DOCSLIB.ORG

Ecological Consequences of Nuclear Testing

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ecological Consequences of Nuclear Testing Ecological R. G. Fz~ller* - Battelle Columbns Laboratories, Las Vegas, Nevada Consequences of J. B. ~~irkwooclt Nuclear Testing Battelle Co111mbus Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio Amcl~itka isln,zd has a Iristory of disturbnnce by nroder~r the i~ttertirlnlzone, nird an !inrletermitred nmou,rt of similnr matt, i,rclr~dingUS. military operatio~tson the isla~rddrrring hnbitat runs altered to sonre de~eeby lesser vertical Il'orld ll'nr % n~rterlnthrg the a~tder.qou~rdnuclear tests displacearent. Nilrow nrrd Cannikin, for which preparation begntr in 1966. No type of Imbitat on the islnnd zuns destroyed, and nlarry of the. terrestrial distarbnrrces resttlti,tg from ,taclear /ocn/ixed habitat losses in the terrestrinl, freshwater, and testing were superimposed on scars remai~tirrgfrom the marine ecosystems are belieued to lrnue been too slight to nrilitnry occt~pntiotz. haue perinane~tt effects on associnted biotic populations. Constrriction, road hirprouement, and the hlilrow an(/ No plant or animal population on or around the island was Cnrrnikbt nt~clenr deto~rntions resulted bt the loss or lost or endangered as a resalt of the tests, althouglr deterioratio,t of about 420 Ira (1040ncres) of terrestrial stcbstantial numbers of sen otters and freshwater and mnritte hnbitnt, or less thmr 1.5% of the total area of An~clritka.A fish were killed by the Catrnikin rleto~mtio~r.Posttest few streams and lakes were pollicted by drilling effluettts or inuestigations show that the affected popuiatior~sgenerally human wastes; nornlalflrislting action is expected to restore recaperated promptly throziglt reproduction or recruitnrent the qrrnlity of tnost of tltese freshwnter Iznbitats. I~ueversible from ~reighboringstocks. effects in freshrunters inclrrde tlte drairnbtnge of several ponds, The most sierificnnt ecologic cotrseqaence of the gross clran~relalterntion in a part of one stream, nnd the traclear test program is belieued to haue been the adverse crentio~r of n rrew lake zultich is deeper orrd which 110s n effects of scattered terrain disturbances on the aestlretic greater volume tlrn~r nrry of the inore than 2100 natural qrcnlity of the Amchitkn landrcape, an effect which was lakes on the sorrtheast half of Amchitka. Abotct 6 ha severe in localized areas atrd which will persist for decades (15 acres) of intertidal bench was displaced ton leuel above or centrcries. This chapter summarizes \\,hat is now knolsll about influences of modern man on Amchitka prior to the impacts of nuclear tests on Amchitka ecosys- the start of the recent AEC test series. It is only tems, and the ecological significance of those against this background that we can clearly iden- impacts is discussed. The prompt bioen\,ironmental tify and evaluate the additional impacts assignable effects of the two high-yield nuclear detonations, to the nuclear test program for which preparations Milrow in 1969 and Cannikin in 1971, are dc- started in 1966 and which culminated in the scribed in ICirkxvood (1970) and ICirkwood and ivlilrow and Cannikin tests. Fuller (1972), respectively. Biological and physical effects of these tests are also described in Merritt BACKGROUND: PREVIOUS DISTURBANCES (1970; 1973), U. S. Geological Survey (1970; 1972), and Gonzalez, IVollitz, and Brethauer (1974). Since those references do not discuss Pre-World War I1 effects stemming from occupation of Amchitka by The long and unsavory history of sea otter$ a sizable work force or the impact of support hunting in the western Aleutians, first by the operations, such effects as well as those resulting Russians and later by the Americans, is discussed in directly from the nuclear detonations will be dealt Chaps. 6 and 20 of this volunle and elsewhere (e.g., with in this chapter. Lensink, 1962). For our purposes it is sufficient to Before we describe the overall impacts of the recall that fur hunting had nearly exterminated sea nuclear test program and assess their ecological otters in the Aleutians, including Amchitka, before consequences, we must review the more important $\\'it11 trvo exceptions common names are used for *Present address: Oracle, Arizona. plants and animals referred to in this chapter. Latin names *Present address: U. S. Fish and IVildlife Ser\,ice, for all other species mentioned will he found in the Atlanta, Georgia. preceding chapters. the species was placed under protection by the island ecosystems. A complete inventory and de- terms of an international treaty in 1911. Remnant scription of clvanges wrought by military occupa- populations rcrnained on some islands. Iccnyon tion is beyond the scope of this chapter, but soille (1969) estimates that as many as 100 sea otters of the more obvious features must be called out as may have remained at Amchitka ~vhenthe protec- disturbances that predate nuclear tests on Am- tive treaty took effect. Under protection, sea otter chitka. populations at Amchitka and many other Aleutian Roads and Airstrips. Roads built by the mili- Islands gradually recovered from the effects of tary forces include a central roadway running overexploitation. almost the length of the island, a complex of roads In 1921, iunder a fox-farming agreement be- around Constantine Harbor and extending across tmeen the U. S. Department of Agriculture and the island, and a number of branch roads running Aleuts living on Atka, blue foxes were introduced from the central roadway to either seacoast. h,fost onto Ainchitka (Merritt, Chap. 6, this volume). roads were of dirt or dirt with gravel surfacing. This deliberate introdirction of a new predator had (The Geological Survey map in the pocket at the a predictable adverse effect on at least one avian back of this volume slto\vs most of the importaut species, the Aleutian Canada Goose, which for- military roads.) merly nested on Amchitka.* Three airstrips were constructed inland from Robert Jones, Jr., former h~Ianager of the Constantine Harbor. The longest, Baker Run\vay, is Aleutian Islands National Wildlife Refuge, of which about 3 km (2 miles) long and is in use today. The Amchitka is a part, cotnmented as follo\vs on the airstrips are hard-surfaced, and the two longer ones effects of the fox-farming enterprise at Amchitka: arc adjoined by numerous hardstands connected to "An episode in the islmd's history that can only be the landing strips by taxiways. regarded, from the vie\vpoint of the utilization of lands devoted to wildlife purposes, as un\vise and Off-Road Traffic. Beyond the established unfortunate, began according to our records, in roadways, military occupation left many scars on 1921. It was in this year that seven blue foxes Iverc the tundra mantle, the result of single or multiple placed on Amchitka by the native Atka residents as passes with tracked off-road vehicles. In the lo!\,- 'lessee' of the island for fox farming pur- land part of the island, even regularly used foot- poses. \\re have the statement of the Atka paths remained as visible marks on the tundra. natives that Canada geese were abundant nesters on Housing. A3ilitary housing consisted of nearly Amchitka prior to 1921 and they attributed the 1900 widely dispersed Quonset-type huts, mostly disappearance of the population directly to the located near main or branch roads, primarily in the introduction of the foxes" (Jones, 1961). southeastern part of the island (Figs. 7 and 8, The Aleutiau Caiiarla Goose still does not breed Chap. 6, this volume). In the construction of the on Amchitka, although the fox population has huts, tundra vegetation and underlying peat was been extirpated. The effects, if any, of foxes on scraped aside and used to bank around the base of the breeding success of other avian species is hard the building \valls, h4ost buildings were framed of to evaluate since another predator, the Norway rat, ~voodwith masonite-type roofing and \\.ere left was inadvertently introduced during \\'orld War I1 standing when the occupation ended. They are (Brechbill, Chap. 12, this volume). gradually disintegrating by weathering. Some have been burned by Refuge personnel, and others were \\'orld War I1 Military Occupation burned by AEC contractors at the request of U. S. Department of the Interior representatives. hkany of the surface disturbances on Amchitka associated with AEC site preparation and opera- Other Construction. A dock was built on tions arc superimposed on the extensive arcas of wood pilings on the north side of Constantine disturbance that date from occupation of the Harbor; lookout posts and gun emplacements were island by U. S. military forces. That occupation, built at some points on the coastal bluffs. Two over the period 1943 to 1950, produced \vide- large gravel pits and a nulnber of sn~allerquarries spread and persistent changes in the appearance of and borro\v pits mere opened to provide materials the island and had some important impacts on for road building and other construction. Status at Ter~lli~latio~lof Military Occupa- *A third of a century earlier, Turner (1886) had tion. When military occupation ended some sal- reported: "On some of these islands foxes of various kinds vageable material was removed, but most of the are numerous, hence while they are excellent feeding grounds for the geese in the fall, the geese are compelled to dispersed housing units and a considerable amount rear their yoling on the nearest islets where the foxes of debris were left in place. The disintegrating cannot molest the young goslings." buildings are still a prominent feature of the Ecological Co~~sequencesof ~VuclearTesti~rg 629 Amchitka landscape. Even where the buildings thc blue fox, another nontlative predator, had ha\re been destroyed (by the elements or by fire), earlicr bce~l established on the island through the peat embankments with ~vhichthe bases of the deliberate human intervention. ICenyon believed hut walls were banked still mark the sites where that rats had extirpated t\vo nesting species, the they formerly stood.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • LCROSS (Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite) Observation Campaign: Strategies, Implementation, and Lessons Learned
    Space Sci Rev DOI 10.1007/s11214-011-9759-y LCROSS (Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite) Observation Campaign: Strategies, Implementation, and Lessons Learned Jennifer L. Heldmann · Anthony Colaprete · Diane H. Wooden · Robert F. Ackermann · David D. Acton · Peter R. Backus · Vanessa Bailey · Jesse G. Ball · William C. Barott · Samantha K. Blair · Marc W. Buie · Shawn Callahan · Nancy J. Chanover · Young-Jun Choi · Al Conrad · Dolores M. Coulson · Kirk B. Crawford · Russell DeHart · Imke de Pater · Michael Disanti · James R. Forster · Reiko Furusho · Tetsuharu Fuse · Tom Geballe · J. Duane Gibson · David Goldstein · Stephen A. Gregory · David J. Gutierrez · Ryan T. Hamilton · Taiga Hamura · David E. Harker · Gerry R. Harp · Junichi Haruyama · Morag Hastie · Yutaka Hayano · Phillip Hinz · Peng K. Hong · Steven P. James · Toshihiko Kadono · Hideyo Kawakita · Michael S. Kelley · Daryl L. Kim · Kosuke Kurosawa · Duk-Hang Lee · Michael Long · Paul G. Lucey · Keith Marach · Anthony C. Matulonis · Richard M. McDermid · Russet McMillan · Charles Miller · Hong-Kyu Moon · Ryosuke Nakamura · Hirotomo Noda · Natsuko Okamura · Lawrence Ong · Dallan Porter · Jeffery J. Puschell · John T. Rayner · J. Jedadiah Rembold · Katherine C. Roth · Richard J. Rudy · Ray W. Russell · Eileen V. Ryan · William H. Ryan · Tomohiko Sekiguchi · Yasuhito Sekine · Mark A. Skinner · Mitsuru Sôma · Andrew W. Stephens · Alex Storrs · Robert M. Suggs · Seiji Sugita · Eon-Chang Sung · Naruhisa Takatoh · Jill C. Tarter · Scott M. Taylor · Hiroshi Terada · Chadwick J. Trujillo · Vidhya Vaitheeswaran · Faith Vilas · Brian D. Walls · Jun-ihi Watanabe · William J. Welch · Charles E. Woodward · Hong-Suh Yim · Eliot F. Young Received: 9 October 2010 / Accepted: 8 February 2011 © The Author(s) 2011.
    [Show full text]
  • Resource Utilization in Atka, Aleutian Islands, Alaska
    RESOURCEUTILIZATION IN ATKA, ALEUTIAN ISLANDS, ALASKA Douglas W. Veltre, Ph.D. and Mary J. Veltre, B.A. Technical Paper Number 88 Prepared for State of Alaska Department of Fish and Game Division of Subsistence Contract 83-0496 December 1983 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS To the people of Atka, who have shared so much with us over the years, go our sincere thanks for making this report possible. A number of individuals gave generously of their time and knowledge, and the Atx^am Corporation and the Atka Village Council, who assisted us in many ways, deserve particular appreciation. Mr. Moses Dirks, an Aleut language specialist from Atka, kindly helped us with Atkan Aleut terminology and place names, and these contributions are noted throughout this report. Finally, thanks go to Dr. Linda Ellanna, Deputy Director of the Division of Subsistence, for her support for this project, and to her and other individuals who offered valuable comments on an earlier draft of this report. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . e . a . ii Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION . e . 1 Purpose ........................ Research objectives .................. Research methods Discussion of rese~r~h*m~t~odoio~y .................... Organization of the report .............. 2 THE NATURAL SETTING . 10 Introduction ........... 10 Location, geog;aih;,' &d*&oio&’ ........... 10 Climate ........................ 16 Flora ......................... 22 Terrestrial fauna ................... 22 Marine fauna ..................... 23 Birds ......................... 31 Conclusions ...................... 32 3 LITERATURE REVIEW AND HISTORY OF RESEARCH ON ATKA . e . 37 Introduction ..................... 37 Netsvetov .............. ......... 37 Jochelson and HrdliEka ................ 38 Bank ....................... 39 Bergslind . 40 Veltre and'Vll;r;! .................................... 41 Taniisif. ....................... 41 Bilingual materials .................. 41 Conclusions ...................... 42 iii 4 OVERVIEW OF ALEUT RESOURCE UTILIZATION . 43 Introduction ............
    [Show full text]
  • Late-Quaternary Geomorphic Processes: Effects on the Ancient Aleuts of Umnak Island in the Aleutians
    Late-Quaternary Geomorphic Processes: Effects on the Ancient Aleuts of Umnak Island in the Aleutians ROBERT F. BLACK1 ABSTRACT. Glaciation, volcanic activity, marine processes and wind action affected in various ways the lives of the ancient Aleuts of Umnak Island, who first settled at Anangula about 8,400 BP following deglaciation some 3,000 years earlier. Expanding alpine glaciers reached the sea in places about 3,000 BP without the nearby peoples being much affected. A catastrophic eruption of Okmok Volcano about 8,250 BP is suggested as the cause of the abandonment of the oldest known siteof Anangula, and subsequentmigration westward into thecentral Aleutians. Cutting of strandflats between 8,250 and 3,000 BP led to the development of a very large, accessible, year- round food resource, and an apparent proliferationof settlements. In marked contrast to other parts of Beringia, Umnak Island became the site most favourable for human settlement. RfiSUMe: Les processus géomorphologiques fini-quaternaires et leurs conséquencespour les anciens Aléoutes de Me d’Umnak dans les Aléoutiennes. La glaciation, l’activite vol- canique, les processus marins et l’actiondu vent ont affect6 de diverses façonsla vie des anciens Aleoutes de l’ile d‘Umnak, qui s’établirent B Anangula vers 8400 AP, soit environ 3000 ans après la deglaciation. Les glaciers alpins en expansion atteignirentla mer par endroit vers 3000 AP sans que les habitants du voisinage soient beaucoup affectes. On suppose qu’une eruption catastrophique du volcan Okmok vers 8250 AP a caud l’abandon du plus vieux site COMU d’Anangula et une migration vers l’ouest jusqu’au centre des A16outiennes.
    [Show full text]
  • Designation of Critical Habitat for the Southwest Alaska Distinct Population Segment of the Northern Sea Otter; Final Rule
    Thursday, October 8, 2009 Part III Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service 50 CFR Part 17 Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Designation of Critical Habitat for the Southwest Alaska Distinct Population Segment of the Northern Sea Otter; Final Rule VerDate Nov<24>2008 19:03 Oct 07, 2009 Jkt 220001 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 4717 Sfmt 4717 E:\FR\FM\08OCR3.SGM 08OCR3 srobinson on DSKHWCL6B1PROD with RULES3 51988 Federal Register / Vol. 74, No. 194 / Thursday, October 8, 2009 / Rules and Regulations DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR northern sea otter, refer to the final published in the Federal Register on listing rule published in the Federal August 9, 2005 (70 FR 46366). Fish and Wildlife Service Register on August 9, 2005 (70 FR Summary of Comments and 46366), the proposed rule to designate Recommendations 50 CFR Part 17 critical habitat published in the Federal Register on December 16, 2008 (73 FR We requested written comments from [FWS–R7–ES–2008–0105; 92210–1117– the public during the public comment 0000–FY08–B4] 76454), and the June 9, 2009 (74 FR 27271), notice of availability of the draft period on the proposed rule to designate RIN 1018–AV92 economic analysis (DEA). More detailed critical habitat for the southwest Alaska information on northern sea otter DPS of the northern sea otter. During the Endangered and Threatened Wildlife biology and ecology that is directly public comment period, we also and Plants; Designation of Critical relevant to designation of critical habitat contacted appropriate Federal, State, Habitat for the Southwest Alaska is discussed under the Primary and local agencies; Alaska Native Distinct Population Segment of the Constituent Elements section below.
    [Show full text]
  • Aleuts: an Outline of the Ethnic History
    i Aleuts: An Outline of the Ethnic History Roza G. Lyapunova Translated by Richard L. Bland ii As the nation’s principal conservation agency, the Department of the Interior has re- sponsibility for most of our nationally owned public lands and natural and cultural resources. This includes fostering the wisest use of our land and water resources, protecting our fish and wildlife, preserving the environmental and cultural values of our national parks and historical places, and providing for enjoyment of life through outdoor recreation. The Shared Beringian Heritage Program at the National Park Service is an international program that rec- ognizes and celebrates the natural resources and cultural heritage shared by the United States and Russia on both sides of the Bering Strait. The program seeks local, national, and international participation in the preservation and understanding of natural resources and protected lands and works to sustain and protect the cultural traditions and subsistence lifestyle of the Native peoples of the Beringia region. Aleuts: An Outline of the Ethnic History Author: Roza G. Lyapunova English translation by Richard L. Bland 2017 ISBN-13: 978-0-9965837-1-8 This book’s publication and translations were funded by the National Park Service, Shared Beringian Heritage Program. The book is provided without charge by the National Park Service. To order additional copies, please contact the Shared Beringian Heritage Program ([email protected]). National Park Service Shared Beringian Heritage Program © The Russian text of Aleuts: An Outline of the Ethnic History by Roza G. Lyapunova (Leningrad: Izdatel’stvo “Nauka” leningradskoe otdelenie, 1987), was translated into English by Richard L.
    [Show full text]
  • Aleutian Islands
    Journal of Global Change Data & Discovery. 2018, 2(1): 109-114 © 2018 GCdataPR DOI:10.3974/geodp.2018.01.18 Global Change Research Data Publishing & Repository www.geodoi.ac.cn Global Change Data Encyclopedia Aleutian Islands Liu, C.1* Yang, A. Q.2 Hu, W. Y.1 Liu, R. G.1 Shi, R. X.1 1. Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; 2. Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth，Chinese Academy of Sciences，Beijing100101，China Keywords: Aleutian Islands; Fox Islands; Four Mountains Islands; Andreanof Islands; Rat Islands; Near Islands; Kommandor Islands; Unimak Island; USA; Russia; data encyclopedia The Aleutian Islands extends latitude from 51°12′35″N to 55°22′14″N and longitude about 32 degrees from 165°45′10″E to 162°21′10″W, it is a chain volcanic islands belonging to both the United States and Russia[1–3] (Figure 1, 2). The islands are formed in the northern part of the Pacific Ring of Fire. They form part of the Aleutian Arc in the Northern Pacific Ocean, extending about 1,900 km westward from the Alaska Peninsula to- ward the Kamchatka Peninsula in Russia, Figure 1 Dataset of Aleutian Islands in .kmz format and mark a dividing line between the Ber- ing Sea to the north and the Pacific Ocean to the south. The islands comprise 6 groups of islands (east to west): the Fox Islands[4–5], islands of Four Mountains[6–7], Andreanof Islands[8–9], Rat Islands[10–11], Near Is- lands[12–13] and Kommandor Islands[14–15].
    [Show full text]
  • Nuclear Flashback
    u@ THE RETURN TO AMCHITKA 1436 U Street, NW Report of a Greenpeace Scientific Expedition to Washington, DC 20009 1-800-326-0959 Amchitka Island, Alaska-Site of the Largest http://www.greenpeace.org/-usa Underground l\Juclear Test In U.S. History A Greenpeace Report by Pam Miller Scientific Adviser Norman Buske Greenpeace was compelled to return to Purpose Amchitka in June 1996 to conduct an independent chitka Island, Alaska was the site of three underground nudcar tests: investigation of the nuclear detonation sites at Long Sho t, an 80 kiloto n test (80,000 tons TNT equivalent) in 1965; Amchitka. AE ilrow, a 1 megaton test (1,000,000 tons TNT equivalent) in 1969; and Cannikin, a 5 megaton test (5,000,000 tons TNT equivalent) in 1971. Project Cannikin was the largest underground nuclear test in U.S. history. Greenpeace was founded by a group of activists who sailed from Vancouver, Canada toward Am chitka Island in an attempt to stop the Cannikin blast through non-violent direct action. Twenty-five years after the founding of Greenpeace, concerns about the legacy of the unstoppable nuclear explosion dubbed Cannikin beckoned us to return to investigate the impacts of nuclear testing at Amchitka. The International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (IPPNW) calculaled the cum ulative inventori es of radioactive isotopes generated from underground nuclear tests th roughout the world. They estimate a fission yield of 0.1 megacurie per megaton explosive yi eld for strontium-90, 0.1 G megacurie per megaton for cesium- J37, and un flss io ned plutonium-239 at 150 curies per test.
    [Show full text]
  • Bob Farquhar
    1 2 Created by Bob Farquhar For and dedicated to my grandchildren, their children, and all humanity. This is Copyright material 3 Table of Contents Preface 4 Conclusions 6 Gadget 8 Making Bombs Tick 15 ‘Little Boy’ 25 ‘Fat Man’ 40 Effectiveness 49 Death By Radiation 52 Crossroads 55 Atomic Bomb Targets 66 Acheson–Lilienthal Report & Baruch Plan 68 The Tests 71 Guinea Pigs 92 Atomic Animals 96 Downwinders 100 The H-Bomb 109 Nukes in Space 119 Going Underground 124 Leaks and Vents 132 Turning Swords Into Plowshares 135 Nuclear Detonations by Other Countries 147 Cessation of Testing 159 Building Bombs 161 Delivering Bombs 178 Strategic Bombers 181 Nuclear Capable Tactical Aircraft 188 Missiles and MIRV’s 193 Naval Delivery 211 Stand-Off & Cruise Missiles 219 U.S. Nuclear Arsenal 229 Enduring Stockpile 246 Nuclear Treaties 251 Duck and Cover 255 Let’s Nuke Des Moines! 265 Conclusion 270 Lest We Forget 274 The Beginning or The End? 280 Update: 7/1/12 Copyright © 2012 rbf 4 Preface 5 Hey there, I’m Ralph. That’s my dog Spot over there. Welcome to the not-so-wonderful world of nuclear weaponry. This book is a journey from 1945 when the first atomic bomb was detonated in the New Mexico desert to where we are today. It’s an interesting and sometimes bizarre journey. It can also be horribly frightening. Today, there are enough nuclear weapons to destroy the civilized world several times over. Over 23,000. “Enough to make the rubble bounce,” Winston Churchill said. The United States alone has over 10,000 warheads in what’s called the ‘enduring stockpile.’ In my time, we took care of things Mano-a-Mano.
    [Show full text]
  • Groundfish Harvest from Parallel Seasons in the Bering Sea-Aleutian Islands Area
    Fishery Management Report No. 08-43 Bering Sea-Aleutian Islands Area State-Waters Groundfish Fisheries and Groundfish Harvest from Parallel Seasons in 2007 by Krista Milani August 2008 Alaska Department of Fish and Game Divisions of Sport Fish and Commercial Fisheries Symbols and Abbreviations The following symbols and abbreviations, and others approved for the Système International d'Unités (SI), are used without definition in the following reports by the Divisions of Sport Fish and of Commercial Fisheries: Fishery Manuscripts, Fishery Data Series Reports, Fishery Management Reports, and Special Publications. All others, including deviations from definitions listed below, are noted in the text at first mention, as well as in the titles or footnotes of tables, and in figure or figure captions. Weights and measures (metric) General Measures (fisheries) centimeter cm Alaska Administrative fork length FL deciliter dL Code AAC mideye to fork MEF gram g all commonly accepted mideye to tail fork METF hectare ha abbreviations e.g., Mr., Mrs., standard length SL kilogram kg AM, PM, etc. total length TL kilometer km all commonly accepted liter L professional titles e.g., Dr., Ph.D., Mathematics, statistics meter m R.N., etc. all standard mathematical milliliter mL at @ signs, symbols and millimeter mm compass directions: abbreviations east E alternate hypothesis HA Weights and measures (English) north N base of natural logarithm e cubic feet per second ft3/s south S catch per unit effort CPUE foot ft west W coefficient of variation CV gallon gal copyright © common test statistics (F, t, χ2, etc.) inch in corporate suffixes: confidence interval CI mile mi Company Co.
    [Show full text]
  • July 2020 in This Issue Online Readers, ALPO Conference November 6-7, 2020 2 Lunar Calendar July 2020 3 Click on Images an Invitation to Join ALPO 3 for Hyperlinks
    A publication of the Lunar Section of ALPO Edited by David Teske: [email protected] 2162 Enon Road, Louisville, Mississippi, USA Recent back issues: http://moon.scopesandscapes.com/tlo_back.html July 2020 In This Issue Online readers, ALPO Conference November 6-7, 2020 2 Lunar Calendar July 2020 3 click on images An Invitation to Join ALPO 3 for hyperlinks. Observations Received 4 By the Numbers 7 Submission Through the ALPO Image Achieve 4 When Submitting Observations to the ALPO Lunar Section 9 Call For Observations Focus-On 9 Focus-On Announcement 10 2020 ALPO The Walter H. Haas Observer’s Award 11 Sirsalis T, R. Hays, Jr. 12 Long Crack, R. Hill 13 Musings on Theophilus, H. Eskildsen 14 Almost Full, R. Hill 16 Northern Moon, H. Eskildsen 17 Northwest Moon and Horrebow, H. Eskildsen 18 A Bit of Thebit, R. Hill 19 Euclides D in the Landscape of the Mare Cognitum (and Two Kipukas?), A. Anunziato 20 On the South Shore, R. Hill 22 Focus On: The Lunar 100, Features 11-20, J. Hubbell 23 Recent Topographic Studies 43 Lunar Geologic Change Detection Program T. Cook 120 Key to Images in this Issue 134 These are the modern Golden Days of lunar studies in a way, with so many new resources available to lu- nar observers. Recently, we have mentioned Robert Garfinkle’s opus Luna Cognita and the new lunar map by the USGS. This month brings us the updated, 7th edition of the Virtual Moon Atlas. These are all wonderful resources for your lunar studies.
    [Show full text]
  • Geology of Little Sitkin Island, Alaska
    Geology of Little Sitkin Island By G. L. SNYDER INVESTIGATIONS OF ALASKAN VOLCANOES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1028-H Prepared in cooperation with the Departments of the Army, Navy, and Air Force UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1959 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FRED A. SEATON, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director The U. S. Geological Survey Library has cataloged this publication as follows : Snyder, George Leonard, 1927- Geology of Little Sitkin Island, Alaska. Washington, U. S. Govt. Print. Off., 1958. - vi, 169-210 p. illus., 2 maps (1 fold. col. in pocket) tables. 24 cm. (U. S. Geological Survey. Bulletin 1028-H. Investigations of Alas- kan volcanoes) Prepared in cooperation with the Departments of the Army, Navy, and Air Force. "References cited" : p. 206-207. 1. Rocks, Igneous. 2. Petrology Aleutian Islands. 3. Little Sitkin Island. I. Title. (Series: U. S. Geological Survey. Bulletin 1028-H. Series: U. S. Geological Survey. Investigations of Alaskau volcanoes) 557.98 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D. C. PKEFACE In October 1945 the War Department (now Department of the Army) requested the Geological Survey to undertake a program of volcano investigations in the Aleutian Islands-Alaska Peninsula area. The field studies were made during the years 1946-1954. The results of the first year's field, laboratory, and library work were hastily assembled as two administrative reports, and most of these data have been revised for publication in Geological Survey Bulletin 1028. Part of the early work was published in 1950 in Bulletin 974-B, Volcanic activity in the Aleutian arc, and in 1951 in Bulletin 989-A, Geology of Buldir Island, Aleutian Islands, Alaska, both by Robert R.
    [Show full text]
  • Grea3tfpermhl RESOURCES of the ALEUTIAN ARC
    GrEa3TFPERMhL RESOURCES OF THE ALEUTIAN ARC Wy Roman .I. Mntylcw, RlairB~yA. Lics, Chri~',Boph~r.I. WYC, and Mary A. Moomnsa GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES OF THE ALEUTIAN ARC By Roman J. Motyka, Shirley A. Liss, Christopher J. Nye, and Mary A. Moorman Roman Motyka sampling an upper Glacier Valley hot spring in the Makushin geothermal area. Photo by Shirley Liss. Professional Report 114 Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Cover photo: "Old Faithful" of the Geyser Bight geothermal resource area. When- ever it has been observed (1870, 1948, 1980, and 1988),spring G8, Fairbanks, Alaska shown here at maximum activity, has had an eruption cycle of 1993 12 minutes. Photo by Shirley Liss. STATE OF ALASKA Walter J. Hickel, Governor DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES Harry A. Noah, Commissioner DIVISION OF GEOLOGICAL & GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYS Thomas E. Smith, State Geologist Division of Geological & GeophysicalSurveys publications can be inspected at the following locations. Address mail orders to the Fairbanks office. Alaska Division of Geological University of Alaska Anchorage Library & Geophysical Surveys 321 1 Providence Drive 794 University Avenue, Suite 200 Anchorage, Alaska 99508 Fairbanks, Alaska 99709-3645 Elmer E. Rasmuson Library Alaska Resource Library University of Alaska Fairbanks 222 W. 7th Avenue Fairbanks, Alaska 99775-1005 Anchorage, Alaska 995 13-7589 Alaska State Library State Office Building, 8th moor 333 Willoughby Avenue Juneau, Alaska 9981 1-0571 This publication released by the Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, was
    [Show full text]