downsize and growing domestic Senior Civilian Representative Coalition airstrikes were blamed for 3 per- political opposition to the war could add new Ambassador Simon Gass (UK) cent of the total deaths. On the same day the angles to the debate. However, few Council figures were announced, a roadside IED members seem to be expecting any new ISAF: Size, Composition and Duration killed 15 civilians, including eight children Council decisions, with the focus remaining Total strength (as of 6 June 2011): about and four women, in Kandahar province. on the importance of transition to Afghan 132,457 troops; 28 Provincial Recon- authority. Previously some members had struction Teams On 25 June a suicide attack on a hospital in proposed pushing Afghanistan reports and Contributors of military personnel: 48 Logar province, south of Kabul near the Pak- debates to every four months rather than NATO and non-NATO countries istan border, killed 38 people, including every three to avoid unnecessary repetition. Current top contributors: US, UK, Ger- pregnant women, children and medical staff. Other members, however, preferred to main- many, France, Italy and Canada On 28 June a coordinated assault by up to tain the current reporting cycle given the Duration: 20 December 2001 to present; nine suicide attackers on the Intercontinen- dynamic situation on the ground. mandate expires on 13 October 2011 tal hotel in Kabul resulted in the deaths of The issue of reconciliation with the Taliban two police and 11 civilians. Afghan forces remains a highly sensitive issue for a fought the attackers for five hours, eventu- number of Council members, particularly ally calling in NATO support. Central African Republic with respect to domestic approaches to Expected Council Action UNAMA was directly affected by violence counter-terrorism. It seems some members The Council expects a briefing in July by on 1 April when the UN compound in Mazar- are already wondering what it will mean for the new special representative and head i-Sharif in the northern province of Balkh the Bonn conference, and the implications of BINUCA, Margaret Vogt, on the situa- came under attack by armed elements if known Taliban attend. tion in CAR. within a crowd that had gathered to protest UN Documents the burning of a Koran by an American pas- BINUCA’s mandate expires on 31 tor in Florida weeks earlier. Armed elements Security Council Resolutions December. overwhelmed the guards at the compound, • S/RES/1974 (22 March 2011) renewed Key Recent Developments killing four Nepalese Gurkhas, and then UNAMA’s mandate until 23 March The security situation in the Central Afri- hunted for international staff within the com- 2012. can Republic (CAR) remains fragile. pound. Three staff members were executed. • S/RES/1943 (13 October 2010) Banditry, attacks by foreign rebel ele- extended ISAF’s mandate until 13 Key Issues ments, extreme poverty and lack of October 2011. A key issue for the Council in July is whether capacity on the part of defence and secu- • S/RES/1401 (28 March 2002) created the meeting can be used to build up rity forces and of the judiciary continue to UNAMA. momentum ahead of the Bonn conference, impede peace consolidation. particularly on the UN’s role in political and Latest Secretary-General’s Reports On 12 June the government of CAR signed development processes in Afghanistan rel- • S/2011/381 (28 June 2011) evant to the transition to full Afghan a ceasefire agreement with the Convention Other ownership and responding to the Afghan of Patriots for Justice and Peace (CPJP), government concerns in Rassoul’s letter of • S/10216 (1 April 2011) was the press the only armed group not to have signed 1 March. statement issued after the attack on the June 2008 Libreville Comprehensive the UN premises in Mazar-i-Sharif.

24 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org Peace Agreement. CPJP has been behind African States, composed of Angola, several anti-government attacks, including Burundi, Cameroon, CAR, Chad, Congo, election-related violence in February and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT an attack in the north-eastern city of Birao in Equatorial Guinea, Gabon and São Tomé Monthly November 2010, in which six people were and Príncìpe. killed and several soldiers were captured. JULY 2011 Developments in the Peace­ FORECAST The ceasefire will allow for progress in the building Commission (PBC) areas of disarmament, demobilisation and Options On June 16 and 17 the PBC hosted a reintegration (DDR) and security sector One option for the Council is to simply donor’s roundtable in Brussels in col- reform (SSR). While DDR has yet to begin in receive the briefing. laboration with the government of CAR, the northern areas of the country, consider- the UN Development Programme and A second option would be to make a deter- able progress has been made in the the African Development Bank. The mined effort to build on the thematic development of a national reintegration event, which drew approximately 250 conclusion reached by the Council in its strategy for former combatants. attendees from various delegations, debate in February on security and devel- In his latest report, the Secretary-General institutions, foundations and NGOs and opment and the need to address root noted that the average number of Lord’s sought to sensitise partners to the prior- causes. Further integrating its efforts with Resistance Army (LRA) attacks had ity areas of CAR’s new poverty reduction the PBC country-specific configuration decreased by nearly half in the last six strategy, was seen as successful. The would be a related option. poverty reduction strategy focuses on months and that LRA groups previously Another option would be to lift the profile of security, peace, governance, rule of law, operating in the northeast have apparently the security situation in the country by issu- economic revival, regional integration left. Nevertheless, LRA attacks have contin- ing a statement. ued elsewhere. On 13 March the LRA and essential social services. attacked a village in the central mining area Council Dynamics of Nzako, killing at least six people, includ- Human Rights-Related There continues to be general consensus ing four CAR soldiers, and abducting Developments among Council members on the need to between 30 and 50 others. On 16 January support the peacebuilding process in CAR. In his report tabled at the March session the LRA attacked two villages, Agoumar But Council members tend to take a wait- of the Human Rights Council, the repre- and Madabazouma, in southern CAR, and-see perspective on how to address the sentative of the Secretary-General on abducting 12 civilians, mostly women. situation. The Secretary-General’s report the human rights of internally displaced and Vogt’s briefing may influence the persons, Walter Kälin, was sharply criti- On 23 January, François Bozizé was re- Council’s next steps. elected as president of CAR after receiving cal of the international community for 66 percent of the vote. The results were not paying enough attention to the bru- France is the lead country on this issue in widely contested, and the outcome was tal mass atrocities committed by the the Council. rejected by three of the five candidates, LRA, which resulted in arbitrary dis- who called the balloting a “masquerade.” placements in the south-east of the UN Documents Three electoral commission officials were country. According to Kälin’s report, Presidential Statements CAR security forces did not have the subsequently arrested on 11 February as • S/PRST/2010/29 (20 December 2010) capacity to protect the population ade- part of a fraud investigation. Following was on the situation in Chad and CAR. quately. He foresaw that a reduction in these events, the government has planned • S/PRST/2010/26 (14 December 2010) MINURCAT’s small military force and a to revisit the electoral code and look into extended the mandate of BINUCA for rapid demobilisation of armed groups lessons learned to avoid irregularities in another 12 months. would exacerbate the situation. future elections. • S/PRST/2009/35 (21 December 2009) On 19 May, the Secretary-General Key Issues welcomed the establishment of announced the appointment of Margaret A key issue is the security situation in north- BINUCA, called for all political stake- Vogt of Nigeria as his special representa- eastern CAR, which remains precarious holders to “ensure free, fair, tive and head of the UN Integrated following MINURCAT’s withdrawal. transparent and credible preparation Peacebuilding Office in CAR (BINUCA), and conduct of the 2010 elections” A second issue is the threat to stability replacing the outgoing Sahle-Work Zewde. and asked that the elections take posed by the LRA and determining how this place within the timeframe set by the On 2 March the UN opened a new political can best be addressed within the Council’s constitution. office designed to support Central African wider approach to tackling the LRA threat in Secretary-General’s Reports nations in consolidating peace, preventing the subregion. conflict and tackling cross-border arms traf- • S/2011/311 (16 May 2011) was the A third issue is the need for progress on ficking and organised crime. The UN most recent report on the situation SSR and good governance, including Regional Office in Central Africa (UNOCA), in CAR. establishing rule-of-law capacity in terms of located in Libreville, Gabon, has an initial • S/2011/241 (13 April 2011) was the moving forward with the peacebuilding pro- mandate of two years and will work closely report on children and armed conflict cess and proceeding with the DDR process. with the Economic Community of Central in CAR.

Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 25 PBC-Related Document On 3 May the Kyrgyzstan Inquiry Commis- the period January 2009 to December 2011 sion (KIC) published its report investigating identifies three priority areas: • PBC/4/CAF/5 (11 February 2010) the circumstances surrounding the ethnic n cross-border threats from illicit activities contained the recommendations violence that broke out in June 2010 in (terrorism, organised crime and drug traf- and conclusions on the first biannual southern Kyrgyzstan. The report describes ficking); review of the strategic framework for how 470 people were killed, 1,900 people n environmental degradation and manage- peacebuilding in CAR. were injured, more than 400,000 were dis- ment of common resources such as Council Meeting Record placed and an unknown number of women water and energy; and • S/PV.6438 (8 December 2010) suffered sexual violence. UN High Commis- n implications for the region in relation to was the briefing by then-Special sioner for Human Rights Navi Pillay on 4 the situation in Afghanistan. Representative Sahle-Work Zewde May welcomed the report and urged the Key Issues and chair of the CAR configuration government of Kyrgyzstan to act quickly on An issue for Council members is whether of the PBC, Belgian ambassador the report’s recommendations that it carry opportunities may exist for better use of Jan Grauls. out further investigations and prosecutions. preventive diplomacy tools in the region. Letters Jena visited Kyrgyzstan in mid-April with Another issue is the general security situa- • S/2011/292 (10 May 2011) was a Pierre Morel, the EU Special Representative tion in the region, including threats posed letter from the Council President on for Central Asia, and Herbert Salber,Special by ethnic conflict, resource management the appointment of Margaret Vogt of Representative of the Organisation for concerns, terrorism and instability in neigh- Nigeria as special representative for Security and Co-operation in Europe Office bouring Afghanistan. BINUCA. for Kyrgyzstan. In a 14 April statement in • S/2011/291 (6 May 2011) was Bishkek, the envoys praised the citizens of Options addressed to the Council President Kyrgyzstan who “have brought to life a new One option is for Council members to sim- from the Secretary-General on his constitution based on the principles of ply receive the briefing. intention to appoint Margaret Vogt of parliamentary democracy,” which were Nigeria as the special representative “strengthened through the successful 2010 Another option, following recent practice, for CAR. parliamentary elections.” They also empha- is for Council members to issue a press sised that the tragic events of June 2010 statement following the briefing reaffirming must be addressed through continued dia- support for UNRCCA’s activities in logue, tolerance and reconciliation, and the region. Central Asia they expressed their expectation that the Council Dynamics Expected Council Action recommendations of the KIC will contribute Council members seem to find the semi- to this process. In July, Council members are expecting a annual briefings to be a useful tool for briefing by the special representative of the On 31 May, UNRCCA held the third annual facilitating discussion on the situation in Secretary-General for Central Asia and meeting of deputy foreign ministers of Central Asia as a whole and welcome the head of UNRCCA, Miroslav Jena. This will Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turk- work of UNRCCA, particularly in light of the be the sixth briefing since the establishment menistan and Uzbekistan in Ashgabat, Council’s thematic work on preventive of UNRCCA in December 2007 and will pro- Turkmenistan. They discussed enhancing diplomacy and conflict prevention. vide Council members with an update on regional cooperation and facilitating inter- the Centre’s activities in the past six months. action between UNRCCA and Central Asian UN Documents No Council decision is expected. states to consolidate joint efforts to elimi- Press Statement Key Recent Developments nate threats to stability and development in • SC/10151 (13 January 2011) welcomed the region. Jena last briefed the Council on the UN the most recent briefing by Miroslav Regional Centre for Preventive Diplomacy On 5-6 May, Jena visited China, where he Jena and expressed appreciation for for Central Asia (UNRCCA) on 13 January, met with Foreign Minister Chen Guo Pin to the work of UNRCCA in responding to with a focus on the events unfolding at that discuss current trends in Central Asia. Their challenges in the region, in particular time in Krygyzstan. The Council issued a talks covered efforts to combat terrorism, in the context of recent developments press statement following the briefing, extremism and drug trafficking, finding in Kyrgyzstan. expressing appreciation for the efforts of solutions to problems of resource manage- Letter the Centre as a mechanism for preventive ment and environmental degradation and • S/2007/280 (15 May 2007) and diplomacy, “including with regard to the the role of Central Asian states in response S/2007/279 (7 May 2007) was an situation in Kyrgyzstan, the implementation to the situation in Afghanistan. exchange of letters between the of the United Nations Global Counter-Ter- Background on UNRCCA Secretary-General and the Security rorism Strategy and solutions to water and Council about the establishment UNRCCA was inaugurated on 10 Decem- energy management through regional of UNRCCA. cooperation.” The Council encouraged fur- ber 2007 as a special political mission by ther cooperation and coordination between the Department of Political Affairs with the the governments of the region, the regional aim of assisting the countries of the region centre and relevant regional organisations. in building their conflict-prevention capaci- ties. The Centre’s programme of action for

26 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org West Africa (UNOWA) promoting peace and stability in West Africa. The consultations were attended Expected Council Action by the heads of the various UN missions in SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT In July the Council is expected to consider a the subregion, including the UN Mission Monthly report of the Secretary-General on UNOWA. in Liberia, the UN Operation in Cote It is also expecting a briefing by Special d’Ivoire and the Integrated Peacebuilding JULY 2011FORECAST Representative Said Djinnit. Office in Guinea-Bissau.

UNOWA’s mandate expires on 31 Decem- On 20 December the Council extended the • S/PRST/2009/11 (5 May 2009) ber 2013. mandate of UNOWA for three years. expressed concern about the resur- gence of unconstitutional changes of Key Recent Developments Key Issues government in Africa. On 17 December 2010, Special Represen- The key issue for Council members is tative of the Secretary-General and head of assessing whether and how UNOWA’s Selected Letters the UN Office in West Africa Said Djinnit regional approach to trends in, and chal- • S/2010/661 (20 December 2010) briefed the Council on developments affect- lenges to, peace and security in the West extended the mandate of UNOWA for ing peace and security in the West African Africa is adding value to peace consolida- a further three years, from 1 January subregion. In his briefing, Djinnit stressed tion in the subregion. 2011 to 31 December 2013. that the international community must apply • S/2010/660 (14 December 2010) con- For an in-depth look at emerging threats to innovative thinking to reduce election- tained the Secretary-General’s report peace and security in West Africa, including related tensions in West Africa. Djinnit on UNOWA. drug trafficking and organised crime, terror- outlined UNOWA’s priorities, which include: • S/2007/754 (21 December 2007) and ism, challenges to democratic governance n security sector reform; S/2007/753 (28 November 2007) was and piracy, see Security Council Report’s n preventing and combating drug traffick- an exchange of letters between the May Research Report, Emerging Security ing and organised crime, in collaboration Secretary-General and the Council Threats in West Africa. with the UN Office on Drugs and Crime; regarding the extension of UNOWA n supporting the work of the Economic Options until 31 December 2010 and more Community of West African States Options for the Council include: frequent reporting. (ECOWAS); and n simply receiving the briefing and consid- • S/2001/1129 (29 November 2001) n promoting respect for human rights and ering the Secretary-General’s report; welcomed the intention of the mainstreaming of a gender perspective n adopting a statement highlighting key Secretary-General to establish in conflict prevention and management issues raised in the Secretary-General’s UNOWA. initiatives in the subregion. upcoming report and reiterating the Other Council’s support for the work of Djinnit also stressed that UNOWA intends • S/PV.6455 (17 December 2010) was UNOWA; and to continue to enhance regional coopera- the latest briefing on UNOWA to the n discussing, in an interactive dialogue tion, promote social and economic Council. involving the countries from the subre- development and address common secu- • S/2010/693 (10 December 2010) was gion and the chairs of the relevant PBC rity threats, including terrorism, and that the letter transmitting the independent Country-Specific Configurations, the key UNOWA will continue to work alongside study on UNOWA conducted by the underlying issues, along with relevant ECOWAS, the AU and other regional Center on International Cooperation. thematic issues such as drug trafficking. stakeholders. Council Dynamics Other Relevant Facts To these ends, UNOWA has recently Council members are generally supportive engaged regional actors on issues of com- Special Representative of the and feel that the UNOWA office is useful, mon concern in the region. On 18 to 20 Secretary-General especially in monitoring and addressing May, UNOWA organised a conference on Said Djinnit (Algeria) issues that threaten the subregion’s peace elections and stability in West Africa in Size and Composition and security but may not be on the Coun- Praia, Cape Verde, in collaboration with the cil’s agenda. Council members seem to Staff Strength (as of 30 April 2010): 13 host country and the UN Development Pro- have confidence in the work being done international civilians; ten local civilians; gramme and with support from the UN by Djinnit. four military advisers Department of Political Affairs, ECOWAS, Duration the AU, Organisation international de la Nigeria is the lead country on this issue in Francophonie and the EU. The conference the Council. 29 November 2001 to present; mandate reviewed recent elections in the subregion expires on 31 December 2013. in order to identify best practices and pro- UN Documents Useful Additional Source pose practical solutions to support states, Selected Presidential Statements particularly those with upcoming elections Emerging Security Threats in West Africa, • S/PRST/2009/32 (8 December scheduled between 2011 and 2013. Security Council Report, Research Report 2009) was on threats posed by No. 1, May 2011 On 28 February, Djinnit chaired the 20th drug trafficking. high-level consultation in Dakar in order • S/PRST/2009/20 (10 July 2009) was to coordinate the action of the UN in on the situation in West Africa.

Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 27 Notable Dates for July Important Dates over the Report Due Reports for Consideration in July Requesting Document Horizon by May SG report on Children and Armed Conflict S/PRST/2010/10 n The Liberian constitutional referendum 31 May SG report on Central African Republic (BINUCA) S/PRST/2001/25 is scheduled for August. mid June Somalia/Eritrea Sanctions Monitoring Group S/RES/1916 n There will be an open meeting organised by the Counterterrorism 28 June SG report on Afghanistan (UNAMA) S/RES/1974 Committee to commemorate the 30 June SG report on Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI) S/RES/1981 tenth anniversary of the adoption of 30 June SG report on Lebanon (UNIFIL) S/RES/1937 resolution 1373 and the establish- 1 July SG report on West Africa (UNOWA) S/2010/661 ment of the Committee in late-August 11 July SG report on Darfur (UNAMID) S/RES/1935 or September. 14 July SG report on Iraq (UNAMI) S/RES/1936 n Legislative and presidential elections 27 July SG report on Abyei (UNIFSA) S/RES/1990 in Liberia are expected in October. Mandate Expiry in July 2011 Relevant Document 9 July Sudan (UNMIS) S/RES/1978 SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT STAFF 31 July Darfur (UNAMID) S/RES/1935 Colin Keating, Executive Director 31 July Iraq (UNAMI) S/RES/1936 Joanna Weschler, Deputy Executive Director 31 July Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI) S/RES/1981 and Director of Research Amanda Roberts, Coordinating Editor & July 2011 Other Important Dates Research Analyst 7 July The Secretary-General will meet with leaders of the Greek Cypriot and Shamala Kandiah, Senior Research Analyst the Turkish Cypriot communities, in Geneva Clare Gatehouse, Research Analyst 9 July South Sudan independence Troy Prince, Research Analyst 11 July A meeting of the Quartet principals is expected in Washington DC on Astrid Forberg Ryan, Research Analyst Eran Sthoeger, Research Analyst the Israeli-Palestinian peace process. Tim Caughley, Research Consultant 14 July A meeting of the International Contact Group on Piracy off the Coast of Dahlia Morched, Research Assistant Somalia is expected. Amali Tower, Research Assistant Briefings expected in July: Robbin VanNewkirk, Publications Coordinator • Special Representative Ad Melkert, on Iraq Maritza Tenerelli, Administrative Assistant • Special Representative Said Djinnit, on West Africa • Special Representative Miroslav Jena, on UNRCCA (Central Asia) Security Council Report is published with the • Special Representative Haile Menkerios and President Thabo Mbeki, on Sudan support of the Governments of Australia, • Special Representative Choi Young-jin and Under-Secretary-General Alain Le Roy, on Côte d’Ivoire Canada, Denmark, Germany, Liechtenstein, • Special Representative Margaret Vogt, on Central African Republic • Special Representative Radhika Coomaraswamy and representatives from DPKO and UNICEF, on Norway, Singapore and Switzerland, the children and armed conflict John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur • Under-Secretary-General B. Lynn Pascoe, on LRA-affected areas, DPA Issues and Libya Foundation and the William and Flora Hewlett • Under-Secretary-General Alain Le Roy and Force Commanders, on Peacekeeping Operations Foundation. It is incorporated as a not for • Special Coordinator Michael Williams on Lebanon profit Organisation and operates in affiliation • Special Coordinator Robert H. Serry on the Middle East Peace Process • Head of UNAMA Staffan de Mistura, on Afghanistan with the School of International and Public • Head of UNAMID Ibrahim Gambari, on Darfur Affairs at Columbia University in New York. • Executive Director of the UN Environment Programme Achim Steiner, on Climate Change

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28 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org