Jumpingpound Creek State of the Watershed Report 2009

Jumpingpound Creek Waters hed Atlas Prepared by the Jumpingpound Creek Watershed Partnership

Jumpingpound Creek Waters hed Atlas This document should be cited as: Jumpingpound Creek Watershed Partnership. 2009. Jumpingpound Creek State of the Watershed Report 2009. Compiled and edited by: Palliser Environmental Services Ltd.. 91 pp.

Copyright 2009. All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic or mechanical—without the prior permission of the Jumpingpound Creek Watershed Partnership.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Compilation Kevin France, Margaret Buckley Alberta Sustainable Resource Development Gordon Court

Sandi Riemersma, Kathryn Hull, Lori-Anne Eklund Palliser Environmental Services Ltd. Cows and Fish Lorne Fitch

Michelle Heerschop Watershed maps Sandi Riemersma, Palliser Environmental Services Ltd. Len Hills

Stefan Price, Chad Willms, Kathryn Hull Town of Cochrane MD of Rocky View Brian Meagher Billy Oulton Map support Supporting information Sandi Riemersma Clive Schaupmeyer Angela Braun, Dr. Len Hills, Alberta Sustainable Resource Development Dept. of Geoscience & Dept. of Archaeology, Dwight Tannas University of Calgary AMEC Earth and Environmental Funding contributions Bob Parkinson, Ed Kulscar Spray Lake Saw Mills Bow River Basin Council Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Administration, Agri- culture and Agri-Food Canada Fisheries and Oceans Canada (Stewardship in Pat Young, Craig Wright, Alberta Sustainable Resource Development Action Program) Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Administration, MD of Rocky View Jonathan Proud, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Shell Canada Town of Cochrane Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Administration, Jon Jorgenson, Design and layout Agriculture and Agri-food Canada Kananaskis Improvement District

Sandi Riemersma, Dwight Tannas, Palliser Environmental Services Ltd. MD of Bighorn

Cover photo Review

Lorne Fitch John Buckley, Ranchers of the Jumping Pound

Chapter contributions Scott Stoklosar AMEC Earth and Environmental Palliser Environmental Services Ltd.

Tim Dietzler, MD of Rocky View Photo contributions

Lori-Anne Eklund, Carey Arnett Jumpingpound Creek Watershed Partnership John Buckley

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JCWP Steering Committee Members

Tom Arnett Landowner

John Buckley Rancher (Chair)

Rick Butler Calgary Regional Partnership

Tim Dietzler MD of Rocky View

Lori-Anne Eklund Individual

Kevin France Alberta Sustainable Resource Development

Billy Oulton Ranchers of the Jumping Pound

Dwight Tannas MD of Bighorn

Gary Wagner Town of Cochrane

Chad Willms MD of Rocky View

Thank you to all of the members of the Steering Committee and their partners for your dedication to the Jumpingpound Creek watershed.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 Introduction 1 6.0 Historical Resources 73

2.0 Geography 5 7.0 Wildlife 75

2.1 Bedrock Geology 5 8.0 Stewardship 84

2.2 Surficial Geolgoy 7 9.0 Summary and Conclusions 85 2.3 Natural Regions and Subregions 9 10.0 References 87 3.0 History and Settlement 15 11.0 Photo Credits 91 3.1 Settlement 15 3.2 Access 19

4.0 Aquatic Resources 21 4.1 Water Supply and Demand 21 4.2 Water Quality 29 4.3 Riparian Health 33 4.4 Invasive Plants 40 4.5 Wetlands 43 4.6 Fisheries 45

5.0 Landuse 54 5.1 Agriculture 55 5.2 Resource Extraction 61 5.3 Forestry 65 5.4 Urban Development 68 5.5 Recreation 69

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LIST OF MAPS, FIGURES AND TABLES Maps Figures Map 1. Jumpingpound Creek watershed. 2 Figure 1. Historic trails in the Jumpingpound Table 4. Water Survey of Canada flow moni- Creek region. 16 Map 2. Administrative boundaries. 4 toring stations and period of record. 21 Map 3. Bedrock geology. 6 Figure 2. Average natural monthly flow. 21 Table 5. Surface water license and registration allocations. 23 Map 4. Surficial geology. 8 Figure 3. Flow volume at Jumpingpound Creek near Mouth. 23 Table 6. Monitoring periods and frequencies at Map 5. Natural subregions. 10 Figure 4. Baseflow separation using filters Alberta Environment water quality stations on Map 6. Soil types. 12 method at Jumpingpound Creek near the Jumpingpound Creek. 29 Map 7. Land cover. 14 Mouth from 1985-2006. 27 Table 7. Summary of fish species found in the Jumpingpound Creek watershed. 45 Map 8. Watershed access. 20 Figure 5. Volume of total streamflow contributed by groundwater and surface runoff. 27 Table 8. Summary of habitat enhancement Map 9. Hydrometric stations. 22 Figure 6. Diagrammatic representation of a projects in Reach 1 of Jumpingpound Creek. 47 Map 10. Surface water licenses and registra- riparian area. 33 Table 9. Length of pipeline by jurisdiction. 61 tions. 24 Figure 7. Four reaches defined for fisheries Table 10. Historic Resource Values and their Map 11. Flowing wells and springs. 26 management in Jumpingpound Creek and its significance. 73 Map 12. Groundwater licenses and registra- tributaries. 46 Table 11. Wildlife in the watershed 75 tions. 28 Figure 8. Pooled rangeland health assess- Table 12. Bird species observed in the water- Map 13. Water quality monitoring stations. 30 ment data for the Jumpingpound Creek watershed. 80 Map 14. Aquifer Vulnerability Index. 32 shed for the period 2003 to 2008. 58 Table 13. Summary of indicators and their Figure 9. Chemical Expense Index. 59 Map 15. Wetlands. 44 status. 85 Figure 10. Aerial image showing stormwater Map 16. Land Ownership. 54 outfalls. 68 Map 17. Grazing disposition activity. 56 Figure 11. Prey biomass consumed by cou- Map 18. Cropland. 62 gars in the Sheep River area. 76 Map 19. Oil and gas activity. 62 Map 20. Gravel extraction. 64 Tables Map 21. Forestry activity. 66 Table 1. Summary of climate parameters for Map 22. Parks and protected areas. 72 the Natural Subregions. 9 Map 23. Historical resources. 74 Table 2. Summary of vegetation. 13 Map 24. Grizzly bear habitat. 78 Table 3. Road access by type. 19

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1.0 INTRODUCTION Jumpingpound Creek Watershed mately, the State of the Watershed report acts manent creeks include Coxhill, Moose and as a decision support tool for land managers. Muskeg creeks to the south and Little Jumping- Partnership pound Creek to the north (Map 1). The Jumpingpound Creek State of the Water- The Jumpingpound Creek Watershed Partner- shed report describes the watershed, admini- North of Highway 1, tributaries are generally ship (JCWP) is a multi-stakeholder group rep- stration, geography, aquatic resources, includ- intermittent, contributing large flow volumes resented by local landowners, non- during wet years, and virtually no flow in aver- ing water supply (i.e., surface and groundwa- government, government and industry repre- age and dry years. Intermittent creeks include ter), water quality, riparian areas, wetlands, sentatives. The Partnership is represented by Scott Creek, Park Creek and Cope Creek fisheries and wildlife. Land use practices in the a 10 member Steering Committee who are in- which flow in a southeastern direction, and watershed are also described. terested in watershed management. Towers Creek which flows north. During the next two years, the main focus of the JCWP will be to facilitate the Jumping- “Watershed management will be important to pound Creek Integrated Watershed Manage- maintain water and land resources in ment Plan process, in partnership with all wa- Jumpingpound Creek for future generations.” tershed stakeholders, to ensure good water quality and ample water quantity to sustain future generations. The watershed management Jumpingpound Creek Watershed plan will encourage good management of watershed resources that will benefit the people The Jumpingpound Creek watershed encom- 2 living and working in the watershed, as well as passes an area of approximately 604 km and the wildlife and unique vegetation relying on is located west of the City of Calgary, and Cope Creek Jumpingpound Creek, its tributaries and wet- south and west of the Town of Cochrane (Map lands. 1). The State of the Watershed Report Jumpingpound Creek bisects the watershed, flowing northeast a distance of about 87 km This State of the Watershed (SOW) report is before joining the Bow River. The watershed is the first step in watershed management plan- a diverse landscape having elevations ranging ning. It identifies water and land resources and from 1,123 m at the confluence of the Bow documents the current pressures from human River to 2,492 m at the highest peak. use that are placed on these natural resources. Jumpingpound Creek rises in the Rocky Moun- It identifies indicators that can be monitored tains, in the Alpine and Subalpine Natural through time to help direct management of wa- Subregions. A number of permanent and inter- ter and land in a way that will maintain the mittent creeks join Jumpingpound Creek from health of the watershed into the future. Ulti- the north and the south. The most notable per- Jumpingpound Creek

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Map 1. Jumpingpound Creek watershed.

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than 1% of the watershed, at the confluence of of the watershed situated within the

Administration Jumpingpound Creek and the Bow River. Kananaskis Improvement District. The watershed is currently managed by five Population. There are an estimated 1,381 jurisdictions. These are the Town of Cochrane, people who live in the Jumpingpound Creek MD of Rocky View, MD of Bighorn, Stoney Na- watershed (M. Buckley, pers. comm.; Statistics Jumping Pound vs. Jumpingpound tion and the Kananaskis Improvement District Canada Census 2006). (Map 2). There has always been some confusion re- The majority of the population (929 people) live The MD of Rocky View administers the largest garding the spelling of Jumpingpound Creek. within the boundaries of the MD of Rocky View. Historically, Jumping Pound (two words) has area within the Jumpingpound Creek water- Approximately 377 people reside in the watershed (221 km2). The Kananaskis Improvement referred to the hamlet of Jumping Pound or the shed within the Town of Cochrane boundary. Jumping Pound community. Jumpingpound District makes up the second largest jurisdic- Only 44 people live within the MD of Bighorn tion encompassing 38% of the total watershed (one word) is used to describe the water- and an estimated 28 people live within the course—Jumpingpound Creek. As you pass area. The MD of Bighorn and Stoney Nation Stoney Nation boundary. each administer about 10% of the watershed over the Jumpingpound Creek bridge on High- area and the Town of Cochrane manages less Overall, population density is low at 2.3 people way 1, you will see both spellings depending per km2. In part, this is due to the large portion on the direction you are travelling.

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Map 2. Administrative boundaries.

Town of Cochrane MD of Bighorn < 1% 11% MD of Rocky Stoney Nation View 9% 42%

Kananaskis Improvement District 38%

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2.0 GEOGRAPHY 2.1 Bedrock Geology

Bedrock geology in the Jumpingpound Creek watershed consists of interbedded sandstone, siltstones, shale and coal of the Tertiary- Cretaceous Brazeau Formation (40 to 135 million years old) and Alberta Group (Map 3). Some of the south-western portions of the watershed consist of undifferentiated siltstones and limestones of the Mesozoic age (65 to 225 million years old) (Borneuf 1980) (Map 3).

quartzites, shales and sandstones of the Subalpine Natural Subregion. The Montane Natural Subregion is composed Steep, upthrust limestones, dolomites, con- of non-marine Cretaceous sandstones, silt- glomerates, shales and siltstones of Paleozoic stones and shales (Alberta Group). Glacial and and Mesozoic age geologically define the Al- river erosion has carved major valleys through pine Natural Subregion (See Section 2.3 for Mesozoic and Paleozoic dolomitic and lime- Natural Subregion descriptions). Exposed bed- stone formations and Cretaceous sediments. rock is dominant in this area. Rock strata are generally oriented perpendicu- Mesozoic and Paleozoic limestones and dolo- lar to water flow (Natural Regions Committee mites form the underlying bedrock, along with 2006).

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Map 3. Bedrock geology.

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2.2 Surficial Geology

Surficial geology, also referred to as quaternary glacial fluvial sediment deposited along most creeks) consist of fine stream alluvium. This is geology, refers to those unconsolidated geo- streams in the Rocky Mountains and Foothills. non-glacial fluvial sediment deposited along the logic materials lying on top of the bedrock. It forms terrace and valley bottom deposits. banks of small streams, in places over-lying These materials were deposited by melting gla- Sediment consists of gravelly sand to gravel. coarse stream alluvium on the larger streams. ciers and commonly consist of sand, gravel, In places it is overlain by 0.25 to 2 m of fine Generally deposits consist of sand to clay with glacial tills, clay and silt. The following provides alluvium. Clasts are generally well-rounded local minor gravel or organic material. an overview of a few of the most dominant de- carbonates and quartzites in the Mountains, but Glaciolacustrian deposits. Sediment depos- posits found in the Jumpingpound Creek water- in the Foothills contain some clasts derived shed (Map 4). ited in glacial lakes that generally consist of from Mesozoic clastics. clayey silt with minor sand. These deposits are Colluvium. Most of the upper reach of Jump- Fine stream alluvium. The main tributaries to mainly found near Towers Creek, in the north- ingpound Creek is composed of colluvium de- the north of Jumpingpound Creek (i.e., Little eastern part of the watershed. posits. The composition is determined by the Jumpingpound, Livingstone and Bateman underlying bedrock and ranges from predomi- nantly weathered carbonates in the Rocky Mountains to weathered sandstone, siltstone and shale in the Foothills. The colluvium material often has poor to well defined layering parallel to slope (Bayrock and Reimchen 1980). Slightly leached till (7 and 7b). The lower half of the watershed is comprised of slightly leached till that is a silty sand till. Clasts (rocks built up of fragments of pre-existing rocks through weathering and erosion) are carbonate in ground moraine and lateral moraine (7) or in an undifferentiated moraine (7b) Alluvial fans and aprons. These deposits are found where steep gradient streams emerge from mountainous terrain. Moose Creek is bor- dered by these sediment deposits that range from large blocks to sand and minor fine material. Coarse stream alluvium. Most of the Jump- ingpound Creek floodplain area is composed of coarse stream alluvium. This deposit is a non-

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Map 4. Surficial geology.

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2.3 Natural Regions and Subregions

Natural regions classify land areas according to The high elevation Alpine and Subalpine Natu- characteristics of the Montane Natural Subre- regional climatic variations and broad vegeta- ral Subregions generally receive more annual gion. tion groups. Soil groups are also generally de- precipitation and have snowier winters than any The Foothills Parkland Natural Subregion has fined by natural region characteristics. other Subregion. Short, cool, wet summers the highest precipitation, warmest winters, and Two natural regions and four sub-regions are and long, cold winters with heavy snows are shortest, coolest growing season of any of the represented in the Jumpingpound Creek water- typical of the Subalpine Natural Subregion. parkland Natural Subregions. Proximity to the shed. These are the Rocky Mountain Natural Strong winds that control snow deposition, mountains and frequent Chinooks influences Region comprised of the Subalpine, Alpine and evapotranspiration and temperature regime are these characteristics. This Natural Subregion Montane Natural Subregions. Only a tiny frac- further characteristics of the high elevation is climatically more similar to the Foothills Fes- tion (< 1%) of the Jumpingpound Creek water- Subregions. cue and Montane Natural Subregions than it is shed is defined by the Alpine Natural Subre- Mild summers, high summer precipitation, fre- to the other Parkland Natural Subregions. gion. This area is located at the headwaters of quent Chinook winds and warm winters are Maximum precipitation occurs in June, but May Jumpingpound Creek, in the southern tip (Map 5). The Subalpine Natural Subregion includes Table 1. Summary of climate parameters for the Natural Subregion. (Natural Regions Com- all areas below the Alpine Natural Subregion mittee 2006). and above the Montane Natural Subregion (Map 5). Climate Parameter Alpine Sub-Alpine Montane Foothills The Parkland Natural Region is comprised of Mean annual temperature, oC -2.4 -0.1 2.3 3.0 the Foothills Parkland Natural Subregion (Map 6). The following discussion of Natural Region Mean temperature, 8.7 11.3 13.9 14.7 characteristics is based on a compilation by the Natural Regions Committee (2006). Mean temperature, -12.6 -11.7 -10.0 -9.6 Climate o The Rocky Mountain Natural Region has on Growing degree days >5 C, 317 668 1017 1158 average the coolest summers, shortest growing Mean frost-free period, days 40 55 64 76 season, highest mean annual precipitation and snowiest winters of any Region (Table 1). Mean annual precipitation, mm 989 755 589 517 Within the Natural Region, climates are highly Growing season precipitation, 472 419 382 377 variable. mm

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Map 5. Natural subregions.

Subalpine Alpine 14% 0% Foothills Parkland 30%

Montane 56%

Page 10 and July are also rainy months. The relatively gosols are typical of both fluvial terraces adja- Black alpine sedge–forb snowbed may be short growing season restricts till cropping ac- cent to the rivers and side slopes where ero- found where snow accumulates and melts by tivities, and much of the area either produces sion or slope movement has recently occurred. mid-summer. Next to streams and near seeps hay crops or is under native cover. Valley side soils may also include Luvisols and below snowbeds, willow–bog birch shrublands Dystric Brunisols where slopes are stable and colourful alpine meadow communities with enough to allow soil development. Gleysols a variety of grasses and forbs are found Soil and Organic soils are typically associated with (Natural Regions Committee 2006). fens. There is very little soil development in the Al- The Subalpine Natural Subregion is character- pine Natural Subregion, largely due to harsh In the Foothills Parkland Natural Subregion, ized by closed fire-origin lodgepole pine forests climates, unstable parent materials, frequent deep Orthic Black Chernozems with surface with Engelmann spruce and subalpine fir. disturbances that rework soil profiles and low humus horizons at least 15 cm thick are most These stands become more open near the for- biological activity due to acidic litter and low common and are associated with grassland est line and include subalpine larch and white- temperatures. Bedrock exposures or nonsoils and open woodland vegetation. Orthic Dark bark pine (Table 2). Rummholz islands define dominate in this Subregion (Natural Regions Grey Chernozemic soils are typically associ- the upper limits of the Subalpine Natural Subre- Committee 2006). ated with forested areas (Map 6). gion. Cold temperatures, high precipitation and Seepage areas on lower slope positions and The Montane Natural Subregion is a mix of coarse, often unstable parent materials over depressions support willow shrublands. Be- grasslands and deciduous–coniferous forests steeply sloping bedrock promote the develop- cause the water is usually well oxygenated, the on southerly and westerly aspects, and pre- ment of Eutric and Dystric Brunisols in the soils are classed as moist Chernozems rather dominantly coniferous forests on northerly as- Subalpine Natural Subregion. On less pro- than Gleysols. Orthic Gleysols occur in the wet- pects and at higher elevations. Exposed, rocky nounced terrain somewhat finer textured soils test, most poorly drained areas. developed, including Orthic and Brunisolic Grey Luvisols. Wetland soils are usually Gleysols, but occasionally Organic soils occur (Map 6). Vegetation and Land cover In the Montane Natural Subregion, Orthic Black Vegetation in the Jumpingpound Creek water- Chernozems are typical under grasslands with shed reflects the extreme topography, parent Orthic Dark Gray Chernozems more dominant material and regional climate of the Natural Re- in the wooded areas. On moister northern gions and Subregions. slopes and higher elevations, Grey Luvisols are Unlike most other Natural Subregions in Al- significant. Bedrock exposures (nonsoils) also berta, fire does not have a strong influence on occur. plant community in the Alpine Subregion. On In the valleys, Eutric Brunisols are the dominant the driest, coldest and most exposed locations soil on fluvial and glaciofluvial deposits. Re- only lichens grow on rock faces or mineral soils in a “stonefield–lichen” complex (Table 2).

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Map 6. Soil types.

Page 12 ridgetops and upper slopes are vegetated by open limber pine and Douglas fir stands, with an understory of ground juniper, bearberry and mountain rough fescue (Table 2). Dry sites of the Foothills Parkland Subregion consist of grasslands. Aspen stands like those in the Montane Natural Subregion occur on moister, cooler northerly aspects and in seepage areas. The northern part of the Foothills Parkland is dominated by beaked willow with a significant tall herb component. Map 7 shows the major land cover types found in the Jumpingpound Creek watershed. Devel- oped lands are generally roadways and a small

Table 2. Summary of some of the species found in the four Natural Subregions represented in the Jumpingpound Creek watershed.

Type Alpine Subalpine Montane Foothills Parkland Canopy willow, dwarf birch, lodgepole pine, Engelmann aspen, lodgepole pine, Douglas fir, aspen, dense tall willow, balsam spruce, subalpine fir, subal- white spruce, limber pine poplar, plains cottonwood, occa- pine larch, white bark pine sional white spruce and Douglas fir Under-storey lichens, white mountain bearberry, hairy wild rye, bearberry, Canada buffaloberry, snowberry, silverberry, beaked avens, alpine fescues, mountain rough fescue, false hairy wild rye, pine reed grass, willow, wild red raspberry, Saska- bog-sedge, heather, sedge azalea, grouseberry, Canada forbs, mountain rough fescue, blue- toon, wild white geranium, snowbed buffaloberry, low bilberry, bunch wheatgrass, Parry’s oat- meadowsweet, prickly rose, pine reed grass, feather- grass, ground juniper, bluebunch herbs. fescue mosses, white-flowered rho- Glacier lilies, tufted hair grass, dodendron, thimbleberry sedge, mountain rough fescue, Parry’s oatgrass, bluebunch fescue, needle-and-thread grass, mountain rough fescue, bluebunch fescue

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Map 7. Land cover.

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3.0 HISTORY AND SETTLEMENT 3.1 Settlement Traditional land use in the Jumpingpound have also used this area during the same pe- Creek watershed has been most extensively riod. These various groups may have coexisted investigated in the headwaters and upper por- in this region or used the area during alternat- tions of the watershed. Archeological evidence ing seasons. has been recorded from the headwaters to ar- Other First Nations peoples recorded to inhabit eas very near the confluence with the Bow the area of the Jumpingpound Creek include River. groups of Siksika (Blackfoot), Kainaa (Blood), First Humans Pikani (Peigan), Tsuu T’ina (Sarcee), Cree and Stoney-Nakoda (Sioux). Some traditional The first sign of human presence in the water- Stoney oral history declares that the Stoney shed was identified by the discovery of a stone people have occupied the Rocky Mountain foot- projectile point at Sibbald Flats. The point dates hills for “time immemorial” (Flynn-Burhoe 2008). back to between 11,000 and 9,200 years Be- Research, however, indicates that the migration fore Present (B.P.) (Tsuu T’ina Nation and westward, following separation from the Sioux, Husky Oil 1995). Other prehistoric finds in the would have the Stoney people arriving in Al- Jumpingpound Creek watershed include the berta in the 1700s and in the Jumping Pound remains of a dog, which were linked to a winter area in the late 1700s to early 1800s (Dempsey camp site approximately 1,500 years old, sev- 1997; Cochrane and Area Historical Society eral prehistoric buffalo jumps and teepee rings 1977). The Tsuu T’ina are thought to have trav- (Friesen 1978). Teepee ring sites have been eled to the area from northern forests approxi- found with just two or three rings, near the con- mately 600 years ago. Early written records of fluence, as well as with a number of rings that the Tsuu T’ina’s association with the foothills Chief Walking Buffalo, also known as Ta- would mark a large community. The name and eastern slopes have been noted by fur tanga Mani and George McLean, 1871-1967. “Jumpingpound” is thought to have come from traders in the 1700s. Photo credit: Bruno Engler the great number of buffalo jumps located near Chief Walking Buffalo was born in 1871. His the creek. mother died shortly after and he was adopted Tsuu T’ina First Nations by missionary John McLean. At various times Traditional travel routes throughout the region he was a scout, an interpreter, a student and a Evidence suggests that bands of Kutenai First generally followed the Elbow River and Jump- blacksmith, but he was always a philosopher, Nations people have resided on the Eastern ingpound Creek (Figure 1). These trails, and an advocate for peace and understanding. He Slopes of this area for a long period of time. others, connected at a central location where a spread his messages around the world visiting Other cultural groups, who generally occupied 27 countries. He always returned to share his single trail continued into the headwaters of messages at home. either the plains or mountainous regions, would Jumpingpound Creek. Tsuu T’ina elders recall

Page 15 Jumpingpound Creek that the people often hunted near and fished in versity. Many berries, roots and medicines low and sweet pine. Uses included food, bever- various watercourses including Jumpingpound were gathered and used by First Nations age, medicinal, spiritual and utilitarian pur- Creek. During these times, the hunters would groups. In an assessment of the Moose Moun- poses. often camp at Sibbald Flats (Tsuu T’ina Nation tain area, it was determined that at least 97 In Tsuu T’ina traditional belief, many sacred and Husky Oil 1995). plant species were recognized for use by Tsuu objects and experiences are associated with First Nations people also used, and continue to T’ina elders (Tsuu T’ina Nation and Husky Oil Moose Mountain. Visits to the mountain were use the upper portions of the Jumpingpound 1995). The collection and use of these plants often made for visionary experiences and sa- Creek watershed for its abundant plant biodi- varied by season but would have included wil- cred materials to include in medicine bundles.

Figure 1. Historic trails in the Jumpingpound Creek region (Tsuu T’ina Nation and Husky Oil 1995).

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The sacred Sundance Pipe is thought to have names in the area come from Cree words or cords seeing buffalo bulls and bighorn sheep in also come from the mountains at the upper por- their Stoney equivalent. the area (Cochrane and Area Historical Society tion of the watershed. Often, plants, animal In the mid to late 1800s missionaries began to 1977). and rock materials that would be used for spiri- greatly influence the Stoney people and in 1873 At the signing of Treaty 7, in 1877, the Stoney tual practice could only be collected at certain a permanent mission was built for the Stoneys people were the only group under the direct times of the year or in particular places. at Morleyville, now known as Morley. The influence of a missionary. It is through the in- Although traditional practices were suppressed, Stoney bands who continued to live in the area fluence of Rev. John McDougall that the three many continue to be practiced today and the of Jumpingpound Creek and the Bow River Stoney bands of Bearspaw, Chiniki and Good- association with the Moose Mountain area con- continued to hunt elk, deer and moose but also stoney were centered on the reserve surround- tinued well after the establishment of the Tsuu traveled seasonally to hunt buffalo. (Dempsey ing the site of Morleyville, a portion of which lies T’ina reserve in 1883. Tsuu T’ina groups would 1997). As with Tsuu T’ina, the Stoney-Nakoda within the Jumpingpound Creek watershed. continue to camp, hunt and carry out other ac- made use of the many plant species in the area Around this same time the Cochrane Ranch for food, medicinal and spiritual practices as was established and settlers began to come to “this other side of Moose Mountain there is this well as for various implements. southern Alberta. These settlers built up cattle camp these they even had their Sundance’s ranches between Morley and the Cochrane there a long time ago...them flats there The first European to visitor the area was likely ranch site (Cochrane and Area Historical Soci- (Sibbald Flats). That was a long time ago- David Thompson, who explored from Rocky ety 1977). sacred ceremony.” Mountain House south to the Highwood River - from a Tsuu T’ina Elder, 1920- and crossed the Jumpingpound Creek in No- vember 1800. During this trip Thompson re- (Tsuu T’ina Nation and Husky Oil 1995) tivities in the Moose Mountain area throughout the 1940s (Tsuu T’ina Nation and Husky Oil 1995). Stoney-Nakoda and First Europeans The Stoney people were among the first to trade with the British on the shores of the Hud- son Bay. With new equipment and allied with the Cree, the Stoneys continued west where some bands remained in southern Saskatche- wan and other bands continued to the slopes of the Rocky Mountains where they arrived with or shortly following the Cree. The first Europeans in the area described the Stoneys as very hos- pitable and excellent hunters. Many local

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The Establishment of Agriculture logical study in the area occurred. Although native pasture. Rarely has land been cultivated gold was sought in the area, it was the discov- or otherwise developed, particularly along the and Recent History ery of coal seams in the Kananaskis that trig- banks of the Jumpingpound Creek. Today most It was with the settlement at the Cochrane gered much excitement. Many surveys and of the ranches that continue to raise cattle in Ranch and the arrival of the Canadian Pacific various mining operations took place through- the watershed are the same ranches and fami- Railway, that most of the cattle ranches in the out the Kananaskis valley until 1976 when the lies that arrived in the 1880s and are now into watershed were established. It was not, how- Kananaskis Provincial Park and Kananaskis their fifth and sixth generations. ever, only settlers that transformed land use in Country were established (Bachusky 2008). The Stoney-Nakoda economy is now based on the area to agriculture. Following the establish- The Kanansikis Improvement District was es- art and craft, labouring, lumber, and various ment of the reserve at Morley, the Stoney peo- tablished in 1996 and is the only municipality in other professions but continues to include a ple were encouraged by Rev. McDougall to Alberta that is located within a provincial park. large amount of mixed farming and agriculture. take up the life of farming and ranching The district provides services to its residents as (Cochrane and Area Historical Society 1977). As land use in the Jumpingpound Creek water- well as works closely with Alberta Tourism, Many did so, further establishing the Jumping shed has changed throughout the centuries, Parks and Recreation. Within Kananaskis, Pound area as an agricultural region. traditional uses are still being practiced in vary- there are many recreation opportunities as well ing degrees today. The watershed has histori- By this time John Palliser had already been as lands leased by cattle ranchers for grazing. cally provided for local communities, first for advised of the Kananaskis area and had been The agricultural practices that have dominated First Nations people and then for European hired by the British government to explore the land use in the area for the past 125 years settlers. It continues to provide for the descen- Canadian West. During this trip, the first geo- have consisted mostly of traditional grazing of dents of these people today.

Start of Lone Star The Lone Star Ranch received its name from John Copithorne in the early 1900s. John, with his eldest son Jim, and brother Sam (in photo to the left), built a log house on the top of the hill from its present location. The ranch could only be accessed from the flat of the Jumpingpound Creek. One winter night as John and a friend were returning to the house in the dark, he spotted the light shining brightly in the window. John turned to his companion and exclaimed, "Look at the Lone Star."

The original ranch house burned down during a clean-up after a roundup. A match was accidently thrown into the many papers gathered up from the men's lunches. The house was rebuilt below the hill and is still used as a summer cabin today. - Cochrane and Area Historical Society 1977

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3.2 Accesss The Jumpingpound Creek watershed has few Road mortality is one of the largest threats to dramatically in parallel with increased access linear road disturbances relative to adjacent many species of wildlife in Alberta. (ACTWS 2004). Appropriate access manage- areas to the north, south and east (Table 3, ment planning will be essential. Map 8). Grizzly bears suffer higher mortality in areas with more linear access features, and are pre- Highway 1 is the main transportation corridor that bisects the watershed from northwest to vented from effective use of their habitat. The southeast (Map 8). This corridor is the main status of recreational fish populations declines route into the Rocky Mountains and receives heavy traffic during all seasons. Highway 68 provides access into the southern part of the watershed, into the Kananaskis Im- provement District. The first section of this Highway was recently paved. There are few gravel roads that stem from these two main transportation routes. Most of the gravel road access is for rural residents. There is a small percentage of road networks used strictly for resource and recreation activity (14 km) (Table 3). There is some local concern with the new pavement as it promotes more traffic and higher vehicle speeds that can increase risks to wildlife.

Table 3. Distribution of roads in the watershed.

Road Type Length (km) 4 Lane Highway 30.7 2 Lane Paved 32.4 2 Lane Gravel 127.6 1 Lane Gravel 34.9 Resource/Recreation 14.5 Total 240.1

Page 19 Jumpingpound Creek

Map 8. Watershed access.

Page 20

4.0 AQUATIC RESOURCES 4.1 Water Supply and Demand

Surface Water 10 Jumpingpound Creek and its tributaries are an important source of water for humans, livestock 9 and wildlife. There are a number of small tributaries that originate in the Kananaskis Improve- 8 ment District that contribute to flow in Jumping- pound Creek. Some of the these creeks flow Jumping Pound /s) 7 year round, while others are considered 3 Cox Hill ephemeral or only occurring during spring snow Mouth 6 melt and periods of heavy rainfall.

The Water Survey of Canada has operated 5 three hydrometric stations that measure discharge (flow rates through time) in the Jump- 4 ingpound Creek watershed (Table 4, Map 9). Weekly Flows. Figure 2 shows average Average Natural Flow (m3/s) 3 weekly flows calculated for the period 1912- 2001. Generally flows begin to rise in late Feb- Natural Flow(m Average 2 ruary to early March and peak near the end of May and early June as snow melts from higher elevations. Flow continues to decrease 1 throughout the summer months. In summer (May-October), flows average 3.2 m3/s and 0 minimum flows measured 0.04 m3/s. In winter Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec (November-March) flows average 0.33 m3/s. Minimum flow in winter can occasionally be Figure 2. Average weekly natural flows (1912-2001) in the Jumpingpound Creek watershed.

Table 4. Water Survey of Canada flow monitoring stations and period of record. zero. Station ID Location Start Date End Date Data Type Similar trends are observed at the flow monitoring stations at Jumping Pound and at Cox Hill 05BH013 Near Cox Hill Creek July 15, 1976 October 31, 2007 Daily, May to October Creek. Flow at Cox Hill Creek reaches just over 1 m3/s in June and then decreases to zero 05BH006 Near Jumping Pound June 1, 1908 August 31, 1933 Daily, May to October in the winter months. Flows appear higher at Jumping Pound compared to at the Mouth. 05BH009 Near the Mouth July 28, 1965 May 1, 2006 Daily, January to December This may be due to spring inputs in the upper

Page 21 Jumpingpound Creek

Map 9. Hydrometric stations.

Near the Mouth 05BH009

At Township Rd 252 05BH015

Near Jumping Pound 05BH006

At Bateman’s Ranch 05BH011

Near Coxhill Creek 05BH013

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250,000 reaches, irrigation withdrawals in the lower reaches and improvements in monitoring equipment during the more recent record period. Annual Flow Volume. Annual flow volume in 200,000 Jumpingpound Creek varies considerably by year. Average annual flow volume at Jumping- pound Creek near the mouth is 58,835 dam3 ) (Figure 3). The minimum recorded flow at this 3 150,000 station is 17,542 dam3, occurring in 1985 (Figure 3). The years 1915 and 1916 have the highest recorded flows. The year 2006 was 3 100,000 also a high flow year at just over 150,000 dam . (dam Volume Surface Water Demand. There are a total of 12 surface water licenses and 233 surface water registrations held in the Jumpingpound 50,000 Creek watershed. These are mainly concentrated in the northern half of the watershed, with two licenses situated in the Kananaskis 0 Improvement District (Table 5, Map 10). The 4 4 4 total licensed water volume amounts to 893 44 74 91 92 9 954 964 9 98 dam3. Estimated actual use of the license vol- 1 1 1934 1 1 1 1 1 1994 2004 ume, however, is a little less than half of this Figure 3. 3-Year moving average (dark line) vs. average volume (light line) for naturalized volume (419 dam3). Registration allocations flows (bars) at Jumpingpound Creek near the Mouth from 1912 to 2006. amount to 66 dam3, with actual use reported as 3 Table 5. Surface water license and registration allocations (AENV database 2006). 14 dam . Commercial uses make up 86% of the licensed Type # of Licenses Allocations Actual Use Returns 3 3 3 allocations and stockwater makes up just 3% of dam dam dam the allocations (Table 5). Commercial 3 767 372 157

Stockwater 6 94 15 -

Water/Fish Management 3 32 32 - Registration 233 66 14 -

Total 245 959 433 157

Page 23 Jumpingpound Creek

Map 10. Surface water licenses and registrations.

Page 24

3 Groundwater zero. Only three wells indicated that a flowing stockwater (96 dam ), commercial/industrial well was present. Static water levels ranged use (3 licenses equaling 5 dam3), recreation (3 Groundwater is an increasingly important part from 1 to 122 m below top of casing, with more licenses equaling 6 dam3) and residential com- of the water supply equation, as surface water than 65% of the reported levels less than 20 m munity (2 licenses equaling 9 dam3) license restrictions are implemented. below top of casing. Seventy registrations are documented with an Well Yields. The majority of the Jumping- Flow Patterns. Overall, the watershed is an allocated withdrawal of 32 dam3 (Map 12). pound Creek watershed has the potential for area of groundwater recharge with local dis- long-term well yields of 6.9 to 35 m3 per day Approximately 470 wells are not licensed. If charge zones occurring in the central area of each of these well were active and withdrew (Ozoray and Barnes 1978). In areas adjacent the watershed (Ozoray and Barnes 1978). to Jumpingpound Creek and Little Jumping- the maximum allowance per household of 1.25 These discharge zones occur mainly in Twp. dam3 per year, the unlicensed diversion for do- pound Creek where river channel gravel depos- 24, Rge. 5 and the southern-half of Twp. 25, 3 its are present, possible yields of 35 to 160 m3 mestic use would amount to 588 dam , annu- Rge. 5 near Highway 1. Some flowing wells ally. per day are expected. Hydrogeological Con- and springs were noted mainly in the southern sultants Limited (2002) determined well yields and western-most parts of the watershed. One from short duration pumping test data to lie be- spring located in Sec. 31, Twp. 24, Rge. 6, 3 tween 4.9 to 160 m per day, with bedrock well W5M had a measured flow of 900 L per minute 3 3 yields ranging from less than 9.8 m to 69 m (Ozoray and Barnes 1978) (Map 11). These per day. springs exist in areas of relatively pronounced Within the Jumpingpound Creek watershed, elevation changes in the Alpine and Subalpine AMEC (2009) indicated that 330 driller’s logs areas of the watershed where the water table reported test pumping rates ranging from 0.13 may intersect ground surface along steep to 260 m3 per day, averaging 65 m3 per day. slopes. The springs may also be related to the Of the 330 logs, 114 identified rates ranging occurrence of limestones with “karst” features, from 33 to 65 m3 per day. where groundwater may flow within conduit systems formed by fracturing and dissolution. Well Completion Depths and Static Water Level. The depth of wells ranged from 1 to 213 In general, groundwater follows topography m below ground surface. A depth of 0 m was within the watershed, flowing east to northeast reported from 12 wells, with average depth at toward the Bow River. approximately 51 m. The most frequently re- Groundwater Demand. Alberta Environment’s ported depth was 91.5 m. More than 50% of water well database lists about 520 well re- the wells were between 20 and 60 m deep. cords for the watershed. There are 49 active Recorded static water levels in wells were be- groundwater licenses representing a total allo- low ground level at the time of measurement, cation of 116 dam3 per year (Map 12). Li- except for 36 wells that reported water levels of censes with annual allocations are allocated for

Page 25 Jumpingpound Creek

Map 11. Flowing wells and springs.

Page 26

Groundwater-Surface Water Interactions

Determination of baseflow is an important as- pect of water resource management as it can be considered a reasonable approximation of the groundwater contribution to streamflow. In addition, it is an indicator of the groundwater resource capacity in a watershed during times of stress (e.g., drought). Baseflow is the portion of streamflow coming directly from groundwater sources. Remaining streamflow is contributed by surface runoff from precipitation and meltwater. AMEC (2009) evaluated baseflow contributions to Jumpingpound Creek. The authors found that during low-flow periods, such as occurs during winter months, baseflow dominates streamflow (Figure 4). During the spring and summer months, rain events provide runoff water which adds to the baseflow to increase streamflow and enable recharge of the groundwater aquifers. Figure 4. Baseflow separation using filters method at Jumpingpound Creek near the Mouth (05BH009) from 1985-2006. The Baseflow Index (BFI), which describes the proportion of streamflow contributed by base- groundwater also indicates an interaction be- Surface Runoff flow, was calculated for the Jumpingpound tween these two water sources. The concen- 32% Creek at the Mouth and it was determined that trations of minerals, metals and ions in the 68% of streamflow originates from groundwater groundwater as compared to surface water in- (Figure 5). Similar baseflow contributions were dicates that groundwater plays a significant role Groundwater observed at Jumpingpound Creek near Jump- in the chemistry of Jumpingpound Creek (Baseflow) ing Pound (64%) and Jumpingpound Creek 68% streamflow. near Cox Hill (70%). Figure 5. Volume of total streamflow con- Water quality results for surface water and tributed by groundwater and surface runoff.

Page 27 Jumpingpound Creek

Map 12. Groundwater licenses and registrations.

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4.2 Water Quality Surface Water Table 6. Monitoring periods and frequencies at Alberta Environment water quality stations on Jumpingpound Creek. Water quality is an increasing concern as more demands are placed on the resource through Station ID Location Start Date End Date Interval municipal, industrial and agricultural developments. Water quality is a good indicator of how AB05BF0140 Near Sibbald Flats July 14, 1978 June 25, 1979 Weekly, bi-weekly, well the uplands are being managed. In rural watersheds, such as Jumpingpound Creek, AB05BH2350 At Hermitage Road March 25, 1997 May 15, 1997 Daily, bi-weekly water chemistry of special interest includes nu- AB05BH2360 At Highway 1 March 25, 1997 May 15, 1997 Weekly, bi-weekly trients, sediment, bacteria, pesticides and herbicides. AB05BH2370 At Clemons Hill March 25, 1997 May 15, 1997 Weekly, bi-weekly Alberta Environment monitors water quality throughout the province. In the Jumpingpound AB05BH0020 Above gas plant May 5, 1973 February 3, 1976 Bi-weekly Jul-Oct Creek watershed, 9 sites have been monitored AB05BH2410 At Sarcee Butte Ranch April 27, 1998 March 30, 1999 Monthly at various times and frequencies since 1974 (Table 6, Map 13). Typically, monitoring peri- AB05BH0030 Below confluence with June 26, 1974 February 3, 1976 Spot checks ods at a single location were under 4 years. The following is taken from AMEC (2009). AB05BH2380 Upper side of Wineglass March 25, 1997 March 30, 1999 Weekly, bi-weekly, Dissolved Oxygen. Dissolved oxygen within Ranch monthly surface water is important for the survival of AB05BH0040 Near mouth July 21, 1993 May 15, 1997 Daily, weekly, bi- aquatic life. Concentration below 5 mg/L can weekly, spot checks cause stress in fish populations and concentrations of about 1 to 2 mg/L can cause fish kills. gen) and respiration and decay (which de- infections, hepatitis A and viral and bacterial Dissolved oxygen concentrations in Jumping- creases oxygen). Generally, nitrogen and gastroenteritis. Fecal coliforms ranged from 0 pound Creek are well above the acute 1-day phosphorus concentrations met the freshwater to 920 colonies per 100 mL. The surface water minimum freshwater life guideline of 5 mg/L. aquatic life guidelines of 1.0 mg/L and 0.05 mg/ quality guideline for recreation is less than 200 Recorded dissolved oxygen concentrations in- L, respectively. Total nitrogen concentrations colonies per 100 mL fecal coliforms. The irriga- dicate that algae and aquatic plant growth have range from 0.04 to 0.8 mg/L with the exception tion guidelines are more restrictive as counts not become excessive. of a single event in 1993. Average total phos- should not exceed 100 colonies per 100 mL. phorus concentration was 0.03 mg/L. Nutrients. Nutrients can cause excessive Salts and Minerals. Total dissolved solids growth of algae and aquatic plants, which can Bacteria. Fecal coliforms are detectable in (TDS) from weathering and dissolution of rocks cause large fluctuations in dissolved oxygen surface water contaminated by mammal or bird and soils are naturally occurring in fresh, sur- due to photosynthesis (which increases oxy- feces. Fecal coliforms, if ingested, can cause

Page 29 Jumpingpound Creek

Map 13. Water quality monitoring stations on Mouth Jumpingpound Creek. AB05BH0040

Sarcee Butte Ranch Wineglass Ranch AB05BH2410 AB05BH2380 AB05BH0030 Clemons Hill AB05BH2370

Gas Plant AB05BH0020

Hwy 1 AB05BH2360

Near Sibbald Flats Hermitage Road AB05BF0140 AB05BH2350

Page 30 face water systems. TDS is the concentration quality at various times since 1978. of dissolved minerals in water and is often used In general, total dissolved solids concentrations to estimate salinity. Total dissolved solids con- ranged from 200 to over 1,000 mg/L (Ozoray centrations were within the CCME irrigation and Barnes 1978; AMEC 2009). Groundwater guideline of 500 mg/L and ranged from 151 to in surficial aquifers is generally characterized 376 mg/L. TDS concentrations were highest in by TDS concentrations less than 500 mg/L, low-flow periods and lowest during spring runoff while bedrock aquifers are higher, averaging in June. This may indicate that a disproportion- 500 to 1,000 mg/L. Five wells near Highway 1 ate amount of TDS in Jumpingpound Creek is and Hermitage Road had TDS concentrations coming from groundwater contributions. between 1,400 and 3,800 mg/L. Calcium and magnesium are measures of wa- Groundwater chemistry is mainly calcium bicar- ter hardness and are the 5th and 8th most bonate type; however, in areas high in TDS, abundant natural elements, respectively. Sur- sodium-bicarbonate predominates. face waters in areas with significant limestone deposits are prone to hard water, due to weath- Sodium, chloride, nitrate, iron, total dissolved ering and erosion. The water hardness in solids, hardness and pH were among the parameters that exceeded Guidelines for Cana- Jumpingpound Creek ranges from 140 to 323 Pesticides. Currently no pesticide data is dian Drinking Water Quality (Health Canada mg/L, which is in the hard to very-hard range. available. Overall, pesticide and herbicide use 2003). Metals. Several metals and minerals were in the watershed is low and limited to spot sampled in Jumpingpound Creek. Most metals spraying of certain undesirable species such as Of the 50 wells having detailed chemistry data that were measured met irrigation and freshwa- field scabious or toad flax (J. Buckley, pers. available: ter aquatic life guidelines (CCME). Chromium, comm.). □ 20 wells exceeded the aesthetic objectives iron, lead and mercury occasionally exceeded Overall, surface water quality meets guidelines for total dissolved solids (< 500 mg/L). the freshwater aquatic life guideline. Chromium for irrigation, recreation and livestock watering. □ 21 wells contained iron concentrations be- exceeded the CCME irrigation guideline of 4.9 The few exceedences that did occur in the wa- tween 0.31 and 3.3 mg/L, and one well re- mg/L above the Gas Plant in 1973 and 1974 tershed were associated with single events. In ported an iron concentration of 25.7 mg/L. near the Mouth in 1994 and 1996. Iron ex- future, increases in exceedences can measure ceeded the CCME freshwater aquatic life changes in land use management. □ 7 wells had pH values above 8.5 (the maxi- guideline (0.3 mg/L) above the Gas Plant once mum recommended pH (Health Canada each during 1973 and 1974 and near the Mouth Groundwater 2003). in 1993, during a single event. Lead only ex- Groundwater quality in the Jumpingpound □ 6 wells contained chloride concentrations in ceeded the CCME freshwater aquatic life Creek watershed is highly variable and can be excess of the GCDWQ of 250 mg/L. guideline (0.004 mg/L) above the Gas Plant considered good to poor. Three groundwater □ 4 wells were characterized by a hardness of from 1973 to 1976. assessments have characterized groundwater

Page 31 Jumpingpound Creek

more than 500 mg/L (maximum 859 mg/L). ered. The ratings indicate the potential of surfi- the aquifer within tens of years (AAFRD 2005). Although there is no specific guideline for cial materials to transmit contaminated water to The potential risk for groundwater contamina- hardness, concentrations greater than 500 the aquifer over a period of time. The AVI rat- tion is moderate across much of the Jumping- mg/L are generally considered unacceptable ings are classed in a range from low to high. pound Creek watershed. Areas that have for domestic use. An area with a low class rating implies that wa- higher risk are mainly adjacent to Jumping- ter percolating through the surficial materials in □ Coliform bacteria were detected in 2 wells in pound Creek, Little Jumpingpound Creek and this area takes a long time to reach the aquifer 2007. The maximum acceptable concentra- areas along Potts Creek. The area surrounding (in the range of thousands of years). In an area tion for coliforms in drinking water is zero; Towers Creek has a low aquifer vulnerability with high rating, contaminated water may reach however, total coliform count is not neces- rating. sarily an indication of fecal contamination, as some species occur naturally on vegetation and soils. No sample tested positive for Map 14. Aquifer Vulnerability Index. E.coli, an indicator of fecal contamination. Overall, aesthetic exceedences are not a major obstacle for the potential use of local groundwater for drinking water supply; however, water treatment is recommended for individual wells of concern. Water with a TDS concentration above 1,000 mg/L is a health concern. The presence of coliform bacteria indicates possible contamination from fecal material; however, without detection of E.Coli, it may be attributed to naturally occurring bacteria on plants and soil. Groundwater wells showing positive numbers of total coliforms should be re-tested to ensure the presence is not persistent and that no fecal contamination is present. Aquifer Vulnerability The Aquifer Vulnerability Index is a method used to assess the vulnerability of aquifers to surface contaminants (Map 14). In the assessment, the depth to the aquifer and the types of geological materials above them are consid-

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4.3 Riparian Health Figure 6. Diagrammatic representation of a riparian area. rooted plant species (e.g., trees and shrubs), Riparian Areas Riparian areas are the portions of the land- • very few, if any, invasive plants (e.g., Can- scape strongly influenced by water and are ada thistle), characterized by water-loving vegetation along • very few structurally altered or eroded rivers, streams, lakes, springs, ponds and stream banks, and seeps (Figure 6). Riparian areas can be described as the “green zones” around lakes and • the ability of regular (i.e., approximately 1- wetlands and bordering rivers and streams. 3 years) high flow levels to access a floodplain appropriate to the size of the stream or river. When in a properly functioning condition or healthy state, riparian areas are one of the When riparian health is compromised it is likely most ecologically diverse ecosystems in the that one or more of the pieces has been im- world. Healthy riparian areas sustain fish and pacted by natural or human-caused distur- wildlife populations, provide good water quality bances such as development, recreation, graz- and stable water supplies, and support people ing, flooding or fire. Riparian areas with exten- on the landscape. In doing so, they have a role sive impacts are usually rated as unhealthy, in the environment that is disproportionately because of modification of the pieces men- important to the amount of area that they en- tioned above. Riparian areas with moderate compass (approximately 2-5% of the land- levels of impacts will typically fall within the scape). healthy but with problems category, while those with very few or no impacts will normally be

rated as healthy. What makes a riparian area healthy? Riparian areas are like a jigsaw puzzle and scape health and productivity. each individual piece or component is critical to A healthy riparian area has: Assessing Riparian Health the successful function of the entire system. Riparian health inventories and riparian health How the individual pieces (e.g., vegetation • successful reproduction and establishment assessments are two tools used to determine composition, especially deep-rooted plant spe- of seedling, sapling and mature trees and the ecological function or health of riparian eco- cies, soils and wildlife) function together affects shrubs (if the site has potential to grow them), systems. A riparian health inventory is a de- the health of the riparian ecosystem including • floodplains with abundant plant growth, tailed assessment of the vegetative, soil and the stream, its watershed, and overall land- stream banks and shore areas with deep hydrological characteristics of riparian areas.

Page 33 Jumpingpound Creek

Riparian health assessments, on the other agement are required, and what land use prac- tion, while the majority of sites in the down- hand, are derived from the riparian health in- tices are currently maintaining riparian health. stream reach of the creek (downstream of ventory and provide comprehensive information Highway 1), were rated as “Healthy but with about the diversity, structure and health of plant Problems”. The level of landscape alteration communities within a project area. The riparian Jumpingpound Creek Riparian due to human development pressures and health assessment generates a score, rating more intensified forms of land uses increase riparian areas as either healthy (score 80 to Health Inventory along the downstream reach of the creek in and 100%), healthy but with problems (score 60 to Health Inventory Results around Cochrane, Alberta. 79%) or unhealthy (score less than 60%). This To date, riparian health inventories have been All of the sites assessed in 2007 along examination provides a better understanding of conducted by Cows and Fish along the down- Reaches 1 and 2 were located on private land the health of riparian areas, where to concen- stream reaches of Jumpingpound Creek in the used primarily for livestock grazing. The finding trate efforts if improvements in riparian man- M.D. of Rocky View (i.e., Reaches 1 and 2). that almost 40% of these sites are in Healthy Six inventories were conduced in 1999 along a condition, speaks to the use of good land stew- portion of Reach 1. An additional two invento- ardship and grazing management practices. ries were conducted along this reach in 2000. Maintaining the upper reaches of Jumping- In 2007, seven sites were assessed along pound Creek in a healthy state will benefit Reach 1 (including two of the sites previously downstream water users in Cochrane and Cal- assessed in 1999) and eleven sites were as- gary. sessed along Reach 2. Prior to the introduction of cattle, bison pro- Results from the 2007 assessment were very vided the greatest seasonal grazing pressures positive, with a good proportion of sites rated on riparian areas within the project area. Cur- as being in “Healthy” condition (39%), and the rently, livestock grazing continues to be the remainder rated as “Healthy but with Prob- dominant land use influencing riparian health lems” (61%). None of the sites assessed in along the majority of Jumpingpound Creek and 2007 were considered to be “Unhealthy”. An- adjacent land. However, activities such as log- other positive finding was that health improve- ging, gravel extraction, oil and gas exploration ments were noted along the lower reaches of and pipeline developments, and minor amounts the creek. Three sites previously assessed as of recreational activity are other ongoing land “Unhealthy” in 1999 had improved to “Healthy, uses in the project area. Urban expansion and but with Problems” over an eight year period rural residential development pressures are following careful attention to improved riparian increasing in the watershed, particularly near area management. Cochrane. These land uses will likely have In general, the majority of the sites in Reach 2 more influence on riparian health in the near (upstream of Highway 1) were in Healthy condi- future.

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Appendix 1. Code of Practice Map.

Health inventories have not been conducted to Jumpingpound riparian area, two indicators of a stream reaches of the creek. Although these date along the upper headwater reaches of healthy and vigorous riparian plant community. grasses do have good forage value early in the Jumpingpound Creek; the majority of this por- season, their shallow roots are not well suited tion of the creek lies within Public Land in the to providing sufficient binding rootmass to the

Kananaskis Improvement District (K-Country). banks of a large foothills stream such as Jump- Recreation, livestock grazing, forestry and Non-Native Plants (Invasive and Distur- ingpound Creek. Disturbance plants tend to sourgas drilling and pipeline developments are bance-Caused Plants) spread most readily in moist, nutrient rich sites. permitted land uses in K-Country. One of the threats to native plant diversity and They also compete well in areas that experi- riparian function occurs when there is an in- ence repeated grazing without sufficient rest Indicators of Health crease in non-native “disturbance-caused” and between disturbances. Smooth brome, Ken- Vegetation Cover “invasive” plants. These plants tend to take tucky bluegrass and timothy have been seeded Native plants help to perform many riparian hold in areas with natural or human-caused historically in hayfields, pastures and road functions such as trapping sediment and stabi- disturbances. A total of 25 disturbance-caused ditches in the Jumpingpound Creek watershed, lizing banks, absorbing and recycling nutrients, species and 6 invasive species (all provincially creating a prolific seed source that has spread reducing evaporation rates and providing shel- designated “noxious weeds”) were found in the rapidly into natural and disturbed riparian habi- ter and forage for livestock and wildlife. All of Jumpingpound Creek watershed. tats in the watershed. the riparian areas inventoried in 2007 in the “Disturbance-caused” plants such as smooth “Invasive” plants are those that are listed by the Jumpingpound Creek watershed have ade- brome (Bromus inermis), Kentucky bluegrass Weed Control Act of Alberta as restricted or quate amounts of plant cover along the stream- (Poa pratensis) and timothy (Phleum pratense) noxious weeds. They are non-native species banks and floodplains. are especially prevalent in the Jumpingpound that spread rapidly and are difficult to control. A rich biodiversity of plant life is especially im- Creek watershed, particularly in the down- These plants can have severe economic and portant for providing varied rooting depths for ecological consequences because they tend to improved soil stabilization, year-round availabil- have poor to no forage value. As a result they ity of nutritious forage types, and enhanced decrease land productivity, damage wildlife riparian area resiliency to disease, drought, habitat, and reduce biodiversity. floods and other natural disturbances. No less The most prevalent invasive plant in the water- than 189 native plant species were inventoried shed is Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense). This along Jumpingpound Creek. This total includes noxious weed was present in all of the sites 42 deep rooted woody plants such as white inventoried in 1999 and 2007; however, it was spruce (Picea glauca), balsam poplar (Populus far more abundant in the downstream reach of balsamifera), aspen (Populus tremuloides) and the creek (Reach 1). Canada thistle was only numerous native shrubs. In particular, willows found in trace amounts along Jumpingpound (Salix sp.) and red-osier dogwood (Cornus Creek south of the Trans-Canada Highway stolonifera) shrubs are fairly common in the (Reach 2). The second most abundant invasive

Page 35 Jumpingpound Creek species, smooth perennial sow-thistle (Sonchus croachment by weed species that tend to be water velocities and flow volumes benefit from arvensis), was also most prevalent in the down- shade intolerant. Refer to Section 4.4 for a pro- the excellent bank stabilization provided by stream reach of the creek (where it was found file of invasive plants. deep-rooted trees and shrubs. Deep rooted in 62% of the 13 sites assessed). Trace woody plants also play a major role in the up- amounts of tall buttercup (Ranunculus acris) take of nutrients that could otherwise degrade and bladder campion (Silene cucubalus) were Tree and Shrub Establishment, Regenera- water quality. Their overhanging canopies pro- found exclusively in Reach 1 (in 23% and 8% of tion and Browse Pressure tect the soil from erosion and provide shelter to the sites, respectively). Finally, a trace occur- wildlife and livestock. Even when dead, decay- Trees and shrubs play a very important role in rence of yellow toad flax (Linaria vulgaris) and ing logs continue to provide erosion protection, riparian health and function, particularly along leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) was recorded in wildlife habitat structure and nutrient cycling. foothills streams like Jumpingpound Creek that a total of three sites along Reach 2. Of these are subject to high flows in the spring following Trees and shrubs cover approximately 70% of species, the presence of leafy spurge is espe- snowpack melt. Streambanks subject to high the Jumpingpound Creek riparian area in cially concerning given its potential to spread rapidly, dramatically impacting biodiversity and landscape productivity with potentially significant economic impacts. Complete elimination of invasive and disturbance-caused plants is not realistic; however, with a combination of sound land management practices and weed control measures, the prevalence of these plants could be reduced. Weed control is primarily the responsibility of the landowner or lease holder with the majority of control coordination originating with the local Municipal District. Frequent, ongoing monitoring is necessary to control weeds and prevent small infestations from spreading. Reducing bare soil and ground disturbance, and maintaining the health and vigour of native plant communities, are also key factors in preventing the establishment and spread of invasive and disturbance-caused plants. Compared to pre- dominantly grass landscapes, dense tree and shrub communities are more resilient to en-

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the portion of Jumpingpound Creek inventoried is to maintain the integrity and structure of the in 2007. Successful preferred tree and shrub bank by dissipating energy, resisting erosion establishment and regeneration was observed and trapping sediment to build and restore in all of the sites inventoried. The woody plant banks. Healthy, well vegetated riparian areas community also appeared alive and vigorous slow the rate of erosion and balance erosion in overall, with normal amounts of dead and dying one area by increasing (or building) banks branches, indicating that disease or moisture through deposition further downstream. If un- stress is not a concern and that browse levels stable banks are occasional, limited to a few are not excessive. outside meander bends, and the banks revege- Light browse pressure from livestock (and to a lesser degree wildlife) was observed in 61% of the sites inventoried in 2007. Woody plants can sustain low levels of use but increased browsing can deplete root reserves and inhibit establishment and regeneration. Only one of Reach 2 and the upstream portion of Reach 1. the sites inventoried in 2007 along Reach 1 had This intact forest canopy is one of the main rea- signs of overall heavy use including presence sons for the excellent health of a large propor- of umbrella-shaped mature shrubs and flat- tion of the watershed. The dominant tree cover topped or hedged seedlings and saplings. is a mix of white spruce and balsam poplar with Managing the timing and intensity of livestock interspersed pockets of aspen. The dominant use will help reduce potential for persistent shrubs in the understory are silverberry heavy browse of preferred woody species. (Elaeagnus commutate), river alder (Alnus Trees and shrubs that are considered preferred are at risk of increased erosion. tenuifolia) and buckbrush (Symphoricarpos in terms of riparian health also tend to be those Eleven of the 18 sites (61%) assessed in 2007 occidentalis). As many as 12 willow species that are most palatable to livestock (e.g. red- are covered with adequate amounts (>65%) of also occur in the watershed. osier dogwood [Cornus stolinifera]). Monitoring deep, binding root mass. Portions of Jumping- A good indicator of the longevity and health of a fall and winter use of riparian areas is espe- pound Creek that are vulnerable to erosion are riparian forest is the presence of woody plants cially important, since tree and shrub browse generally those areas with reduced tree and in all age classes, especially young age tends to be highest in this period after grasses shrub cover and higher amounts of distur- classes. To maintain age class structure, at have matured or in spring before grass begins bance-caused plants. Signs of bank erosion least 15% of the total cover of preferred trees growth. and channel migration are evident along some and shrubs should be comprised of seedlings Streambank Rootmass Protection portions of the creek. This is primarily due to and saplings. There are no concerns with the natural process and overall bank stability is not The role of deep rooted streambank vegetation reproduction of preferred trees and shrubs in significantly impacted by human influences.

Page 37 Jumpingpound Creek tate within one year, erosion rates are consid- ery of native plants that function to trap sedi- ered normal. Much of the streambank invento- ment, strengthen and rebuild streambanks. ried for Jumpingpound Creek had adequate Stream Channel Incisement (Down-cutting) amounts of deep, binding root mass; however, and Stability there were a few areas of concern where banks Periodic flood events are important to disperse Bare Ground and Physical Alterations moisture throughout the riparian area for the When a streambank is physically altered, the maintenance of riparian vegetation. Flooding system may become unstable. Erosion can also spreads the energy of moving water over increase and mobilize channel and bank mate- the riparian area, allowing sediment to be de- rials and water quality can deteriorate. Moist, posited and creating new areas for seedling fine-textured riparian soil is especially suscepti- establishment. High water events periodically ble to erosion and compaction from activities access the highest terraces of the floodplain in like vehicle traffic, livestock hoof shear and than 15% of bank length structurally altered by the Jumpingpound Creek watershed. This is a trailing, recreational trails, timber harvest, and human activity. good sign that Jumpingpound Creek is not landscaping. Soil compaction reduces the water-holding abilities of riparian soil and conse- The amount of bare ground along Reaches 1 downwardly incised (or down-cut). quently impacts water storage and aquifer re- and 2 is also minimal, approximately 4%. Most Although little incisement has occurred, lateral charge. This can in turn affect filtration, nutrient bare ground is attributed to natural processes (or side-ways) erosion of streambanks along uptake, floodplain maintenance and primary (sediment deposition from recent flood events). Jumpingpound Creek is naturally occurring. productivity. Increased erosion and compaction Only one site inventoried had more than 5% This natural process of erosion along outside can also lead to increased bare ground expo- bare ground caused by human activity (i.e., meander bends, results in downstream deposi- sure, increasing potential for weeds to move trailing from livestock, roads, etc.). tion of sediment on the point bars of meander into an area. Avoiding use of riparian areas during sensitive lobes. This process drives the natural meander Overall, the streambanks of Jumpingpound times of the year can reduce potential for soil migration and subsequent point bar formation Creek are in excellent condition with only about compaction and erosion. Riparian areas are along the creek. Meander migration is typically 4% of the streambank within Reach 1 and 2 especially vulnerable to trampling when stream- not a management concern, except where the having structural alterations caused by human banks or shorelines are saturated with mois- process is unnaturally accelerated due to lack activities. Approximately 70% of the alterations ture, such as early in the spring following snow- of deep-binding rootmass protection along the are due to grazing activities and 15% due to melt. Depending on the severity of impacts, streambank. logging. The remainder is mostly a result of areas that have been minimally structurally al- minor amounts of oil and gas activities, vehicle tered can recover fairly quickly if given suffi- Data Gaps and Recommendations trails and rip rap (large rocks used for erosion cient rest and time to re-establish vegetation. A Ongoing monitoring of riparian health is gener- protection) at bridges. Only one site had more first step in the restoration process is the recov- ally recommended every three to five years to assess whether riparian health is improving,

Page 38 declining or remaining stable. Riparian health These types of developments can contribute to bances to increase micro-sites for invasive spe- assessments are a useful tool for land manag- increased run-off with an increase in imperme- cies establishment and proliferation, and in- ers to identify and address concerns. Another able paved surfaces, affecting groundwater creased potential for new invasive species to simple monitoring technique is to simply visit a recharge and taxing the filtration and absorp- be introduced into the watershed. These few “hot-spots” of concern and take photo- tion abilities of riparian areas. This in turn can threats all need to be taken into consideration graphs of these sites each year to assess impact surface water quality and impact chan- by managers responsible for land use planning changes through time in response to land man- nel morphology as increased flows increase the in the watershed. agement changes. erosive power of water. Another associated Maintaining or improving all of the key pieces of Although riparian health inventories have been threat is the potential for human-caused distur- riparian health is a goal for sustainable water- conducted along the downstream reaches of Jumpingpound Creek, it would be beneficial to conduct additional health assessments along the headwater reaches of the creek. This assessment would provide Alberta Sustainable Resource Development, Public Lands Division with baseline information to assist with land use monitoring and management. Landowners that are interested in having riparian health inventories conducted on their property are encouraged to contact Cows and Fish (the Alberta Riparian Habitat Management So- ciety) for more information (www.cowsandfish.org). As land uses continue to change in the Jump- ingpound Creek watershed, careful consideration should be given to maintaining appropriate riparian area buffers. With changes in the dy- namics of land use such as intensified rural residential development, and the continuing expansion of Cochrane, come threats posed by land fragmentation, native vegetation clearing and increased human access along the creek.

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4.4 Invasive Plants

Invasive plants are a threat to the Jumping- lines. Escaped ornamentals such as golden to five meters of an open body of water. The pound Creek watershed. This is largely due to clematis and wild caraway are also present or horse corral located in Sibbald Flats is hand the historical infestations on provincial lands nearby. And finally, Canada thistle and peren- picked and not treated with herbicide. Areas within the watershed and the complex transpor- nial sow thistle, introduced in the early 1990s, treated with herbicide include: Sibbald Flats, tation corridor that transects the watershed. sporadically infest many native pastures the meadow located down the trail of Dawson The transportation corridor (Trans Canada throughout the watershed. Trailhead, the meadow west of Sibbald Lake Highway, CP Rail and the Bow River) transect- West of Jumpingpound, survey and control Campground and reclaimed trails in the demon- ing the Jumpingpound watershed has provided measures have increased over the past three stration forest (ASRD 2008). the opportunity for invasive species that are years through a partnership called the “Bow In addition to the main infestation site at Sib- well-established in British Columbia to enter the Corridor Invasive Plants Initiative”. This part- bald Flats described above, rangelands in close Jumpingpound watershed. Sporadic sitings of nership of stakeholders from Banff to Calgary proximity have also been infested. Ranchers spotted knapweed, ox-eye daisy, blueweed and (provincial government departments, industry, attempt to prevent the spread through grazing scentless chamomile occur just west of Jump- municipal governments, towns and villages) strategies and herbicide use, with less than ingpound on roadways, riparian areas and rail have coordinated survey and control efforts to optimal success. Highway treatments have reduce the spread of invasive plants into adja- been sporadic and uncoordinated until recent cent lands (including much of the Jumping- years, so infestations have spread westward in pound watershed.) Continued vigilance by this particular. Initiative will be important to prevent new infes- Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense) tations into the Jumpingpound watershed. Within the watershed, stakeholders are aware Provincial Designation: Noxious of the threat invasive present, and are working Although now common in Canada, Canada to control existing infestations and prevent new thistle is an invasive weed introduced to North ones. America from Europe. It is a colony-forming Efforts continue to be made to address the his- Canada Thistle torical and ongoing invasive plant infestations in the watershed. The Sibbald /Jumpingpound area is an historical invasive plant site that has had sporadic control work committed to the main offender field scabious. Hand picking field scabious within five meters of an open body of water was completed and the. herbicide Transline was applied by spot spraying up

Page 40 perennial that spreads by wind borne seeds Field Scabious (Knautia arvensis (L.) Duby) and by its aggressive creeping root system. Its Provincial Designation: Noxious extensive, deep root system allows it to survive drought periods and access moisture and nutri- Description: Field scabious is a simple peren- ents below the roots of native plants. Dense nial that reproduces and spreads by seed. It colonies of Canada thistle shade out and dis- has pale purple to blue flowers in dense heads place native plants. composed of numerous, tube-shaped florets. Stems can grow up to 1.3 metres tall and are Canada thistle is prevalent in disturbed sites sparsely branched. Very often the entire plant throughout the M.D. of Rocky View, creating an (including the flower buds) is covered in short, abundant seed source that has contributed to its spread along Jumpingpound Creek. It quickly takes hold in areas of naturally-caused Leafy Spurge bare soil after flooding as well as in human- caused or heavily grazed areas. In riparian areas, dense Canada thistle infestations can im- and weakness if eaten by cattle, and death if pact wildlife by reducing the availability and ingested in larger amounts. quality of forage and nesting cover. Although leafy spurge is currently not a signifi- Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esula) cant concern along Jumpingpound Creek, if left unchecked, this species can spread rapidly with Provincial Designation: Noxious potentially staggering economic impacts. This Leafy spurge is an aggressive, persistent, noxious weed has become a significant con- deep-rooted perennial that grows on a range of cern to land managers in the northern United soil types and in dry to wet climates. It repro- States and increasingly in British Columbia and duces from extensive creeping roots and by Manitoba. In the northern United States it is producing an abundance of seeds that are eas- estimated that range managers lose over 100 ily dispersed by birds, wildlife, human, and in million dollars annually in lost production. The rivers and streams. These characteristics and ecological damages posed by leafy spurge, its ability to secrete toxins into the soil to im- while difficult to assign a dollar amount, are no pede growth of other plants, allow it to out- less significant. By outcompeting native plants compete native plants. Another management and forming large monocultures, this species concern is that all parts of a leafy spurge plant poses a threat to biodiversity, threatening both contain a milky latex that is poisonous to cattle abundant and sensitive native plant species and other animals and can cause blistering and and wildlife that rely on these plants for their Field Scabious irritation of human skin. It can cause scours survival.

Page 41 Jumpingpound Creek stiff hairs. The leaves are opposite and deeply cm tall. There can be several stems per plant. divided into 5-15 narrow segments. Field Leaves are alternate and very finely divided scabious is a non-native plant of European ori- (carrot-like). The leaves of first-year rosettes gin. It is a very effective competitor, and is diffi- can be very similar to yarrow, a native plant. cult to remove once established. It can quickly Flowers are white, but occasionally pinkish, and take over pastures where competition by de- occur in groups at the top of stems (compound sired native species is reduced. Although this umbels). ‘Wild’ caraway is grown in western plant is not poisonous to livestock, it is very Canada as a spice crop, however it escaped unpalatable when mature with little nutritional cultivation and has been invading pastures, value. Cattle will eat young plants before they rangeland and natural areas for several years bolt. now. It is not utilized by livestock and can quickly displace nearly all other vegetation Spotted Knapweed (Centaurea maculosa) where infestations go uncontrolled. Infestations Provincial Designation: Restricted in forage crops have led to weed seed disper- Description: Spotted knapweed is primarily a sal in baled hay. The plant is easiest to control biennial plant – producing a rosette the first in its first year of growth with a residual herbi- year and a flowering bolt the second – but can cide. Once bolting has started, the plant be- also be a short-lived perennial, blooming for a comes much more difficult to control – espe- Spotted Knapweed few years before dying. cially if it has been allowed to go to seed more than once. Stems are often upright and branched, growing up to 1.5 m tall. Knapweeds have become well known because of their almost wholesale deg- radation of large tracts of rangeland in the Wild Caraway (Carum carvy) northwestern US and parts of southern BC. Municipal Designation: Noxious; Provincial: While livestock and wildlife will graze knapweed Nuisance early in its growth form, it becomes unpalatable Description: Wild caraway is a biennial plant, and can out-compete a native range commu- producing a low growing rosette of leaves in its nity. Knapweed is not yet established in the first year of growth, and then a flowering stalk Jumpingpound watershed, but is moving down (bolt) in the second year – it can even bolt and the transportation corridor from the west. flower a third year before dying. It develops a narrow taproot and grows in a widerange of soil types. Bolting plants can tolerate some spring flooding and seedlings can survive light frosts. Stems are erect, branched, and grow 60 to 90 Wild Caraway

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4.5 Wetlands Wetlands are similar to riparian areas in that significant inflow or outflow streams and sup- precipitation, but often they rely on spring runoff saturated soils promote the growth of water- port acidophilic or acid-loving vegetation, par- (Kantrud et al. 1989). Some of the prairie pot- loving vegetation. Wetlands are considered ticularly mosses (Mitsch and Gosselink 1993). holes that do not re-appear annually due to lim- lentic (or non-flowing) riparian environments. Fens receive most of their water from ground- ited precipitation or drought are seeded to an- Wetlands have an important role to fulfill in the water. The water is less acidic and contains nual crops. Jumpingpound Creek watershed. Covering an more nutrients than bogs. Like bogs, fens also Open water wetlands are generally deeper than area approximately 63.5 km2, wetlands provide have a high accumulation of peat (> 40 cm), but prairie potholes or marshes and tend to have diverse habitats for a wide array of wildlife. because they are less acidic, they can accom- water for longer durations. Moose, grizzly bear, Trumpeter Swans and a modate more vegetation, like sedges, grasses The rapid rate of wetland loss in Alberta due to variety of amphibians make their home in these and wildflowers. Fens can look like open, land conversion and drainage is a constant environments. In addition to habitat, wetlands grassy fields or can be wooded. Peat formed in concern and has spurred the Province to de- provide a host of functions that help maintain a bogs and fens accumulates as partially develop an Alberta Wetland Policy. healthy watershed. Wetlands: cayed plant matter in muskeg environments. □ Control and attenuate flood water, Map 15 shows a large band of land classified Data Gaps and Recommendations as general wetlands in the Jumpingpound □ Store flood water and slowly release this The groundwater hydrology in Jumpingpound Creek watershed that is oriented in the north- water into the creeks throughout the Creek is not well understood. Fen environ- south direction. This wetland area is likely to summer months to maintain baseflows, ments are unique and contribute to the over-all be a fen environment. Although the vegetation water balance in the watershed (groundwater □ Recharge groundwater, may look terrestrial, the underlying water table was estimated to contribute 68% of total flows). is high which provides excellent growing condi- □ Filter water and improve quality by retain- Further studies of this area is required to pre- tions for grasses and species of willows. The ing nutrients and sediments, vent future impacts on hydrology and ground- assumption that this area is a fen environment water quality. □ Provide forage under well-managed con- is supported by the large number of springs ditions, and that are found in this area and the high aquifer vulnerability noted in Map 14, Section 4.2. □ Provide recreation opportunities. North of Highway 1, wetlands are generally There are five types of wetlands in Alberta: open water and are typical of the prairie pothole Peatlands (bogs and fens) and non-peatlands environment where numerous, unconnected (marshes, ponds and swamps). Three of these and saucer-like depressions dot the landscape. types of wetlands are represented in the Jump- These depressions contain a wetland similar to ingpound Creek; these are fens, marshes and a shallow pond or marsh, characterized by ponds or open water wetlands. emergent vegetation adapted to wet soils, in- Peatlands (bogs and fens) are also referred to cluding cattails (Typha spp.) and bulrushes as muskeg. Bogs are acid peat deposits that (Scirpus spp.). The amount of water that these generally contain a high water table, have no wetlands hold depends on the amount of recent

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Map 15. Wetlands.

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4.6 Fisheries

Jumpingpound Creek and its many tributaries contain a valuable fishery. Bateman, Coxhill, Pine and Sibbald creeks, among others, are all trout-bearing as they have the necessary habitat required for spawning and rearing young. Critical habitat features in the Jumpingpound Creek watershed include: □ Gravel/cobble bottom □ Deep overwintering pools including beaverponds □ Instream cover (small and large woody debris, boulders) □ Healthy riparian areas □ Available food source - benthic invertebrates - terrestrial insects □ Good quality water - cold water (< 20oC) - high oxygen concentrations - low suspended sediments Table 7. Summary of fish species found in the Jumpingpound Creek watershed.

Fisheries and aquatic habitat data has been Type Common Name collected for Jumpingpound Creek and some of the main tributaries at various times since brook trout, bull trout, brown trout, cutthroat trout, mountain whitefish, rainbow Sport Fish 1947. Table 7 summarizes the different sport trout, burbot, cutthroat trout x rainbow trout hybrid and forage fish that have been captured in the creek during fish surveys. brook stickleback, lake chub, longnose dace, longnose sucker, mountain Forage Fish sucker, white sucker, trout-perch, pearl dace

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Fisheries Survey Results The Jumpingpound Creek watershed has been divided into four reaches suitable for fisheries management (Figure 7). Reach 1— Confluence with the Bow River to Hwy 1. Pile of Bones Creek is a tributary. Reach 2—Upstream of Hwy 1 to the Forest Reserve Boundary. Little Jumpingpound, Mus- keg and Pine creeks are tributaries. Reach 3– Upstream of the Forest Reserve Boundary to the confluence of Sibbald Creek. Bryant, Moose, Coxhill, Bateman and Sibbald creeks are tributaries. Sibbald Lake and Sib- bald Meadows Pond also occur in this reach. Reach 4– Upstream of confluence of Sibbald Creek to headwaters. A number of small un- named tributaries are found in this reach. Information for each of these reaches was compiled in an extensive literature review that re-

Brook Trout

Figure 7. The four reaches defined for fisheries management in Jumpingpound Creek and its tributaries.

ported on the fishery inventory, fish habitat, Creek watershed is based on this extensive spawning activity, riparian habitat, water qual- report. ity, angling use and habitat enhancement where applicable (Norris 2003). The following summary of fisheries in the Jumpingpound

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Jumpingpound Creek reaches. Culp and Glozier (1989) reported simi- reach may provide spawning habitat for moun- lar findings and further observed that there was tain whitefish. Reach 1 a low amount of cover compared to upstream Habitat Enhancement. A number of projects Fish Inventory. Reach 1 was an important reaches. In 1986, Culp et al. (1996) reported have been initiated to improve habitat condi- part of Alberta Environment’s fish stocking pro- little instream woody debris existed, fine woody tions in Reach 1 (Table 8). gram in the early half of the 20th century. From debris input was sparse and instream retention

1929 to 1948, Reach 1 was stocked with rain- was reduced because of the wide width. Maxi- o Table 8. Summary of habitat enhancements bow trout and cutthroat trout, with brook trout mum water temperature was 26.4 C on July 29, projects in Reach 1 of Jumpingpound in 1949 and with rainbow trout from 1960 to 2000, with daily stream temperatures reaching o Creek. 1964 (Fish and Wildlife 1990). higher than 24 C from July 13 to August 10, 2000 (Woods 2001). Baayens (2001) found the In 1986 and 1987, Rees (1988) reported that Year Enhancement average daily high water temperature for July rainbow trout were the most abundant and was 20.6oC, August 20.2oC and September 1987 14 scour holes (about 12 m long by 5 widely distributed sport fish in this reach. Three o m wide by 1.5 m deep) created to 20.6 C in 2001. Beaver activity in this reach size classes were represented in this study that deepen and provide cover/holding was reported by a number of biologists. suggested spawning and rearing habitat was pools for spawning trout. present in this reach for Bow River rainbow Reach 1 is an important spawning area for rain- 1988 Two beaver dams were removed that bow trout from the Bow River. Some spawning trout. This finding was supported by Culp and were causing siltation of streambed. Glozier (1989) who observed that the number by brown trout has been documented and the of fish species was highest and sizes were 1991 Logwall was installed to stabilize the greatest in the downstream section of the streambank from erosion; rock v- weirs were installed to extend the reach, closest to the Bow River and by Culp et riffle areas and increased pool habi- al. (1996) who observed spawning rainbow tat; existing pools were excavated to trout and young-of-year rainbow trout present. provide deeper holding, rearing over- The highest density of rainbow trout tended to wintering areas. be in areas where woody debris was present. Other species occurring in this reach include 1996 Addition of fine woody debris to in- mountain whitefish, cutthroat trout, brook trout, crease habitat availability for rainbow bull trout, burbot (occasionally), brown trout, longnose dace, trout-perch, white sucker, 2000 One-hundred acre conservation longnose sucker, lake chub, brook stickleback easement restricting development and spoonhead sculpin. activities along Jumpingpound Creek. Habitat Assessment. In 1947, Miller found 2001 Two small, unauthorized manmade that this reach was wider, deeper, warmer and dams constructed from rocks and carried a higher silt load than upstream sticks were removed to facilitate fish passage.

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Reach 2 habitat. Average stream flow velocity was 0.7 m/s. Cover consists of boulder/cobble sub- Fish Inventory. In 1962, rainbow trout and cutthroat trout were the most abundant fish in strate, deep pools, overhanging vegetation Reach 2. By 1981, cutthroat trout were less and large woody debris. The substrate con- common and rainbow trout and mountain white- sists mainly of small cobble and large gravel. fish more common. Other fish in Reach 2 in- At the confluence with Bateman Creek, sum- clude bull trout, brook trout, longnose sucker, mer feeding, rearing and possibly overwinter- white sucker, mountain sucker, longnose dace, ing habitat for all stages of trout and whitefish lake chub and trout-perch. was observed (Tera Environmental Consult- ants 1998). Habitat Assessment. Miller (1947) reported that this reach lacked pools, cover and food for Spawning Activity. Weibe (1979) reported fish. In 1985, Nibourg observed relatively sta- suitable spawning substrates and the potential ble banks, deep water for cover, surface turbu- for spring-spawning, especially downstream of lence, submerged aquatic vegetation, logs and the confluence with Bateman Creek. Stelfox log jams. (1980) noted suitable spawning habitat near the Forest Reserve Boundary for brook trout In 1990, Beers noted that an increase in fish and bull trout. density suggested that trout spawning and survival of emerging fry was below the carrying Reach 4 capacity of the surrounding habitat. Fish Inventory. In the 1960s, cutthroat trout Heavy beaver activity was noted in this reach and rainbow trout were equally abundant in this reach but by the mid-1980s, cutthroat trout (Miller 1947, Cooke 1982). Reach 3 was the dominant sport fish. Other sport fish Spawning Activity. Numerous authors noted Fish Inventory. In the early 1960s, the Reach reported in this reach (in decreasing abun- spawning potential for rainbow trout, cutthroat 3 fishery consisted or rainbow trout, cutthroat dance) include brook trout, bull trout, rainbow trout and brook trout (Weibe 1979, Stelfox trout, mountain whitefish with small numbers of trout and mountain whitefish. No forage fish 1980, Nibourg 1985, Golder Associates 2001). bull trout and brook trout. By the late 1970s, the have been reported in Reach 4 (Norris 2003). . Rainbow trout redds were found throughout this community was dominated by brook trout, par- Fish Habitat. Similar to Reach 2 and Reach reach, with the most abundant immediately up- ticularly in the lower part of the reach, with cut- 3, Miller (1947) reported a lack of food, pools stream of the Highway 1 bridge (Woods 2000). throat trout becoming more abundant at higher and cover in this reach. Thompson (1969) Bow River rainbow trout migrate from the Bow elevations. White suckers are the only forage observed boulder and rubble substrates, sta- River upstream to this reach to spawn and re- fish documented in Reach 3. turn to the Bearspaw Reservoir for the remain- ble banks, an average stream flow velocity of Habitat Assessment. Cooke (1982) observed der of the year to overwinter (Golder Associ- 0.2 m/s in August. The same author reported the stream channel contains numerous pools ates 2001). a riffle to pool ratio of nearly 4:1. Nibourg and overhanging banks that provide good fish (1985) found that this reach was dominated by

Page 48 riffles, boulder/rubble substrate, surface turbu- the main creek is supplied from the gas plant lence, overhanging vegetation and log jams. (cooled boiler water). In January 2000, a small Cooke (1982) observed some siltation in this fish kill occurred in the creek downstream of the reach from a road which runs alongside the Shell gas plant and was comprised of small creek. The same author noted that small tribu- rainbow trout and mountain whitefish. The fish taries that enter creek from under the road kill was due to low oxygen in the stream were very silty. Steep overhanging banks pro- (Golder Associates 2000). Golder Associates vided good cover. In June and July 1980, aver- (2000) also noted that there was no flow in the age stream flow velocity was 0.8 m/s (Cooke creek above the gas plant. 1980). Colder water temperature were docu- Little Jumpingpound Creek mented compared to downstream reaches (Culp and Glozier 1989). The confluence of Little Jumpingpound Creek is located in Reach 2 of Jumpingpound Creek. In Spawning Activity. Nibourg (1985) reported 1946, Little Jumpingpound Creek was stocked high summer temperatures, beaver activity and that this reach is an important spawning and with 5,000 cutthroat trout (Fish and Wildlife livestock impacts. Further, the gradient is low, rearing area for cutthroat trout. It also has po- 1990). Cutthroat trout were observed by Wile- flow is intermittent and shallow, and substrate tential for spawning rainbow trout, brook trout man (1952) to be concentrated in beaver is primarily fine sand/silt with some debris. The and bull trout (Weibe 1979; Stelfox 1980). ponds. The last documentation of cutthroat lower reach is characterized by shallow, inter- Tributaries to Jumpingpound Creek trout was in 1964 (Cunningham 1964). Later mittent flow, algae covered silt/gravel, with studies have documented many forage fish but cover provided by submerged vegetation, un- Pile of Bones Creek no sport fish (Nibourg 1985; Golder Associates dercut banks, overhanging vegetation, rocks Pile of Bones Creek is the lowermost tributary 1997). Fish sampling in 1983, 2003 and 2004 and water depth. The lower reach is a highly to Jumpingpound Creek, with its confluence captured white sucker, mountain sucker, sinuous channel with numerous oxbow lakes located in Reach 1. Although Pile of Bones longnose sucker, brook stickleback, lake chub, and beaverponds (Norris 2003). The upper Creek may have water that is too warm to sup- longnose dace and pearl dace (FWMIS data- reach is contiguous beaverponds, with stag- port a trout fishery, it does contain a large num- base). Also captured in 2003 were 4 brook nant, algae-covered water, a highly meander- ber of sucker and minnow species (Wileman trout. ing channel, with cover provided by overhang- 1952). In June 2005, white sucker, longnose Miller (1947) observed deep pools and good ing vegetation, undercut banks and aquatic dace and brook stickleback were captured in cover but warm stream temperatures, heavy silt vegetation (Norris 2003). The creek has limited the creek (FWMIS database). Wileman (1952) deposits and poor food supply were limiting fish habitat potential for sport fish (Stelfox 1980; also noted that aquatic life is reduced down- fish habitat in Little Jumpingpound Creek. In fall Nibourg 1985). In 2002, 4200 cutthroat trout fry stream of the refinery. In November 1987, of 1979, Stelfox (1980) documented some were stocked into Little Jumpingpound Creek Rees (1988) reported that the Pile of Bones pools but no flow. Golder Associates (1997) (FWMIS database). Creek had no water flow upstream of the Shell rated Little Jumpingpound Creek as poor in Muskeg Creek Gas Processing Plant, suggesting that flow in terms of fish habitat due to poor water quality, The confluence of Muskeg Creek is located in

Page 49 Jumpingpound Creek

Reach 2 of Jumpingpound Creek. Cutthroat Good cover is provided by deep water, under- trout were abundant in Muskeg Creek until a cut banks, beaverponds, submerged cover and 1945 winterkill (Miller 1947). In 1952, 9,000 overhanging vegetation (Norris 2003). Al- cutthroat trout were stocked (Fish and Wildlife though trout were documented to comprise 1990). Wileman (1952) did not find cutthroat more than 50% of the population, trout com- trout in the creek, but found a tributary to Mus- prised less than 10% of the total weight, due to keg Creek that supported a native cutthroat the abundance of age-0 and 1 trout (Nibourg trout population. In 1962, cutthroat trout were 1985). In the lower reach, spawning habitat is observed as common (Cunningham 1962) with limited by silt and angular substrate but rearing rainbow trout and bull trout also present. In habitat is present. In the upper reach, suitable 2002, 3,400 cutthroat trout fry were stocked spawning habitat is present (Norris 2003). into beaverponds (Norris 2003). Fish sampling Bryant Creek in 2003 captured brook trout, white sucker, lake chub, longnose dace, pearl dace and brook The confluence of Bryant Creek is located in stickleback (FWMIS database). There are no Reach 3 of Jumpingpound Creek. Fisheries reports of spawning in Muskeg Creek (Norris potential in Bryant Creek is documented as low 2003). (Weibe 1979; Stelfox and Nibourg 1983; Ni- bourg 1985). Low flow and water levels in Various authors have reported variable habitat ponds is a limiting factor to overwintering habi- conditions. Cool water temperature, deep pools tat. Three of 12 ponds were surveyed within and cover with an abundant food supply pro- 2.1 km of Hwy 968 (Stelfox and Nibourg 1983). vides good habitat (Miller 1947, Fernet 1990) to All three ponds had low water levels and limited late May 1979 (Norris 2003). marginal trout habitat (Cunningham 1962, Ni- fisheries potential. No further stocking of bea- bourg 1985). Water quality has not been docu- verponds was recommended unless: 1) the Moose Creek mented in Muskeg Creek. pond’s surface area was known, 2) the pond The confluence of Moose Creek is located in Pine Creek was capable of overwintering fish or is close Reach 3 of Jumpingpound Creek. Cutthroat The confluence of Pine Creek is located in enough to road access to allow for manage- trout (998) were stocked in a beaver pond and Reach 2 of Jumpingpound Creek. Brook trout, ment as a put and take fishery, and 3) the pond the headwaters in 1952 (Wileman 1952). Cun- cutthroat trout, rainbow trout, bull trout, white lacked or had inadequate natural reproduction. ningham (1962) documented cutthroat trout, sucker, longnose sucker and longnose dace The other nine ponds identified were not visited rainbow trout, bull trout, brook trout and moun- have been documented in Pine Creek (Norris Spawning activity is limited in Bryan Creek by tain whitefish in Moose Creek. In 1981 and 2003). The creek was dominated by cutthroat low water velocities and unsuitable substrate. 1983, no fish were captured in the lower reach trout in the 1960s; however, brook trout appear The riparian vegetation is willow and mus- (Nibourg 1985). Between 1950 and 1980, the to have increased in the creek since the 1960s, keg/meadow providing little shade. Summer dominant species shifted from cutthroat trout to particularly in the lower reach (Norris 2003). water temperature may also limit sport fish po- cutthroat trout and rainbow trout, to brook trout tential as the water temperature was 13oC in

Page 50

(Norris 2003). Fish sampling in 1978, 2003 and cutthroat trout; however, by the late 1970s the 2005 captured brook trout and cutthroat trout dominant species was brook trout followed by (FWMIS database). cutthroat trout. Bateman Creek has numerous In 1947, Miller (1947) reported numerous pools beaverdams throughout its entire reach (Tripp and riffles, excellent cover and cold stream et al. 1979; Stelfox 1980; Nibourg 1985). The temperatures which provide good fish habitat, beaverpond complexes were stocked with although little food was present. Substrate has 2,280 rainbow trout in 1965 and 200 to 2,000 been reported as primarily boulders and coarse rainbow trout every year from 1976 to 1986 rubble, although silts reaches have also been (Fish and Wildlife 1990). Eight of the 13 bea- observed (Norris 2003). Barriers, stream cross- verponds were initially thought to provide over- ings and insufficient overwintering discharges wintering habitat and were stocked (Stelfox and result in low fish densities in Moose Creek Nibourg 1983); however, Nibourg (1985) deter- (Tripp et al, 1979, Nibourg 1985). There is po- mine the beaverdams were not capable of tential for good spawning and rearing habitat overwintering fish. Similar to Bryant Creek, no for brook trout along this creek (Stelfox 1980; further stocking of beaverponds was recom- Nibourg 1985). Tripp et al. (1979) observed mended unless stocking criteria were met (e.g. some sedimentation at six stream crossings. ability to overwinter fish) (Stelfox and Nibourg 1983). There is limited spring-spawning poten- Coxhill Creek tial in Bateman Creek due to intermittent water The confluence of Coxhill Creek is located in velocities and unsuitable substrates (Weibe Reach 3 of Jumpingpound Creek. The fishery 1979). However, there may be potential fall- Sibbald Lake in Coxhill Creek is dominated by brook trout, spawning and rearing habitat for bull trout and with cutthroat trout and rainbow trout also pre- There is spawning habitat for brook trout and brook trout (Stelfox 1980; Nibourg 1985). sent (Golder Associates 1997). In 1962, the cutthroat trout in the lower reach below the falls fishery was dominated by cutthroat trout (Norris 2003). Upstream of the falls, there are (Cunningham 1962). deep pools and coarse substrate and good Substrate in Coxhill Creek is mainly boulders spawning habitat (Nibourg 1985). and coarse rubble (Tripp et al. 1979; Nibourg Bateman Creek 1985). Golder Associates (1997) reported The confluence of Bateman Creek is located in three waterfalls approximately 3 km upstream Reach 3 of Jumpingpound Creek. Bateman of the confluence with Jumpingpound Creek Creek contains cutthroat trout, bull trout, rain- which are impassable to fish. They also noted bow trout, brook trout and brook stickleback that the midsection of the creek is ephemeral (FWMIS database, Tripp et al. 1979). In the during the open water season. 1960s, the fish population was dominated by

Page 51 Jumpingpound Creek

tial due to silt accumulations although some were documented during the winters of 1982 spawning by brook trout and cutthroat trout oc- through 1986 and summerkill occurred in 1992. curs in the upper reach (Nibourg 1985). Ni- The lake water level can drop by more than 1.1 bourg (1985) noted siltation due to Sibbald m particularly in drought conditions (Fish and Creek Trail use. Wildlife unpublished files). Sibbald Lake In 1977, a water control structure was con- Cutthroat Trout Sibbald Lake is located within Reach 3 of structed at the outlet of Moose Lake to store Jumpingpound Creek. Sibbald Lake is a natu- water for later use and increase water levels in Sibbald Lake (Associated Engineering Services Sibbald Creek rally occurring lake with a surface area of 3.1 ha, a mean depth of 2 m and a maximum depth Ltd. 1976). From 1996 to 2008, the lake was The confluence of Sibbald Creek is located in of 3 m. Sibbald Lake was stocked with 2000 to stocked each year with an average of 1700 Reach 3 of Jumpingpound Creek. Brook trout, 8000 rainbow trout every year from 1947 to rainbow trout (16 to 24 cm long). The lake is rainbow trout, cutthroat trout, bull trout and 1988 (Fish and Wildlife 1990). Lake winterkills managed as a put-and-take fishery and is a white sucker occur in Sibbald Creek (FWMIS occurred from 1961 through 1963 (Cunningham popular lake for angling. database). From 1941 through 1948, 29,000 1962; Cunningham 1964). Complete winterkills rainbow trout and 1,000 cutthroat trout were stocked in Sibbald Creek (Fish and Wildlife 1990). From 2000 to 10000 rainbow trout were stocked each year from 1960 through 1988 in various beaverpond complexes. From 1990 to 1996 stocking into beaverpond complexes was dominated by brook trout and cutthroat trout with some rainbow trout. From 2000 to 2006, stocking into Sibbald Creek was dominated by cutthroat trout with some rainbow trout. Twelve beaverponds provide overwintering habitat and five have historically been stocked (Stelfox and Nibourg 1983). Sibbald Creek is a sinuous, deeply channeled and slow flowing. Cover is provided in the lower reach by deep water, undercut banks, and overhanging vegetation (Nibourg 1985). The lower reach of Sibbald Creek has been identified as having potential brook trout and bull trout spawning habitat with the upper reach having limited spawning poten- Photo Credit: Carey Arnett

Page 52

Sibbald Meadows Pond small trout in this reach. Nibourg (1985) re- stable banks supported by deep rooted ported good substrate with gentle gradient and vegetation, Sibbald Meadows Pond is located within Reach algae-covered rocks. The same author sug- 3 of Jumpingpound Creek. Sibbald Meadows □ Consider using natural bio-engineering gests that this is an important spawning and Pond is a man-made pond with a surface area (e.g., willow cuttings, wattle fences) to rearing area that was supported by numerous of 3.6 ha, and a depth of 1 to 4.5 m. The pond stabilize and repair areas of eroded fry observations above a hanging culvert in is on Sibbald Creek and was built by excavat- streambanks. Organizations such as 2002. Fish sampling in 2003 captured cutthroat ing an area where beaver ponds occurred. Sib- Cows and Fish, Trout Unlimited Canada trout (FWMIS database). bald Meadows Pond has been stocked with and Alberta Sustainable Resource Devel- rainbow trout since 1983. From 1996 to 2008, Fisheries Management Implications opment may be able to provide assis- the lake was stocked each year with an aver- tance with restoration designs, age of 4000 rainbow trout (16 to 25 cm long); Limiting factors. Drought years may increase □ Provide off-stream watering sites so that although in 2003, 2005 and 2007 the lake was summer water temperature above critical cattle do not wade in streams which can stocked with 4000 cutthroat trout (15 to 18 cm thresholds for trout in lower Jumpingpound damage streambanks and introduce bac- long). A complete winterkill was documented Creek, Little Jumpingpound Creek and Bryant teria and nutrient contamination, during the winter of 1984/85 (Fish and Wildlife Creek. unpublished files). However, Sibbald Meadows Fish Management Targets. A maximum sum- □ Build and maintain secure and stable Pond provides suitable fish habitat with abun- mer water temperature of 20oC in Jumping- roads with appropriate drainage struc- dant and available food, and good overwinter- pound Creek and its tributaries should be a tar- tures such that runoff from gravel roads ing habitat. get. and bridges is directed away from streams, Sibbald Meadows Pond is managed as a put- Fish Habitat Protection. The Jumpingpound and-take fishery and is popular with anglers. Creek and its main tributaries are designated a □ Build or improve stream crossings to maintain fish passage (i.e., single-span 2nd West Bank Tributary Class C waterbody. No instream work can be conducted in these creeks from September 1 to bridges or open-bottom culverts), This small tributary is located in the uppermost August 15 to protect fish habitat. Minimize or eliminate the use of pesti- headwaters of Jumpingpound Creek in Reach □ 4. Nibourg (1985) did not observe fish in this Best Management Practices cides and fertilizers adjacent to streams, tributary, but noted favourable habitat charac- □ Protect natural surface drainage pat- There are a number of things that govern- teristics that included good spawning gravel, terns, and good flow and springs. Fish sampling in 2003 ments, industry and landowners can do to pro- □ Comply with applicable legislation such captured cutthroat trout (FWMIS database). tect and enhance fish habitat in the Jumping- pound Creek watershed. These include: as the provincial Water Act, and the Envi- 1st East Bank Tributary ronmental Protection and Enhancement □ Establish and maintain riparian manage- Act and the federal Fisheries Act. This small tributary is located in the uppermost ment areas for cattle grazing, headwaters of Jumpingpound Creek in Reach 4. Cooke (1982) and Nibourg (1985) observed □ Maintain healthy riparian areas that have

Page 53 Jumpingpound Creek

5.0 LANDUSE

There is wide range of landscapes and re- sections summarize land use activities in the pound Creek and the Bow River. This area is a sources in the Jumpingpound Creek watershed watershed. unique part of the Jumpingpound valley, com- that lends itself to a variety of land uses. Land prised of dramatic escarpment areas. Now use activities range from forestry, livestock Land ownership is shared mainly between the Crown, owning 59% or 350.7 km2 of land in the named the Tokijarhpabi Nature Reserve, this grazing and recreation in the headwaters to area is protected in the watershed. natural resource extraction and farming and watershed, and private landowners (freeholds) ranching in the mid to lower reach. Urban de- who own 40% of the land area (Map 16). velopment is taking place in the most down- About 1% is classified as mixed ownership. In stream reach of the Jumpingpound Creek, near 2001, the Nature Conservancy of Canada pur- the confluence of the Bow River. The following chased land near the confluence of Jumping-

Map 16. Land ownership.

The Tokijarhpabi Nature Reserve was pur- chased in 2002 from Tokijarhpabi Holding Ltd. who felt that this land was valuable for its historical, environmental and educational resources. This nature reserve provides habitat for a diverse range of species including coyote, red fox, grey wolf, black bear, grizzly bear, cougar, Can- ada lynx and bobcat. Annual weed pulls are organized by the Nature Conservancy at this site to control Canada thistle and other invasive weeds that threaten native plants.

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5.1 Agriculture Rangeland invested significant time and resources to pro- for each ecological site (range site), and tect, maintain and monitor these sites. Informa- □ provide outdoor classrooms and demonstra- Range Reference Areas tion collected from these areas is used to make tion sites for range managers, ranchers, stu- decisions that support a healthy environment Alberta Sustainable Resource Development dents and the public. (ASRD), Rangeland Management Branch has with benefits for Albertans. These sites assist In the Jumpingpound Creek watershed, ASRD developed the Range Reference Area Program to: has one Range Reference Area at Sibbald for long-term monitoring of the rangeland re- determine range health and long-term range □ Flats (SW 13-24-7-W5). This reference area source. This program includes fenced and un- trend on species composition and forage was established in 1984 within the Montane fenced range reference area sites (RRAS) productivity, Natural Subregion of Alberta. This reference where species composition and forage produc- determine the effects of livestock and wildlife area represents the Rough fescue (Festuca tion are monitored in the presence and ab- □ campestris)-Idaho fescue (Festuca idahoensis)- sence of disturbance. grazing on biomass production, rangeland soils and plant species composition, Parry oat grass (Danthonia parryii) plant com- Presently, there are 183 RRAS located munity. This community is the Modal grassland □ determine the characteristics of succession throughout the province. Many of these sites community type on Black Chernozemic soils in in the presence and absence of disturbance have been monitored since 1953. ASRD has the foothills of southern Alberta. Outside of the

Page 55 Jumpingpound Creek

Map 17. Grazing dispositions.

Page 56 exclosure, the plant community is at a lower Rangeland Management in the Jumping- sional Rangeland Agrologists inspect and as- successional state compared to within the ex- pound Creek Watershed sess rangeland health on dispositions (Map 17) closure; it represents the Kentucky bluegrass The rangelands within the Jumpingpound wa- and engage in management discussions with (Poa pratensis)-Rough fescue community. tershed are some of the most diverse in Al- disposition holders. Management agreements Long-term disturbance leads to declines in berta. The ecological diversity of this area cre- and tenure conditions are employed to ensure rough fescue and an increase in Kentucky blue- ates a landscape that consists of a mosaic of desirable management practices are in effect to grass. different vegetative communities. This diversity achieve sustainable rangeland use. This reference area provides information to means that these lands are valued for a multi- Grazing disposition holders manage rangeland managers about the overall performance tude of uses, including summer range for live- lands to maintain range and riparian health of the range landscape relative to climatic vari- stock, prime habitat for many species of wild- within defined parameters. Disposition holders ability and general stewardship practices. For life, productive watersheds, wood fibre produc- must address shortcomings in range resource example, reference area data will show the tion and recreation. management as reflected in rangeland health. year to year variation in grass yields and in the Sustainable rangeland resource management They are required to modify range manage- residual amount of litter that is likely to be pre- begins with the effective application of range ment practices to deal with identified manage- sent under moderate levels of grazing. If forage management principles and practices by the ment problems (e.g., reduce stocking rates, yields or litter reserves show a sharp decline at grazing disposition holder. Many ranching fami- improve livestock distribution, avoid grazing one or more reference sites, it alerts resource lies reflect multi-generational knowledge in their during vulnerable periods or provide more managers to the need for special drought man- stewardship practices. Further commitment to a growing season rest to address specific range agement practices to safeguard rangeland high standard of rangeland resource manage- resource management needs). Some key man- health and minimize the negative impacts of ment is established through a system of peri- agement issues include: drought. odic and renewal inspections carried out by □ Health and Function of Riparian Areas - The rough fescue-Idaho fescue-Parry oat grass Rangeland Management Branch of Alberta Grazing managers have a critical respon- plant community typically produces approxi- Sustainable Resource Development. Profes- sibility to address any riparian area man- mately 1850 lbs/acre of forage biomass. The agement issues that may exist on their litter thresholds for healthy sites in the Montane grazing disposition. Natural Subregion is 780-1200 lbs/acre. □ Management of Invasive Species – Man- The Modal grassland plant community for the agement of invasive species, particularly Foothills Parkland is the Foothills Fescue/ noxious weeds, is an ongoing due dili- Parrys Oatgrass/Idaho Fescue plant commu- gence issue for grazing disposition hold- nity. It's very similar to the modal plant commu- ers. Sound range management practices nity in the Montane Natural Subregion. Average will reduce the potential for weed inva- production for this plant community is 1702 lbs/ sion. acre with litter thresholds for healthy sites on Environmental performance of rangelands has Black Loamy soils at 800-1200 lbs/acre. traditionally been measured with vegetation

Page 57 Jumpingpound Creek and soil indicators. Prior to 2002, the Province ganic residue present to safeguard hy- of Alberta applied a variety of systems to rate drologic processes and nutrient cycling? Unhealthy rangeland condition including the “Stocking When functioning properly, a watershed 15% Guide” first published in 1966. The new range captures stores and beneficially releases health assessment system (Adams et. al 2003) the moisture associated with normal pre- Healthy Healthy with has been adopted across the province to ad- cipitation events. Uplands make up the 55% Problems dress developments in range science and the largest part of the watershed and are 30% need for a more robust and transparent set of where most of the moisture is captured indicators for rating rangeland health. The core and stored during precipitation events. measure of sustainable rangeland manage- Live plant material and litter (either Figure 8. Pooled rangeland health assessment applied to public grazing dispositions is standing, freshly fallen or slightly decom- ment data for the Jumpingpound Creek wa- rangeland health with associated evaluation posed on the soil surface) is important for tershed for the period 2003 to 2008, Range- criteria of riparian health assessment. With infiltration (slowing runoff and creating a land Management Branch, Alberta Sustain- able Resource Development. background knowledge about the local soils path into the soil), reducing soil erosion and vegetation, range health is rated for an from wind and water, reducing evapora- ecological site type in relation to the reference tive losses and reducing raindrop impact. ASRD implemented the new system of rangeland health assessment in 2003 and as data plant community and by scoring five questions Litter also acts as a physical barrier to accumulates from grazing inspections and that address selected indicators of range heat and water flow at the soil surface. range surveys, they will be able to obtain a health. These include: Litter conserves moisture by reducing broad impression of overall rangeland health on evaporation making scarce moisture a) Integrity and Ecological Status – Each public land. Figure 8 shows that overall 55% of more effective. ecological site will produce a characteris- the landscape rates in healthy, about 30% is tic kind and amount of vegetation, called d) Site Stability – Is the site stability main- healthy but with problems and 15% is un- a reference plant community. Is the plant tained or is the ecological site subject to healthy (data from 140 sites). community native or modified to non- accelerated erosion? This indicator is native species? Has grazing manage- applied to recognize situations where ment maintained the plant community or management practices may have in- Data Gaps and Recommendations are there shifts in species composition to creased soil erosion beyond levels that Although Alberta Sustainable Resource Devel- less desirable or weedy plant species? may be considered normal for the site. opment monitors the health of public land, infor- b) Plant Community Structure – Are the e) Noxious Weeds – Are noxious weeds mation regarding the health of private lands is expected plant layers present or are any present on the site? When a site is rated, limited. Programs should be initiated that en- missing or significantly reduced, reveal- the combined score of all five indicators courage monitoring (range health assessing a possible reduction in plant vigour? is expressed as percent health score ments) on private lands. ranking the site as healthy, healthy with c) Hydrologic Function and Nutrient Cy- problems or unhealthy. cling – Are the expected amounts of or-

Page 58

Cropland nes for each Soil Landscapes of Canada (SLC) polygon. That amount was divided by the SLC Crop production in the Jumpingpound Creek area (square km) to result in a ratio of the fertil- watershed is limited by cooler temperatures izer and chemical used, or the amount of ma- and a shorter growing season compared to nure produced per unit area (Alberta Agricul- farmland located farther east. ture and Food 2005). Most of the cropland in the watershed is The classes shown on the maps generated for seeded with either oats or barley (Map 18). this project are ranked between 0 (lowest) and Historically, canola has been grown in the area, 1 (highest) (Alberta Agriculture and Food but not for at least 30 years (J. Buckley, pers. 2005). Figure 9 shows the Chemical Expense comm.). Index for southern Alberta. Compared to areas farther east, the relative expense of farm Tame pasture consists of smoothe brome grass chemicals (e.g., herbicides, insecticides and or meadow brome grass mixed with alfalfa fungicides) used by farmers and ranchers in the (Map 18). There are some pastures seeded Jumpingpound Creek watershed is low (0.0-0.2 with orchard grass, but these are somewhat range) (Figure 9). unique. Crops are generally seeded on a 2 to 5 year rotation. At the end of rotation, fields are re- seeded back to forage crops for a period of greater than ten years. This rotation allows soils to rejuvenate and reduces undesirable Figure 9. Chemical Expense Index for the agricultural area of Alberta. species and the need for herbicides. Agricultural Intensity Indexes

Fertilizer use, chemical use and manure pro- Jumpingpound duction have been used as components of an Creek watershed Agricultural Intensity Index developed through the Alberta Environmentally Sustainable Agri- culture (AESA) Water Quality Monitoring Pro- gram (Anderson et al. 1999; Johnson and Kirtz 1998). The identification of agricultural intensity was conducted on a provincial scale to provide an estimate of the degree to which agriculture may affect nutrient or chemical levels in surface and groundwater (i.e., fertilizer and chemical use). Information from the 2001 Census of Agricul- ture was processed to derive the volume in ton-

Page 59 Jumpingpound Creek

Map 18. Cropland.

Page 60

5.2 Resource Extraction

Oil and Gas provement District. Air emissions are monitored continuously at Half of the 48 gas wells drilled in the watershed Oil and gas activity has been prevalent in the both the incinerator stack, for amounts of sul- are located within the MD of Bighorn (Map 19). Jumpingpound Creek watershed since the phur dioxide being emitted and on the ground, The MD of Rocky View contains almost half of 1930s. The first well was drilled by R.A. Brown for ground-level concentrations of sulphur diox- the 36 abandoned oil and gas wells present in in 1937 and was dry. The second well was ide and hydrogen sulphide. The results, plus the watershed, as well as the single water well drilled in 1942 by Shell and was also dry (J. wind speed and direction, are recorded in the associated with oil and gas activity. Aban- Proud, pers. comm.). Shell discovered the plant control room. If ground-level readings are doned wells make up 40% of the total number Jumping Pound gas field in 1944, and has been detected, plant throughput is adjusted to main- of wells in the watershed. active in the watershed ever since, along with tain ambient air quality. Husky Energy (established in the early 1990s) New well activity in the Jumpingpound Creek In addition to having the largest water license in and Petro-Canada. watershed is low. Shell Canada reports just the watershed, Shell supports local watershed Currently, Shell Canada operates a large gas management planning initiatives to help main- one new well development annually (J. Proud, plant, the Jumping Pound Complex, in the tain viable resources. pers. comm.). Husky Energy reports that any northern part of the watershed, near the conflu- new developments are likely to be small and There are 151.8 km of oil and gas pipeline in ence of the Bow River. Since becoming opera- efforts will be made to contain them to existing the watershed (Table 9). The main distribution tional, the plant has increased capacity and networks are associated with the Shell- footprints (C. Engstrom, pers. comm.). efficiency to allow increased recovery of natural Jumpingpound Gas Plant. One pipeline origi- gas by-products such as ethane, butane, pro- nates in the headwaters in the Kananaskis Im- pane and sulphur. This plant supplies much of Calgary with a significant portion of its natural Table 9. Length of pipeline by jurisdiction. gas heating. The Jumping Pound Gas Complex employs Jurisdiction km of pipelines approximately 100 people and processes about 4.4 million cubic metres of raw gas per day, or MD of Bighorn 35.88 57% of its licensed capacity of 7.7 million cubic metres per day. Stoney Nation 15.84 Kananaskis Improvement 32.55 Maintaining Air Quality District Alberta Environment and the Energy Re- sources Conservation Board administer the MD of Rocky View 67.52 environmental regulations that Shell is responsible for meeting. The Jumping Pound Complex Town of Cochrane 0 is designed to meet or exceed these regulations. Total Length 151.79

Page 61 Jumpingpound Creek

Map 19. Oil and gas activity.

Abandoned Well 40%

Active Gas Well 53% Miscellaneous Well Water Well 6% 1%

Page 62

Gravel strictly gravel (Map 20). source use, the Municipality shall review the: Alberta Transportation maintains one gravel pit a) surrounding land uses and the possible im- Gravel is a valuable resource for municipal and in the MD of Bighorn on the west side of High- pact which may result from the extraction of a provincial governments as it forms the basis of way 68 (D. Tannas, pers. comm.) (Map 20). natural resource; the road network in Alberta. Unfortunately, some of the best sources of gravel are located The MD of Rocky View also has one existing b) balance of social and economic benefits to in the floodplains of streams and rivers. gravel pit located on the eastern edge of the the community resulting from the proposed de- watershed, downstream of the Jumpingpound velopment; and Gravel pit activity is regulated by Alberta Envi- Creek and Muskeg Creek confluence. ronment’s Environmental Protection and En- d) reclamation plan for the lands (among other hancement Act and subject to the Code of The province has directed municipalities to con- considerations” (Section 6.5.4; MD of Rocky Practice for pits. Pits are defined as sider natural resource extraction in their plan- View 1998). an opening, excavation or working of the sur- ning. Municipalities are encouraged to identify, face or subsurface of the land to remove any in consultation with the appropriate provincial Data Gaps and Recommendations sand, gravel, clay or marl. land management agency and the Alberta Geo- A large volume of groundwater contributes to logical Survey, areas where the extraction of In the Jumpingpound Creek watershed, gravel baseflow in Jumpingpound Creek. Further surface materials (e.g., sand and gravel) should deposits are found in the form of coarse stream studies are needed to fully understand the im- be a primary land use. alluvium that makes up the majority of the plications of gravel resource extraction on wa- Jumpingpound Creek stream corridor (Map 4, The MD of Rocky View’s Municipal Develop- tershed hydrology. Section 2.2). Most of the deposits are a mix- ment Plan speaks to natural resource extrac- ture of sand and gravel, with one deposit that is tion activities. Section 6.5 of the MDP states: noted as strictly sand and two that are noted as “When considering a proposal for natural re-

Page 63 Jumpingpound Creek

Map 20. Gravel extraction.

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5.3 Forestry

Spray Lake Sawmills Sawmills Forestry Management Agreement). the watershed shows tree harvest from 2007 to present. Spray Lake Sawmills (SLS) have operated and SLS is committed to sustainable forest man- harvested timber in the Jumpingpound Creek agement; a long-term goal to maintain natural watershed, Kananaskis and area since 1943. In ecosystems, communities and native species in 1966 the government of Alberta developed the the FMA in balance with social and economic Timber Quota System. SLS operated under this needs. (Spray Lake Sawmill Forestry Manage- system until 2001 when the government con- ment Agreement 2001-2026). solidated quota operations and turned the man- Spray Lake Sawmill is currently updating their agement of the southern forests over to individ- Forest Management Plan. More detailed infor- ual companies, such as SLS (Kulcsar 2009). mation can be found at the Spray Lake Saw- Under this system, forestry management in the mills website at www.spraylakesawmills.com or Kananaskis area falls under the SLS’ 20-year at the Sustainable Resource Development Forest Management Agreement (FMA). This Website at www.srd.gov.ab.ca. FMA is administered by the Minister of Sustain- able Resource Development (SRD) and is gov- Map 21 shows the forested area of the Jump- erned by the policies laid out by ASRD ingpound Creek watershed. Previously har- (Douglas 2007). vested areas encompass an area of about 5.1 km2. The area located on the western edge of Forest Management Plans must be submitted to the government for approval and are required to contain certain components as laid out by the Government of Alberta. These requirements include; the creation of area specific ground rules for timber harvest, guidelines to reforest, and forest fire prevention plans (Kulcsar 2009). Protection of water values is one of, or the most regulated component of the forestry business. Much attention is given to maintaining water values from the planning stage through to ground operations (Kulcsar 2009). The SLS Forestry Management Agreement states that the Minister can withdraw land from the forestry area for a variety of reasons including; if an area cannot be logged without causing sub- stantial harm to the water table, lakes, streams, rivers or other bodies of water (Spray Lake

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Map 21. Forestry activity.

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Threats to the Forestry enabling populations to grow very quickly. were infested in B.C. There are often enough insects emerging from Mountain Pine Beetle Spray Lake Sawmills has undertaken a model- one tree to attack 15 additional trees. ing exercise to assess forest stand susceptibil- The mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus pon- Mountain pine beetles mass attack and kill ma- ity to the beetle. The modeling together with derosae Hopkins) is a member of the bark bee- ture pine trees within a year. In mid-summer, consultation with Sustainable Resource Devel- tle family, and is the most damaging insect pest the adults bore into suitable host trees and lay opment, has shown Jumpingpound Creek, the of pine trees in western North America. eggs in the bark. The larvae hatch and feed West Ghost and East Ghost to be the highest Adult beetles are black and small (5-7 mm within the bark of the tree. Larvae develop into priority areas for the development of pine bee- long). The larvae look like small maggots un- pupae, then into adults and fly to the next host. tle harvest plans. Harvest plans proposed by der the bark. Each female lays 60-80 eggs, The lifecycle normally takes one year to com- Spray Lake Sawmills are designed to reduce plete. The following spring, the needles of the the continuity of susceptible pine in the path of attacked tree fade to yellow and then to red- the advancing beetle. dish-brown. Blue-stain fungi, introduced by Harvests planned to commence in summer adult beetles at time of attack, along with insect 2007 are within the company’s Forest Manage- feeding, kill the tree by cutting off paths for nu- ment Area. Logs infested with mountain pine trients and water (Spray Lake Sawmills and beetle are only to be transported between Oc- Alberta Sustainable Resource Development tober 1 and June 15 to help minimize the websites). spread of mountain pine beetle during times In the past, most of Alberta was outside the when the beetle may be emerging from infested mountain pine beetle's normal range of distribu- trees. Beetle infested wood will be managed by tion due to the harsh winter conditions. How- sequencing the hauling of infested stands out- ever, with the recent milder winters, these bee- side of the critical summer months. Infested tles have been more successful in parts of Al- wood will be segregated from clean wood and berta. Modern fire suppression over the last 50 manufactured prior to June 15, before the next years has resulted in large areas of pine forests beetle emergence. with over mature trees, which are more suscep- Stands will be stratified according to their spe- tible to beetle attack. cies composition with a generalized target of Mature pine forests along the eastern slopes, reforesting to the same species mix as was are most vulnerable to mountain pine beetle harvested. Research has shown that young attack. If the beetles are not managed while regenerated pine stands have a low level of the populations are low, severe damage to pine susceptibility to the pine beetle and a broader stands can result. Outbreaks can destroy thou- age class should reduce beetle impacts. Refor- sands of hectares of mature pine forest in a estation and reclamation activities will be com- single year. In 2004, over 7 million hectares pleted within two years of harvesting.

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5.4 Urban Development As population in the province increases, urban Data Gaps and Recommendations streambanks that include bioengineering and rural municipalities are tasked with plan- should be considered. ning for new commercial, residential and indus- The impact of increased flow volumes and wa- trial developments. The Town of Cochrane has ter quality from stormwater outfalls should be rapidly increased in size and is considered one determined and remediation efforts for eroded of the fastest growing centres in Alberta. From 2001 to 2006, the population in the Town of Figure 10. Aerial image showing the Jumpingpound Creek confluence with the Bow River Cochrane increased by 14.3%, greater than the and the three stormwater outfalls located in this reach. provincial growth rate of 10.6% (Statistics Can- ada 2009). Urban development alters the landscape, dis- placing native vegetation for impervious materials (i.e., pavement). Impervious surfaces increase overall runoff volumes. New development is generally confined to the lower reach of Jumpingpound Creek near the confluence with the Bow River. There are also a number of acreages and rural residential areas that have been developed, mainly in the downstream reach, north of Highway 1. Stormwater from the residential area to the west of Jumpingpound Creek is directed to the creek via three stormwater outfalls (BR1, CR1 and CR2) (Figure 10). Stormwater is first captured in retention ponds where sediments and other contaminants are able to settle from the water column prior to its release to Jumping- pound Creek. Stormwater release is a concern in this reach, as increased flows can result in streambank erosion. The Town of Cochrane has taken measures to stabilize the bank, but high flows and limited riparian vegetation may undermine this effort in the future.

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5.5 Recreation

People have enjoyed recreating in the Jump- Alberta's parks and protected areas are man- • They are distinguished from wildland parks ingpound Creek watershed since it was settled. aged under various types of legislation, includ- by their greater range of outdoor recreation Families gathered on the banks of Jumping- ing the Provincial Parks Act and the Wilderness facilities, the extent of road access, and the pound Creek for picnics, and to swim and to Areas, Ecological Reserves, Natural Areas and interpretive and educational programs and fish during the summer months. In winter, the Heritage Rangelands Act. There are eight dif- facilities that are available to visitors. creek became the local skating rink. ferent classifications that provide varying de- • Outdoor recreation activities that promote grees of protection and a range of opportunities There are still many recreation opportunities in appreciation of a park's natural heritage the Jumpingpound Creek watershed. Located for outdoor recreation. and cultural features are encouraged. west of two major centres (i.e., the City of Cal- Provincial Parks. Provincial Parks preserve • Provincial parks offer a variety of outdoor gary and the Town of Cochrane), the water- natural heritage; they support outdoor recrea- recreation opportunities and support facili- shed is accessible to people seeking outdoor tion, heritage tourism and natural heritage ap- ties. opportunities. preciation activities that depend upon and are compatible with environmental protection. Fishing, hiking, mountain biking, wildlife and Interpretive and educational programs that enhance visitor understanding and appreciation bird watching, horseback riding and camping of, and respect for, Alberta's natural heritage are all activities that are enjoyed in the water- • Provincial parks protect both natural and (without damaging natural values) are offered shed. cultural landscapes and features.

Jumpingpound Creek, 1933. 1930

Page 69 Jumpingpound Creek in some provincial parks; these programs serve • Some areas are intensively developed, visitors of diverse interests, ages, physical ca- while others remain largely undeveloped. pabilities and outdoor skills. Many recreation areas play a significant role in Only a portion of the Bragg Creek Provincial management of adjacent Crown land and water Park is found in the southeastern part of Jump- by localizing the impact of development. ingpound Creek watershed (Map 22). (Alberta Tourism, Parks and Recreation 2009) http://tpr.alberta.ca/parks/landreferencemanual/ Natural Areas. Natural areas preserve and landclassdescriptions.aspx protect sites of local significance and provide opportunities for low-impact recreation and na- There are ten provincial recreation areas in the ture appreciation activities. upper watershed that offer a variety of services (Map 22). Areas are designated for camping, • Natural areas include natural and near- hiking on maintained trails and fishing. Some natural landscapes of regional and local of the most popular areas are: importance for nature-based recreation and □ Stoney Creek (12.96 ha; group camp) heritage appreciation. □ Lusk Creek (13.74 ha; trailhead, picnic) • Natural areas are typically quite small, however, larger sites can be included in this □ Sibbald Meadows Pond (9.95 ha; fishing, class. picnic)

Crane Meadow (3.56 ha; reclaimed) Most natural areas have no facilities and in □ those that do, facilities are minimal and consist □ Sibbald Lake (72.51 ha; campground, mainly of parking areas and trails. trailhead, picnic, interpretive signs) Deer Ridge There is one natural area designated in the □ Dawson (2.36 ha; campground, trail- Jumpingpound Creek watershed. This area is head, picnic) known as Ole Buck Mountain (Map 22). □ Sibbald Viewpoint (7.86 ha; picnic, trail- Recreation Areas. Recreation areas support head, interpretive sign) outdoor recreation and tourism; they often provide access to lakes, rivers, reservoirs and ad- □ Pine Grove (27.32 ha; group camp) jacent Crown land. □ Jumpingpound Creek (12.59 ha; parking) □ Pinetop (4.92 ha; picnic, trailhead) • Recreation areas support a range of outdoor activities in natural, modified and manmade settings. Fishing. The most popular fishery is located in • They are managed with outdoor recreation Sibbald Lake and Sibbald Meadows Pond as the primary objective. which have been developed as a put and take

Page 70 fishery. These two waterbodies reduce the trout and brook trout), mountain whitefish and Recreation Related Management fishing pressure on some of the more fragile burbot. tributaries that provide important spawning and Plans Hiking. Hiking is another popular recreation rearing habitat for Jumpingpound Creek, as activity in the watershed. Hiking opportunities Bragg Creek Provincial Park. 2008. Draft well as the Bow River. are mainly confined to the western side of the Management Plan. Alberta Tourism, Parks and Although access is somewhat limited by private watershed, in Kananaskis Country. Sibbald Recreation. land ownership, many people enjoy fishing in Creek Trail and Jumpingpound Mountain Kananaskis Country Provincial Recreation Ar- Jumpingpound Creek. Sport fish include many eas Management Plan—Final Terms of Refer- species of trout (i.e., cutthroat trout, rainbow ence March 2008

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Map 22. Parks and protected areas.

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6.0 HISTORICAL RESOURCES The Historical Resources Act defines historical recorded. campsites, stone features and kill sites. resources as “any work of nature or of humans Map 23 shows the historic resources within the There is one site in the watershed with an HRV that is primarily of value for its paleontological, Jumpingpound Creek watershed. Historic re- 1 designation. This area encompasses Sibbald archaeological, prehistoric, historic, cultural, sources in the watershed include tipi rings, Flats and areas to the North of Hwy 68. The natural, scientific or aesthetic interest” (ATPRC history at this site dates back about 9,000 years 2007). Table 10. Summary of Historic Resource and is significant for religious/ceremonial rea- Each historical resource and the land parcel on Values and their significance. sons (E. Damkjar, pers. comm.). Another adja- which it is located have been assigned a his- cent parcel of land to the north is designated torical resource value (HRV) ranging from 1 to HRV Historic Resource Sensitivity HRV 3, a significant historic resource. 5. Table 10 summarizes these categories and Provincial Historic Resource and/or Lands that should be avoided and that are sub- explains their significance. lands that are owned by Alberta Tour- ject to further study (HRV 4) are located mainly The highest value, HRV 1, is assigned to the 1 ism, Parks, Recreation and Culture for along Hwy 68 west, although there are also most important historical resources in the Prov- the purpose of protecting and/or pro- areas bordering the south and south-east wa- ince, those that have been designated as Pro- moting historical resources tershed boundary. vincial Historic Resources under the Historical Approximately 144 km2 (95%) of land having an 2 Registered Historic Resource Resources Act (ATPRC 2007). Development is HRV rating is classified as HRV 5 which en- restricted on these lands, whether publicly or 3 Significant Historic Resource compasses the majority of land north of High- privately owned. HRV 1 also applies to lands way 1 to the Bow River (Map 23). Tipi rings owned by Alberta Tourism, Parks, Recreation Previously recorded historical re- and campsites make up the majority of the find- and Culture for historical resources protection sources that must be avoided and re- 4 ings. and promotion purposes. quire additional historical resource studies There are no registered historic resources Lands classified as HRV 5 have high potential (HRV 2) designated in the watershed. for historical resources but none have been 5 High potential lands

Sibbald Flats—Historical Resource Value of 1.

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Map 23. Historical resources.

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7.0 WILDLIFE Introduction Wildlife studies specific to the Jumpingpound in the Jumpingpound Creek watershed. Creek are limited to the Trumpeter Swan. An- The headwaters of the Jumpingpound Creek nual bird surveys are conducted for Sibbald watershed originate in the Rocky Mountain Flats by volunteers. Grey Wolf (Canis lupus) Natural Region (Alpine, Subalpine and Mon- Larger scale studies linking wildlife to preferred tane Natural Subregions) and flow north into Residence. Permanent resident habitat have been conducted by the Alberta the Parkland Natural Region (Foothills Parkland Sustainable Resource Development—Fish and Status. The grey wolf is listed as “Secure” in Natural Subregion). This diverse landscape Wildlife Division. These studies that provide Alberta (ASRD 2005). provides habitat for a variety of large and small references regarding wildlife habitat suitability mammals, ungulates, birds, waterfowl and am- have been extrapolated to the Jumpingpound Characteristics. Wolves are the largest mem- phibians. Creek watershed for certain species. ber of the wild dog family and may weigh up to The vegetation found in the four Natural Subre- 60 kg or larger. Wolves are social animals There are some key species that are indicative gions, defined in Section 2.3, provide insight of the overall health of a watershed. For in- found in packs numbering from two to over 20. into the type of species that can be found in the stance, the absence of top predators such as Pack size tends to be largest in winter. Jumpingpound Creek watershed. In the Rocky grizzly bear, cougar and wolves may indicate a Mountain Natural Region, a highly diverse and Habitat requirements. The wolf has adapted land use conflict. Another example is the use complex mosaic of habitats exist, therefore a to a wide range of habitats and, in Alberta, has of wetlands by moose, Trumpeter Swans and high diversity of species is expected. On the amphibians such as the long-toed salamander successfully repopulated most of the forested other hand, the Parkland Natural Region con- or spotted frog. All of these species rely on areas in the western and northern portions of tains highly productive cropland and is charac- wetland habitats and their absence may be as- the province. The Jumpingpound Creek pro- terized by cultivated fields. The remaining na- sociated with declining wetland health. Grass- tive vegetation is generally an aspen-grassland land areas provide habitat for a variety of birds, or willow-grassland mosaic (Natural Regions including Sharp-tailed Grouse. These species Committee 2006). There are few wildlife spe- are discussed in more detail. cies unique to the Parkland Natural Region as habitats often overlap with adjacent Natural Table 11 lists the mammals and amphibians Regions. that have been observed or are expected to live

Table 11. Summary of the wildlife species found in the Jumpingpound Creek watershed.

Wildlife Species

Large Mammals black bear, grizzly bear, cougar, Canada lynx and bobcat, coyote, red fox, grey wolf, moose, elk, white-tailed deer, mule deer, bighorn sheep, mountain goat Small Mammals Columbian ground squirrel, pika, hoary marmot, beaver, muskrat

Amphibians western toad, spotted frog, long-toed salamander

Page 75 Jumpingpound Creek vides good habitat for grey wolves with an am- tiguous. In Alberta, deer, elk and moose com- Figure 11. Prey biomass consumed by cou- ple supply of moose, deer and elk as prey. prise most of the cougar’s food supply. By bio- gars in the Sheep River area (1981 to 1989) Stressors. Since the mid to late 1800s, grey mass however, moose calves prove to be of (Forestry, Lands and Wildlife 1992). wolves have had many negative encounters greatest importance (Figure 11). with humans. The first encounters were with Stressors. Cougars are hunted from Decem- Bighorn Sheep Other fur trappers who used poison to kill wolves. ber through to February, with an open hunt re- 2% 2% Then wolf bounties were used to protect wild served for First Nations people on Crown land. Deer Moose game and domestic livestock. In the 1950s Landowners also have the authority to kill cou- 27% 40% there was an estimated population of just 500 gar if they threaten life or livestock. Cougar to 1,000 animals in Alberta. In 1951, snares mortality also results from road kill. There is were legalized, and cyanide “coyote-getters” also inter-specific competition between resident were distributed to forestry personnel (Forestry, males and young wandering males that may Elk Lands and Wildlife 1991). Grey wolves con- result in cougar losses (P. Young, pers. comm.) 29% tinue to threaten livestock today and control measures are taken.

Cougar (Felis concolor) Residence. Permanent resident Status. The cougar is listed as “Sensitive” in Alberta (ASRD 2005). Characteristics. The cougar is the largest of North America's wild cats. Adult males average from 60 to 70 kg and females weigh from 40 to 50 kg . From nose to tip of tail, a large cougar may be as long as 3 m (10 ft.). Habitat requirements. South of the Bow River, cougar are found in the Alpine, Subal- pine, Montane and Foothills Parkland Natural Subregions. Home ranges can be over 400 2 2 km for males and 30 km for females. Studies Cougars feeding on a recent deer kill in the Jumpingpound Creek watershed. Images were taken have shown that summer and winter ranges early in the morning. The left photo shows four cougars which is likely a mother with three kittens vary, and often these two ranges are not con- since cougars are generally solitary animals.

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Grizzly Bear (Ursus arctos) band in the Jumpingpound Creek watershed that spans north-west to south-east showing Residence. Permanent resident high potential for supporting grizzly bears from Status. The grizzly bear is considered a spe- May 1 to July 31. In the fall, August 1 to Octo- cies that “May be at Risk” in Alberta (ASRD ber 15, grizzly bear habitat appears to shift to 2005) and is of “Special Concern” nationally two areas in the watershed; one area to the (COSEWIC). south and the other to the northwest (Map 24). Characteristics. Grizzly bears are larger than Stressors. The main threat to grizzly bears is black bears and their fur colour ranges from the loss of habitat as humans encroach into blonde to brown. Grizzly bears are distin- their territory. Human-grizzly bear encounters guished by their distinctive shoulder hump and may also result in mortality if the bears lose facial disk. Males weigh approximately 200- their fear of humans. Access roads can also 300 kg, while females are smaller at 100-200 divide important habitats, and increase human- kg. bear encounters. According to local knowl- The grizzly bear’s natural diet includes grasses, edge, grizzly bears may be moving further west sedges, forbs, roots, berries, nuts, fish, carrion, and northwest from the Moose Mountain area rodents, ungulates, birds and insects (AGBRT every year. 2008). Bears sharing habitat with humans can also consume garbage, livestock and grains. Grizzly bears cover large areas in search of A B food and often return to good foraging areas on a seasonal basis. Multiple food sources must be available within a home range to compen- sate for major fluctuations in food availability within and among years (AGBRT 2008). Con- sequently, home ranges are large, ranging from 500 to nearly 5000 km2 for males and 150 to 3000 km2 for females. Habitat requirements. The Jumpingpound Creek watershed provides high potential lands for grizzly bear habitat. Map 24 shows the habitat suitability for the watershed according to season. Although there is not specific data re- This grizzly bear was captured on camera in the Jumpingpound Creek watershed using a motion garding actual use of these lands, there is a sensor. Photo A was taken at 1:00 am and Photo B at 7:00 am.

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Map 24. Grizzly bear habitat.

Spring: May 1 to June 15

Summer: June 16 to July 31 Fall: August 1 to October 15

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Moose (Alces alces) low, birch and poplar. In the spring, moose sweeping antlers on the dark brown head of a also seek aspen bark, aquatic vegetation and bull elk distinguish it from all other deer. The Residence. Permanent resident minerals from natural salt licks. During the win- elk is the only member of the deer family in Al- Status. The moose is listed as “Secure” in Al- ter, moose browse near the edges of dense berta that collects a harem. forests where there is less snow. berta (ASRD 2005). Habitat requirements. Elk prefer areas of Characteristics. The moose is the largest The expansive muskeg areas found in the woodland mixed with open grassland. Such member of the deer family, world-wide. Bulls Jumpingpound Creek watershed is prime habi- habitat is found at forest edges and in mountain can weigh over 450 kg and stand 2.3 m at the tat for moose. meadows. Elk usually graze on forbs and shoulder. Cows average about 350 kg. Bulls Stressors. Predation by wolves and cougar, grasses, although they will browse on aspen have broad, palm-like antlers that can measure road mortality, hunting and loss of habitat are bark and twigs in winter when food is scarce. as much as 1.8 m from tip to tip. the main threats to moose populations. These ungulates are found mainly in the foothills and mountains regions and migrate from Habitat requirements. Moose are common high summer ranges to winter ranges in lower throughout most Natural Regions in Alberta, valleys and foothills. except for the prairie and parkland. Areas of Elk (Cervus elaphus) Stressors. Predation by wolves and cougar, preferred habitat include muskegs, brushy Residence. Permanent resident meadows and small groves of aspen or conifer- road mortality, hunting and loss of habitat are ous trees, particularly where such habitat ad- Status. The elk is listed as “Secure” in Alberta the main threats to elk populations. joins lakes, ponds or streams. During the (ASRD 2005). spring and summer, moose feed on aquatic Characteristics. Bull elk can weigh close to plants and browse on the tender shoots of wil- 450 kg and cows up to 70 kg. The large

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Birds Nature Calgary conducts an annual bird survey Table 12. List of bird species observed in the annual bird survey for Area 19: Sibbald Flats, in a radius around The City of Calgary’s limits. Jumpingpound Creek. Data is combined species lists from 2006 and 2007. Included in the survey is Area 19: Sibbald Flats which encompasses Jumpingpound Creek. Waterfowl Swainson's Hawk Black-billed Magpie Orange-crowned Warbler Data collected in 2006 and 2007 shows 89 and Canada Goose Red-tailed Hawk American Crow Yellow Warbler 86 different bird species observed in the water- Wood Duck American Kestrel Common Raven Yellow-rumped Warbler shed, respectively. The total number of birds Gadwall Rails and Coots Larks and Swallows Townsend's Warbler observed during the same time period was American Wigeon Sora Tree Swallow Northern Waterthrush 1,105 and 1,217. A species list of birds ob- Mallard American Coot Bank Swallow MacGillivray's Warbler served during these two years is provided in Table 12. Blue-winged Teal Shorebirds Cliff Swallow Common Yellowthroat Cinnamon Teal Killdeer Barn Swallow Wilson's Warbler Peregrine Falcon. Chickadees, Nut- Northern Shoveler Lesser Yellowlegs Sparrows & Allies The Peregrine Falcon is listed as “At Risk hatches & Wrens Threatened” in Alberta (ASRD 2005) and Green-winged Teal Spotted Sandpiper Black-capped Chicadee Chipping Sparrow “Threatened” nationally (COSEWIC). Pere- grine Falcons typically nest on cliffs close to Canvasback Wilson's Snipe Mountain Chicadee Clay-colored Sparrow riparian or marsh habitats (APFRT 2005). In Redhead Wilson's Phalarope Boreal Chicadee Vesper Sparrow southern Alberta, nests are often located on Ring-necked Duck Black Tern Red-breasted Nuthatch Savannah Sparrow clay or sandstone cliffs along major river sys- Lesser Scaup Doves House Wren Le Conte's Sparrow tems. Bufflehead Rock Pigeon Winter Wren Song Sparrow Historically, the Peregrine Falcon has nested in Common Goldeneye Owls Kinglets Lincoln Sparrow the lower reach of Jumpingpound Creek, how- Barrow's Goldeneye Barred Owl Golden-crowned Kinglet White-throated Sparrow ever no recent observations have been made. Hooded Merganser Woodpeckers Ruby-crowned Kinglet White-crowned Sparrow Bluebirds and Common Merganser Red-naped Sapsucker Dark-eyed Junco Thrushes Ruddy Duck Northern Flicker Western Bluebird Blackbirds & Allies Common Loon Olive-sided Flycatcher Mountain Bluebird Red-winged Blackbird Pied-billed Grebe Flycatcher Townsend's Solitaire Western Meadowlark Horned Grebe Least Flycatcher Swainson's Thrush Yellow-headed Blackbird Red-necked Grebe Western Kingbird American Robin Brewer's Blackbird Great Blue Heron Eastern Kingbird Varied Thrush Brown-headed Cowbird Osprey Shrikes and Vireos Starlings Finches Hawks and Eagles Warbling Vireo European Starling Pine Siskin Bald Eagle Jays and Crows Warblers and Tanagers American Goldfinch Northern Goshawk Gray Jay Tennessee Warbler House Sparrow

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Trumpeter Swan Swans in the watershed since 1992. The main breeding. In the Jumpingpound Creek water- spring migration in this area occurs from March shed, extensive surveys of staging Trumpeter (Cygrus buccinators) 25 to May 10, with peak migration from April 15 Swans indicate that this area is a major migra- Residence. Migratory to April 27. Swans use this area again in the tion stopover site. However, the extent of their Status. Endangered in 1987; Threatened in Fall from the end of September to the begin- future use may be limited by intensive grazing 1997 ning of December. of shorelines, deteriorating water quality and permanent wetland alteration. Competing inter- Characteristics. Since 1992, utilization of ponds in the Jumping- pound Creek watershed has increased. In gen- ests for water may also threaten certain wet- Habitat Requirements. Breeding Trumpeter eral, numbers have increased from a maximum land habitats. Swans select wetland habitats that have ade- daily count of 100 to about 300 once or twice quate space for take-off, accessible forage, per season (L. Hills, pers. comm.). The total shallow depths (<1m), stable water levels, un- number of Trumpeter Swans counted during polluted fresh water, emergent vegetation, po- the spring migration ranges from 1,000 to 1,500 tential suitable nesting structure and low human birds (L. Hills, pers. comm.). Sometimes indi- disturbance. Habitats supplying high abun- viduals will stay for two weeks. The Jumping- dance of invertebrates and aquatic plants typi- pound Creek ponds are attractive due to the cally have the highest swan production. Impor- rich food supply of pondweed. tant food items include the stems, roots and shoots of horsetail (Equisetum spp.), pond- Stressors. Loss of wetland habitat that is es- weeds (Potamogeton spp.), sedges (Carex sential for migrating, breeding and non- spp.) among other vegetation (Trumpeter Swan breeding Trumpeter Swans is a constant threat. Recovery Team 2006). Migration stopover sites in southern Alberta are critical as they allow swans to build energy re- Trumpeter Swans are sensitive to loud vehicle serves required for successful migration and traffic near their habitat. High levels of human- caused disturbance can make lakes or wetlands unsuitable for nesting or breeding. Trumpeter Swans rely heavily on certain wetlands during staging, migration and moulting to meet their high nutritional demands. Key migration wetlands in the Jumpingpound Creek watershed include Jumping Pound wetlands, Sibbald Flats, Sibbald Flats East ponds and Pile of Bones Creek. Feeding patterns in Sibbald Pond (East) follow- Dr. L. Hills has been monitoring Trumpeter ing utilization by Trumpeter Swans.

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Sharp-tailed Grouse (Tympanuchus phasianellus) Residence. Permanent resident Status. Listed as “Sensitive” in Alberta (ASRD 2005). Characteristics. Beginning in April, males will gather at dawn and dusk on ancestral dancing grounds and defend territory within the lek with gobbles, strutting, and fighting. The males carry out dancing duels for nearby females by rapidly stamping their feet, lowering their heads, ruffling their plumage and releasing booming sounds from inflated purple neck sacs on the side of their neck. The females, appear- ing passive and disinterested, move into the lek for mating. Habitat requirements. The sharp-tailed grouse is relatively common throughout the grassland, central parkland and Peace River parkland regions. In the grassland region it is found in open prairie, shrubby sandhills, cou- lees, and margins of water courses. In the parkland region it favors farmland and open woodland. Population abundance is dependent on open grassland and shrubland during mating season. The retention of undisturbed grassland habitat is essential for continued population welfare. Dancing grounds or “leks” have been observed in the Jumpingpound Creek watershed, north of Highway 1 (J. Wieleczko, pers. comm.).

Stressors. Sharp-tailed Grouse are declining Photos donated by C. Schaupmeyer. in numbers and range due to habitat loss.

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Long-Toed Salamander about overwintering habits, they appear to con- mining activities or indirectly by agricultural chemicals. (Ambystoma macrodactylum) gregate in small groups buried 50 to 70 cm below the surface in loose gravel with relatively Long-toed salamander larvae are generally not Residence: Permanent resident. Hibernates high soils moisture where temperatures do not found in ponds with predatory fish such as rain- during the winter. fall below 2°C (Graham and Powell 1999). bow trout. Stocking game fish in breeding Status: The long-toed salamander is listed as Although suitable habitat exists, little is actually ponds may negatively affect long-toed sala- “Sensitive” in Alberta (ASRD 2005). known about the long-toed salamander popula- mander populations (Graham and Powell 1999). Characteristics: The long-toed salamander is tion in the Jumpingpound Creek watershed. slender, all black or dark brown with an irregu- Known Stressors: Fragmentation of terrestrial lar yellow-orange stripe down the center of its habitat and breeding ponds by human distur- back and tail. They have long, slender toes bances (e.g., roads) limits success. Habitat with the fourth toe on hind foot longer than the may also be impacted directly by forestry or others. Adult length is typically 8 to 12 cm long. Habitat requirements: Most long-toed salamanders are found in the Subalpine and Mon- tane Natural Subregions of Alberta. These areas are characterized as having relatively short summers with pronounced precipitation. Long-toed salamanders require both aquatic and terrestrial habitat. Shallow lakes or ponds with boggy edges and abundant aquatic vegetation is used for breeding (Graham and Powell 1999). Closed-canopy lodgepole pine and Douglas-fir associations provide the best surrounding habitat. Terrestrial long-toed salamanders spend most of their time below ground, often in small mammal burrows. In the summer, juvenile and adults find shelter under rocks, decaying logs or other debris in areas with high soil moisture near relatively permanent water bodies. Although little is known

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8.0 STEWARDSHIP Ranchers of the Jumping Pound Individual Stewards Dr. Len Hills is another individual with strong connections to the Jumpingpound Creek water- Ranchers of the Jumping Pound formed in There are a number of individual conservation- shed. Len is a retired University professor who 2002 as a way for agricultural producers to ists or naturalists who may not live in the Jump- has been counting Trumpeter Swans in the wa- share information relative to Jumpingpound ingpound Creek watershed, but have a strong tershed during spring and fall migration since Creek which flowed through each members interest in its environment. 1992. He hopes to publish his work one day. property. Mr. George Loades is a real estate agent from Nature Calgary also hosts an annual bird count The vision of the society “is a ranching commu- Calgary with a love of bluebirds. In the 1980s and a few of their volunteer’s have been docu- nity where continuation of our life choices sup- George and his father were advised of the de- menting birds near Sibbald Flats for a number port sustainable agriculture and are in harmony clining Mountain Bluebird population and began with the environment.” building houses especially for them. of years. Members of the society have undertaken over George’s area of focus includes Bluebird paths Individuals like these volunteers contribute a 20 individual riparian health assessments which in the Jumpingpound Creek watershed. He has wealth of knowledge to the limited understand- have contributed to the larger Community maintained these birdhouses and banded ing of biodiversity in the watershed. There are Health Assessment. They have also completed Mountain Bluebirds in the watershed for over likely many more people who devote their time Environmental Farm Plans, implemented many 20 years. to understanding how the human footprint impacts our environment. Beneficial Management Practices and are now creating a photographic record of significant locations on Jumpingpound Creek and within their area of operation. The Ranchers of the Jumping Pound were in- strumental in facilitating the initial steps that A B lead to the formation of the Jumpingpound Creek Watershed Partnership and the Terms of Reference for the Jumpingpound Creek Inte- grated Watershed Management Plan.

Branches and Banks Branches and Banks is a local volunteer group operating in the Town of Cochrane. The group has organized an annual tree planting and cleanup day for over 13 years. Volunteers These photos were taken at Jumpingpound Creek A) pre-1960 and B) 2008. Interesting, cattle are have planted close to 32,000 trees along the streambanks of creeks flowing through the still grazed at this site today, however grazing management practices have changed to allow for town. the proliferation of riparian vegetation such as willows and sedges.

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9.0 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Overall, Jumpingpound Creek is a relatively Some areas that will need to be considered in healthy watershed that is rich in natural re- the future are those related to groundwater - sources. In the headwaters, an active forest surface water interactions. A recent study harvesting company is operating under a de- found that groundwater contributes about 68% fined management plan. Designated parks and of the baseflow in Jumpingpound Creek. recreation areas help to manage public access. A greater understanding of the role of wetlands Oil and gas activity is growing, but at a slow in the watershed will be essential to maintaining pace (i.e., about one new well per year). Active water balance in the watershed. Wetlands groups and dedicated individuals promote land store water and release it slowly throughout the stewardship in the watershed. Water resources year. are currently meeting human and environmental needs in terms of quantity and quality. Resource extraction (i.e., sand and gravel, oil Riparian assessments have documented im- and gas) should be thoroughly assessed prior provements in riparian health that will support to development and located in areas that will biodiversity. The proximity of the Jumping- not impact local hydrology and wildlife or in- pound Creek watershed to two major centres, crease access in the watershed. could result in an influx in population in the The key to managing this watershed in the fu- years to come. Managing new groundwater ture will be to balance social and economic developments will be critical. Since the water- needs with those of the environment. Table 13 shed is currently closed to new surface water summarizes the findings of the State of the Wa- licenses, greater pressure on groundwater tershed Report 2009. stores is expected.

Table 13. Summary of indicators and their status in the Jumpingpound Creek watershed.

Indicator Measure Status Potential Threats Opportunities Population Number/Density 1,381 people or 2.3 people per km2 Potential changes in landuse. Planning.

Maintain current road network to Roads 240.1 km Fragmentation of landscape. Linear Disturbances high standards Pipelines 151.8 km Fragmentation of landscape. Slow growth. Surface Water Supply Currently meeting human and environ- Water license transfers altering Planning. and Demand mental needs. designated uses.

Water Supply Limited data. Increased pressure Groundwater Supply Currently meeting human and environ- due to restrictions on new surface Planning. and Demand mental needs. water licenses and transfers.

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Table 13. Continued...

Indicator Measure Status Potential Threats Opportunities

Limited data. Potential changes in Dissolved Oxygen Always meets guidelines. Improved monitoring. landuse.

Occasional guideline exceedences linked Increased nutrients from stormwa- Nutrients Improved monitoring. to storm events. ter in lower reach.

Water Quality Exceedences occur fairly frequently, not Fecal Coliforms Limited data available. Improved monitoring. always linked to storm events.

Infrequent exceedences by a few metals Metals Limited data available. Improved monitoring. (i.e., chromium, iron and lead).

Pesticides Unknown. No data available. Improved monitoring.

Limited data. Increased fishing Fish habitat and fish Appears healthy overall, with a few spe- pressure with improved access. Fisheries Planning. populations cific problem areas. Decrease in water quality and temperature with landuse changes.

39% of sites Healthy; 61% of sites Healthy but with Problems; 0% of sites Limited data available for the head- Additional riparian health as- Riparian Areas Health Unhealthy. Positive trend in health status waters. sessments in the watershed. since 2001.

55% of sites Healthy; 30% of sites Healthy Agriculture with Problems; 15% of sites Unhealthy. Rangeland Health, Limited data available. Increased rangeland monitoring. Relatively small area of cropland in a for- Cropland age-crop rotation.

Landuse Oil and Gas, Slowly expanding—48 active wells. Limited data available. Utilize existing rights-of-ways. Well density

Forestry Limited data available. Mountain Planning. Proactive forest har- Activity guided by an approved Forest Pine Beetle infestations and forest vesting to combat Mountain Pine Previously harvested Management Plan. area fire. Beetle.

Large carnivores present. Ungulates pre- Limited data available. Increased Population estimates or sent. Trumpeter swans present and num- access to prime habitat. Alteration Wildlife Presence/Absence bers increasing. Sharp-tailed grouse of habitat through changes in lan- breeding grounds. duse.

Complacency. A lack of action and Highly involved watershed stewardship Stewardship Involvement progress can lead to declining Increasing membership. group with active membership. membership.

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10.0 REFERENCES Alberta Agriculture and Food (AAF). 2005. Agricul- ton, AB. 29 pp. ASRD. 2008. Invasive Plants of the Southern Rock- tural Land Resource Atlas of Alberta. Online Re- ies – Year End Summary on Partnerships, Pro- ASRD. 2005. The General Status of Alberta Wild source Accessed May 2009 at gress, Control and Survey, 2008. Species 2005. Alberta Sustainable Resource http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdoc Development, Government of Alberta. Database Alberta Tourism, Parks, Recreation and Culture s.nsf/all/agdex10332 accessed on March 2009. http://srd.alberta.ca/ (ATPRC). 2007. Listing of Significant Historical Alberta Chapter of the Wildlife Society (ACTWS). fishwildlife/speciesatrisk/default.aspx Sites and Areas, September 2007 edition. His- 2004. Access Management on Public Lands in toric Resources Management Branch, Alberta Alberta Sustainable Resources Development. web- Alberta’s Green Zone. A Position Paper. 4 pp. Tourism, Parks, Recreation and Culture, Edmon- site. Mountain Pine Beetle in Alberta. http:// ton, AB. Adams, B.W., G. Ehlert, C. Stone, M. Alexander, D. srd.alberta.ca./forests/health/pestalerts/ Lawrence, M. Willoughby, D. Moisley, C. Hincz, mountainpinebeetles.aspx Alexander, M. and C. Demaere. 2009. Range Plant and A. Burkinshaw. 2003. Range Health Assess- ment for Grassland, Forest, and Tame Pasture. Public Lands and Forests Division, Alberta Sus- tainable Resource Development. Pub. No. T/044. Alberta Grizzly Bear Recovery Team (AGBRT). 2008. Alberta Grizzly Bear Recovery Plan 2008- 2013. Alberta Sustainable Resource Develop- ment, Fish and Wildlife Division, Alberta Species at Risk Recovery Plan No. 15. Edmonton, AB. 68 pp. Alberta Northern Leopard Frog Recovery Team (ANLFRT). 2005. Alberta Northern Leopard Frog Recovery Plan 2005-2010. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development, Fish and Wildlife Divi- sion, Alberta Species at Risk Recovery Plan No. 7. Edmonton, AB. 26 pp. Alberta Peregrine Falcon Recovery Team (APFRT). 2005. Alberta Peregrine Falcon Recovery Plan 2004-2010. Alberta Sustainable Resource Devel- opment, Fish and Wildlife Division, Alberta Spe- cies at Risk Recovery Plan No. 3. Edmonton, AB. 16 pp. Alberta Trumpeter Swan Recovery Team (ATSRT). 2006. Draft Alberta Trumpeter Swan Recovery Plan, 2005-2010. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development, Fish and Wildlife Division, Alberta Species at Risk Recovery Plan No. 11. Edmon-

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Community Types and Carrying Capacity for Country. Friesen and Sons Ltd., Calgary, Alberta. pp. the Foothills Parkland Subregion. Lands Division, 804 pp. Douglas, N. 2007. Alberta’s Southern Eastern Alberta Sustainable Resource Development. First Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Slopes: Forests or Forestry. Wild Lands Advocate Approximation. Canada (COSEWIC). 15(1): 12-16. AMEC Earth & Environmental (AMEC). 2009. Bal- Engstrom, C. Environmental Biologist, Husky En- Cooke, C. 1982. Jumpingpound Creek streambank ancing Water Supply in the Jumpingpound Creek ergy, May 11, 2009. evaluation report. Prepared by Alberta Energy and Watershed. Final Report. Jumpingpound Creek Natural Resources, Fish and Wildlife Division, Fernet, D. A. 1990. An overview of the Bow River Watershed Partnership, AB. 97 pp. + Appendix. Fisheries Habitat Management Section, Calgary, Fishery in the Calgary, Alberta Region. Prepared Associated Engineering Services Ltd. 1976. Sibbald Alberta. for Alberta Forestry, Lands and Wildlife, Fish and Lake improvement project. Prepared for Alberta Wildlife Division, Red Deer, Alberta. Environ- Culp, J. M. and N. E. Glozier. 1989. Longitudinal Parks and Recreation, Parks and Wildlife, Cal- mental Management Associates. Calgary, Alberta. trends in rainbow trout abundance, production and gary, Alberta. 74 pp. fish habitat in a foothills stream. Prepared for Al- Bachusky, J. 2008. History of Kananaskis, Alberta. berta recreation, Parks and Wildlife Foundation, Fish and Wildlife. 1990. 1948-1990 Stocking Re- Internet Resource. http:// Calgary, Alberta. Prepared by Department of Bio- cords – Elbow District, Jumpingpound Drainage. www.canmorealberta.com/directory/about/history/ logical Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Internal files Alberta Fish and Wildlife Division, kananaskis.html Accessed on April 3, 2009. Alberta. 10 pp. Calgary, Alberta. Baayens, D.M. 2001. 2001 Temperature monitoring Culp, J. M., G. J. Scrimgeour and G. D. Townsend. Fish and Wildlife Management Information System in selected southern Alberta streams. Prepared by 1996. Simulated fine woody debris accumulations (FWMIS) database. Internet Mapping Tool the Alberta Council, Trout Unlimited Canada, Cal- in a stream increase rainbow trout fry abundance. (online). http://xnet.env.gov.ab.ca/imf/imf.jsp? gary, Alberta. 6 pp. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. site=fw_mis_pub 125:472-479. Bayrock, L.A. and T.H.F. Reimchen. 1980. Surficial Flynn-Burhoe, M. 2008. Digitage of Nakoda-Stoney Geology of Alberta Foothills and Rocky Moun- Cunningham, E.B. 1961. Jumpingpound Creel Cen- Sibbald Flat. Internet Resource Accessed at http:// tains. Sheet No. 1. Alberta Environment and sus, 1961. Prepared by Alberta Fish and Wildlife www.oceanflynn.wordpress.com/2008/06/21/ Alberta Research Council. Division, Calgary, Alberta. 7 pp. nakoda-stoney-sibbald/ Accessed on April 3, 2009. Beers, C. E. 1990. Effect of density, microhabitat and Cunningham, E.B. 1962. 1962 Jumpingpound Creel food on growth and survival of rainbow trout fry, Census. Prepared by Alberta Fish and Wildlife Forestry, Lands and Wildlife. 1991. Management Onchorhynchus mykiss Richardson. Masters of Division, Calgary, Alberta. 15 pp. + app. Plan for Wolves in Alberta. Wildlife Management Science Thesis, University of Calgary, Depart- Planning Series Number 4. Forestry, Lands and Cunningham, E.B. 1964. Jumpingpound Creel Cen- ment of Biological Sciences, Calgary, Alberta. 148 Wildlife, Fish and Wildlife Division. Edmonton, sus Station, 1963 and 1964. Prepared by Alberta pp. Alberta. December 1991. 89 pp. Fish and Wildlife Division, Calgary, Alberta. 31 pp. Borneuf, D. 1980. Hydrogeology of the Kananaskis + app. Forestry, Lands and Wildlife. 1992. Management Lake Area, Alberta. Alberta Research Council, Plan for Cougars in Alberta. Wildlife Management Damkjar, E. Head, Cultural Land Use Studies, Ar- Report 79-4, 13 pp. + Map. Planning Series Number 5. Forestry, Lands and chaeological Survey Section, Old St. Stephen’s Wildlife, Fish and Wildlife Division. Edmonton, Buckley, M. Chief Administrative Officer, MD of Big- College. Alberta. April 1992. 91 pp. horn, January 2009. Dempsey, H. A. 1997. Indian Tribes of Alberta. Golder Associates Ltd. 1997. Assessment of poten- Cochrane and Area Historical Society. 1977. Big Hill Glenbow-Alberta Institute, Calgary, Alberta. 108

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tial impact to fisheries resources associated with der Valk, (Ed.). Iowa State University Press, trance NTS 83F/5. Open File Report 1990-02. the Husky Oil’s proposed Moose Mountain Pipe- Ames, Iowa. pp. 132-187. Alberta Geological Survey. line. Prepared for Husky Oil, Calgary, Alberta. Kulcsar, E. Forestry Manager, Spray Lake Sawmills, Rowell, P. and D.P. Stepnisky. 1997. Status of the Prepared by Golder Associates Ltd., Calgary, May 1, 2009. Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus anatum) in Alberta. 44 pp. + app. Alberta. Alberta Environmental Protection, Wild- MD of Rocky View. 1998. Municipal Development Golder Associates Ltd. 2000. Winter fish kill investi- Plan. Bylaw C-4840-97 Adopted on July 6, 1998. life Management Division, Wildlife Status Report gation at Pile of Bones Creek – Shell Canada 53 pp. + Appendices. No. 8, Edmonton, Alberta. 23 pp. Jumping Pound Gas Plant. Prepared by Golder Miller, R.B. 1947. The Jumping Pound and tributar- Spray Lake Sawmill Forestry Management Agree- Associates Ltd., Calgary, Alberta. 9 pp. ies. Prepared by the University of Alberta, Edmon- ment. http://www.srd.alberta.ca/forests/pdf/ spraylakesawmills/Chapter1.pdf Accessed May 1, Golder Associates Ltd., 2001. Seasonal movements ton, Alberta. 7 pp. 2009. and identification of overwintering areas for an Natural Regions Committee. 2006. Natural Regions isolated population of rainbow trout: a radio- Spray Lake Sawmills. Mountain Pine Beetle Informa- and Subregions of Alberta. Compiled by D.J. telemetry study 1994-1995. Prepared for Alberta tion. http://www.spraylakesawmills.com/ Downing and W.W. Pettapiece. Government of Environment, Canmore, Alberta. Prepared by Woodlands/MountainPineBeetleInformation/ Alberta. Pub. No. T/852. Golder Associates Ltd., Calgary, Alberta. 16 pp. + Default.aspx app. Nibourg, J.H. 1985. Inventory of fish populations and Stelfox, J.D. 1980. Kananaskis Country fall spawning fish habitat in the Jumpingpound Creek water- survey. Prepared by Alberta Energy and Natural Graham, K.L. and G.L. Powell. 1999. Status of the shed, a progress report. Prepared by Alberta En- Resources, Fish and Wildlife Division, Calgary, Long-toed Salamander (Ambystoma macrodacty- ergy and Natural Resources, Fish and Wildlife Alberta. 25 pp. + app. lum) in Alberta. Alberta Environmental Protection, Division, Calgary, Alberta. 38 pp. + app. Fisheries and Wildlife Management Division, and Stelfox, J.D. and J.H. Nibourg. 1983. Inventory of Alberta Conservation Association, Wildlife Status Mitsch, W.J. and J.G. Gosselink. 2003. Wetlands. beaverponds in Kananaskis Country: A progress Report No. 22, Edmonton, Alberta. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, NY. 722 pp. report. Prepared for Alberta Energy and Natural Resources, Fish and Wildlife Division, Calgary, Health Canada. 2003. Summary of Guidelines for Norris, K. 2003. Jumpingpound Creek and the mid- Alberta. Canadian Drinking Water. April. dle Bow River: A literature review. Prepared by: Alberta Council, Trout Unlimited Canada Tera Environmental Consultants Ltd. 1998. Alternate Hills, L., Dept. of Geoscience & Dept. of Archae- (Calgary). Prepared for: Jumpingpound Chapter, open cut for Jumpingpound Creek – Number 2 ology, University of Calgary, May 4, 2009. Trout Unlimited Canada (Cochrane). 86 pp. crossing. August 14, 1998, letter to Husky Oil, Hydrogeological Consultants Ltd. 2002. M.D. of Calgary, Alberta, from Tera Environmental Con- Ozoray, G.F. and R. Barnes. 1978. Hydrogeology Rocky View No. 44 Part of the South Saskatche- sultants Ltd., Calgary, Alberta. 9 pp. of the Calgary-Golden Area, Alberta. Alberta Re- wan River Basin Tp 021 to 029, R 25 to 29, W4M search Council, Report 77-2, 38 pp. + Map. Thompson, G.E. 1969. Bow River Forest Stream & Tp 023 to 029, R 01 to 06, W5M Regional Surveys, Prepared by Alberta Fish and Wildlife Groundwater Assessment. Prepared for the M.D. Rees, K. 1988. A fisheries phase II survey of Jump- Division, Calgary, Alberta. 30 pp. of Rocky View and Agriculture and Agri-Food ingpound Creek (6-4-26-4W5). Prepared by Al- Canada. berta Forestry, Lands and Wildlife, Fish and Wild- Tripp, D.B., P.T.P. Tsui and P.J. McCart. 1979. life Division, Calgary, Alberta. 33 pp. + app. Baseline Fisheries Investigations in the Mclean Kantrud, H.A., J.B. Millar and A.G. van der Valk. Creek ATV and Sibbald Flat Snowmobile Areas 1989. Vegetation of Wetlands of the Prairie Pot- Richardson, R.J.H., C.W. Langenberg, D.K. Chao (Volume I). Prepared for Alberta Recreation, hole Region in Northern Prairie Wetlands, A. van and D.W. Fietz. Coal Compilation Project - En- Parks and Wildlife, Fish and Wildlife Division,

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Calgary, Alberta. Prepared by Aquatic Environ- Maps Alberta Sustainable Resource Development. Pro- ments Limited, Calgary, Alberta. 254 pp. duced by Town of Cochrane, Cochrane, AB. May The Jumpingpound Creek Watershed Partner- 2009 Tsuu T’ina Nation and Husky Oil. 1995. Moose ship provides this information without warranty Mountain Traditional Native Cultural Properties Map 9. Hydrometric stations. Base data provided by or representation as to any matter including but Alberta Sustainable Resource Development. Data Study. Husky Oil, Calgary, Alberta. not limited to whether the data/information is provided by AMEC Earth and Environmental. Pro- Wieliczko, J. Wildlife Biologist. Formerly with Al- correct, accurate or free from error or defect. duced by Town of Cochrane, Cochrane, AB. May berta Conservation Association, May 11, 2009. 2009 Map 1. Jumpingpound Creek watershed. Base data Weibe, A.P. 1979. Kananaskis Country spring provided by Alberta Sustainable Resource Develop- Map 10. Surface water licenses and registrations. spawning survey. Prepared by Alberta Energy ment. Produced by Town of Cochrane, Cochrane, Base data provided by Alberta Sustainable Resource and Natural Resources, Fish and Wildlife Divi- AB. May 2009. Development. Data provided by AMEC Earth and Environmental. Produced by Town of Cochrane, sion, Calgary, Alberta. 20 pp. + app. Map 2. Administrative boundaries. Base data pro- Cochrane, AB. May 2009 Wileman, R.A. 1952. Stream Report – Jumping vided by Alberta Sustainable Resource Develop- Map 11. Groundwater licenses and registrations. Pound creek and tributaries. Prepared by Alberta ment. Produced by Town of Cochrane, Cochrane, AB. May 2009. Base data provided by Alberta Sustainable Resource Fish and Wildlife Division, Calgary, Alberta. Development. Data provided by AMEC Earth and Sheet No. 6. 1 p. Map 3. Bedrock geology. Base data provided by Environmental. Produced by Town of Cochrane, Alberta Sustainable Resource Development. Pro- Cochrane, AB. May 2009 Willoughby, M., M. Alexander, and B. Adams. 2008. duced by Town of Cochrane, Cochrane, AB. May Range Plant Community Types and Carrying 2009. Map 12. Flowing wells and springs. Base data pro- Capacity for the Montane Subregion. Lands Divi- vided by Alberta Sustainable Resource Develop- Map 4. Surficial geology. Surficial Geology from by sion, Alberta Sustainable Resource Develop- ment. Data provided by AMEC Earth and Environ- R.L. Bayrock and T.H.F. Reimchen: Energy Re- ment. Pub. No. T/136. mental. Produced by Town of Cochrane, Cochrane, sources Conservation Board / Alberta Geological AB. May 2009 Woods, G. 2000. Jumpingpound Creek Spawning Survey (ERCB/AGS) . Produced by Town of Coch- Map 13. Water quality monitoring stations. Base Survey 2000. Prepared by Bow Valley Habitat rane, Cochrane, AB. May 2009. data provided by Alberta Sustainable Resource De- Development, Cochrane, Alberta Map 5. Natural subregions. Natural subregions development. Data provided by AMEC Earth and Envi- rived from the report: Natural Regions and Subre- Woods, G. R. 2001. Water temperature and annual ronmental. Produced by Town of Cochrane, Coch- gions of Alberta, compiled by Downing and Pet- volume discharge study – Jumpingpound Creek rane, AB. May 2009 tapiece, for the Alberta Natural Region Committee, 2000 Fisheries Project, TransAlta Corporation. Government of Alberta, 2006. Produced by Town of Map 14. Aquifer groundwater vulnerability. Data Prepared for TransAlta Utilities Corporation, Cal- Cochrane, Cochrane, AB. May 2009 provided by Alberta Agriculture and Food through gary, Corporation. Prepared by Bow Valley Habi- Alberta Sustainable Resource Development. Pro- Map 6. Soil types. Soils obtained from AGRASID tat Development, Cochrane. 16 pp. + app. duced by Town of Cochrane, Cochrane, AB. May 3.0, 2001, Alberta Soil Information Centre, Agricul- 2009 Young, P. Area Wildlife Biologist, Fish & Wildlife, ture and Agri-Food Canada and Alberta Agriculture Alberta Sustainable Resource Development, May and Food. Produced by Town of Cochrane, Coch- Map 15. Wetlands. Data provided by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada and the MD of Rocky View. Pro- 11, 2009. rane, AB. May 2009 duced by Town of Cochrane, Cochrane, AB. May Map 7. Land cover. Data provided by Agriculture 2009 and Agri-Food Canada. Produced by Town of Coch- rane, Cochrane, AB. May 2009 Map 16. Land ownership. Base data provided by Alberta Sustainable Resource Development. Pro- Map 8. Watershed access. Base data provided by

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11.0 PHOTO CREDITS duced by Town of Cochrane, Cochrane, AB. May Front Cover: Lorne Fitch Page 61 and 63. S. Riemersma 2009 Cover Page: John Buckley Page 65. K. Hull (top); S. Riemersma (bottom) Map 17. Grazing dispositions. Base data provided Page i. S. Riemersma Page 67. L. Fitch by Alberta Sustainable Resource Development. Page ii. J. Buckley Page 69. J. Buckley Produced by Town of Cochrane, Cochrane, AB. May 2009 Page iii. L.A. Eklund Page 70. M. Heerschop (top); S. Riemersma Page iv. C. Arnett (bottom) Map 18. Cropland. Data provided by Agriculture and Page 71. B. Meagher (left); M. Heerschop (right) Agri-Food Canada. Produced by Town of Cochrane, Page 1. M. Buckley (top); K. Hull (bottom) Cochrane, AB. May 2009 Page 3. J. Buckley Page 72 and 73. S. Riemersma Page 75. G. Court Map 19. Oil and gas activity. Base data provided by Page 4. C. Arnett Alberta Sustainable Resource Development. Pro- Page 5. L.A. Eklund (left, right); L. Fitch (centre) Page 76 and 77. B. Oulton duced by Town of Cochrane, Cochrane, AB. May Page 7. K. Hull Page 78. L.A. Eklund 2009 Page 11. L. Fitch Page 79. S. Riemersma (left); D. Tannas (right) Map 20. Gravel extraction. Sand Budney, H.D., Page 13. C. Arnett Page 80. G. Court Edwards, W.A.D., Berezniuk, T. and Butkovic, L. Page 15. B. Engler Page 81. L. Hills (2004): Sand and gravel deposits with aggregate Page 17 and 18. J. Buckley Page 82. C. Schaupmeyer potential, Calgary, Alberta (NTS 82O); Alberta En- Page 83. Unknown ergy and Utilities Board, EUB/AGS Map 273, scale Page 19. S. Riemersma 1:250 000. Produced by Town of Cochrane, Coch- Page 20. L.A. Eklund Page 84 and 85. L.A. Eklund rane, AB. May 2009 Page 22. S. Riemersma Page 87. C. Arnett Page 91. L.A. Eklund Map 21. Forestry activity. Data provided by Spray Page 25. L. Fitch Lake Sawmills and Alberta Sustainable Resource Page 31 and 34. L.A. Eklund Development. Produced by Town of Cochrane, Page 35 to 39. K. Hull Cochrane, AB. May 2009 Page 40. L. Fitch (left); K. Hull (right) Map 22. Parks and protected areas. Base data pro- Page 41. K. Hull; L. Allen vided by Alberta Sustainable Resource Develop- ment. Produced by Town of Cochrane, Cochrane, Page 42. L. Kershaw; A. Ogg AB. May 2009 Page 43. L. Fitch Map 23. Historic resources. Base data provided by Page 45 to 47 S. Riemersma Alberta Sustainable Resource Development. Pro- Page 48. L. Eklund duced by Town of Cochrane, Cochrane, AB. May Page 49. S. Riemersma 2009 Page 50. J. Buckley Map 24. Grizzly bear habitat. Base data and habitat Page 51. S. Riemersma data provided by Alberta Sustainable Resource De- Page 52. Yellowstone-Fly Fishing.com velopment. Produced by Town of Cochrane, Coch- rane, AB. May 2009 Page 54. S. Riemersma Page 55. J. Buckley Page 57. L.A. Eklund

Page 91 Jumpingpound Creek

Metric and Imperial Unit Conversions

SI Units (Metric) Imperial Units

Area

1 hectare (ha) = 2.471 acres

1 square kilometre (km2) = 0.386 square miles

Length

1 millimeter (mm) = 0.039 inches

1 metre (m) = 3.281 feet

1 kilometre (km) = 0.621 miles

Volume

1 litre (l) = 0.001 cubic metres = 0.0353 feet

1 cubic metre (m3) = 35.315 cubic feet

1 cubic decameter (dam3) = = 0.811 acre feet 1000 cubic metres

Flow Rate

1 cubic metre per day (m3/day) = 0.153 imperial gallons per minute (gpm)

Yield

1 kilogram per hectare (kg/ha) = 0.892 pounds per acre (lbs/acre)

"Lots of people hardly even feel real soil under their feet, see plants grow except in flower pots, or get far enough beyond the street lights to catch the enchantment of a night sky studded with stars. When people live far from scenes of the Great Spirits making, its easy for them to forget his laws."

Chief Walking Buffalo, 1958

Printed in Canada on recycled paper. Graphcom Printers Ltd., Lethbridge, Alberta 500 Copies