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University of Warwick Institutional Repository View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Warwick Research Archives Portal Repository University of Warwick institutional repository: http://go.warwick.ac.uk/wrap A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of Warwick http://go.warwick.ac.uk/wrap/72937 This thesis is made available online and is protected by original copyright. Please scroll down to view the document itself. Please refer to the repository record for this item for information to help you to cite it. Our policy information is available from the repository home page. The Sustainability of the Social Democratic Welfare State in Recessionary Periods: A Case Study of Barbados 1974 -1994 By Donna L. Greene Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in Sociology University of Warwick Department of Sociology December 2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables..............................................................................................................................i Acknowledgements....................................................................................................................ii Declaration.................................................................................................................................iii Abstract.......................................................................................................................................iv Abbreviations.............................................................................................................................vi Chapter 1 Introduction to the Study........................................................................................1 1.1 The Problem...........................................................................................................................2 1.2 The Case of Barbados.............................................................................................................3 1.3 The Period Under Study: 1974 to 1994..................................................................................6 1.4 Investigating the Barbados Development Model: The Research Process..............................7 1.5 Structure of the Thesis............................................................................................................8 Chapter 2 Review of the Literature: Welfare State Sustainability and Polanyi’s Double Movement....................................................................................................................................13 2.1 Surviving Austere Times: The Welfare State Beyond the Golden Age.................................14 2.2 Investigating the Welfare State in the Developing South.......................................................23 2.3 The Welfare State in Developing Countries: Social Spending in Austere Times..................25 2.4 The Welfare State Model in Small Island Developing States and Neo-liberalism: Managing Social Spending and Fiscal Restraint...........................................................................................30 2.5 Deconstructing Neo-liberalism: Karl Polanyi and the Self-Regulating Myth.......................40 2.6 Unplanned Resistance to Unrestrained Markets: The Double Movement, Countermovement and the Social Democratic Welfare State....................................................................................46 2.7 Conclusion........................................................................................................................................50 Chapter 3 The Political Economy of Education in Barbados 1930-1980.............................53 3.1 The Political Economy of Education 1930s to 1950s............................................................54 3.2 The Political Economy of Education 1960 to 1980...............................................................68 3.3 Conclusion.............................................................................................................................77 Chapter 4 Research Methodology............................................................................................81 4.1 Research Questions................................................................................................................82 4.2 Research Process and Data Collection..........................................................................................84 The Field Work Plan....................................................................................................................84 4.3 Research Methods..................................................................................................................95 Public Administrative Documents and Statistics.........................................................................96 Secondary Analysis......................................................................................................................98 Semi- Structure Elite Interviews..................................................................................................99 4.4 Conclusion.............................................................................................................................100 Chapter 5 The Sustainability of the Barbados Development Model During 1970s: Education as Contested Terrain...............................................................................................102 5.1 The Making of a Nation: From Agriculture to Industry........................................................105 5.2 Education as Contested Terrain: The Role of the Teachers' Unions.....................................116 5.3 Financing Educational Development: A Clash of Ideologies...............................................119 Banking on Education: The World Bank and Education Financing............................................121 5.4 Negotiating Globalisation at Home: Challenging Dominant Ideologies...............................125 Challenging Dominant Ideologies: Teacher to Student Ratios....................................................128 Challenging Dominant Ideologies: The Economic Use of Space................................................133 Contention and Compromise: Barbados' First World Bank Education Project...........................136 5.5 Conclusion.............................................................................................................................137 Chapter 6 Rhetoric vs. Reality: The Sustainability of Barbados' Development Model (A Review of the 1980s) .................................................................................................................139 6.1 Warning Signs: Trouble on the Horizon................................................................................141 6.2 Pressure from Above: Education Planning in Turbulent Times............................................155 6.3 Labour Fights Back: Sustaining the Model From Below.....................................................161 6.4 The Outcomes of the First World Bank Education Project and the Negotiations of the Second World Bank Education Project....................................................................................................171 6.5 Conclusion.............................................................................................................................177 Chapter 7 Sustainability Through Consensus: The Resilience of Barbados' Development Model (A Review of the 1990s).................................................................................................180 7.1 The State of the Economy: Things Fall Apart.......................................................................183 7.2 Barbados' Structural Adjustment Programme........................................................................188 7.3 When Things Fall Apart: Dissent From Within....................................................................194 7.4 The Impact of the Structural Adjustment Programme on the Education Sector: Neither Insulated or Isolated....................................................................................................................204 7.5 Resistance Through Consensus: The Formation of the Barbados Tripartite Social Partnership...................................................................................................................................222 7.6 Conclusion.............................................................................................................................238 Chapter 8 Thesis Conclusion....................................................................................................242 8.1 Reviewing the Thesis' Central Research Problem and Research Questions.........................243 8.2 Research Findings.................................................................................................................246 8.3 The Emergence of Key Themes............................................................................................248 Conflict........................................................................................................................................248 Consensus and Coalition Building..............................................................................................249 Resistance and Resilience............................................................................................................251 8.4 Research Limitations.............................................................................................................254
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