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Slag Waste of Metallurgical Production. Environmental and Economic Justification of Their Use in Industry in Ukraine

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Slag Waste of Metallurgical Production. Environmental and Economic Justification of Their Use in Industry in Ukraine POLITYKA ENERGETYCZNA – ENERGY POLICY JOURNAL 2021 Volume 24 Issue 1 169–182 DOI: 10.33223/epj/131205 Yuri Zakharovich Drachuk1, Elena Stalinskaya2, Elizaveta Snitko3, Evgeniya Zavgorodnyaya4, Monika Jaworska5, Larisa Savyuk6, Dmitry Cheylyakh7 Slag waste of metallurgical production. Environmental and economic justification of their use in industry in Ukraine Abstract: The relevance of the study is due to the need to identify the problems, features and consequen- ces of strategic transformations in the metallurgical industry of Ukraine in the context of reviewing the circular process of organization of the economy, where the blast furnace, open-hearth and rol- Corresponding Author: Yuri Zakharovich Drachuk; e-mail: [email protected] 1 Institute of Economics Industry of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine; ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3858-6548; e-mail: [email protected] 2 Department of International Economic Relations, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, Ukraine; ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8944-6102; e-mail: [email protected] 3 Department of Management, Lugansk National Taras Shevchenko University, Ukraine; ORCID iD: 0000-0003- -3583-6900; e-mail: [email protected] 4 Department of Management, Lugansk National Taras Shevchenko University, Ukraine; ORCID iD: 0000-0001- -5197-2385; e-mail: [email protected] 5 Akademia Humanistyczno-Ekonomiczna w Łodzi. APEIRON Wyższa Szkoła Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego i Indywidualnego w Krakowie, Poland; ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3887-294X; e-mail: [email protected] 6 Ivano-Frankivsk Legal Institute of Odessa National Law Academy, Ukraine; e-mail: [email protected] 7 Institute of Industrial Economics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Ukraine; ORCID iD: 0000- -0002-8638-1443; e-mail: [email protected] © 2021. The Author(s). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike International License (CC BY-SA 4.0, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/), which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided that the Article is properly cited. 169 ling production waste are of a high potential. The reuse of metallurgical waste has a number of economic advantages in terms of the chemical composition of the product life cycle. Blast furnace slag is suitable as a raw material in cement production and can be used as fillers in the construc- tion of roads, hydraulic and environmental facilities, during reclamation works, etc. Agriculture actively uses slag as a fertilizer that contains potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, magnesium, bo- ron – as an additive that reduces soil acidity. Currently, all slag can be processed into fertilizers or building materials. The economic effect of the use of slag in construction is accounted for in the relatively low cost of products, improvement of the quality and durability of the structures. The main positive consequences of smartization of the metallurgical industry are increase of its resource efficiency and environmental friendliness, negative – the low level of blast furnace slag use in various sectors of the economy compared to the experience of developed countries, an insuf- ficiently developed legal framework. The mechanism of state management of the use of secondary raw materials, especially metallurgical origin, in conditions of shortage of energy resources and the intensive use of non-renewable natural resources remains an important scientific problem and requires further research. Keywords: slag waste, industries, metallurgical production, ecological expenditure Introduction The relevance of the study is due to the need to identify problems, features and consequences of strategic transformations in the metallurgical industry of Ukraine in the context of reviewing the circular process of organization of the economy, where the blast furnace, open-hearth and rolling production waste are of a high potential. The reuse of metallurgical waste has a number of economic advantages in terms of the chemical composition of the product life cycle. Blast furnace slag is suitable as a raw material in cement production and can be used as fillers in the construction of roads, hydraulic and environmental facilities, during reclamation works, etc. Agriculture actively uses slag as a fertilizer that contains potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, magnesium, boron – as an additive that reduces soil acidity. At present, all slag can be processed into fertilizers or building materials. The economic effect of the use of slag in construction is accounted for in the relatively low cost of products, improvement of the quality and durability of the structures. As a result of the problem analysis of the smartization of metallurgy in the country, the directions for strategy formation of the use of metallurgical production waste, their involvement in secondary production are determined, innovative processes for the expert train- ing of the metallurgical branch as a basis for circular technology development, features of blast furnace slags use in the production activity of industrial enterprises, the state of metallurgical slag production in the country. The main results. The historical antecedents for the metallurgical industry smartization are the successful development during all industrial revolutions, as well as the fact that metal rema- ins one of the main structural materials. The urgency of smartization is related to the efficiency 170 improvement of metallurgical enterprises and the need to meet the modern requirements of con- tractors. The need for the smartization of metallurgical industries is confirmed by the rapid deve- lopment of new technologies in the world, which leads to the need for strategic transformations in the industry through the use of “smart” solutions and technologies (Amosha and Nikiforova 2019, p. 84). The need for smartization is going to be seen in the future progressive development of the industry, where the main goal of the formation of metallurgical smart industries is to increase the adaptability of the industry to dynamic changes in the external environment. The national economy has significant untapped inner potential for intensification, production development and improvement of the economic and technological structure to the level of world achieve- ments. Obviously, it is impossible to prevent the formation of technological waste with the most advanced technologies. Therefore, the task is to substantiate the institutional prerequisites for the creation of the blast furnace slag processing industry in metallurgical production on the basis of neo-institutional economic theory, systematic analysis of European and domestic experience in the development of the metallurgical slag processing industry. In this regard, it is important to assess the directions of strategy formation for the use of metallurgical waste, involving them in secondary production, identifying innovative processes for training experts in the metallurgical industry as a basis for circular technology, features of blast furnace slags use in the production activity of industrial enterprises, the state of metallurgical slag production in the country. Compared to world analogues, only a part of smart technologies known in the leading metal- -producing countries is used in the Ukrainian metallurgical industry. However, the main trends in the smartization of the industry are to increase efforts for the better treatment of slag, that allows for compliance with the strict environmental standards of the EU, on which the legislation of European countries and the European Union places an emphasis. The main positive consequences of smartization of the metallurgical industry are the increase of its resource efficiency and environmental friendliness, negative – low level of blast furnace slag use in various sectors of the economy compared to the experience of developed countries, an insufficiently developed legal framework. The mechanism of state management of the use of secondary raw materials, especially metallurgical origin, in conditions of shortage of energy re- sources and the intensive use of non-renewable natural resources remains an important scientific problem and requires further research. Referring to the analysis of existing technologies in the metallurgical industry, the level of use of secondary resources is not high at present. The main reason for their unsatisfactory use is the lack of waste disposal facilities, often the lack of recyc- ling technologies and a non-integrated approach. At the same time, the processing and recycling of technological waste into a production business process is the only long-term opportunity to solve the problem of raw material sources. Hence the most important technological task of modern production is the comprehensive and rational use of raw materials at all stages of processing. One of the most significant sectoral problems is technological waste (slag), which during many years of economic activity in the territories of metallurgical enterprises has accumulated into multimillion ton dumps. And the re- levance of the effective recycling of ferroalloy slag is growing every year. The depletion of ore 171 reserves, alongside with the decrease of world prices for ferroalloys are forcing companies to look for ways to reduce production costs. It is also important to improve the environmental com- ponent which is associated with the integrated processing of slag. There is a tendency to increase the volume
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