Breeding Program for Swine Production Goals USA Swine Genetics Primary goal = Maximize Profit Start with the best genetic merit GGP animals
Improve the merit of the GGP animals
Dr. John Mabry Use the most efficient Genetic Iowa Pork Industry Center System Provide an adequate environment Iowa State University for the animals to express their Ames, Iowa, USA genetic merit
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USA Purebred Genetic System Best Genetic Merit Population
Large number of purebred GGP animals
Can identify where the genetically superior animals are within the population
Demonstrated genetic improvement in the economically important traits
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National Program to Identify Duroc - Top Sires for TSI Ranked on Terminal Index (TSI) July 2004 the Genetically Superior Animals Name Pigs BF Days Lbs. TSI Reg. No. Owner Herds acc acc ------
ZMAC2 KOBE 55-1 20 -0.03 -5.34 1.02 131.6 248928001 One example is STAGES = Swine ZIERKE FARMS/ZMAC 1 SDF1 OUTERLIMITS 88 0.03 -6.60 -0.55 131.1 233822002 Testing and Genetic Evaluation STEWARTS DUROC FARM 2 ID2 TINSLEY 94-3 50 -0.03 -5.74 0.26 130.7 245573003 System ISLER GENETICS 1 WFD2 CORNHUSKER 253 0.00 -6.07 -0.33 129.8 245363004 Program of “across-herd” genetic WALDO FARMS 2 YFG1 NEXT LEVEL 41-2 97 -0.02 -5.13 0.46 128.8 241451002 evaluation GOOD FARMS 1 STN2 KOI 62-2 21 0.00 -5.25 0.04 127.8 247165002 Largest, most accurate national SWINE GENETICS INT 2 STN1 SENSOR 48-2 274 -0.02 -4.79 0.45 127.4 232844002 genetic evaluation program in the STEIN & STEWART 2 WFD1 CORNHUSKER 150 -0.03 -3.89 0.68 124.5 235862001 world WALDO FARMS 1 WFD2 KOBE 249-2 39 0.01 -4.25 0.23 124.4 249886002 WALDO FARMS 2
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1 Maternal Line Index Terminal Sire Index
115 113 135 111 109 125 Yorkshire Yorkshire 107 10 Pigs per Duroc 105 Duroc Hampshire 115 103 Hampshire Landrace 101 Landrace 105 99 97 95 Dollars Relative 95
4 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 199 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 Birth year Birth year
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Steps For a Successful Importation General Breeding Plan Strategy
Produce Duroc, Landrace and Yorkshire Tour selected purebred swine farms in USA animals for GGP farm Select purebred Yorkshire, Landrace and Possibly produce GGP and GP purebred Duroc animals for purchase aniltllimals to sell
Extensive health testing of pigs Produce F1 (parent stock) females
Delivery of pigs Produce terminal boars (AI stud)
Now, what do you do with them?
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Breeding Program Goals Genetic Improvement Program
Want to make genetic improvement in Selection (Which animals to purchase) the pigs you purchased Which breed, which animals in the breed, use Want to minimize inbreeding BV’s Value of these products is the genetic Mating System (How to mate them) merit of the animals Decide on number of desired purebred animals Expressed as Breeding Value or BV Set up a mating plan
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2 Genetic Improvement Program Terminal Cross - F1 Female
Grandparent X Female Cross Y x L Utililize traditional technology
Utilize new genetic technologies X Parent Cross Computerized data management system Duroc x F1 Y/L
Real-time ultrasound technology
BLUP based selection technology
Market Hogs
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Heterosis Heterosis Levels of Traits
11 11 10 10 ♦ Litters/sow/year = +18% 10 ♦ Litter size = +8% 9 ♦ Preweaning mortality = -5% 8 ♦ Growth rate = +5% 7 6 5 ♦ Pounds product/sow/year = +40% NBA
York York/Land Landrace
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Genetic System Structure Genetic System Heterosis
System Level Maternal Offspring GGP York sows x York boars Yorks 3% GGP(York x York， Land x Land) 0% 0%
GP 12% GP (York x Land) 0% 100% York sows x Land boars F1 parents 85% PS (Duroc x F1) 100% 100%
Parent F1 sows x Duroc boars market hogs Entire Genetic System 85% 97%
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3 General Mating Plan Starting Your GGP Herd
GGP = 3% (York and Landrace sows） Which breeds to use? Best Y or L sows x Y or L boars York or Landrace GGP gilts How many of each breed? Other Y or L sows x Y or L boars York or Landrace GP gilts GP = 12% (Yorkshire and Landrace sows) Hliithihbd?How many lines within each breed?
Y sows x Landrace boars LY parent gilts How to mate the GGP to avoid L sows x Yorkshire boars LY parent gilts inbreeding? Parent = 85% F1 sows
F1 sows x Duroc boars market hogs
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How Many of Each Breed? Number of Lines
GGP herd size = minimum 50 sows per Within each breed, get animals from 3- breed 4 unrelated lines
The largggper the GGP the greater the potential Make matings of unrelated lines to for genetic progress produce replacement GGP and GP Need both maternal and terminal breeds animals Terminal Durocs Must separate the Duroc, Landrace and Maternal Breeds Yorkshires into GGP lines Yorkshire and Landrace sows
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GGP Unrelated Matings General Purebred Mating Plan Line A sow x Line B boar
Divide the purchased purebreds into four separate lines (A, B, C, D)
For the purebred matings: Line C sow x Line A boar Females From Line Mated To Sires From Line Offspring Given Line ID A B Females B, Males A
B C Females C, Males B
C D Females D, Males C
Line B sow x Line C boar D A Females A, Males D
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4 Enter Animals Into Inventory in Computer Program Animal Information into Computer
Entry date Pedigree Info Data management program(s) Sire and Dam ID (sow tag) Need to monitor reproductive performance Date of birth Breed or Genetics Need to be able to manage growth testing Alternate ID Landrace or YL Need to estimate breeding value (BV) Reg. number Line Tattoo id Need to create indexes of BV’s for selection Ear Notch Origin Each animal that has been brought to the farm Waldo USA needs to be entered into inventory (sows and boars)
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Traits to Focus On for Profit Goal of Selection
Identify the animals with the best genetic merit Reproductive traits Focus on economically important traits farrowing rate, litter size, preweaning mortality, wean-estrus interval, non-productive sow days Allow them to reproduce Cull the othe r animals with lo we r genetic me rit Growth traits Result = Permanent improvement in growth rate (ADG, days to market), feed conversion, mortality rate performance due to better genetics
Carcass traits
backfat, loin muscle area, percent lean, marbling, color, pH, water holding capacity
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Procedures to Identify Genetically Superior Animals Phenotypic Evaluation (Visual Appraisal)
1. Phenotypic evaluation Look at the phenotype to Visual assessment estimate the genotype 2. Phenotypic evaluation Structural Soundness Measure trait performance Influences longevity 3. BLUP genetic evaluation Reproductive Soundness Using trait measurements Influences semen traits, farrowing rate
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5 BLUP Genetic Evaluation Phenotypic Evaluation (Measure Traits) (Using Measured Performance)
Reduce environmental effects not related to Objectively measure the phenotype to estimate the genotype genetics using computer based technology Use of Contemporary group deviation Litter size, semen quality = slight Account for other fixed effects in computerized improvement data analysis Days to market = moderate improvement Include performance information of animals that Percent lean = excellent improvement are relatives to better estimate the genetic merit of each animal
Result = great increase in accuracy of selection Iowa Pork Industry Center Iowa Pork Industry Center
Selection of Replacement Selection of Boars for AI Females
Should have EBV on boars for the Must be of correct breed or breed combination economically important traits (top %) GGP animals must be purebred Maternal GGP should be LR or York growth rate, lean percent, litter size, etc. Terminal GGP should be Duroc AI boars must be structurally correct
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Selection of Replacement Females Selection For Feet and Leg Soundness
GGP females should Breeding animals must be structurally correct be performance and mobile to carry out normal functions tested with EBV’s or Research suggests that soundness is heritable EPD’s All potential breeding animals should have All replacement their structural soundness evaluated and those females should be that are unacceptable should not be selected structurally sound
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6 Soundness Scoring Scoring System For Soundness
Score 1-5 for the front legs and 1-5 for rear legs Add to get a total score of 1-10 Unacceptable = 1-3 points (severe problems that restrict ability to breed) Good = 4-7 points (slight structural problems) Excellent = 8-10 points
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Meat Quality Improvement of Carcass Quality
Carcass Quality has two components Ultimately, meat quality is Composition (percent of lean) defined as a wholesome Eating quality (marbling , pH, color) prodtthtttduct that tastes good , Need to measure in the live pig if possible has good value and So the tested animals can be used for generates repeat sales breeding
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“Quality” Indicators Color Scores
Color
Marbling
Firmness 1 23
Water holding capacity
pH
Tenderness Taste 45 6
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7 Marbling Scores Improvement of Carcass Quality
We can measure composition accurately on the live animal, not eating quality 1 2 3 4 Imppgqyygrove eating quality by using terminal sire breed known for superior eating quality
5610
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Measuring Carcass Composition Real-time Ultrasound Evaluation Pig Holding Crate
Breeding animal Pig must be restrained evaluation and so that they can be selection measured accurately
Eliminates need to Scales today had too slaughter animal much room for the pig to
Monitor lean growth move around and predict growth Must be easy for the pig curves to enter and exit
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Anatomical Locations on the Pig Ultrasound Technology
Uses high frequency sound waves to map tissue Last Rib boundaries Sound waves received through quartz crystals
SdSound waves refl fldbkdiffected back at different speed s 10th from different tissues Rib Central processor collects time and distance information to form ultrasound image 5th Rib Reports a measurement or image for the technician
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8 A-mode Ultrasound Easy to Use Ultrasound
Introduced in 1950’s
Single quartz crystal receives sound waves Must be easy to use
Gives point estimate of characteristics of the tissue Must have probe designed of interest to measure backfat
Digital read-out of depth or graphical representation of sound Digital readout is easy to waves read
Accurate for backfat depth - inconsistent for loin depth
Cannot measure loin Iowamuscle Pork Industry area Center Iowa Pork Industry Center
Renco Lean Meter B-mode Ultrasound or Real-time
Multiple quartz crystals
Aligned in sequence over a linear space (up to 18 cm)
Creates a linear ultrasonic image displayed on a video monitor
Real-time -- updated at high rate of speed
Highly accurate for backfat and loin muscle area
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Real-time Ultrasound Machine, Probe and Accessories Example Ultrasound Image
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9 On-Farm Evaluation of Backfat Summary
Measured at 10th rib Purchase best animals from best genetic population 100 ± 10 kilograms Breedinggg program should be complete and Measure 5 cm off m idline simple
Average both sides for A-mode Testing program needs correct equipment Single measurement for B-mode (holding scale, ultrasound machine) Must start computerized data management Backfat depth at midpoint of loin - include skin and all fat layers
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