Annual Activity Report 2019

The Raine Study Annual Activity Report 2019

Contents

Our Vision, Mission and Values 3 About the Raine Study 4 Message from the Raine Study UJV Board Chair 5 Executive summary 7 Governance 10 Our people 15 Our participants 17 Our students 18 Funding 19 Project updates 23 Publications 24 Events and media 25 Appendices 29 Appendix 1. Grant applications submitted in 2018 for funding in 2019 29 Appendix 2. Grant applications submitted in 2019 for funding in 2020 30 Appendix 3. Publications list 2019 32

Our Vision

Advancing knowledge, enhancing lives.

Our Mission

To improve lifelong health and quality of life through ground-breaking, impactful research that examines influences, pathways and outcomes from before birth and throughout life's course.

Our Values

Committed – We are committed to innovation, discovery, scientific rigour and high ethical standards. Our staff, researchers and participants do what they do for the greater good.

Collaborative – We provide a scientific environment that is flexible, respectful and collaborative to our participants, researchers and all those we work with.

Curious – We search for new discoveries that can improve human health and quality of life. This is what motivates us.

Changing – We are constantly building knowledge that changes people's lives.

About the Raine Study

The Raine Study was established in 1989–1991 with a cohort of almost 2,900 pregnant women. Generation 1 (Gen1) were recruited into the study at King Edward Memorial Hospital. It was named 'the Raine Study' to acknowledge the original grant from the Raine Medical Research Foundation and the ongoing support received from the foundation.

Since the Raine Study was established, the children Generation 2 (Gen2) born during that period have been followed up at regular intervals, providing an increasingly rich source of data for local, national and international research.

• More than 30,000 pieces of data (and >30 million pieces of genetic information) have been collected on each of our Gen2 participants in the past 30 years • Over 500 peer reviewed journal articles have been published on the Raine Study resources • In 2019 we began the 30th year celebrations since the Raine Study commenced • More than 500 babies, Generation 3 (Gen3), have been born to the Raine Study cohort participants (estimated to reach 1,500 babies within 10 years)

Where it all began

In 1989 Professor John Newnham and colleagues invited more than 3000 pregnant women to join a National Health and Medical Research Council funded research study at King Edward Memorial Hospital to examine the possible beneficial effects of repeated fetal ultrasound imaging studies. Women were allocated at random into one of two groups – Regular Care or Intensive Care. Those in the Regular Care group had a single ultrasound imaging study at 18 weeks gestation, with further scans only if clinically indicated. The women in the Intensive Care group had ultrasound scans at 18, 24, 28, 34 and 38 weeks gestation.

Along with Professor Newnham, a group of prominent investigators (Professor Fiona Stanley, Professor Lou Landau and Professor Con Michael) formed a group to establish these families into a cohort study, focusing on the child, to determine how events during pregnancy and childhood influence health in later life. This was initially supported with funding from the Raine Medical Research Foundation. The original cohort of 2868 children, the Raine Study cohort, is one of the largest, most successful prospective cohorts of pregnancy, childhood, adolescence and now adulthood to be carried out anywhere in the world. The Raine Study has grown to be a multi- generational study.

A group of young adults (Gen2) have been followed from before they were born and throughout their life. Their families are also part of the study, with their parents (Gen1), grandparents (Gen0) and children (Gen3) now also involved in the study. The participants have been followed closely over the past 30 years by a collaborative team of researchers from the University of Western Australia, Women and Infants Research Foundation, Telethon Kids Institute, Curtin University, Edith Cowan University, the University of Notre Dame, Murdoch University, the Lions Eye Institute, and many other national and international collaborators.

Message from our Board Chair Dr Jan Stewart

Last year was my first report as Chair of the Raine Study UJV Board. In that report I wrote of it being an honour to work with the other members of the Board, the leadership team and staff of this unique study.

My understanding of and admiration for the achievements of this study and its unique potential to contribute to the understanding of many aspects of human health has continued to grow in this past year, which has been one of significant achievements.

I want to begin my report by paying tribute to Professor John Newnham, Dr Jan Stewart the founder of the Raine Study who this year received national recognition as ‘Senior Australian of the Year’ for his work on the prevention of preterm birth. His vision in establishing the Raine Study is constantly being demonstrated with the value of our database growing exponentially as each year passes.

One of our key activities this year has been the planning of a range of celebrations for our 30th anniversary year – a year that marks the expansion of the Raine Study to include four generations, as many of our original ‘babies’ are now having babies of their own.

The anniversary year began with the Annual Scientific Meeting in November. It was a highly successful event, opened by Professor Simon Biggs representing the University of Western Australia and with a prominent keynote speaker Professor Melissa Wake who provided an overview on the importance of longitudinal studies towards early prediction of later life health conditions. Her description of studies like the Raine Study as being not just “jewels in the crown", but “crown jewels” struck a chord with the audience. Other highlights of the conference can be found on the Raine Study website.

The anniversary celebrations will conclude with a major event for more than 700 guests. The event will acknowledge all those who have contributed to the Raine Study – past and present staff and researchers and show our appreciation for the loyalty of our participants over the past 30 years.

A special event which occurred during 2019 was a function hosted by the patron of the Raine Study, the West Australian State Governor, the Honourable Kim Beazley AC, to thank our staff for all their work with the Raine Study. We were very grateful to the Governor for his hospitality and his generous words of appreciation about the Raine Study.

We have continued to work hard to raise awareness about the Raine Study and have been very successful in achieving that through a wide range of media channels including ABC radio, Today Tonight stories and considerable social media. The increased publicity was the result of the work of our Communication Manager, Lorelei Campbell, who also led the work on the new Raine Study brand image and communication strategy as well as the planning for our 30th anniversary event.

The Raine Study’s biggest challenge is to secure sufficient and sustainable funding not only to maintain and grow its database but to ensure security of the many biosamples we have in storage. Meeting these challenges is essential to enable the continued growth of the database, so that its value and capacity to contribute to many kinds of research projects can continue to grow.

One of our immediate challenges in the past year was the upgrade of the technical platform on which the data and our records sit. The purpose of this project is to make the data more easily accessible to the researchers who use it, as well as to provide improved tracking and reporting of the wide range of state- based, national and international research activities and outputs of the Raine Study.

Achieving this upgrade became possible when we were successful in our application to Lotterywest for funding for the project. A cheque to employ 1.5FTE data officers was presented to the Directors and staff by the Hon Alanna Clohesy, MLC, Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Health at an informal morning tea held at the Raine Study. We were grateful for both the funding and the words of appreciation for the work of the Raine Study expressed by the Hon Alanna Clohesy.

While this grant has allowed us to make a significant improvement to data access, our long-term survival will be dependent on securing the funding for which we have applied to the State Government. This funding will cover the annual costs of bringing in our participants each year, to ensure continued engagement and to add to the data collection that creates the value of a cohort like the Raine Study.

In concluding this report, I thank the Board members of the UJV for their contribution to the governance of the study, the Directors, Prof Peter Eastwood and Prof Leon Straker, for their continued leadership, and Aggie Bouckley, the Operations Manager, and her team, for all their work in the past year.

And in particular, I thank our four generations of participants as without them the Raine Study could not continue. We look forward to showing them our appreciation at the celebration of our 30th anniversary.

Dr Jan Stewart UJV Board Chair

Executive Summary

The focus for 2019 was consolidation of major changes to the support systems of the Raine Study in preparation for major growth activity. We established a five-year strategic plan in collaboration with staff, committees and the Unincorporated Joint Venture (UJV) Board including development of vision, mission and values, along with KPIs. Increased awareness of the Raine Study was created through promotion of celebrations for our 30th birthday.

Highlights for 2019 Professor Peter Eastwood 1. Built Organisational Capacity Director

Strengthened the UJV partnership:

• Encouraged continued high-level partner support and good governance of the Raine Study by the members of the UJV Board • Provided continuing validation of the value of partner investment and involvement.

Strengthened staff capacity

• Provided clear roles and responsibilities • Developed competence of staff in all positions • Prepared leadership succession plan. Professor Leon Straker Strengthened committee functioning Scientific Director

• Revised terms of reference including processes for management of perceived and real conflicts of interest • Developed membership and roles of Management, Scientific and Participation committees • Facilitated meetings of committees [Scientific Management Committee (20), Operations Management Committee (11), Scientific Review Committee face-to-face meetings (3) and e- meetings (8), Community Advisory Committee (4)].

Strengthened participant engagement

• Provided regular newsletters to Gen1 and Gen2 participants • Collected data in Gen0, Gen1 and Gen2 participants • Used media to enhance participant awareness of value gained from their data.

Maintained adequate facilities

• Ensured efficient utilisation and exclusive utilisation of the Raine Study House.

Built IT capacity

• Refined the Raine Online Submission System (ROSS) through WAHTN grant

• Developed framework for relational database • Created and launched new website through Lotterywest grant.

2. Created financial sustainability

• Maintained institutional partner contributions • Attracted two new Associate Institutional members • Submitted funding proposal to the State Government for the long-term sustainability of the Raine Study • Facilitated grants to local, national and international grant schemes (25 grant applications in 2019, three successful and awaiting the outcome on six).

3. Built Science Capacity and Culture

Increased participant engagement in Science

• Developed protocols with researchers and participants for embedding participants in Special Interest Groups and research projects.

Developed Special Interest Groups (SIGs)

• Developed key findings for use on website • Conducted meetings with SIG leaders to support development [SIG Leaders Committees (4)].

Developed resources

• Initiated project to enable better visualisation of metadata • Commenced harmonised quality control on three historical data sets with Lotterywest support • Worked with Human Ethics Research Committee to refine ethical processes • Prepared examples of Standard Operating Procedures for data collection and curation processes • Completed data collection for the Gen2-27 year follow-up focussed on ectopic fat • Continued data collection for the Gen2-28 year follow-up focussed on vision and vessels • Completed data collection on Gen2, Gen1 and Gen0 focussed on breast density.

Increased science activity

New forms submitted in ROSS include:

• 78 new projects • 124 new data access requests • 4 new biosamples requests • 74 new manuscript proposals • 68 new manuscript proposals • 503 new amendments to projects and related forms.

4. Enhance awareness and impact

• Increased traditional media coverage which included radio, television and newspaper stories as well as a podcast interview

• Increased social media coverage – now with 864 Facebook, 532 Instagram, 295 Twitter followers • Represented the Raine Study at State and National meetings as well as other institutions.

Activities planned for 2020

Ongoing celebration of the 30-Year Anniversary of the Raine Study

• The celebration of the 30-year anniversary of the Raine Study began in November 2019 at the Annual Scientific Meeting, which highlighted the exceptional value of 30 years of high quality data. A major community event will be held to bring participants, researchers and other key stakeholders together to celebrate the success of this important Australian asset.

Ongoing development

• Developing more secure financial basis for ongoing collection of core data • Cautious exploration of opportunities for industry-funded use of the data within ethical and legal standards • Evaluation of pilot trial of embedding participants in science • Trialling enhanced viewing and extraction of data using relational database • Develop biosample curation sustainability plan • Information evenings with other research/health organisations to promote the work of the Raine Study.

Governance

In 2017, following a review of the governance structure, it was decided to establish an Unincorporated Joint Venture which replaced the previous Raine Study Executive Committee. The UJV is now a collaborative partnership agreed between The University of Western Australia, Curtin University, Edith Cowan University, Murdoch University, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Telethon Kids Institute and the Women and Infants Research Foundation with community representatives on the Board and an independent Chair.

The parties agreed to facilitate the development of an optimum governance structure for the Raine Study; developing a clear framework for the ownership, custodianship and control of assets of the Raine Study including data, biological samples and intellectual property.

The Raine Study’s host is the School of Population and Global Health, headed by Professor Colleen Fisher, at The University of Western Australia.

The Raine Study is also extremely proud that The Honourable Kim Beazley AC, Governor of Western Australia is its Patron.

Our independent UJV Board Chair Dr Jan Stewart, remained with the Raine Study throughout 2019 continuing to champion the Raine Study and provide broad strategic direction.

Our Patron

The Honourable Kim Beazley AC, Governor of Western Australia

Our UJV Board

The Raine Study UJV Board comprises representatives of partners to the Unincorporated Joint Venture agreement, consumer/community representatives and an independent Chair. The role of the members includes attending regular meetings (three to four per annum), being engaged in the initiatives and the

outcomes being pursued by the Raine Study, being an advocate for the Raine Study and its purpose and being committed to, and actively involved in, the Raine Study.

Dr Jan Stewart (Chair) Professor Chris Moran (Curtin University) Professor Greg Blatch (The University of Notre Dame) Professor Margaret Jones (Edith Cowan University) Professor Robyn Owens (University of WA) Associate Professor Graham Hall (Telethon Kids Institute) Professor David Morrison (Murdoch University) Ms Deborah Attard-Portughes (Women & Infants Research Foundation) Professor Peter Eastwood (Director, the Raine Study) Professor Leon Straker (Scientific Director, the Raine Study) Mrs Aggie Bouckley (Operations Manager, the Raine Study) Mr Martin Becker (Participant, the Raine Study) Miss Charlotte Diaz (Participant, the Raine Study). The Board is supported by Heather Campbell (Board Secretary).

Our Chair Dr Jan Stewart with (from left) Raine Study Scientific Director Professor Leon Straker, the Honourable Kim Beazley AC, Governor of Western Australia, and Raine Study Director Professor Peter Eastwood.

Our committees

Scientific Management Committee

The Scientific Management Committee manages science related activities for the Raine Study. The Scientific Management Committee meeting involves the Scientific Officer, Scientific Director, Director, Data and Biosamples Manager, Follow-up Manager and the Operations Manager.

Professor Peter Eastwood Ms Alex D’Vauz Professor Leon Straker Ms Diane Wood Dr Juliana Zabatiero Ms Aggie Bouckley

Scientific Review Committee

The Scientific Review Committee was set up to provide a high quality review of scientific projects and science strategy. The members provide expert advice on science, feasibility and significance of proposed projects, input on processes supporting and monitoring science activity, and input on curation and utilisation of biosamples and data.

Professor John Newnham Dr Johnny Lo Professor Lawrence Beilin Dr Phillip Melton Dr John Blakey Professor Peter Eastwood Professor Megan Galbally Professor Leon Straker Professor David Mackey Dr Juliana Zabatiero Professor Susan Prescott Ms Rachael Wilkinson (Participant representative) Professor Trevor Mori Dr Alison Kerr (Participant representative) Associate Professor Rae-Chi Huang

Special Interest Group Leaders Committee

The SIG leaders are a team of two to three people, representing a specialist area, who have been selected and appointed by the Raine Study Directors. They work with the Raine Study team to maximise the utility and utilisation of data in their area of expertise. They will guide researchers interested in their area to expand activities and look to identify: new expertise/researcher talent to attract to the SIG (local, national and international); opportunities to collaborate with other SIGs; new research projects; new funding opportunities; and student research opportunities. SIG leaders are also responsible for keeping the brief summary of the SIG’s activities up to date.

Dr Phillip Melton Professor Roger Hart Professor Craig Pennell Professor Martha Hickey Dr Koya Ayonrinde Dr Rob Waller Professor Trevor Mori Associate Professor Peter Kent Dr Peter Franklin Dr Ashleigh Lin Dr Rachel Foong Dr Monique Robinson

Dr John Blakey Dr Chris Brennan-Jones Dr Melanie Walls Adjunct Professor Rob Eikelboom Professor David Mackey Professor Rachel Skinner Professor Peter Eastwood Dr Shin Lee Professor Leon Straker Dr Paul Koshy Associate Professor Joanne McVeigh Dr Lynette Vernon Dr Nigel McArdle Associate Professor Patrick Dunlop Associate Professor Therese O’Sullivan Ms Angela Jacques Professor Wendy Oddy Professor Max Bulsara Dr Robert Tait Professor Anne Smith

Community Advisory Committee

The Community Advisory Committee provides input and a community perspective into Raine Study activities. The committee is tasked with contributing to ideas for strategies to enhance participant engagement, identify areas of research that may be important to the Raine Study community and provide feedback on the relevance, understanding and value of the research. The committee was established to provide an important link to researchers from the Raine Study community.

Mr Martin Becker Mr Roland Kerr Ms Charlotte Diaz Mr William Aitken Ms Rachael Wilkinson Ms Rosanna Candler Dr Alison Kerr Ms Lori Fendel Sacks Dr Ditza Teng Ms Lucia Illich Mrs Jan Lettenmaier Ms Yhana Lucas Ms Claire Adams Mr Richard Page Mr Cornel Scheibling Ms Ruth Page Ms Janet Scott Mr Dion Saratsis

Operations Management Committee

The Raine Study Operations Management Committee ensures communication and coordination between operational and scientific components and assumes overall responsibility to facilitate the effective management and operations of the Raine Study in the key areas of administrative and financial support.

Ms Aggie Bouckley Ms Diane Wood Professor Peter Eastwood Ms Alex D'Vauz Professor Leon Straker Ms Monique Priston Mr Cornel Scheibling Ms Lorelei Campbell Ms Claire Adams Ms Heather Campbell Dr Juliana Zabatiero

Our organisational chart

Our people

The Raine Study team.

Director Professor Peter Eastwood provides scientific and operational leadership of the Raine Study. This includes working to maintain the reputation of the Raine Study and a sustainable framework for the protection and continuation of the cohort in the future. The Director also enhances discovery by engaging high quality researchers, supporting the collection of new data and facilitating the utilisation of existing data as well as working to secure and maintain partner funding to cover core management costs.

Scientific Director Professor Leon Straker provides leadership and strategic direction for the Raine Study research activities. The Scientific Director’s responsibilities include maximising utilisation of the Raine Study resources, maintaining productivity of high-quality researchers, establishing and maintaining national and international collaboration and creating research opportunities for the Raine Study.

Operations Manager Ms Aggie Bouckley has responsibility for all operational matters including finance, human resources and corporate support and the general oversight of operational issues related to cohort follow-ups, data and biosamples management, communications and participant engagement.

During 2019, other staff members of the Raine Study included:

Participant Engagement Coordinator, Follow-up Manager, Senior Research Officer Ms Diane Wood

Scientific Officer Dr Juliana Zabatiero

Data and Biosamples Manager Ms Alex D'Vauz

Communications Manager Ms Lorelei Campbell

Phlebotomists Ms Sue Green, Ms Lilyana Beer

Research Assistants and Recruitment Officers Ms Monique Priston, Ms Beverley Hodgson, Ms Jacinta Saldaris, Ms Kirsten Smith, Mr Michael Furfaro, Ms Lauren Reinders, Ms Natalya Beer, Mr Michael Trown, Ms Jessica Parrotte, Ms Suzanne Green, Ms Rose Huxtable, Ms Zoe Baines, Ms Tina Barrow, Ms Channa Marsh

Data Officers Dr Huong Le, Ms Alyce Russell, Mr Brendan Smith, Dr Marzieh Mehryar (Commenced in December 2019: Dr Brigitte Burg, Ms Alisha Davis, Mr Sofyan Sahrom)

Software Developer Mr Haolin Wu

Project Officer Ms Monique Priston

Administrative Officer Ms Heather Campbell

Our participants

The original Raine Study babies (Gen2) were, on average, turning 29 years of age in 2019. A total of 2,094 remain registered as "active" participants, meaning they have agreed to remain in the study and be contacted for future assessment.

Of the Raine Study parents (Gen1), approximately 1,900 remain "active" or contactable. This means that they have either participated in a follow-up in the past five years or we have various contact details for them.

Over 500 offspring (Gen3) have been born to Generation 2 and are registered with the Raine Study. We are being notified regularly about offspring being born via email, phone calls and messages in questionnaires.

Between January and December 2019 we completed the Gen0 and Gen1-28 year follow-up assessments of 467 mothers (Gen1), 109 grandmothers (Gen0) and two great-grandmothers.

In 2019 the Gen2-28 year follow-up (focus on Vision and Vessels) continued and by December 2019 (after 22 months) we had over 800 of the original Raine Study cohort (Gen2) attend all or one of the assessment/s and complete questionnaires.

Our students

In 2019, there were 56 students working with the Raine Study, 32 of whom were enrolled for Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degrees, 9 Honours students, 14 Masters students and 1 Medical student (Figure 2)

Figure 2: Number of students enrolled in various degrees using the Raine Study data.

Figure 3: Number of students enrolled in PhD programs using the Raine Study data per year.

Funding

The Raine Study’s core management costs are covered by contributions from the UJV partners: the University of Western Australia, Curtin University, Women and Infants Research Foundation, the Telethon Kids Institute, Edith Cowan University, Murdoch University and the University of Notre Dame. Other institutional funding commitments were also received from the Raine Medical Research Foundation, Flinders University (SA) and the University of Newcastle (NSW).

Research project funding

Grant applications in 2018 (for 2019 funding)

Nine grant applications totalling $2.3 million were prepared and submitted in 2018 for research projects and the Raine Study development projects for funding to commence in 2019 (Appendix 1). Six were successful totalling more than $1.4 million:

. NHMRC 1161445, 2019-2023. R Skinner, J Marino, S Lymer, D Doherty, K Steinbeck, L Straker, M Kang, R Tait. The health, social and economic implications of risk-taking in adolescence over the life-course: a data linkage study of the Raine Study cohort. $1,061,015. . National Heart Foundation 102301, 2019. T Mori, L Beilin, M Schlaich, J Yang. Aldosterone, cardio-metabolic profile and early life factors in the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study. $74,878. . National Heart Foundation 102170, 2019. A Haynes, L Taylor, D Green, L Straker, J McVeigh. Developmental origins of adult myocardial structure and function: heart health and the Raine Study cohort. $75,000. . Royal Perth Hospital Medical Research Foundation, 2019. C Le-Ha, T Mori, L Beilin, M Hickey. Associations of prenatal androgen exposures and of age at menarche with cardiovascular risk factors in early adulthood: a prospective cohort study. $20,000. . Lotterywest 420171061, 2018-2019, L Campbell. Website upgrade and re-brand elements. $36,792. . WAHTN-MRFF, 2019. L Straker, P Eastwood, D Glance. Supporting governance, discovery and translation from large health datasets: Development of a research project online management system to support strong governance and translation from health studies. $146,165.

Grant applications in 2019 (for 2020 funding)

A total of 25 grant or fellowship applications totalling over $24.5 million were prepared and submitted in 2019 for research projects involving the Raine Study for funding to commence in 2020/2021 (Appendix 2). Outcomes of six applications are yet unknown and three were successful totalling over $1.4 million:

. Medical Research Council (UK) Career Development Award. E Winpenny. Early adulthood education/employment transitions and the development of inequalities in diet quality and cardiovascular health. £500,007. . NHMRC Ideas Grant 1186123. D Dumuid, T Olds, M Wake, F Neumann, RS Kenett, D Foster, Z Pedisic,

. F Fraysee. Optimising Time Use for Health and Wellbeing. $950,000. . The British Academy - BA/Leverhulme Small Research Grant SRG1819\190620. G Richards. Do foetal testosterone and maternal gestational Vitamin D levels predict hand preference at 10-years and 16-years of age in the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study? £3,079.

The Raine Study Submitted and successful grant and fellowship applications per year 30 25 25 23 20 18 15 13 13 13 13 11 11 10 9 10 7 5 6 6 6 5 3 3 3 3 1 2 0 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Number of grant applications

Submitted Successful

Figure 4. Number of submitted and successful grant and fellowship applications involving the Raine Study per year. *The outcome of six grant applications from 2019 are still unknown.

The Raine Study Total amount awarded to grant and fellowship applications per year

4.0 $3.7 $3.6 3.5 $3.0 3.0 $2.6 2.5 $2.1 $2.0 $1.9 2.0 $1.5 $1.5 1.5 $1.1 $0.8

Millions awarded Millions 1.0 0.5 0.0 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Total amount awarded (A$ millions)

Figure 5. Total amount ($millions) awarded to successful grants and fellowships involving the Raine Study per year.

Grant funded project updates 2019

NHMRC 1161445. R Skinner, J Marino, S Lymer, D Doherty, K Steinbeck, L Straker, M Kang, R Tait. The health, social and economic implications of risk-taking in adolescence over the life- course: a data linkage study of the Raine Study cohort. A$1,061,015. Funded

Much of the burden of disease and social adversity in adulthood arises from long-standing patterns of health-related risk behaviour and lifestyle, which begin in childhood and adolescence. We are linking the Raine Study questionnaire and physical examination data to long-term outcomes recorded in datasets kept by the Western Australian Departments of Health and of Education. We are modelling pathways of sexual risk behaviour, substance use, and certain mental health problems from childhood through adolescence, and will use those to estimate the health costs and productivity losses associated with these health-related risk behaviours. This work will be used to inform cost-efficient preventive efforts. No new data collection from the Raine Study participants is needed for this work. In 2019, we requested an extensive suite of data from the Raine Study for the preliminary analyses, and began the process of requesting data from Western Australia.

National Heart Foundation 102301, 2019. T Mori, L Beilin, M Schlaich, J Yang. Aldosterone, cardio-metabolic profile and early life factors in the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (the Raine Study). A$74,878.

Aldosterone is an important hormone that controls salt and water balance, but too much aldosterone is harmful to the heart, blood vessels, kidneys and brain. People with high blood aldosterone levels, known as primary aldosteronism, develop high blood pressure and carry a higher risk of stroke and heart attack than those with high blood pressure alone. The increase in aldosterone may occur before the onset of high blood pressure, however, we do not know whether these high aldosterone levels develop earlier in life, whether they are a common cause or precursor of hypertension, and if mild increases in aldosterone cause abnormalities of the heart and blood vessels. This project aims to determine the prevalence of aldosterone excess in the Raine Study Gen2 participants at 17 and 27 years of age; and to examine the relationship between plasma aldosterone and renin levels with a range of cardio-metabolic risk factors and early life predisposing factors. To date, aldosterone and renin assays on stored plasma from 1271 Gen2 at age 17 and 1058 Gen2 at 27 years have been completed. Databases have been established and analyses are currently underway.

National Heart Foundation 102170. A Haynes, L Taylor, D Green, L Straker, J McVeigh. Developmental origins of adult myocardial structure and function: heart health and the Raine Study Cohort. A$75,000. Funded.

This grant allowed a new outcome measure (heart structure and function by echocardiography) to be included in the Gen2-28 year follow-up which was already underway. The aim of this project was to investigate whether physical activity in childhood and adolescence had any lasting influence on heart structure and function in adulthood. Data collection occurred throughout 2019, during which time 225 participants received an echocardiogram. Data already collected is currently being analysed.

Royal Perth Hospital Medical Research Foundation. C Le-Ha, T Mori, L Beilin, M Hickey. Associations of prenatal androgen exposures and of age at menarche with cardiocascular risk factors in early adulthood: a prospective cohort study. A$20,000. Funded.

This project investigates firstly the complex inter-relationship of age at menarche and childhood adiposity in predicting cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in adulthood, to identify early, girls most at risk for future

CVD. Second, this is the first human study of the association between testosterone in cord blood and hypertension risk in young adulthood. The findings will provide much needed data necessary for public health policies in relation to the burden of overweight/obesity in children and adolescents, and risk of high blood pressure in young adulthood. The study sample include 650 Gen2 girls who had complete clinical, socio-behavioural, and age at menarche data at years 17 and 20, and 440 participants at years 20, and 27 who had data on androgens and oestrogens in umbilical cord blood measured at birth. Part 1 of the project has been completed, and we have published our data regarding age at menarche and cardiovascular risk in late adolescence and early adulthood. We now have been completing data analysis of Part 2 of the project, the relationship of testosterone in umbilical cord blood and hypertension risk in young adulthood. A manuscript has been ready for submission for publication.

Lotterywest 420171061. L Campbell. The Raine Study new website and re-branding roll-out. A$36,792. Funded.

The new Raine Study website was launched in 2019 and included the new branding. The process of re- branding was also completed and rolled out in 2019 and is being used across all forms of media/social media and print.

WAHTN-MRFF. L Straker, P Eastwood, D Glance. Supporting governance, discovery and translation from large health datasets: development of a research project online management system to support strong governance and translation from health studies. A$146,165. Funded.

This project was funded by a WAHTN MRFF Rapid Applied Research Translation Grant 2018 and aims to (1) enhance the current Raine Online Submission System (ROSS) based on the Raine Study experience to date and (2) work with other cohorts to begin development of a new, extended platform. The first phase was successful in scoping enhancements and refinements required to the initial ROSS platform (ROSS v1.0) and completed in May 2019. During Phase 1, feedback from researchers and staff who were users of ROSS v1.0 was collated, via online survey and staff evaluations, a technical review of ROSS v1.0 software/hardware optimisation prepared, and detailed discussions conducted with potential users from other cohorts. The second phase was successful in undertaking development and enhancement of ROSS v1.0 to ROSS v2.0. Technical programming to enact the functions and processes identified in Phase 1 was completed in February 2020. The development of ROSS v2.0 occurred gradually with enhancements to the system made live to users as soon as possible, which greatly improved the usability and technical functionality of the system. The third and fourth phases, in which user trials of ROSS v2.0 and preparatory tasks for broader use of the ROSS platform will be undertaken are to be completed between April and August 2020.

Project updates 2019

New project applications submitted in ROSS

The Raine Online Submission System (ROSS) has been used since 2018 to provide an efficient project management process for projects using the Raine Study’s resources. All project applications and related forms, including data access and biosample requests, manuscript proposals, and manuscript submissions, are submitted by researchers via ROSS for review by relevant Raine Study Committees.

During the review of projects and their related forms by the Raine Study, feedback is provided to researchers, who then submit amendments to these forms in order to address the feedback received.

In 2019, more than 500 amendments to project applications and related forms were submitted via ROSS. Figure 6 presents the number of new project applications and related form submissions from 2017 to 2019, and highlights the ongoing increase in project applications over the past few years.

The Raine Study New submissions per year 128 120 113 100 78 74 80 71 68 62 60 51 33 34 40 28 20 20 Number of submissions 0 Project Data access and Manuscript Manuscript applications biosamples proposals submissions requests

2017 2018 2019

Figure 6: New project applications and related form submissions from 2017 to 2019.

Data collection completed during 2019

Generation 2 data collection Gen2-28 year follow-up Vessels and Vision: Vessels/Health check – 452 participants Vision – 333 participants

Generation 1 data collection Gen1-28 year follow-up Breast Density (TiBS) – 266 participants

Generation 0 data collection Gen0-28 year follow-up Breast Density (TiBS) – 66 participants

Publications

In 2019, 45 peer-reviewed papers were published bringing the total to 553 (Figure 7), with 73.3% of these in journals with impact factors of 2 or greater (Figure 8). High Impact publications included those listed in Appendix 3.

Figure 7: Number of Raine Study publications by year.

Figure 8: Number of the Raine Study publications by year and impact factors.

Events and media

The Raine Study Annual Scientific Meeting 2019

More than 150 guests attended this year's Raine Study Annual Scientific Meeting, including keynote speaker Professor Melissa Wake, a community child health researcher and Scientific Director of the Generation V (GenV) initiative led by the Murdoch Children's Research Institute in Victoria.

UWA Professor Colleen Fisher (centre), Professor John Newnham (far right), the Raine Study Director Professor Peter Eastwood, Scientific Director Professor Leon Straker and members of the UJV Board with keynote speaker Professor Melissa Wake.

A highlight of the Raine Study ASM 2019 was, once again, the presentations by the early career researchers. Two prizes of $750 each were sponsored by the Raine Medical Research Foundation (RMRF) and presented by RMRF Director Dr Amanda Cleaver.

The recipients were Dr Laura Wijs, who spoke about the potential risks and implications associated with assisted reproductive technologies (ART) on the long-term health of offspring, as compared to 'natural' reproductive methods, and Dr Jason Charng who presented on the effectiveness of the national sun- safety campaign in reducing pterygium in Australia.

Raine Medical Research Foundation Director Dr Amanda Cleaver with early career researchers Dr Laura Wijs and Dr Jason Charng, who both received prizes at the Annual Scientific Meeting.

Participants share their unique experiences

Another highlight of the 2019 Annual Scientific Meeting was hearing from Gen2 participants Rosanna Candler and Glenn Bowman, who shared their experiences of being part of the Raine Study.

“The Raine Study has always been a part of my life and is some of my earliest memories – like trying to impress a researcher by touching my toes! What it really feels like though is a secret club that I belong to. Over the years the Raine Study has felt like a family – every year I come back and the staff are so caring – they ask me about my life, job, travels, everything. It feels like a family reunion. The Raine Study has also been helpful to me, it has given me information about my body and my mind and I have always been treated with kindness and respect.”

Rosanna

“My parents convinced me as a teenager to stay in the study, which I am grateful for. Nowadays I am really happy to be in it and my opinion of it is really different these days. The data collected by the Raine Study is of tremendous value – but I am an individual and bring unique perspectives and beliefs to the study.”

Glenn

Media

Celebrating 30 years of The Raine Study

The 30th birthday celebrations of the Raine Study commenced in August 2019 with a social media and email marketing campaign to participants, as well as some great media coverage including a story on Channel 7’s Today Tonight program, ABC Radio Perth and ABC Radio National.

The Raine Study in focus on ABC Radio

ABC radio's 'Focus' program with Jessica Strutt featured an interview with Dr Alison Kerr (Gen1) and her son Roland Kerr (Gen2), who are both Raine Study participants, as well as Professor John Newnham and Professor Peter Eastwood. Professor Newnham shared details about the origins of the study and Mary Raine's valuable contribution to medical research, which made it possible for the study to go ahead. The participants gave a unique perspective on being part of the study and provided insight into the requirements and contribution that they have made over the past 30 years. Professor Eastwood shared information on the value of the Raine Study, the data and biosamples that have been collected, and how this unique resource contributes to research both now and in the future.

Study participants involved in 3D Facial Photography and Sleep Apnoea Study

Channel 10 News and UWA's social media channels shared stories about a study which involved participants of the Raine Study and used 3D facial photography to predict sleep apnoea. The study was conducted by Professor Peter Eastwood, Dr Syed Zulqarnain Gilani and their team of researchers. The findings of the study suggest that in the future, it may be possible to replace the need for overnight sleep studies with 3D facial photography in order to diagnose sleep apnoea.

UWA’s 'Meaning of Health' podcast features The Raine Study

The Raine Study was featured on UWA's School of Population and Global Health podcast, the 'Meaning of Health'. Operations manager Aggie Bouckley and Scientific Officer Dr Juliana Zabatiero were interviewed about the study, its origins and the 30th Year Celebrations. The program highlighted the Raine Study's ability to manage, develop and maintain relationships with its participants, including those from different generations. It provided a great opportunity to explain some of the findings that have come from the study and to share some of the more than 500 journal articles that have been published using data generated by the study. Juliana explained the collaboration that happens between researchers from multiple institutions using data from the Raine Study and Aggie explained that the study is financially supported by all of the WA universities as well as Telethon Kids Institute, Women's and Infants Research Foundation and the Raine Medical Research Foundation.

'Today Tonight' explores history and value of The Raine Study

Channel 7's 'Today Tonight' featured a story on The Raine Study. The story included the history of the study and an interview with founding investigator, Professor John Newnham. It also featured current Director, Professor Peter Eastwood and Gen2 participants, Claire Adams and Adam Cross. It emphasised the value of the Raine Study as an important resource which is both multi- generational and longitudinal, and highlighted some of the findings from more than 500 publications.

The Raine Study finds national audience on ABC’s Health Report with Dr Norman Swan

The Raine Study's Scientific Director, Professor Leon Straker and Professor Melissa Wake, from the Murdoch Children's Research Institute spoke with Norman Swan on ABC Radio National's 'Health Report'. Professor Wake shared with listeners the unique value of cohorts such as the Raine Study and what they contribute to research that can't be achieved from randomised trials. It provided a valuable opportunity for Professor Straker to share information with a national audience about the Raine Study, some of the findings that have come from the study and what they have contributed to our knowledge about these important issues.

Social media presence grows

In 2019, the Raine Study continued to grow its social media presence across its various platforms.

• Facebook – grew from 724 to 864 people following the Raine Study page. • Instagram – The Raine Study now has more than 500 followers on its Instagram account. • Twitter – The Raine Study has reached 295 people following its Twitter account.

Presentations

The following are examples of presentations made by researchers during 2019 using information from the Raine Study:

• Assoc/Prof Rae-Chi Huang presented to the LIFECYCLE General Assembly in Copenhagen at the end of May 2019. • Dr Rob Waller presented at Curtin University on 'Associations of Early Life Factors with Pressure and Cold Pain Sensitivity at 22 years'. • Dr Koya Ayonrinde presented on 'Associations between remnant lipoprotein cholesterol and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.' He presented at both the Australian Gastroenterology Week (AGW) conference in Adelaide, September 2019 and the American Association for the Study of Liver Disease (AASLD) Liver Meeting in Boston, November 2019.

Appendices

Appendix 1 – Grant applications submitted in 2018

1. NHMRC 1161445. R Skinner, J Marino, S Lymer, D Doherty, K Steinbeck, L Straker, M Kang, R Tait. The health, social and economic implications of risk-taking in adolescence over the life- course: a data linkage study of the Raine cohort. A$1,061,015. Funded. 2. National Heart Foundation 102301. T Mori, L Beilin, M Schlaich, J Yang. Aldosterone,cardio- metabolic profile and early life factors in the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study. A$74,878. Funded. 3. National Heart Foundation 102170. A Haynes, L Taylor, D Green, L Straker, J McVeigh. Developmental origins of adult myocardial structure and function: heart health and the Raine Cohort. A$75,000. Funded. 4. Royal Perth Hospital Medical Research Foundation. C Le-Ha, T Mori, L Beilin, M Hickey. Associations of prenatal androgen exposures and of age at menarche with cardiovascular risk factors in early adulthood: a prospective cohort study. A$20,000. Funded. 5. Lotterywest 420171061. L Campbell. The Raine Study new website and re-branding roll-out. A$36,792.00. Funded. 6. WAHTN-MRFF. L Straker, P Eastwood, D Glance. Supporting governance, discovery and translation from large health datasets: development of a research project online management system to support strong governance and translation from health studies. A$146,165. Funded. 7. NHMRC 1165956. P Cistulli, D Hillman, P Eastwood, A Pack, K Sutherland, N McArdle, B Singh, B Keenan, P de Chazal, A Pack. Precision medicine in Obstructive Sleep Apnoea (OSA) – the interaction between risk factors, physiology, clinical expression and treatment outcomes. A$491,482. 8. NHMRC 1163437. L Adams, C Chistophersen, W Oddy, T O'Sullivan. Defining and understanding the gut microbiome in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. A$350,839. 9. Red Nose. C Pennell, C Wang. Personalised fetal growth charts to reduce stillbirth by improved detection of fetal growth restriction. A$100,000.

Appendix 2 – Grant applications submitted in 2019

1. NHMRC Investigator Grant 1172996. A Reynolds. Circadian disruption: Prevalence, risk factors, and associations with chronic disease. A$250,000. 2. NHMRC Investigator Grant 1175935. J Olynyk. Improving outcomes in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. A$300,000. 3. NHMRC Investigator Grant 1173373. R Hart. The early life influences on adult female and male reproductive function - 5 year vision. A$2,300,000. 4. NHMRC Investigator Grant 1175984. O Ayonrinde. Prospective examination of the natural history and clinical significance of adolescent-diagnosed nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and gastrointestinal disorders in young adults. A$100,000. 5. Raine Medical Research Foundation Raine Priming Grants. O Ayonrinde. Influence of tobacco, alcohol and cannabis consumption through the life course on liver, gastrointestinal and cardiometabolic health in adolescents and young adults. A$200,000. 6. Raine Medical Research Foundation Raine Priming Grants. A Haynes. Early life physical activity: Effects on adult heart size, function and health. A$250,000. 7. Medical Research Council (UK) Career Development Award. E Winpenny. Early adulthood education/employment transitions and the development of inequalities in diet quality and cardiovascular health. £500,007. Funded. 8. NHMRC Targeted Call for Research into PFAS 1181115. R Foong, A Callan, P Melton, R Huang, A Lin, G Hall, P Sly, P Franklin. Determining the role of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances exposure during pregnancy on chronic non-communicable diseases. A$811,230. 9. NHMRC Clinical Trials and Cohort Studies 1181664. R Hart, D Doherty, L Straker, P Eastwood, M Hickey, D Handelsman, R Anderson, T Mori, L Beilin. The early life influences on adult female and male reproductive function within the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study. A$5,831,785. 10. NHMRC Clinical Trials and Cohort Studies 1185562. S Simpson, G Hall, S Stanojevic, J Simpson, J Pillow, M Sharp, A Wilson, J Cheong, S Kotecha. Predicting lung health trajectories for survivors of preterm birth over the life-course. A$1,500,000. 11. NHMRC Ideas Grant 1186123. D Dumuid, T Olds, M Wake, F Neumann, RS Kenett, D Foster, Z Pedisic, F Fraysee. Optimising Time Use for Health and Wellbeing. A$950,000. Funded. 12. NHMRC Ideas Grant 1185472. J Katzenellenbogen, M Hussain, M van der Akker, C Strange, D Bond-Smith. Measuring and Understanding Multimorbidity in Children and Youth. A$963,171. 13. NHMRC Ideas Grant 1187779. A Haynes, J McVeigh, L Naylor, K George. Developmental Origins of Adult Myocardial Structure and Function: Searching for Evidence of Cardiac Programming in the Raine Study. A$700,000. 14. HCF Research Foundation, Health Service Research Grant. C Pennell, R Scott, C Wang, P Eastwood, L Straker. Personalised fetal growth charts to reduce stillbirth by improved detection of fetal growth restriction. A$296,594. 15. The British Academy - BA/Leverhulme Small Research Grant SRG1819\190620. G Richards. Do foetal testosterone and maternal gestational Vitamin D levels predict hand preference at 10- and 16-years of age in the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study? £3,079. Funded. 16. Edith Cowan University - Vice-Chancellor Early Career Research Fellowship. A Russell. Exploring 10-year trajectories of physical and mental health. A$30,000. 17. Medical Research Council (UK) Research Grants (Population Health). R Jago, C Foster, D Lawlor, K Tilling, N Timpson, J Kidger. Changes in physical activity in relation to life events in the transition from adolescence to early adulthood in ALSPAC: Analyses to inform intervention development. £500,007. 18. Gastroenterology Society of Australia (GESA) Grants. O Ayonrinde. Influence of tobacco, alcohol and cannabis consumption through the life course on liver, gastrointestinal and cardiometabolic health in adolescents and young adults. A$25,000.

19. Suicide Prevention Australia - Post-Doctoral Fellowship. E Chang. Childhood bullying and suicide risks – the role of epigenetics. A$261,148. 20. NHMRC Investigator Grant (Round 2) 1197128. A Reynolds. Defusing the 'time' bomb: Prevalence, risk factors, and interventions for circadian disruption. A$250,000. Awaiting outcome. 21. NHMRC Investigator Grant (Round 2) 1194390. J Olynyk. Targeting the liver disease spectrum: commonest cause to commonest killer. A$245,000. Awaiting outcome. 22. NHMRC Investigator Grant (Round 2) 1197925. O. Ayonrinde. Examination of the natural history and clinical significance of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and gastrointestinal disorders from adolescence into adulthood - a longitudinal cohort study. A$447,500. Awaiting outcome. 23. NHMRC Centres of Research Excellence 1198317. C Pennell, K Pringle, C Roberts, V Clifton, A Gordon, M Wake, A Searles, P Eastwood, S Prescott, G Singh. The Centre for Research Excellence in Precision Medicine for Life Course Health. A$2,500,000. Awaiting outcome. 24. NHMRC Centres of Research Excellence 1198304. CB Nelson, P McGorry, S Wood, GP Amminger, A Yung, C Middeldorp, M Wichers, N Koutsouleris, S Clark, A Lin. PRE-EMPT: Prediction of Early Mental Disorder and Preventive Treatment Centre of Research Excellence. A$4,073,686. Awaiting outcome. 25. Wellcome Trust - Senior Research Fellowship 220226/Z/20/Z. A Doherty. Statistical machine learning of wearable sensor data for the prediction of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. £1,327,554. Awaiting outcome.

Appendix 3 – Publications list 2019

1. Ayonrinde OT, Sanfilippo FM, O'Sullivan TA, Adams LA, Ayonrinde OA, Robinson M, et al. Bowel patterns, gastrointestinal symptoms, and emotional well-being in adolescents: A cohort study. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;34(11):1946-54. 2. Barton SJ, Melton PE, Titcombe P, Murray R, Rauschert S, Lillycrop KA, et al. In Epigenomic Studies, Including Cell-Type Adjustments in Regression Models Can Introduce Multicollinearity, Resulting in Apparent Reversal of Direction of Association. Front Genet. 2019;10:816. 3. Bradfield JP, Vogelezang S, Felix JF, Chesi A, Helgeland O, Horikoshi M, et al. A trans-ancestral meta- analysis of genome-wide association studies reveals loci associated with childhood obesity. Hum Mol Genet. 2019;28(19):3327-38. 4. Brauner EV, Hansen AM, Doherty DA, Dickinson JE, Handelsman DJ, Hickey M, et al. The association between in-utero exposure to stressful life events during pregnancy and male reproductive function in a cohort of 20-year-old offspring: The Raine Study. Hum Reprod. 2019;34(7):11. 5. Brauner EV, Hickey M, Hansen AM, Doherty DA, Handelsman DJ, Juul A, et al. In-utero Exposure to Maternal Stressful Life Events and Risk of Cryptorchidism: The Raine Study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2019;10:530. 6. Charng J, Sanfilippo PG, Lingham G, Stevenson LJ, Mackey DA, Yazar S. Estimation of heritability and familial correlation in myopia is not affected by past sun exposure. Ophthalmic Genet. 2019;40(6):500-6. 7. Clark DW, Okada Y, Moore KHS, Mason D, Pirastu N, Gandin I, et al. Associations of autozygosity with a broad range of human phenotypes. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):4957. 8. Couto Alves A, De Silva NMG, Karhunen V, Sovio U, Das S, Taal HR, et al. GWAS on longitudinal growth traits reveals different genetic factors influencing infant, child, and adult BMI. Science Advances. 2019;5(9):eaaw3095. 9. Dontje ML, Eastwood P, Straker L. Western Australian pregnancy cohort (Raine) Study: Generation 1. BMJ Open. 2019;9(5):e026276. 10. Group B-GSW, Huang T, Wang T, Zheng Y, Ellervik C, Li X, et al. Association of Birth Weight With Type 2 Diabetes and Glycemic Traits: A Mendelian Randomization Study. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(9):e1910915. 11. Hart RJ, Doherty DA, Mori TA, Adams LA, Huang RC, Minaee N, et al. Features of the metabolic syndrome in late adolescence are associated with impaired testicular function at 20 years of age. Hum Reprod. 2019;34(3):389-402. 12. Hartwig FP, Davies NM, Horta BL, Ahluwalia TS, Bisgaard H, Bonnelykke K, et al. Effect modification of FADS2 polymorphisms on the association between breastfeeding and intelligence: results from a collaborative meta-analysis. Int J Epidemiol. 2019;48(1):45-57. 13. Haworth S, Shapland CY, Hayward C, Prins BP, Felix JF, Medina-Gomez C, et al. Low-frequency variation in TP53 has large effects on head circumference and intracranial volume. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):357. 14. Howie EK, Ng L, Beales D, McVeigh JA, Straker LM. Early life factors are associated with trajectories of consistent organized sport participation over childhood and adolescence: Longitudinal analysis from the Raine Study. J Sci Med Sport. 2019;22(4):456-61. 15. Huang RC, Lillycrop KA, Beilin LJ, Godfrey KM, Anderson D, Mori TA, et al. Epigenetic Age Acceleration in Adolescence Associates With BMI, Inflammation, and Risk Score for Middle Age Cardiovascular Disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab.2019;104(7):3012-24. 16. Kupers LK, Monnereau C, Sharp GC, Yousefi P, Salas LA, Ghantous A, et al. Meta-analysi18. Kupers LK, Monnereau C, Sharp GC, Yousefi P, Salas LA, Ghantous A, et al. Meta-analysis of epigenome-wide association studies in neonates reveals widespread differential DNA methylation associated with birthweight. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):1893.

17. Lammers N, Curry-Hyde A, Smith AJ, Eastwood PR, Straker LM, Champion D, et al. Are serum ferritin and transferrin saturation risk markers for restless legs syndrome in young adults? Longitudinal and cross-sectional data from the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study. J Sleep Res. 2019;28(5):e12741. 18. Lee SSY, McArdle N, Sanfilippo PG, Yazar S, Eastwood PR, Hewitt AW, et al. Associations between Optic Disc Measures and Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Young Adults. Ophthalmology. 2019;126(10):1372-84. 19. Lee SSY, Yazar S, Pasquale LR, Sanfilippo PG, Hewitt AW, Hickey M, et al. The Relationship Between Optic Disc Parameters and Female Reproductive Factors in Young Women. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila). 2019;8(3):224-8. 20. Leffler J, Read JF, Jones AC, Mok D, Hollams EM, Laing IA, et al. Progressive increase of FcepsilonRI expression across several PBMC subsets is associated with atopy and atopic asthma within school-aged children. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2019;30(6):646-53. 21. Lillycrop KA, Garratt ES, Titcombe P, Melton PE, Murray RJS, Barton SJ, et al. Differential SLC6A4 methylation: a predictive epigenetic marker of adiposity from birth to adulthood. Int J Obes (Lond). 2019;43(5):974-88. 22. Lingham G, Burton A, Brown HA, Huynh E, Yazar S, Coroneo MT, et al. Repurposing blue laser autofluorescence to measure ocular sun exposure. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2019;47(4):445-52. 23. Lingham G, Yazar S, Lucas RM, Walsh JP, Zhu K, Hunter M, et al. Low 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentration Is Not Associated With Refractive Error in Middle-Aged and Older Western Australian Adults. Transl Vis Sci Technol. 2019;8(1):13. 24. Liu X, Helenius D, Skotte L, Beaumont RN, Wielscher M, Geller F, et al. Variants in the fetal genome near pro-inflammatory cytokine genes on 2q13 associate with gestational duration. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):3927. 25. McVeigh JA, Howie EK, Zhu K, Walsh JP, Straker L. Organized Sport Participation From Childhood to Adolescence Is Associated With Bone Mass in Young Adults From the Raine Study. J Bone Miner Res. 2019;34(1):67-74. 26. Merino J, Dashti HS, Li SX, Sarnowski C, Justice AE, Graff M, et al. Genome-wide meta-analysis of macronutrient intake of 91,114 European ancestry participants from the cohorts for heart and aging research in genomic epidemiology consortium. Mol Psychiatry. 2019;24(12):1920-32. 27. Middeldorp CM, Felix JF, Mahajan A, McCarthy MI. The Early Growth Genetics (EGG) and Early Genetics and Lifecourse Epidemiology (EAGLE) consortia: design, results and future prospects. Eur J Epidemiol. 2019;34(3):279-300. 28. Mountford JK, Davies WIL, Griffiths LR, Yazar S, Mackey DA, Hunt DM. Differential stability of variant OPN1LW gene transcripts in myopic patients. Mol Vis. 2019;25:183-93. 29. Ognjenovic M, Ambrosini GL, Malacova E, Doherty DA, Oddy WH, Handelsman DJ, et al. Associations between major dietary patterns and testicular function in a population-based cohort of young men: results from the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study. Andrology. 2019;7:8. 30. Rauschert S, Melton PE, Burdge G, Craig JM, Godfrey KM, Holbrook JD, et al. Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy Induces Persistent Epigenetic Changes Into Adolescence, Independent of Postnatal Smoke Exposure and Is Associated With Cardiometabolic Risk. Front Genet. 2019;10:770. 31. Reese SE, Xu CJ, den Dekker HT, Lee MK, Sikdar S, Ruiz-Arenas C, et al. Epigenome-wide meta-analysis of DNA methylation and childhood asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2019;143(6):2062-74. 32. Robinson M, Doherty DA, Cannon J, Hickey M, Rosenthal SL, Marino JL, et al. Comparing adolescent and parent reports of externalizing problems: A longitudinal population-based study. Br J Dev Psychol. 2019;37(2):247-68. 33. Santos S, Voerman E, Amiano P, Barros H, Beilin LJ, Bergstrom A, et al. Impact of maternal body mass index and gestational weight gain on pregnancy complications: an individual

participant data meta-analysis of European, North American and Australian cohorts. BJOG. 2019;126(8):984-95. 34. Spracklen CN, Karaderi T, Yaghootkar H, Schurmann C, Fine RS, Kutalik Z, et al. Exome- Derived Adiponectin-Associated Variants Implicate Obesity and Lipid Biology. Am J Hum Genet. 2019;105(3):670-1. 35. Swann OG, Breslin M, Kilpatrick M, O'Sullivan TA, Oddy WH. Differences in dietary fibre intake and associated familial factors in a longitudinal study at two time points across adolescence. Public Health Nutr. 2019:1-9. 36. Trevenen ML, Turlach BA, Eastwood PR, Straker LM, Murray K. Using hidden Markov models with raw, triaxial wrist accelerometry data to determine sleep stages. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Statistics. 2019;61(3):273-98. 37. Uren J, Richdale AL, Cotton SM, Whitehouse AJO. Sleep problems and anxiety from 2 to 8 years and the influence of autistic traits: a longitudinal study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2019;28(8):1117-27. 38. Varcin KJ, Newnham JP, Whitehouse AJO. Maternal pre-pregnancy weight and autistic-like traits among offspring in the general population. Autism Res. 2019;12(1):80-8. 39. Voerman E, Santos S, Patro Golab B, Amiano P, Ballester F, Barros H, et al. Maternal body mass index, gestational weight gain, and the risk of overweight and obesity across childhood: An individual participant data meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2019;16(2):e1002744. 40. Waller R, Smith A, Slater H, O'Sullivan P, Beales D, McVeigh J, et al. Associations of physical activity or sedentary behaviour with pain sensitivity in young adults of the Raine Study. Scand J Pain. 2019;19(4):679-91. 41. Waller R, Smith AJ, O'Sullivan PB, Slater H, Sterling M, Straker LM. Associations Between Musculoskeletal Pain Experience and Pressure and Cold Pain Sensitivity: A Community-based Cross-sectional Study of Young Adults in the Raine Study. Clin J Pain. 2019;35(1):56-64. 42. Wang B, Eastwood PR, Becker A, Isensee C, Wong JWY, Huang RC, et al. Concurrent Developmental Course of Sleep Problems and Emotional/behavioral Problems in Childhood and Adolescence as Reflected by the Dysregulation Profile. Sleep. 2019;42(3). 43. Warrington NM, Beaumont RN, Horikoshi M, Day FR, Helgeland O, Laurin C, et al. Maternal and fetal genetic effects on birth weight and their relevance to cardio-metabolic risk factors. Nat Genet. 2019;51(5):804-14. 44. Zheng M, Rangan A, Huang RC, Beilin LJ, Mori TA, Oddy WH, et al. Modelling the Effects of Beverage Substitution during Adolescence on Later Obesity Outcomes in Early Adulthood: Results from the Raine Study. Nutrients. 2019;11(12). 45. Zhu K, Oddy WH, Holt P, Ping-Delfos WCS, McVeigh J, Straker L, et al. Relationship Between Vitamin D Status From Childhood to Early Adulthood With Body Composition in Young Australian Adults. J Endocr Soc. 2019;3(3):563-76.

The Raine Study

The Raine Study, The University of Western Australia Building 450, 14-16 Parkway Crawley WA 6009

(08) 6488 6952 [email protected] 36