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Development of Semiochemical-Based Strategies for the Management of Antestia Bug, Antestiopsis Thunbergii (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae)

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Development of Semiochemical-Based Strategies for the Management of Antestia Bug, Antestiopsis Thunbergii (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) DEVELOPMENT OF SEMIOCHEMICAL-BASED STRATEGIES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF ANTESTIA BUG, ANTESTIOPSIS THUNBERGII (HETEROPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE) TERESIAH NYAMBURA NJIHIA DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (Plant Health Science and Management) JOMO KENYATTA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY 2019 Development of semiochemical-based strategies for the management of Antestia bug, Antestiopsis thunbergii (Heteroptera:Pentatomidae) Teresiah Nyambura Njihia A Thesis Submitted in Fulfilment for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Plant Health Science and Management in the Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology 2019 DECLARATION This thesis is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other university Signature: ………………………………………….. Date …………………………. Teresiah Nyambura Njihia This thesis has been submitted with our approval as university supervisors Signature: ………………………………………….. Date …………………………. Dr. Lucy Kananu Murungi, PhD JKUAT, Kenya Signature: ………………………………………….. Date …………………………. Dr. Régis Babin, PhD Icipe, Cirad, Kenya Signature: ………………………… Date …………………………. Dr. Janet Irungu, PhD Icipe, Kenya Signature: ………………………………………….. Date …………………………. Prof. Baldwyn Torto, PhD Icipe, Kenya ii DEDICATION To my family iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I extend my sincere gratitude to the funding agencies that financed this doctoral project, specifically the French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development (Cirad), the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD), Climate Change Impacts on Ecosystem Services and Food Security in Eastern Africa (CHIESA) and the Mawazo Institute. I would also like to appreciate International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe) for hosting me and facilitating my studies through capacity building. I‟m also grateful to Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT) where I registered as a PhD student in the Department of Agriculture and Food Security. In addition, I deeply thank my supervisors and mentors, Dr. Régis Babin, Prof. Baldwyn Torto, Dr. Lucy Murungi and Dr. Janet Irungu for their intellectual and moral support throughout my studies. I‟m also indebted to all staff and students working at icipe’s coffee pests project and Behavioural and Chemical Ecology Unit for their constant technical and moral support. I extend special thanks to Dickson Mwenda, Ephantus Guandaru, Onesmus Wanyama, Hillary Kirwa and Steve Baleba. Finally, I‟m very grateful to my family especially my parents, husband, son and siblings for their immense support, encouragement and patience during this journey. Most importantly, I thank God for granting me the opportunity to undertake this study and successfully seeing me through its completion. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ........................................................................................................ ii DEDICATION ........................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................... iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................... v LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................... xi LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................. xii LIST OF PLATES .................................................................................................. xvi LIST OF APPENDICES ....................................................................................... xvii LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ............................................ xviii ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................. xix CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................ 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION ................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background of the study ..................................................................................... 1 1.2 Statement of the problem ................................................................................... 3 1.3 Justification ........................................................................................................ 3 1.4 Objectives ........................................................................................................... 4 1.4.1 General objective ......................................................................................... 4 1.4.2 Specific objectives ....................................................................................... 4 1.5 Hypotheses ......................................................................................................... 4 CHAPTER TWO ....................................................................................................... 6 LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................... 6 2.1 Coffee ................................................................................................................. 6 2.1.1 Taxonomy and distribution .......................................................................... 6 v 2.1.2 Phenology of coffee ..................................................................................... 6 2.1.3 Production and importance of coffee ........................................................... 7 2.1.4 Coffee production in Kenya ......................................................................... 7 2.1.5 Major pests of coffee and their control ........................................................ 9 2.2 Antestia bugs ...................................................................................................... 9 2.2.1 Taxonomy and distribution .......................................................................... 9 2.2.2 Lifecycle of Antestia bug, Antestiopsis thunbergii .................................... 11 2.2.3 Feeding habits and behavior of Antestia bugs ........................................... 12 2.2.4 Damage and economic importance of Antestia bugs ................................. 12 2.2.5 Management strategies for Antestia bugs .................................................. 13 2.3 Semiochemicals in pest management ............................................................... 13 2.4 Semiochemical trapping systems for stink bugs .............................................. 14 CHAPTER THREE ................................................................................................. 16 IDENTIFICATION OF COFFEE BERRY VOLATILES THAT INFLUENCE FOOD SELECTION AND DISCRIMINATION BEHAVIORS OF ANTESTIOPSIS THUNBERGII ............................................................................ 16 3.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 17 3.2 Materials and Methods ..................................................................................... 18 3.2.1 Study site.................................................................................................... 18 3.2.2 Coffee berry samples ................................................................................. 19 vi 3.2.3 Rearing of Antestia bugs, Antestiopsis thunbergii..................................... 19 3.2.4 Insect samples ............................................................................................ 20 3.2.5 Olfactometer set up for conducting behavioral assays .............................. 21 3.2.6 Behavioral assays with different coffee berry maturity stages .................. 22 3.2.7 Volatile collection from coffee berry samples ........................................... 22 3.2.8 Behavioral assays with coffee berry volatiles and their mixtures with berries.................................................................................................................. 23 3.2.9 Analysis of bioactive volatile components from coffee berries ................ 23 3.2.10 Identification of coffee berry volatiles ..................................................... 24 3.2.11 Behavioral assays with synthetic standards ............................................. 24 3.2.12 Source of synthetic standards .................................................................. 26 3.2.13 Data analysis ............................................................................................ 26 3.3 Results .............................................................................................................. 27 3.3.1 Responses of nymphs to different coffee berry maturity stages ................ 27 3.3.2 Responses of nymphs to coffee berry volatiles and their mixtures with berries.................................................................................................................. 28 3.3.3 Responses of adults to coffee berry volatiles ............................................. 30 3.3.4 Comparison of volatile components from unripe and ripe coffee berries . 34 3.3.5 Identification of electrophysiologically-active volatile components in unripe and ripe berries ........................................................................................ 39 vii 3.3.6 Behavioral role of synthetic standards ....................................................... 42 3.4 Discussion .......................................................................................................
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