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Astro-Particle Physics at INFN

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Astro-Particle Physics at INFN universe Review Astro-Particle Physics at INFN Oliviero Cremonesi Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)—Sezione di Milano Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy; [email protected] Abstract: In Italy, INFN coordinates the research in the field of astro-particle physics. The supported experimental activities include the study of the cosmic radiation, the search of gravitational waves, the study of dark universe, general and quantum physics, and the study of the neutrino properties. A rich program of experiments installed on the earth, in the space, and underground or underwater is being supported to provide a possible answer to some of the most relevant open questions of particle physics, astrophysics, and cosmology. A short overview of the ongoing effort is presented. Keywords: particle physics; astrophysics; cosmology; dark energy; dark matter; neutrino; cosmic rays; gravitational waves 1. Introduction Astro-particle physics is a relatively young field of research at the intersection of particle physics, astronomy, and cosmology. It uses particle physics infrastructures and methods to detect a wide range of cosmic particles, including neutrinos, gamma rays, cosmic rays, dark matter, and gravitational waves. Indeed, it could be seen as a bridge between two standard models: the particle (SM) and the cosmology (LCDM) standard models. Both are crowned by the successful description of many processes but, in both Citation: Cremonesi, O. Astro- cases, there is a long list of open questions. Just to to give an example, the former does Particle Physics at INFN. Universe not include gravity, while the latter has no explanation for dark matter and dark energy. 2021, 7, 224. https://doi.org/ Astro-particle physics assumes that these answers have a common root and is committed to 10.3390/universe7070224 study the cosmic background radiation, cosmic rays, neutrinos, gravitational waves, very- high-energy gamma rays, and other rare particles that could provide important clues to the Academic Editor: Antonio Delgado unexplained questions. The possibility to observe cosmic phenomena by means of different messengers (e.g., neutrinos and gravitational waves) has opened new incredibly exciting Received: 8 June 2021 perspectives. Indeed, the observation of gravitational waves is continuously unveiling new Accepted: 1 July 2021 unexpected cosmic phenomena which complement (and often trigger) the observations Published: 4 July 2021 with other cosmic messengers (e.g., the full electromagnetic spectrum). On the other hand, neutrinos have always represented a key to the discovery of new phenomena beyond Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral the particle standard model, and the study of their properties is still central to astro- with regard to jurisdictional claims in particle physics. published maps and institutional affil- A long list of experiments is facing this challenge, in high mountains, underground iations. and in the depth of the sea or ice, in large laboratories of particle physics, and in space. They use the universe as a natural accelerator or study rare events in deep laboratories protected from the cosmic radiation. INFN [1] through a dedicated committee (CSN2 [2]) coordinates in Italy the research Copyright: © 2021 by the author. in the field of astro-particle physics. The supported experimental activities are subdivided Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. into four main research lines: the study of the cosmic rays, the study of the dark universe, This article is an open access article the search of gravitational waves, and general and quantum physics and the study of distributed under the terms and the neutrino properties. In the following sections, a brief summary is given of the INFN conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// activities for each research line. creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). Universe 2021, 7, 224. https://doi.org/10.3390/universe7070224 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/universe Universe 2021, 7, 224 2 of 9 2. Cosmic Radiation The discovery of energetic particles penetrating the Earth’s atmosphere from the outer space dates back to 1912. The pioneering discovery of new elementary particles, like positrons, pions, and kaons, to be later identified as entirely new classes of particles, i.e., antimatter, mesons, and strange matter, was made through observations of cosmic- ray (CR) events, using the first, passive, ionizing-radiation detectors (bubble chambers and emulsions). With the advent of accelerator technologies that could produce such particles in controlled laboratory conditions and the invention of active sensors generating real-time electronic signals, the study of the basic building blocks of matter and their interactions was carried out in the second half of the 20th century. Conducted at increasing energies and collision rates to catch the most rare events, and developed in synergy with dedicated efforts in theoretical physics, a series of challenging and technologically complex particle physics experiments brought to the construction and verification of the Standard Model of particle physics. In parallel, observations of CR events focused on the properties and origin of cosmic radiation, searching for high energy particles, which (i) are the most informative messenger of the physics taking place in distant and exotic sources and (ii) have energies that can be tens of million times higher than the maximum achievable with man-made accelerators. Experimental efforts have been developing along two complementary observational techniques: direct and indirect. In the direct approach, primary CRs are captured before they enter the Earth at- mosphere. This is obtained by means of radiation detectors operating on satellites and balloon-borne payloads, which allow to detect the radiation coming directly from cosmic sources, inferring their properties, (e.g., energy spectrum), chemical composition, and mor- phology. A complete information is obtained by detecting photons at various wavelengths (which can be tracked directly to their parent source) and charged particles (protons, elec- trons and ions) which are curved by magnetic fields permeating the deep space between galaxies, our own Milky Way, and the relatively nearby space of the solar system. This effort requires a combination of observatories designed to measure all these different cosmic radiations. Thanks to a longstanding experience in the development and construction of sophisticated detectors for the observation of the elementary particle phenomena, in the last 30 years, INFN has gained a primary role in this field by designing, assembling, and operating advanced detection systems that have enabled significant progress in the field. These include the first high-resolution satellite spectrometer for charged CRs, PAMELA, the largest silicon tracker operating in space on the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, the multiple particle identification systems of the AMS spectrometer onboard the ISS, and the silicon tracker of the CR electron imaging calorimeter DAMPE. INFN has also been developing a new generation of instruments that can open new observational windows on cosmic radiation, like gaseous detectors sensitive to polarized X-rays for the IXPE mission, 3D imaging calorimeters for the future HERD CR observa- tory, and large dynamic range electronics for the GAPS balloon anti-matter spectrometer. Obvious constraints on mass, power, and geometry limit the instruments designed to operate in space to dimensions of order m2, masses at the ton scale, and overall power in the kWatt range, with obvious limits to the sensitivity, resolution, and precision of the corresponding measurements. Indirect observations can overcome these limitations and exploit the interaction of cosmic particles with the atmosphere, which is effectively used as a very large area, passive target for incoming radiation. Particle showers are reconstructed by detectors on the ground at the appropriate altitude to intercept the shower development. Typically, two types of detectors are used: extended air shower arrays and fluorescence or Cherenkov telescopes. The former samples the energy, density, and arrival time of secondary particles with surface detectors placed at various distances from the shower axis, like in the AUGER Surface Detector in Argentina, the largest CR observatory in the world. Universe 2021, 7, 224 3 of 9 The latter measure the emission of light of different wavelengths associated with the particle shower development in the atmosphere, as in the AUGER Fluorescence Detector, and the MAGIC and CTA Cherenkov telescopes on the Canary Island of La Palma. INFN has been deeply involved in the design, construction, and operation of these observatories, which are optimized to capture very rare energetic events (e.g., Ultra High Energy CRs in AUGER), events of potentially extragalactic origin, or above the highest energy covered by satellite observatories for the Cherenkov telescopes, with the aim to constrain the most powerful accelerators in the Universe. The strongest limitation of the indirect observations comes from the imperfect knowledge of the atmosphere composition along the shower development path, as well as from the model uncertainties in the primary interactions triggering the showers, which contribute to the systematic errors in the energy scale and particle identification. Although lots of questions remain open in the quest for the origin and properties of the Cosmic Radiation, our knowledge has evolved considerably. In particular,
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