REPORT FROM GREECE

Under the Junta

Th~ hold ο( Grett~'ι military dicιaιot· aπesιed for inιu l ιing ι nφreιenιatiνe of ιhip on ιhe average Greek citizcn mighι theregime,condemningthecouporoιher becomp;ιrcdtoιheeffccιofachokecol· sudι offcnκ:s. But ιhey haνe been held lar on a dog. The coloneb hold the leuh onlybrieλya.ndthenrτleaιed..lnoneνίl· carefully-therepfe$$ion,ιhecontrolι:ιre lage in ιhe nonhwcιt corner ol thc roun· ιhcre-buι thc lcash ίι so Jong thaι it ίι try, for cxample, a mercha.nt was aπeιted nοι felι until someonc forgcιι and sιepι for ca.Jling thc ncw junta-appointed mon· 1 1 archoftheproνinccaιhicf,inthe h eatol ~:ι f~~ :~ί~ί~:ίν~Π::::~~~ ~cι i':ιι~:ι~z;ιί: a debaιe with fcllow v ill agcrι. Hc was aπcιιed, imprisoncd for a monιh and Theregimcha.sanunuιuallygoodιenιe then tried and ιcquitted. The purposιcof of when to pull and when ιο give reίn sudι a.rreιu ίι to cut olf opcn σi t ici5Π1 AιthefuneralofthelaιcPrtmier~ by mating the threa.ι of impriιonment Papand~.ιhejunιadidnotuιeiu rcalin cveryvillagc. Pcoplearemadc a.n fιιll policc powcr ιο κatιer ιht: huge example ol, and ιhen frecd ιο crea.tc ιhe crowd thaι had gaιhered.. Had it done ιο , imprcssion ιhattheregίmeiιnoιarbitrary andoppresιiνebuιcapablcofcompu­ ~e::~~~Ion:~~<ιt ha;~uι':u~νefu= sion and even juιticc. These aπesu are lιard ιο put down. Βuι when ιome newι­ μapers ιriedalitιlecriticismofιhertgime ~~~er~~e b~~~~C:~~~: ι::~a7::ί~~~ afιer direcι cen50nhip was l ifιed recenιly, m uπisu. I nmanyofιhcsameνillagcsdur­ thc coloncls made sure the papen ne,·er ing the Greck. ciνil war of Ι !Μδ-Athens Festiνal. rural Grecks. "The closest analogy to ιhe which has feaιured some of the best per­ kind ο( people the colonels rome from is formers in ιhe world in past summen, the poor whites in λmeήca who support did not boast one major name last year. George Wall:ιce," says aπ λmeήcan edu­ Arisιoιle Onassis tήed to penuade Mar­ cator who has liνed in Greece for many got Fonteyn and Rudolf Nureyeν to per· yean. Premier Papadopoulos, who grew fonnatthefestiνal,andιheirappearance upinasmall Peloponnesianνillagewhich waι widely publicized in adν a nce, but now has a populaιion of 28ο people, is considered upper-classbyιheoιherofficen who staged ιhe coup because his father was ιhe νillage schoolteacher. Stylianos P:ιtakos, the deputy premier, is from the ~~~3~~2~~k~~\~:τ.s UPOR.T FΙLOM GRUcr;: UNDEJι ΤΗΕ JUNYλ :~~~~~~~~~~?:~Ξη~ :~~1:~:~~~~~:~::~1;=:~~; Circulaιion of G~k newιpapen ίι at ιheaιιadatourairpon ." ιiιι:ιy peπ:enι of ιhe level ~~~ ιhe coup "There muιt bt ιome misιakc ," ιhc Sixpa~ιtoppedpubliιhίngafterιhc editorιaid."Wccan'ιrunasιoryabout ιakeoνcr; thc crypto-Communisι ones an aιιadandnotgiνc ιhcrcason fO!'it. were banned and ιhc publiιherι of ιhc He musι mean ιhey don't wanι uι ιο othen refused ιο publiιh under cenιor· ιmph;uize ιhc shooιing aι our airpon. ιh i p. Qιll him baclι ιnd ask him to repeat ιhc n~:ccdOc:': i;aι 1 ~·f:cιhjι~0 ~ ;~~ ~~:ι:oι:~~=-~~:.w::i5~~:~1 Ja~~~ lifιing ρrαι cenιonhip. Αι ιhc same ιime , ''I had ίι right ιhc finι ιimc, and hc w:un't r=~n i:u~~~edιh~::sdl~:~!ptli~n: ~= ~~:" ~~ ~~~\~~ :~d-;~ control almoιt aι tighι aι beforc. Thc re- been an atιack of any \:.ind at our air­ gimehaιpublishcdarodeolιoι aτticleι port. For ιonight ~ should juιt forgct designed to "cleanse'' th~ presι. Sιories w~ have an airport." that th~ junta feels undermine public We asked ιhe editor how he felι work­ confidence in ιheeconomycould bringsix ing undtt such condiιions. ''Whaι can monthι impriιonment undtt ιhe code you do?"' he said. "The only option you Ediιors coηvicιed of inciting sedition, as haνe isnot ιowork aι all.Jι is ηοι much ~~/:~: ::o~~.ldJ:t ~~~k~:~ of ::r:~on~: mosι desιructive inιerνen- ιh~ junιa'ι philoιophic.al reuoning for ιion of ιhe regime has becn in educaιion making ίι so hanh. "Severiιy," he said, The Greek educaιional ιyιt~ waι anach­ "is the moιhtt of justice and lreedom." roniιtic and in ad~ua ιe ιο lxgin wiιh, Wh~n ccnsonhip was in forc~. ~ven buι ιh~ colon~lι have puιhed iι even papttι supponing ιhe rqime had to fol- further into ιh~ ιunnel. 'Ύoung Peopl~ low th~ censor'ι commands, as w~ wit- of Greece, ιhe Rtvolution Ιι for Y-ou" nesιedonenightwhileviιitingιheofficesof proclaim s ignι on highwayι l~ading out Elήthnoι Koπnos. Ιι was Deccmber ιg, of Ath~n ι. Βuι in iu educaιional policy ιg68, th~ day Isra~l retaliated to an Arab ιh~ regim~ ~ms prinιarily interest~d in ι~rrorisu' attack on an ΕΙ ΑΙ jet in Athens makiπg ctttain thaι th~ young people ol airpon by launcbing a h~licoρter raid on Greece are for ιhe revolution. Hundred.s an airport in Beirut. w~ w~re ιίιιίng wiιh of ι~achen and profes$0rs considered un­ on~ of the papeτ'ι editors wh~n his assisιanι frieπdly ιο ιhe regim~ have becn diι­ came inιo ιhe office carry:ing a piett of pa- miιsal. All ιhc othen have ~n reQuίred per wiιh a ΙίJι οι ιhorιhand mesuμs οιι ίι. ιο ιubmit dcιailed hiιιories, cφ~cially on ''"Thc Ccnsor's officc juιt calltd," hc said. whaι ιhey wcre doing during the pcriod "You want to go through it now~" of thc civil war, and a ιtat~mt of ooliι- "Yes, all righι , " said ιhc editor. "\Vhat ical belicfs. ln publi~ ιchoolι thc indocιri- iιitιonighι?" nationofιιudenui ιa p;ιrtolιhccuπicιι- The aιsiιιanι said ιhc papcr wtι in- lum. In ιhe lowtt grades, for cxample, ιιructed not ιο prinι in any form thc ιιudenu are asktd ιο rise and repcat slo- • New Year'ι meιsage King Constanιinc gans such as, "My moιhcr is Greece. My had iιsued from cxile in Rome, buι ιο . father is ιhe n aιiona l p;ovcmment. And givc promincnι diιplay on ιhc fronι page Ι am the Greek people." The climate of ιο the regent"ιmtssage, and ίιwιι not ιο chauγjnίsm in Greek schools, which has menιion ι}ιc ιta t~enι of {()f11}tt foreign alwtyι been heavy, ίι now m~ inιcnse miniιιer Evangeloι Averoff calling οη ιhan ever. ''τhe children of this coun ιry ιh c goνcmιnent to move ιoward parJia- are sick and tired of being ιauιι;hι ιhat menιary rule. Thcn he looktd (rom his Greecc ίι ιhe naνel of ιhe world," sayιan 477 λmeήcan educator who ιeaches in a pri· ,-a ιe ιchool ίη Athens. "PαtriM [faιher· ~~n:~i~~:Ίeι~=:le~~u~~lla:~ι!r:~: land) ιhοιιld neνer become adirιy "''Ord, theregίmta ndthtyconιinueιheirboycotι buιiιiιwiιhιιudenunow." t\'tn though many oftlιem havt ιuffered ln ιhe univerιiιies ιhe asphαfiα, tl!e for it. More acti\·e resisιanct is de\·tlop­ ιecuή ι y police, has built up a neι ....·ork. of ing fast, as a rash of bombings l aιt sum­ infonnenιoreporιontlteacιiviιiesa nd mer in Athens demonsι r aι~. Βuι full attitudes of fe llow studen ι s. Early laιt ιu mm er ιhe reg:ime also appoinιed ;ι gov­ =~~ ~~:~i~:~e~s~:~~~~~a~=~e:~~~:r~~\j~ ernment commi5:5ioner for eνe'1' faculty. ιoremotevillagesandislandsmiliιarymen The job of the commiιsioιterι, mosιly re­ tiredannyofficers,isιoseeιhatιeaching ~::~:~~~~~~~d:~~ :~~~ι 1~r:~~e~~ programs are ίn lίne ....·iιh ιhe goals of personalrisk.in,·olvedinltadingarebel­ ιhe jιιπιa. Το lteep tight conιrol ο{ ιh e lionaga.insιthtjunιa."Theywanιthepeo­ ιeach in g ιιaRΊ at uniνeniιies, ιhe regime ple ιο ιhrow ιhecolontlsouιfinι,"saysa h aι not only dismis.sed numerous profes­ truclt dήνer [rom Laήsa , "and then call son, it haι also re~ήcιed ιhe numben of themtotakeo,•er.Thepeople arenotthat new appointmenu and lowered tl1e retire­ dumbanymore." ment age of ιeachen so ιhat older, re· Tl1ere are, however, more sιιbιle rea­ specι~ professorsof independent minds sons why resiιιance to ιhe junιa has been can be ι:ι:plac~ wiιh :ιmbitious youn~~:~r minim:ιl. One of ιh em may be undersιood ones more to the regime's lilting. All thιs quickly by a νίsiι ιο Atl!ens. The city is naιurallyhascτeaιedashorιagcofquali­ punctuated wiιh the skeletons of hun· fi~ professors and a considerable drop dredsofbuildingsnowuιJdtrconstnιction inιhequa lit yofinsιrucιion . Evcry morning crowded buιes roar out of Athensfor the nearby beaches at Gly· Ιί~~ r:~~~n=:~~-onPr~::ι;~~~':~ fada, Vouliagmeni, Varkiza and Lagonisi ιions ιuch aι ιhe American-sponsored The beιιer resιauranιs are almosι full Aιhens College ha,·e also been alf«t~ . most nighιι , and ιhe hawken of loιιery Professor Cosιaι K:ιlokairin os, a Greelr. tickeu at Omonia Square still do a good naιional on ιhe rollege faculty, was diJ­ day'sbu$iness. ln oιher words, life under missed in 1\farch, ιg6g, by ιhe ιhen min­ ιh e colonels m:ιy be ιιnpleasanι-partic· isιer of educaιion. Theophylacι os Papa· ularly for stu< l eιιts, prokssors, politicians, kon ι ιanιinou. (Greekinstrucιonat Athens journalistsand3rtists--butitisnoι.so Coll~ are not con$ίdered ci\•il seιvanιs, unpleasanι thaι it's worth rislting impri­ bιιι ιheyarepensionedoffbyιhelζO\'em· sonmen ι or deaιh ιο change. Incomι."S menι andonιhίsV'Qιιndiιholdsιherighι ha\·efallen,butnoιsomuchιhaιacouplt ιο fire them.) The justification for ιhe can't go ιο a ιavema once in a while. dismisιal: Papakonsιantinou said a boolt Greek newιpapers are disappointing, buι ProfessorKalokaiήnoshadoncepubli s h~ there are Le Monde, ιhe lntemιιtionαl on Bvzanιine hί s ιοηι quoιed direcιly from Herα/d Tribιιn ι! and Le Figαro aι the the Greαt Soτιiet Encyclopediα and ron· ltiosksfor those whoread oιherlanιμιagtS ιained "Communisι rea50Γiing" such aι or ιhe Greck programson ιhe BBC eνery theclaίm ιhaι Macedonia wasonce a part nigl~t for tlιose who don't. Unclι."S and of Bulgaήa fri ends are dis mi ιsed from jobs but aι l easι ιheyget part of their pensionswhen 05 ιheygo.'Theyhavenotreallysqueezed ιe~~a~J ~~~":~ι G:~ι ~~er~%~~~:~~ us,"aιailorinPiraeusιoldu s.' Ίwou l dnΊ Alexis Zorb:ι, find ίι hard ιο undenιand cast my \'ote for ιhem if Ι had a choice why so paιsionate a people lιa,·e ac· But ιhin 8' are ηοι so bad ιhaι J'd ιhrow cepted dicιaιorship so paιsi\'ti)'. Greeks ffi)'$('1f in frontofaιank ιogeιthnnoιιt." The co l one l ι Jιaνe been cartful ποι 10 ~~m~l:~ ~:e m~~!e a'::~"-~;' =: display ι heίrpo"·e r be)·ondthaιnecessary R.EPOR.T f" R.OM GR.EECE : UNDER. ΤΗ Ε J UNTA

ι ο lι. ee p ιhemιe l veι in conιrol. There are .uost of ιhem arc reBecιed in ιhοιιe ιtated no more sol dierι ίη ιhe sιreets of Greclι. in an interview we had wiιh one ol ιhe citiesιlιaηanywheree4e:inEurope,and ιenior men in the American embusy. The uniformed police seem lw νisible now inιuviewwaι held in his large, panelled than before ιhe coup. Although arresu office and began wiιh a quesιion we had conιinue, Greek.s dοπ'ι seem to concern aιk.ed eνery oιher member ο( ιhe miιsion ιlιemselνeι unleιs their own families are we talked wiιh: Did ιhe embaιsy know aflected, and mοιι are ηοι. Of ιhe six beforehandaboutthecoup? ιhousandpeople who were senι ιο prisons following ιhe roup, more ιhan ιwo-thirds Wchιdnoidcιaιιll(hcιaid] . Wcιhoughι there migtιt bc ι coup from royaliιι gcncralι haνe been released. Most significant, the buι nοι from populiιιcolonc)ι.. Whcn ίι hιp­ coloncls haνe ηοι executed anybody pened,cvcryonchcrefloppcdaroundίncom­ wondeήul, ιhey "Greek.s are: but when plcιc oonfuι.ion. Wc didn't t.nowwhat ιοdο starttokill, ιheycanbcιhe:mostterrible Thecolonelι,whaιeverelιemaybcιaidιbouι pcople in the world," Mn. Corιstanιine Mitxιιak.iι, wife of ιhe Greek. politician, ::.: •;::;~ -:;~n·~r-=eJ•r:d~ ιoldusinherhomclaι;tyear,afewmonths Grcck. inιellίgcnα: ιι:rνicc at one tίme or beforeshewasallowedtojoin hcr husband anothcrandarcverygoodιιk.ecpingsecι1:ta. in exile: in Ρaήι. "Ι remember during Weaι lι.ed ifconditionsinGreeccprior ιhe war whcn you would walk inιo thc tothecouphaddeterioratedtosuchan sιrectandfirιdsomebody'sbodyriddled e xιenι ιhat interνention by ιh e: anny was with bulletι and you didn'tk.now whethcr nece:ssary. Would the clectionsιhat had it was the Gennans, ιhe righιists, ιhe lefιisu; or a je«lous husbarιd who k.ίlled ~ntosc~~~:ιr-1~~ ::ι~ιί~~· ~'·w~~7~ him. 1 am tcπibly frightened for Grcc~ haνe resulted ultimately in a Communiιt ifthek.illingeverιtaru" Sιudenιι of Greclι. hisιor-y ιee a good ::~:r, aι the colonets claim? He an- reasonforthcabscnceofstrongresistaηce tothejuntaintbefactthatthecountry has deνeloped during the pasι twerιty ha;::~~u;~;; ::: ~eb~~~~e:::n:'~~ ycan asignificanι bourgeois clau. For the ιίοnι, ιιudent riοιι, ιt rikα--took. plιι:c moιιly first half of ιhis century Grcece was in­ in ι!J(i5 when Gwrge Papandτcou waι pwtιed νolνed in fivc wan and numerous ιιp­ οuι as premίcr by King Constantine--noι. ίπ heaνalι. Theonly period of stability and thc pcriod iιnmediately ptee«dίng ιhe coup progresscameaftcr 195o.Duringthistime GwrgePapandrcouhadpromiιedthathewould π οι havccoopcnιed wiιh ιhe:Cornmunisι-!ronι moιt Greck..s were able to acquire some­ pany noιnatterhow ιhe clea.ionι ιumed οuι ιhing-a house, a fann, a busincu--for Ithink.hewouldhavektpthiιpromίιc the fi.nt time in ιheirliνes, and thcy want Forιwoyearsbcf~thecoupyouhada ~~e~Ό~=::d to enjoy it, cven if ίι'ι undcr detcriorating pol i ιίcaldtuatίonίn Grecce, buι thepalaceiιpriιnarilyresponι.ibleforιhaι.In Finally, Greek.ι feel ίιΊ nοι their rc­ aparliaιncnιary.yιιem..whenyourcachιpolit· sponsibiliιytodriνeout thecolonels. icalimpaιιcaιG~edidinιg65,yougoιo "The Americans broughι ιhcm in," a ιhe peoplc. The palacc ιnaneuvcred for more highschoolιeacheronCorfuιolduι, ιhan ιwoyeaπ toprevenι elκtionι by promoι ­ ing mak.cshift govcrnmcnu ιhaι h~td no buiι ~:n:c~c iιA:rιC:i~~:crc aa"oo~ιt ~~~c~οι::;~ ofιuppon.Buιevenιhougtιιheparliamenιιιry ιyι tem wu not working wdl in Grec<:e, there ~~·ί: ι:;,:•,t ~~;~~e ~~~reιx::=e~u~hf~~ waι· no Communiaι d.anger. The Communiιι­ front parιy, EDA. had actu•lly declined in Uniιed.Staιeswantsthemthere voιing ιιrengύι, and the Com.muniιu ιimply Oνe:rapcήα:iofιenmonιhsweιalkedto seνcral memben of thc Uηited States diplomatic mission ιο Greece boιh iηfor­ mally and officially. The commenιι of ~1!-Σi~{~ :;rE~;t~~~~ 479 tlιe coloιιels ιhem~]\('S ha-c t.ι~cktd ~"-~) lronι byιhcm [he~idJ.Tiιccolo ιι clιl ι a,·c ιιoι b«n thcir ca rly ttatcmctHt ιlιaι Gro:«c would /ιa• ·e thatoppra.ι.i•c:ιιlarasdictaιortgo.Tiιcyha•·c fallen ιο ιhc Coαιmu11itu. Μaιιy pcoplc bc­ Jic,cd ιlιctc "aιcmcnι~ largcly l.ιccιu~ of ΑΙΙ· ;~i~~uιi~~~~i~~~ :~~~·:rm:~o~:.:;~~: dreat P~p;ιιιdr~u. λιιdrca~ rcprncnιcd a ncw ~f ιhey_ ~ign a ~J~c ιhaι ιhcy •· οηΊ engage a ι ιdιoιnn.·haιdangcrouιforcciιιGιcekpolitia ιrιpo!ιtιc.alacι"ιt).Pcoplcarcnoιcxacιly ~J,~~ι::::~.:'~6:'",~cg ~:: ~~:ι:.;~~Ιι ι: :;oι:::fngdc:~.. ;n i::o~::Π'ι'ra~= ~:;:ίο~ Uιιίιcd Statct, ι ιιrong ιιaιιd againsι: Russia largcnumberofGrecU,probablyιhcmajoriιy, Hi' Matcmcnu madc a Ιοι of pcoplc afraid, rrnιynoιl.ιchappyabouιιhcjunιa,butιhcy maιk ιhcm tlιίnk ιlιaι Grcccc •·;u lιcadi"8 ιο- are ηοι •·cηι acιi•·c irι ιhowing ιhcir diιcom­ :.~;~,~m:;::: or dιaοι ;u Ιοιιg as hc had forι.SoldonΊιcc\Vaιhingιonιakingaιιy ~=~~~·:~~:' a:~~nst thc jurιta uιιιil ιhc prob- \Vcιhenask.ed"·lιa ιtlιe a ιιiιudeor ιlιe Aιηerican nιiuion was toward ιhe ('\'haι boιhcπ opponenιι of ιhe juηι:ι. colonels. Hesaid: is nοι only ιh:ι.ι ιlιc UniιedSιaιe s is not doingan)· thingagaiιιstιheju ι ιιabuιιhaι \\'cll. ιhcre iι a ιplit in ιhc mi ιsion. Thc iιseemsιobedoingalotforit.For military ad•·itcrι ιhink. •·cry well of ι/ι enι. λι example, \\'as\ιingιorι acιi••ely ιricd ιο miliι ary allicιthey arc aι coopcrati•·c aι o11c could wish. [ tΌmιcr Aml.ιaslόldor 1-'l•illipι ] persuadc ιhe men1berι of ιlιe Coιιnci\ Talboι lcancd hca•·ilyoιι a wait·aιιd-Rc policy, of Europe nοι to expel Greece. "'Tiιc ιhaι wc ~lιould'give ιlιcηι ιinι c ι ο ιlιοw ιh cir inιcιιιions.lιhinkιlιeyha•·cdoneιlιaι.l ~::~:" ι!ο~=~~~~~~~~~ 0 ;s 1 ~1w~ysd=~~~~~ ιhink ιhey ha•·c no inιcnιion aι allofmo•·ing by tl•e colonels," says H elen Vl~rhαι, ιhe ιoward parliamcnιary go•·erιιmeι11. Their ιlow­ exiled pιιblislιer, wlιo refuseιl ιο pιιblish ne•inimplcmcnιiιιgιheroιιιιiιuιioιιapproνcd lιer papcrs ιιnder dictaιorslιip. 'Ά mba s­ in a rcfcτcιιdum in Sepιcmbcr, ι !j68, iι a ccr­ §;ldorTalbotwasa\"•aysιryingιopeπuadc ιainιignofιhaι. l ιec ι ιocνidcnce"·haιιoevcr me ιο sιa rt ιιp my paperι . Όh, come on ιhaιιheyareprcparingforcleaions . E•·c ιιif ιιοw,' he \Οο"Οιιid 5ay. Ίlιese gι ι ys are nοι ~~;~~d~r~~d -;;::~~... ~ 1~ο~: 1 ;ιιcm, ι dοιι'ι sobad.'"') Thc RC\oluιionary Council. whidι ίι madc \\'e ask.et.l ιlι e Amcrir:ιn diJ>Iornaι in up of ιome ιhirty key miliιar y officen arιd is Aιlιenshow ιheUniιed Sιatcscoιιld l>ring ιlιcprimarypolicy-makinggτoupinιhego•·c m ~~=e~~ coloncls if ίι "·anιed ιο. He ~:~~· ;1-:.:ι:~~e :σnο:..~ι::• ...ο:..ι;ο;~ί~ηο~~c:~~: Thcrc are sc•·cr~l waμ lf \Vashingιon dc- wou ld c:ιrryιhcιcedιofιhecolonclι"πmoνal from powcr. Elc-ι:ιionι would lcad το morc ~~~~~lι.;~ιhai:lira~;:,Cι:.,•d b::, ~~~;~=·~~~: [;; criιicίμn, more dcmandt for change. λnd Ι ..-orld, and lόlid ιο publicly. Ι ιhink ιhc junι~ don'ιιhinlι.ιherolonclιbcliC\·c ιhcirownpro­ ..-ould ιopplc. ι\lso if ιhc λdminiι ιration con­ paganda ιhaι ιhc bulk of ιhc Greck pcoplc tacttdConstanιinc Karamanlit,ιhcformcrprc­ arcwiι hιhcm.They'reιooμna rtforιhat rnicr ιοwhοmmαιι pcoplchopeful ofa rcιurn \Ve asked ί( ιh e Uniιed Sιaιes coulιl ιο p;ιrliamcnιary go•·cmmcnι arc looking, in· •· iιcdhim ιo\Vashirιgton a ιιdindicatcdλm eri­ ~~~ure ιh eco\onc\ s ιohold e l ec ιions. He can suppon for him, c lcment ι in ιhc armcd ~:=~::~~~:~Σ:~sh ιhc coloncls οuι and in•· iιc Νο, wcco ιιld pιιι/ι thcm οιιι if wc ιritd lι~rd enough. bιιι .,..c dοrι "ι forcc thcm ιoward clcc \Ve asked if he saw any clιa ι ιcc of tlιat tionι . TlιcyΊ!jusιtay no and wcΊI ciι lι erha•·c ιoaccφtthatortr)"topuihιhcnιoιιι.Lctme lιappeιιing ~~;~η ~~ adιl herc ιh~ι I don'ι ιcc uι puιhing Riglιι no ..· none aι all [hc μ ίd ]. \Vhat I do 0 ιec is ιhc roloncls going on for a long time. prob.ablν gcιιing ιoιιgh cr aι ιhc y go. Thcre a~c \Ve:ιsk ed"•lιy ιomc•crylιard-lincnin ιhearmymakingιhcιr Ι ι" ι hard ιο pro•·c ιhaι ιhc pcoplc of Grcttc iιιl!ucncc fclι righι now. Ι r ιhc regime ![et5 are ιhιι uιιh appy01·cr ιh cmorιhaι opprcssed ιoughcτ.rcsiκaιιcc"·itldc,,cιop.puιhingιhe REPORT FROM CREECE: UNDER ΤΗΕ JUΝτλ co l oncl•ιoharι.hcrmcaιureι,whichwillinιurn (Αι the lasι momenι, aι a f ace.ιaνing ιιimulaιe ιιrοη~ ιnι:Ι wider reιiΊιarκc. Then, measure,GreeccvolunιarilywiΙIΙ

That's conlidential. But Ι απ ιell you ιhaι circlcs, one official reccntly deκribed it as you ι::annoι gcι much evidence unlea you ha~ an attempt "to obtain in~ased freedom fτeeacceιstoeνerypolicesuιίonίnιherounιηr, and το use ίι .. το make ιesu, sec ιhe bκau~ iιisattheιιatίonιwhereιhebeaιingι response, and on ιhe basis of those tcsts, are lίkely ιο ιake place. By ιhe ιime people either conιinue our work or discontίnue gcιιoιheprisons,iιisιoolaιe ... Besideι,ιhe ·ι" 1 k · ·ιh ιh· ι· the Red

~[~~~~~\~~abouι ιhe torιure. draws aιιenιion a~y from νember 5. wiιh jusτ oνcr a monιh ιο Ιζ0 btfore Ιh e mee1 ing of Ιhe Council of " ιh ere was a m i ιun d er­ Σ urope Mini ιΙ er s, Papadopoulossigncd. standi ng. . ιh ere were delayι," bu ι U nder ιh eΙermιofιheagr~enι, t he li nally a decision was ι a k e n by the Com­ Rcd Crosι is granιcd Ιhe r i gh ι ιο viι i t mi ιι ee itself th a Ι makes ίι a maιιer of any deΙention cen1er, wheιher ciνίlian or policy for ιhe de l egaιe ιο make hiι ν i siu mi li tary,a ndιodemandΙo.ιeean yJXIliι i cal 'Όnιheshortestpossib l enoιice." pr i ιone r . A f ιer every νίsίι, 1he Rcd Cross wίl l issue a communiquι announcing Ι he G~ks call ιhechauνiniιιic, puriιa n i­ d aιes, p l acα and condiιion.ι ο( iu νisiu. cal and si ngle.mindcd men who com­ Lnt anyone miss ιhe poinι of ιhis Jast mand power in GreeQ ιoday stι:"okι:ph12· proνision,ιheagreemenΙspecificallypr& 1oi, n arτow-headι. Βuι in ιome wayι, ιhe hibits ιhe goνemmenΙ from miιrep re­ king and the politicians who rulcd bt· ιentingιhereporuin anyway.Asa resulι fore ιhcm could haνe uscd ιome ο! ιheir oftheseincrea!ed acιiνiΙies, ΙheRedCross abiliιy Ιο bury their differences and announcedιbatiΙise.sιablishingaper­ focuson priorities. ln λpri l , ιΦ7, Greece manenιmissionΙoG~.ιobthousedin hadιhehighesιpercapiιaincorneof quarιen separ;ιtefrom the local Red Cross any counιry tohaνesuffercd a coup, well chapιer over double ιhe aνer;ιge. Neverιheleιι, The Rcd Croι! dearly won the fint ιhe intrigues of the palace as well as of round,andΙhevicΙorybelongsιothose thepoliιicianshadconιribuιedtoaιΙaΙe officials wbo haνc long been arguing that ofuncerιainιyιhaιlefιthecounιryde. ιhe G~k goνemmenι would submit ιο fenκless,ripeforamiliιaryιalteover a more acΙiνist policy. Eνen so, Ιhe Red Consιanιine Karamanlis and several of Cross has s ιill not aιιemptcd Ιο aιserι hiι ministen btlieve ιhaι ί( King Paul ιhe full measu~ of f~om that officials had nοι pushed ιheir κovernmenι ou1 ol btlieνe is necessary 10 make a ιhorough powerin ι!)δ !, iιwouldιtillbe servi ngΙo­ inνt:sΙigaΙion of ιhe ιorιure que.sιion. Ac· day and ιhere would be no colonelι. λn­ cordingΙoinfonncdsources,ιheseoffidals dreas Papandreou and fonner ministen btlieveιhenewagreementcanbtfully of ιhe Center Union pany claim that if dfectiνeonlyifιhedelega:ιeassertsbis King Paul's succe5SO!', Conιtantine, had 1 not done the same ιhing to Ge-orge Pa­ ~~~~ :he~~k:r ~:/~~:~hί~:ίι:;:~~ pandreou in 1!}65, ιhe Center Union would still bt in power and again ιhere ~~si:ι~~7 f:;e~~~~~o ~~-"~:~~ ~~ ,.-ouldbenocolonels alw:ι.ysdoneιo. "From 1916 onwards, ιhe lting ruled 'Ύοu may wonder why we Ιeι ιhem wiιh compleιe auιhoriΙy oνer 1he anned forcα , "saysConstantineMiuoΙakis.'Ά nd he intended ιο keep his powen. The finΙ !~~ ..~::r~~:::~; :~~~~::ιΕ νίcιίm of ιhίι sysιem waι Kar;ιmanli s. ιhings up. Thaι iι our job, to improve Theιecond wasPapandreou" condiιionsforpoliιicalpriιonerι.lfιhey The monarchy haι neνer had ιolid improνe thcm becauιe ιhey know we are rooιs in Greece. Ιι daιes from ι811ο when coming,ιhat'sfine" Greece dro\'e οuι the Turk ι afιer four On ιhίι ίιιue , Mr. Marιi has found hundrcd yean of occupaιion only to himιelfaΙoddswiιhthenewpolicy,which become a protectoraΙe of ιhe Europc:an obνiously preιupposGeorge Papandreou. l n ln 191}3, Karamanlis advised King Paul facι, the Center Union claimed that the tocancelastatevisittoLondon,be­ winning marg:in had ~n ιh e result of cause lιt: anticipat~ demonstraιioαι by coercionandfraudintheruralareas, ιhe Bήtish Cornrnunists. King Paul ig· where ιhe aπny gendarmerie had con­ siderable arbitrary authoriιy. (When the ~~~~sd :~:~d;~~f:~~gK~r~~~~l~s·t~~ Cenιer Union finally came to power in igrωion. According ιο one of his fonner 3 ministers,thekinghad ~nlookingfor ;~~· ~h1::~~:re:R E ':~~~~:fι .. ~~~n=e:~ a reason topus.h hirn οuι of power. 'Όη annydoι.siers.ltproνidedsomeeνidence one side he fe lι threatened by Kararnan­ fortheclaim.) lίs,"ιherninistersaid,"becausehehad Having learned a lesson from his nar­ ~η makingincreasingdernandson ιh e row margίn of victory, Karamanlis was palaceto loosen ίι s hold on ιhe ann~ apparently planningtoembarkon anen form.Andonιheotherhesawthatpub­ larged social program to woo popular lic support for the monarchy wu falling supportwhen King Ρaιιl pushed hirn out rapidly. Aware that ιhe public had also 'Όur goνernment was well aware that iu grown disenchant~ with Kararnanlis, he sιanding with ιhe people had deteήo- usedιheLondonνi siιιoforce hismig ­ 0 nationandbolsιerιhemonarchy:· :~~i~· ~~i:e/ ~~e mr:':ro~ ~asK~':r Α tough, able leader, Karamanlis had heaνy emphasis on capital inνestrnent at donernuchtobuildupthecounιrysince the expense of social serν ices. Βuι we had ιakingofficeinιgss.Byιg6otheecon­ a plan to dosom eιhi ng about it. If Kara· omy was growing annually aι a rate of manlis had nοι ~π pressured ίηιο re­ almost eight percenι and some $ιοο rnil signing, he would h;ινe giνen himself a lion in foreign inνestments were pouήng year's leeway and during that period he inannually.Inhiszealιobuildupa would haνe launched a seήes of pro­ sιrong economy, Karamanlis had ne­ grams to upgrade education, increase glecι~ education and social serνices, pensions,expandpublicservicesandall and his governrnent was repeaιedly ac­ therest.Enoughνoterswouldhaνe~n cused of sιrong-ann rnethods, particu­ larly in the rural areas. Βuι Karamanlis ~~ B~~c~;o n:~~~~a~c~~7 c~:n~a:m:~ ~:~~~~ere was an oνerall strategr in his ιh;.h_~ani~terνention of the monarch un- K~~:~ua~~~n:s~e~o:'t ν~~~ora~uιhh~:~ ~~~~~e r::ιo~ar:;~n~~u~~~ e:~ι~: in Paris last year. ··ι carevery much. But vember, ιg6 3, ίι became clear that Pa­ 1 pandreou·s Center Union had won by ~~; :~:~ ~~: ~:~ ~~r;:;~:ιe h~;!asfι~~ onlythreepercentoftheνote.Withouta ιίοη was tobuild her up. Todothaι sac­ clearmajoriιy,Papandreourejecteda par· rifices had ιο be made. Whaι good is ίι liamentary coalition with the Commu ιoιurnoιιtoneιhousandengineersa nisι.(ront parιy, ιhe Uniιed Democratic yearifthereare nojobs toput ιhem in? Lt:ft (E DA ). and called for new elec­ ldidwhatwasbesιforGreece ... During tions in February, 1g64. Many GreeU ιhe eight years of my administration, we ιend to vote simply for the party they built a strong economic foundaιion , ιhat think is going to win, and this election would haνe had Greece on the JeVel of was no exception: after the slim νictory :~~~ ~7 now if my policies had ~n fol three rnonths earliιτ, the Center Union in Febπιary won fifty-three percent of Jn ιhe elections of ι9Ι)ι , Karaman ιheνoιe-ιhelargest pluraliιyin postwar lis' party, ιhe National Radical Union Greekhistory (ERE), had~n stronglychallenged by Neνerιheless,accordingιo~Pa- pand~u'sfollowersaswellashiscritiα, Α number of men in the councils of he remained an opposition Jeader eνen the Center Union decided thaι ιhe only afιer he became prime minisιer, and way ιο pι-evenι. Andreas from taking during his scanι sixιecn monιhs in of­ power was ιο brιng George Papandreou fice,hefaίledιodeνelopaclearlyfor­ down as well. One of ιh e m was Panos mulated polίcy Kokkas, Ι~ e poweήul_ publisher of the Andreas Papandreou belie\·es tlιe Aιhens daιly ElefthΠla, who faνored re­ downfall of his faιher's governmenι was placing hίm wiιh Miuotakis. E/eftheria ensured in Washington in June, ιg64. aιιackedPapandreouontheissueofιhe when George Papandreou refused Presi· anηy, claiming ιhat it was a party unto 5 1 2 iιsel[ which should be made directl)' re ~~~ +~~~~;· Pr::~~ Inf:u ιοm:~~~ sponsible ιο Ιhe elecιed governmenι. B11t, according 10 Andreas Papandreou, ιhese ~en~~p~ι::s. ~~~~h~:nyc~s!Ιe0~n ~~= aιιacks were really a provocaιion, calcu­ parιy'sdownίallwasAndreashimself. laιed to bring governmenι ίηιο conflict Andreas Papandreou had left Greece wi1h ιhe monarchy and ιhus remoνe it in 1940 ιο study economiα aι Harνard frompower Univenity. Α rapid rise in ιhe aca­ Pres.sured by his own parιy and pub­ demic world brought him to the Univer­ lίcopinion,GeorgePapandreoustarted sity of Califomίa at Be:rkeley as a full replacing rightisι anηy officel"$ with lib· profeswr iR 1955. Ιη ιgδι, he gave ιιρ erals, induding ιhοsι- on Cyprus and teaching and r eωmed το Aιhens at the oιher sensiιive posιs. General George Griνas, the rightist commander of Greek ~:v;:;ι~~~ec~~r ~~~ ~:r~~~~;s or~:~:;~; forces on Cyprns, was not happy at the Research. Threc years laιer, having givιo:n influxofsuchoffice",andafΙersome up his American citizenship, he ran in digging, he claimed ιο haνe discovered a ~~~ ;1ecιions as a depuιy in his faιher' s secret army group named ASPIDA, al· 1 ledgedly headed by Andreas Papandreou When his faιher became prime minis Grivas ιοοk his allegaι ions ιο Defense ιer, Andreas became his chief aide. Dur­ ing ιhe same year, however, he re­ ~~~is~~: a~=r~~ ~::~~~ali:~s 1:ar;;;~ signed under a cloudofnever-proνed Ιhrow the monarclιy and pull Greece οuι of ιhe Atlantic Alliance. (Some ιwenιy­ :ιr;:;~Ί in::;;a~/he ~~:~di•ι:f ~a~:;~ eighι offictn were ultimately corινicted brou,Q:ht him back in the poweήu l post of conspiracy in ιh e ASPIDA alfair, bu1 of mini s ι e rofcoordinaιion, a lot of peo- i1 was never proved that their inιention was ι ο overιh row the monarchy or that f~e ι::::κ~: ~~~~~r~~~ur:a:ea~~;~i~~ Andreas Pap;ιndreou was their Jeader Cι:n1erU nion There had been in the anηy a secret ''A ndreas wanted swift adνancemenι," rightist group called IDEA, whose mem­ says Consιanιine Mitsoιakis, his possible be" deιermined promotiorι s and assi~ rival for the paιty leadership. 'Twicehe ments, and thus it was nοι strange that an opposing group of liberal office" ~~~is:~ie~ w~~~edheby h:~s ::i~~~ f~ shou ldformanoi'JζanizationrocounΙer­ parιy was a new p:~rιy of many smaller act iι. Unnoticed at ιhe timewas a third jζ"ΓOUf» with much less discipline than ιhe secret organization in the aιmy, made up ERE, and whate\·er balance existed be­ of riιι;hιi st olfιcers who resented IDEA's ιwecn ιhem v.·as desιroyed by Andreas power. τl1ίs RfOUp. called ΈΣΝΑ. was He had ,lζl"Cat inflιιence over his faιher headed byathen unknowncolonel named Usua\Jy we wou\d ι a ke one decision as a George Papadopoulos.) group and in ιh e eνening Andreas would Accordin~ to Andreas Papandreou, his lζOalone tohisfaιlι e r'shomeaΙKasιriand faιl1er's trιιsιed fιiend Garoufalias ac­ convi n ceh imιodosom e ιhingelse" ιually conιribuιl"

ings beιween i>apanιlreou and ιhe king, mo nιl ιs if ιhe king had le[ι him alone," hoping to be called as priιne minister ο[ says an ERE poliιician wlιo lιas serνed aninιerimserνicegO\'ernιnenι. in seνeral goνernωenιs in ιhe pasι Anoιlιer man sιand in g ίη ιhe wings ιwetιty years. " He Wa$ being undermίned was Consta ιnίn e Mitsoιakis, who Aιιdreas by memben; of Ιιίs own party and his says lιad promised Queen Moιlιer }Ίede- faίlures were begίnning to catch up wίιlι ~~~ h~ιa~o~~d ιl~:eae;·e::ιhof1 :eat;a~~;~~ ~ ~~e ~ίι;:. 3b~er~ismissing Jιim, ιhe king bring eighty Cenιer Unίοιι depuιies with lf J\liιsoιakis had cou ιtt eιl on eiglιιy him. ( Miιsoιakis denies ιhe charge and deputie!l for a governmenι ιoreplace Pa­ s.ays hecontinually urged Georgc Papan- pandreou, events were ιο show ιlιat he ιlreou notιoforceaι;:onfro ιιιaιion. ) had seriously mίs<:al culaιed. Many depu- \Vlιen Garoufalias brouglιt ιh e ιιews of ties \'."ere inιimidat e d by ιlιe immediaιe ASPIDA ιο Consιanιine, ιhe king de- pro-Papandreou popular reaαion, and manded a full inνesιigaιion . "J reg;ιrd it refused ιο defeα. Tlιe Comιnunisι-fronι as your duιy ιο proι::eed aι once to do EDA party, \'.'hich lι ad been preparing whaι I ask," ιh e ιwenty -e ighι-year-old to atιa ck Papandreou before ιhe crisis, monarch wroιe to tlιe seνent)"-se\· en-)'Car - now took the lead in organizing demon­ old prime minisιer. ''Yi ιis is my \"Cry last straιions in Ιιί s support. Every e\"ening, warning·· the city resoωιded wίιlι tlιe rhyιlιmic ca- \VIι enPapandreourefusedιlιeking"s denc e :"Pa-pan-dre-ou."\Vhenasιudenι requ es ι, Garoufalias prompιly laιιn c hed was killed duriιιg a clas l ι with tlιe police, theinve!itigationonhisown.Papandreou tlιeleft sei zedιlι e opporιunityofstaging ι;:alled for Garoιιfalias ' r esigna ιion, and, a dramaι i c public fιιneral. Hundreds of as a temporary nιeasure unιil anoιher mourners marι;:hed with upraised fisu be- ~~~~s;~~ ι~:~~~e ':as ~~r.~;ι~~~r ~~e ~~: ~:~~i:::: gricving motlιer and sister οί fense nιinisιryhimself In ιhe meanιime, ιhe Miιsoιakis dr~~ ~:e ~;~:n~efι:u~i s~~r aci~ep~ι i~a~~n~ f:~~:·j~:;;:J· :~ig;~~ιi:~e~~r ιl:e ~~f~: ~~;c~~~~~\JOs~~i:~ ~;:~~a:::en~i~7e. ~.Ι; ~~~ι~a2 "7ι~!ο~~1i~· ~~~k~;:: ~;~ιί~-=~ ~~~ ::i~;d~e:'n~sι e;ashe g::: g=u~~o:;h ~ ~~::~ass~~:~~ov~~ - ~~~t erho~·: · u~~~~~~~ be defense mίnister," he says. Papan- guished buι dignified poliιical career, ~=~i~~;~~yO~ ej~;~ 1 5:h~e ~=~r:ηι~:~ι ~~;:: c~~a~~sd ,,.~ ;~7ι~~ο~7ι ian ~~; li~:U~';; Ιιίs resignaι ion would be effecti\"e "' itlιin ofdebaιe t\'.·enιy-four houn, obviously assumi ιι g The Noνas go\·er nn~enι l asιed a mat- ~:= Ξ~~:::;Ίiι;~~Ξ~~~:~:~Ξ ~::~~~~ :~;:f:~Ξ~j:c~~~~i~~::: :~Ξ~~:σ:τ ~~~~ ιlιin g. He simply aα::epted Papandreoιι"s !\[eanwlιi l e, the cro.,.,·ds in ιh e sιreeιs de­ resignation, e ffecιive immediaιely. Το ιhe manded tlιat the kingobserve ιhe consti­ amazemenι of eνeryone wlιo w:ιs not in tution and a ppoinι a c areιaker goνern · • on ιhe plot from the beginni ι ιg, seι• era l πιenι ιο ρrepare for elections. Βuι ιhe genιlemen in frock coaιs-includ ing !\liι-, king refι ιsed to call for elecιions, which sotakis-showe

ledusιothebήιιk.ofιιatioιιaldiι.aιter.There forthek.inga.fterall, and he leι ιhcm go waι no οιhσ way oC ι.alνaιion lefι ιhan ιhe Α few minιιt es later, they ~turncd and interνenιionofourAnny .. placedιhegencralunderarresι. The coloncls said ιhey lιad come ιο "Consta.ntineshouldhavcgonetoCrcte," saνc ιhe country from ιhe Communists, says aπ Ameήcan mίliιary aιιache. 'Ήis buι it soon b«ame clear thaι tlιey had Hron~t s upporι has a.Jwa)·s been ιhe come ιο.μνe ίι from many oιher people na.vyand ιheairforce, boιhofwhich havc as wcll. Through ιhe summer and ιhe extcnsiνc installa.ιionι in Creιe. With the autumn, ιhey began to dismiss hundrcds supportofthena.vyandιheaί r(orc e, . of royalist officcn. The oolonels ιhem­ which ιh ccolone l shad n οι gοι around ιο .sc l νesv;ercallfrompoorνilla~,and 8 had never bccn favorably t~ated by ιhe :Χ:ι ~ ~~hhee ί7ι:~~ ~~~eq~~~~~~ ~~~:~ upper-middlc-ςlau military cstablishment. (Patak.os, for cxample, had Janguishcd ~~: ~~~~ ;~;";~~:':ιs b~~ul~ndha~~ forιcnlongyearsasalicutenantcolonel.) had ιο bow ιο him or ήsk c iνil war, ιh e Soιheytookιheirfirstopporιuniιyιo very thίng they said thcy had come to settle somc old scorcs and puι ιheir own meninkeypoιιts ~~;c~~· :::ι:~:~g:: :~~~~ί;οι3 ~~ν~:ι~ Bytheendofιg67,thcextcntofιhe ~:~s~" used its influencc against ιh e ιοlο- military purgeιalaπncd ΚingConsιanιίne cnough ιο move him ιο action. On De­ cember 13, King Constantine Jaunched his The Grcck. political world was put famous counterroup, departing in a ~Janc into a deepfrecze when ιhc ooloncls took for northcrn Grccce, accompanicd by his ovcr on thc moming of Apήl ι ι, and if i~:.:"· ιheir child, and his moιher Frcd- ~:η:; ~~:;eιa;:n1 :ι i~m=:~~ ~:~~ "The timc has come for you ιο hear Except for Gcorge Papandreou who died the voice of your monarch," hc said, but in Octobt;r, ιg68 Qcavίng ιhc pany with- ~~:ι r;~o:di~~a:r rah~:o ~~~~is:a:n~ro~~ ;~: t~el:~2 ~~~ ~~~j~n;1:ι h~~;a~e~ manyofhissubjcctshcardιheirmonarch"s abletomakeanyinroadsintothci roppoιιi­ νoicc. Jn Kavalla, whc~ ιhc king spent tion. \Vith tlιe exccption of ιhe prcsenι thc aftcrnoon, huge crowds dcmon~ratcd forc ign ministcr Panayiotis PipincJlis, an thcir solidaήty, ~en though ιhis capital extrcme Royalisι and (ΓC,rιr:~~ r~::r v~~~~s· ι::ι Karamanlis' dcclaraιion wiιh the same the policies of any interim governmcnι condiιion, he ν.·as simply repeating a pro. must express ''the joint platform of ιhe posal ιhaι he knew beforeharιd wouid be politicatparιicsandιheresiι.tanceorgani- rejected Papandreoutolduιthaι_hiιpoι;iιion ιnnsiιion peήod ol one year, duήnι which was inιpired by po liti ca ll ogιc . ι ιeiιherιhcιg68norιh e ι gsιConsι iιuιi onι wouldbe in effect . butinιιeadwewouldemploy Νο maιιtt whaι we do in the tnnιition ιhe Uniιed Naιionι Bill of Human Righu aι ~C:~rl~ :;ι:.~ :;;;~ ::k d~~~~::;κ.~~ ι um itinιoιviableandfreecountry . Hewho ~i~d~~~u~~~:~;;:~~~~~~:l~ ~~:i~':~i~: :ι~~~;,~:.~~:~';: ~: ~;'~1~i:mn:": :~:~~';:~~~~~ιi:~:":Π::ι:~?, on ιhe b:uisof ιhe \aw which exiιtι-d in λpril :~7~:~ r=~d ~~ ~~;hj~:'e~ιo~n ~~ C:~~; r:4~~~i~~:~·~;:~~~~~~r~ Crcek law απieι ι maximum ~~tnιence of ~ι ~c=. ~ ~0: ~ν:;~ ~;;ι;:ι;:ciι; 1:ι. ~h~: ;;~",;:,Ie;,~i~:~ ι:O=u~n .:~~c~~Ί ~~~ I doiιιlιoinιheinttn:MιofCreece ha,·e ιaken ar~cons id ered by uιιο beillqal and ιhall ~ ιιudied n a kι-dl y by th ~ couns ιο 3 ~=~al:~;;~~~?::J3a~r;:~~ιo~~ ~ :r~~::r:~ ~~::~ :~~~.and ιο fonh, would ~:~~~:li:ur;:;t1i~! wK~ra~:;~~hι ~~~~~ \Yhateν~ r hiι critics may say abo uι him, =~P:Πdi=~~.' ~~~ c ~~~ ~~i~;.fi~e::r~~::~~ hewouldmakesubjecι ι oarc f e r endum , to ~~~~:7~~"::~:~;:~~~R:~:~~~Ξi:.~; Aristotle Onauis, wlιom he would banish from th~ land withouι apptal. His UΠ · ~:!:::i~nagny ~~:ewh:1 ιu;;:~;b~~ r~:~~?~.~~:~~1i·:i~:Ξ~~~~~~· would η«Ό to carry out a program, but man li sshou l dd i ιquali f yhim~lffrom run· at ιhe same ι i me it haι ρrojected him ni~fr i~ ~:~:e~~ e~~~i~t, I wou\d not :~αι:~ί ~~~~ :hi~~7s'epaar~i:uι?:7y~~ν~ becau se itfill s aνoidcreatedbythea.b­ ~~~~~~e η':, a:rπdι~isd:'~~c~;:~: ~.~~~; sence of \'igorous leadership. Here, many iflwere, I would n othesiιate " \Ye asked Papand~u if he woul~ be' wi l\ing ι ο participate in a ιranιiι ι ona l Ξ~'~fΞ:ξδ~;:,~~~:f.i~~~ himself ;~~}:;i:i.Ξ?~~~~:·E~~·Ξ .. ~!f 'Ίf "'·e haνe frce e l ect i onι in Greece," 1 ~~~ '::ιιsι:ιi~:recM~~~~:is, ~~m~~:π:. a ~~::~~~~ ~:;e 1 ~ ~~i~:~~d~ u· s Andreas, and ιhe EDA. The rest oC the Cenιeτw i\1 haνe tomakeitιchoice ." Mit$0tak is' choice ί ι facilitated by ιh e fact ιhat he made iι in ι g65. when he bro\ι.e wiιh ιhe Papandreous. He now ma inιainsthaι indoingsoh e wasaι ιempt · :~~n:~al~; e :~ ~~ = ;:~~~o~~a1ti~~ ~:: ~e:ι moνemtntunderhis coηtrol.ln themean· ~~~f~~t~~ concea\ ιh e fa ct ιh at he iscarryinga h eaνy ιime, he has outlined a detailed conιin · burdeno f s h a me forhiιpa ι tm ac hinaιioηs gencyplan \Viιhpung e nιiron y, heobservesineffe ct Ιπ caκ ιhe r eιiι ι ance forcι:stXcupyιhe κa ι ιhaι "'hat he did wa ι wor~ ιhan a crime: of powcτ (he sayι] , we are commiιιed ιο a iι was a mi s ι a k e. And ptrhapι since he 49! Jιasnotlιing ιο105(, Mitsotakishas ιhrown is probably grι:aιι:r unity in tlιe Greek poliιical world tlιan at any timc s incι: ~~::~5 i~~~ 11tlι~iι~~gg~~r:~ι~nl~~w:~ p;~ ιlιecoιιp.lnjulyι91)g,apoliιicalofficer pandJ"CQιι. UnlikeKaramarιlis,heiswiiHng in tlιe American embassy in λιlιens ιold ιο traν el all oνer Europe and tlιe Urιited us ιlιaι Karamanlis and thc poliιicians St<Ιte5 to win support for the opposition. haιl ιο comι: ιogeιher bι:fore tlιe United anιlunlikePapanιlreoulιedoesnoιseek Sιaιescouldconιemplatetaking anyacιion publiciιy. He is a ιall impo5ing figure, Το a large extcnι, ιhose conditions havι: wίιlι Jarge: eyeι and a high forelιead thaι bι:en satisfίed, buι tl1e merry-go-round ιιill mak~ him resemble, of all people, Ιιίs goes on. Karaman!is Jιeeps his own coun. old antagonist, Anιlreas Pap;ιndi"CQU. tfn se l, Washingtonvaci11aιes,andιimeworks like m;ιny Greek poliιicians, he answers in favor of ιh e junιa. Thc coloncls arι: questions directly and with a few words, s ιronger ιoιla y ιhan they wcrι: ιwο yι:ars and he creates the impression of having agoandtlιι:irstrengthisonlylikelyto ~~idedahead oftimewhat heisιι;oing ιο incrcase in timc, along wiιh thι: extrem­ istsamongιlιeiropposition \Ve asked Miιsoι;ιkis wlιaι would bήng '"f l ιey came from a νoid, and they are ιlownιlιejΙΙnta,andhesaid, sιιpported by :ι νoid," Sill.)'$ Helen Vlach06. ~~~~i:nre ;i~~r-~oνe r-crafιs supporιed by There$istanccolιhcGrcelιpeoplc.Thcnwι: 0 ~r:;;m~~: :as::ι ~~v: ι:::~i~~~~~~~~~~ Οηι: by οηι:, ιhe politicians takι: their ιurns aι tlιe ιh ι: Wι: must havc aπ intcrim transitional govcrn podium, like Greek mcnt which will bc madc up of all political ρaτιic ι wiιh ιhι: cχcς,ριίοπ of ιhc Communisι ~:~~:~:~~ ;;~;~u1:::dd;:ι!s:::·c:~~ ~~~ p~rty. by which Ι alιo mcan thc EDA. Ι lιnow an end. Karamanlis has retreated to his ιcnt,andonlypeeksouιoccasiona\lyto ~::~... ::W:w: ... ~~om~x"c;~d:':ι~ i ~f ~~:mm:,:: Jookonι:wayιoWaslιingtonandιhcoιlιcr thc intι:rim govcrnmcnι. Ιι wonΊ bι: ιhc ιort totheGreι:k politicians. τJιι:politiciansin ωm keι:pone eycon Karamanlisand ιhe ~;~;ιι;:~:."Ι:",~;~~~ ~~~:7ο~ι !~~~ ~~~~~ othι:ronPapandrwu.Finally.nι:arland's =!~:u~y10 ah:ιda~1 ;:~n~ s.ay ιiχ monthι, or end, on tlιe promonιory whcre he has placι:d himself, Andreas Papa.ndi"CQu Αι tlιι: same ιime. Mitsotakis does not lookssιonilyoutιosea hide his pooropinionof Andreas Τhι: coloncls are we\1 inιo thcir ιhird lιoldAndrcaιhccancxpttιoncιhingfrom year in powcr, but Greeks are an optimis­ uι (hc s.ayι]. Free ι:lections in which hc can tic peop:e and many of them spend long rctumtoGreecca nd ιalιchiιcascιoιhcpeop l c . lιours anιong themselvι:s analyzing thι: Βuι he can cxpecι noιhingι:Jse.l ιhinlι Kan­ pressures they bι:lieνe are going to dήve manliιwould ccrtainlywin aπ election againιt οuι. liιtle Andrcas. Somc pcoplc objecι to mc. Oιhcrι the junta Thcre is agreemcnt obj<'ct ιoAndrcas. Βuι I ιhink e~·ι:rybcκly would asιowhatthese pressuresare, butaloιof acupt Karamanliι. Aftcr ιhc junιa, thcYc will Greeksareconvincedthatitwon'tbι:long bι:$UChworlιtoputc•·crythingbackinordcr, Ontheotherhand,manyforeignobserνen and forιhiιjob wι:want thc man whohaι thc are more pe$Sίmistic. "Thcrι: is a good grcatcuinflucncι:andprovσlιcιιhcunallcιt ciιance ιhat whaι 'fO u'll have here is adνcr:~e reaction . Νο onc can deny that ιhίι anotlιcr Spain," says a British diplomat. ίι Kanmanliι. Thι:y ι ay ιhι:y nοι man can wi!l "They'νedugin_ decpandiι'sgoingιobι: ~~:~ ~~~ ~:::~~ - check, buι ιhcy cannot deny damn dilfu:ult ιο puslι them οuι." The colonι: l s morcover are ποι slιowing any George Mylonas lιas also dι:clared his signs thaι ιhe'ι' will mονι: ιoward pa.rlia· supporι of Karamanlis as inιι:rim prime menιary goνcmmenι in ιhe near fuιure ministι:r, pro••ided ιhaι e\ecιions arc hι:Jd As neccssary requiremenιs for clι:c ιion s, within four ιο six months. ln facι, there Premiι:r Papadopoulos rettntly listed ιhe 494 reorg<~ιιizaιion of go\·~rnm~nt macl!ineΓ). ιο ha,·e ιlιe company ρromote $840 mil· ιlιι:" "cleansing of social insιiωtions," and lion in foreign iιι-ι~stιnenιs for Grecce cconom ic,social and poliιical reforms in ιlιe nexι ιwelν e years. Fifιy million of The colonels may find, howeνer, that ι/ιaι was supposeιl ιο come ιhe firsι ιwο ιlιeycannoι run things on ιheir own anιl years, buι the ιlead lin e pas.\ed in May ha,·e ιο in,· iιe br~der paniciι:.aιion ί η last )·ear and ο ι ιl)' ιι•ooprojttu. worιh l e.sι ιlιe goη:~mment. ''Tiιe rolonels are not ιhaιι Sι million, lιaιl rt'ached tlιe gτound· men of grcat inιelligencc and they Jιaνe breaking s ιagc .Fina ll ).both Littonandthe no expcrience or talent for goνemment," jιιnιa ga,·e up a few months ago and can­ says a reprcsentati\'C of an inιernatioιΙa\ ccl\edth ei r agreenJe nι . Tiιejuntalιasa\so aιt:ency, wlιo lιas lιaιl dea\ings witlι ιhem tried ιο persuade some of t l ιe more famoιιs "Paρadopoιιlos is in tel li genι, qιιίι e inιe l · Greek inι\ιιstri a /i s ι s ιο get in\·Ol\"e ιlι e gιoss naιioιιal Athenι, aιιd lιt :ιppea~ much ltu ρrοdιιcι grew bet~<.·ttn seνen and e iglιt pleased wiιh ιlιe co'onels. He was waiιing percenι annually, but ιhe firsι year ιhe for guests-relaιi\eJ of ιhe late Preιidenι colonels were in power ιhe increase Ei se nhower- ι o join him for di nner :~~~~ ~~Jι~i~~e i~~~::~e:i~~~e~~~ ~~.:a:~:i:~~~~Ί::;i:f~::;:~:~.~t ι g67 and oιher facton be)'Ond theircon· tlιese people.'' lιe said. 'lhey jusι donΊ ιrol. ln ιg68 ιhey launched a fiνe-year know ho"· ιο act in :ι bιιs in ess way. But deνelopmenι program with a growth ιar· )"ΟΙΙ know tlιeir biggesι problem~ They get of eighι pe r cen ι . l..ast year, ιhe finι dοη'ι ιrιιsι anybod)·· They kttp ιιa lling · yearofιhe plan, thegrowιh raι ewaso nl y and 5hifιing and s ιallin g, and you n eνer four and a half percent. accordi ng ιο the , know wlιat ι ο expttι from them. How junιa"s figures, or less tiΙan three percenι. ca nyoιιdealwiιhpeoplelikeιhaι?"' according ιο American economic analysu. ln ι gδg, Greecc had its besι year eco- To mak.e ιιp for ιhe decline. ιhe colo- nomically since ιhe cοιι p. The jιιnta sayι nels ha\"t gone in for big dramatic proj· ιhe countryΊ economy grew eighι :ιnd :ι ecu. ln ιg67 ιhey conιracιed wiιh Liιιοη half percenι during ι he yC"ar. Indepen de nι ln(lιιstries,th eU niιt(!Sιaιesconglomeraιe, economisusay thtincrt:asewaιaroιιnd ιiχ 495 pσcen ι , buι even so ίι is n οι bad. The tionforhone-sty , havinιι:becnpoorfor highgτowιh raιewasparιlydue ιοa good. years makes them easily impre~ by farm yield and partly to an increa~ in men with g rea ι wealιh. Papadopouloι~ has tourism,whichroιeιh i rιy.σnepercenιover ιleveloped a hιιι\dίπg friendship with ιg68 . Βuι ιhe counιry's big problem is its wide ιradegap. w!Jich last year amounιeuritans in tlιe army be­ isnotlikelytobeascornplacentabout rause lιe left his wife more than a decade ιhe junιa as it has been up to now. "Jf agofor someone elsι:'s wife. Papadopoulos tiΙtcolonelsfallonaπyfield,"saysFrank has .becn living with tl1e woman, Mrs Butler, who was chief of the economic Despina Gaspari, ever since but ιheir secιion in the American embassy in Athens spoιι§tshaverefusedιoconsenιtodivorce until he retired from govemmenι service andtheyhavenotbeenabletolegalize lasι July, "it will be in ιhe balance of tlιe relationship. Papadopoulos almosι al· paymentsfield." waysappearsin publicalone.) They could fall in oιher ways as well Papadopoιιlosi snot th eon l yonebe ing Thechance, anouιsideoneat best, exisιs carc:fully watched by ιhe hard·liners. Sty· that ιhey wίll be pushed ουt by disαιrd lianos Paιakos, ιhe deputy prc:mier, is among their own men. The corps of offi· alsosuspecι becausι:ofhis associaιion cen in ιhe annywhoare ιhebackboneof with shipowner I. S. Lauis. Paιakos is ιhe ra::ime includes a sι roπg elemenι of frequently seen with Latsis and l1as ac· IΙard·lineπ, maπy of whom are in key cepted the use of one of tl1e shipowner's command posts in norιh ern Greece housesinKifisia,anexclusiveιubu r bout· "They're a pretιy puriιanical bunch," side Athens, for members of his famil y. ιaysanofficerin theUnitedState-smission \VIιile noιhinκ improper appears in the in Greece. "lf ιhey beωme convinced friendship thus far, a frc:e press would ιhat ιhe boys in Athens have ιaken to the probablyraisequestionsofaconflictof goodlifeandaresellingtheirconcept intere-5tsinceLatsislastyearreceivedpart of the revolution sl1ort, they won't hesi· ofιhe lucnti verighuιoshipcrudeoilto tate tomarch on the capital. Some of the ιhestaιe refinery iπ Athens hard·linersarealreadysuspicious."' Jf ιhe colonels are not pushed from Alιhough ιhe colonels have a reputa· within, ιhey could be pre-ssured from REPORT FROM CREECE: UNDER Τ ΗΕ JUNTA wiιhouι. Although m osι Grecks arc ιt ill hoρe ful tlι at rlιa nge ca n come peacefully, ~u~; ?ι::"~S:ιi~a~~a~f a r!ιr:i~e:i a ftw lιave ιurntd ιο dra ιt i c m tt lιod ι During ιh e p asι monιh s bombs ha\"t ~~:~~~ο:" ο;~~~~~. o7a:h;;r~! :;~ ~~~ btcη txploding throιι ghout Athens witlι ιlι e basemenιofhi s house,accordingιo in creas in grcg ιιlariιy.La s tjul yalone,o p­ Aιhens police, wh en ί ι wenι off. AJ a porιenι s of tlιe junta ~ι off ttn bombs resulι of injuries from ιlιe blasι, he IO!it Thc Athens Hilιon, the Banlι of Grt«e, lιis right arm and ιlιe sighι of lιi s left thefortignpreιsandinformaιionofficc eye. Karageorgas, who served in the Cen­ a ιι d numerous American can, including terof Economic Research, was among ιhe ont belonging ιο a U. S. Army a ιι ac hι!, profes.son wlιo were dismi»ed when the haνc ~η hit by bombs. Somt of ιhe bla sιs junιa seized power, buι he was laιer rc­ arc ιh ought to be thc worlι. of ιhe ήght ­ instated. ln April he was se nιenced ιο life wing National R esisιancc Mσνem~t imprisonmenιafιerbeing con vic tedofsedi ­ ( ΚΕΑ ), and Amcrican property sccmι to ιionb ya militarycourt . Tν•~ιy-si,other ~::ο~~~ p~:';:~:J ι:~ιsΊ ~:~~~:~ ~~ks tried wiιh him received long pήson All ιh e resisιance groups ha\·e a long .. ~t~~ta ~e;~eιd~~~ ~o0:n:i~;ca:;; way ιο go before ιh ey arc ιtrong enough rcsponsiblc for ιh e civil war ιhaι will foi ­ ιoιh reaιen the rcgime, buι many ofιhem Jow." τlι c leaflet was signed by "Gtneral secm deιenπined to ιry, particularly ιhe Akriιa s,'" th c mys tcriousleaderoftlι c moν c­ ri ghι-wing groups that include formeτ mc nι . (J"hc name comcs from Dighen i ι annyofficerswiιlι ιrainin ga ndexperienu Akritas, a B yza nιin e hcro. Gcncral Griνas as fighι e n. The righι-wing eιtablislιmenι used tht fint pa.rt, Dighcni ι, aι hiι code isstronlζlyopposedtotlιejιιntab«ausc namcwhile leading tht fighι againsι Brit­ iιh rule inCyprusduringιhc ι gsοι.) ln iu ~~~0:~~:, ":~'ιι!:'':η~~:b:~~~:;~~ ;;;,: l cafleιs tht group says ίι wanιs Conιtan­ nels . Tiι e l ef thas~ n ou tofpow e rsince ιint Karamanlis to be broughι back. ιο ιhe civil war. Altlιough ίι is qιιίιe wea lι. ~:~~ - parliamenιary gσνtmment in no~