DOCSLIB.ORG

Congressional Record United States Th of America PROCEEDINGS and DEBATES of the 110 CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Congressional Record United States Th of America PROCEEDINGS and DEBATES of the 110 CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION E PL UR UM IB N U U S Congressional Record United States th of America PROCEEDINGS AND DEBATES OF THE 110 CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION Vol. 153 WASHINGTON, FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 21, 2007 No. 141 House of Representatives The House was not in session today. Its next meeting will be held on Monday, September 24, 2007, at 12:30 p.m. Senate FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 21, 2007 The Senate met at 9:15 a.m. and was APPOINTMENT OF ACTING the vote occurring at 10 a.m. At 10 called to order by the Honorable SHEL- PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE a.m., that will be the only vote to DON WHITEHOUSE, a Senator from the The PRESIDING OFFICER. The occur today. State of Rhode Island. clerk will please read a communication I very much appreciate the coopera- to the Senate from the President pro tion of all Senators, Democrats and Re- PRAYER tempore (Mr. BYRD). publicans, that we worked out our The Chaplain, Dr. Barry C. Black, of- The legislative clerk read the fol- problems on Monday so that we can fered the following prayer: lowing letter: vote on the very long-standing issue. Let us pray. We should have done it, but we didn’t, U.S. SENATE, God of all nations, Lord of all people, PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE, but I am glad we are doing it now—the thank You for a land where we can be- Washington, DC, September 21, 2007. WRDA bill. It is bipartisan; Senators lieve that our rights and freedom come To the Senate: BOXER and INHOFE worked on it very from You. We praise You for Your gifts Under the provisions of rule I, paragraph 3, hard. We are going to finish this Mon- of life, liberty, and dreams, and for of the Standing Rules of the Senate, I hereby day night. There will be work done on those who make daily sacrifices for appoint the Honorable SHELDON WHITEHOUSE, the Defense authorization bill on Mon- freedom. Forgive us when we fail to a Senator from the State of Rhode Island, to day. People can come and offer amend- live up to our high heritage, and infuse perform the duties of the Chair. ments, debate measures—whatever the ROBERT C. BYRD, us with a grace that transforms us into President pro tempore. managers feel is appropriate. Hopefully instruments of Your purposes. we can clear some amendments on that Empower our Senators to protect and Mr. WHITEHOUSE thereupon as- occasion. sumed the chair as Acting President guard the foundations of our liberty so f that America will bless the world. pro tempore. When our lawmakers are weary, replen- f RESERVATION OF LEADER TIME ish their spirits with the inspiration of RECOGNITION OF THE MAJORITY The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem- Your presence, and never forsake them LEADER pore. Under the previous order, the in their hour of need. Bellow the flick- leadership time is reserved. The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem- ering embers of their hearts until they f are white-hot again with the fires of pore. The majority leader is recog- NATIONAL DEFENSE AUTHORIZA- patriotism, vision, service, and hope. nized. TION ACT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2008 As many people prepare for Yom f Kippur, we thank You for Your atoning SCHEDULE The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem- sacrifice that purchased our freedom. pore. Under the previous order, the We pray in Your marvelous Name. Mr. REID. Mr. President, this morn- Senate will resume consideration of Amen. ing the Senate will immediately re- H.R. 1585, which the clerk will report. sume consideration of the Defense De- The legislative clerk read as follows: f partment authorization measure and A bill (H.R. 1585) to authorize appropria- PLEDGE OF ALLEGIANCE conclude debate on the Levin-Reed tions for fiscal year 2008 for military activi- The Honorable SHELDON WHITEHOUSE amendment. Debate time until 9:50 this ties of the Department of Defense, for mili- led the Pledge of Allegiance, as follows: morning is equally divided and con- tary construction, and for defense activities I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the trolled between Senators LEVIN and of the Department of Energy, to prescribe United States of America, and to the Repub- MCCAIN. The two leaders will control military personnel strengths for such fiscal lic for which it stands, one nation under God, the time between 9:50 and 10 a.m., with year, and for other purposes. indivisible, with liberty and justice for all. myself controlling the last 5 minutes, Pending: ∑ This ‘‘bullet’’ symbol identifies statements or insertions which are not spoken by a Member of the Senate on the floor. S11919 . VerDate Aug 31 2005 01:40 Sep 22, 2007 Jkt 059060 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 0637 Sfmt 0634 E:\CR\FM\A21SE6.000 S21SEPT1 bajohnson on PRODPC61 with SENATE S11920 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE September 21, 2007 Nelson (NE) (for Levin) amendment No. begin to draw our forces down, as Gen- willing to act, that we act to change 2011, in the nature of a substitute. eral Petraeus has announced? I think the course, to provide a strategy and a Warner (for Graham/Kyl) amendment No. most people would suggest probably policy that is consistent with our in- 2064 (to amendment No. 2011), to strike sec- not. terests, with our resources, and with tion 1023, relating to the granting of civil rights to terror suspects. So we are left with the reality on the our ideals that will help us move for- Levin/Reed amendment No. 2898 (to amend- ground and the reality here at home— ward. ment No. 2011), to provide for a reduction waning support for a policy that the I hope in the next several minutes as and transition of U.S. forces in Iraq. American people believe is misguided this vote comes to the floor that the Kyl/Lieberman amendment No. 3017 (to and has been incompetently executed message of the American people will be amendment No. 2011), to express the sense of by the administration. We have to heard and heeded and that we will the Senate regarding Iran. change the mission, and the core of the adopt the Levin-Reed amendment. The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem- Levin-Reed amendment is to change I yield my time. pore. Under the previous order, the that mission, to go away from an open- Mr. LEVIN. I suggest the absence of time until 9:50 a.m. will be equally di- ended ‘‘we will do anything you want, a quorum and equally divide the time. vided between the Senator from Michi- Mr. Maliki, even if you don’t do any- The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem- gan, Mr. LEVIN, and the Senator from thing we want’’ to focused counterter- pore. Without objection, it is so or- Arizona, Mr. MCCAIN. rorism, training Iraqi security forces, dered. The clerk will call the roll. Who yields time? and protecting our forces. It also recog- The legislative clerk proceeded to Mr. LEVIN. Mr. President, I suggest nizes that we have to have a timeframe call the roll. the absence of a quorum. in which to do those things. Mr. LEVIN. Mr. President, I ask The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem- I am encouraged and I think all unanimous consent that the order for pore. The clerk will call the roll. should be encouraged that a year ago the quorum call be rescinded. The legislative clerk proceeded to when we started talking about initi- The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem- call the roll. ating withdrawal of forces from Iraq, pore. Without objection, it is so or- Mr. LEVIN. Mr. President, I ask that was an item which was not only dered. unanimous consent that the order for hotly debated on the floor but severely Mr. LEVIN. Mr. President, I yield the quorum call be rescinded. criticized. myself 4 minutes. The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem- General Petraeus has told us he will There is a lot of disagreement about pore. Without objection, it is so or- propose and will probably implement a Iraq policy, how we got into the quag- dered. withdrawal of forces before the end of mire we are in there, the failure to Mr. LEVIN. I also ask unanimous this year. That is part 1 of the Levin- plan properly, the disbanding of the consent that the time of the quorum be Reed approach. The second is to begin Iraqi Army, the lack of a plan for the equally divided and that apply retro- a transition to these missions, and we aftermath and a number of other issues actively. hope that can be accomplished in a which have been the subject of great The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem- very short period of time. Finally, we debate. pore. Without objection, it is so or- would like to see these missions fully There is a consensus on a number of dered. vetted, fully set out and implemented issues. It is that consensus which Mr. LEVIN. Mr. President, I yield 5 on the ground, moving away from the drives the Levin-Reed amendment. minutes to the Senator from Rhode Is- open-ended approach within a fixed pe- There is a consensus that we have an land. riod of time. This approach, together important stake in a stable and inde- The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem- with a very aggressive diplomatic ap- pendent Iraq. Everyone agrees on that. pore. The Senator from Rhode Island is proach, we believe is the key to con- The opponents of this amendment like recognized. tributing not just to the stability of to suggest that somehow or other the Mr. REED. Mr. President, I thank my Iraq but to the long-term interests of proponents are not interested in a sta- colleague, Senator LEVIN, for yielding the United States in the region and the ble and independent Iraq.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Iraq: Oil and Gas Legislation, Revenue Sharing, and U.S. Policy
    Order Code RL34064 Iraq: Oil and Gas Legislation, Revenue Sharing, and U.S. Policy Updated July 2, 2008 Christopher M. Blanchard Analyst in Middle Eastern Affairs Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Iraq: Oil and Gas Legislation, Revenue Sharing, and U.S. Policy Summary Iraqi leaders continue to debate a package of hydrocarbon sector and revenue sharing legislation that would define the terms for the future management and development of the country’s significant oil and natural gas resources. The package includes an oil and gas sector framework law and three supporting laws that would outline revenue sharing, restructure Iraq’s Ministry of Oil, and create an Iraqi National Oil Company. Both the Bush Administration and Congress consider the passage of oil and gas sector framework and revenue sharing legislation as important benchmarks that would indicate the current Iraqi government’s commitment to promoting political reconciliation and long term economic development in Iraq. Section 1314 of the FY2007 Supplemental Appropriations Act [P.L.110-28] specifically identified the enactment and implementation of legislation “to ensure the equitable distribution of hydrocarbon resources of the people of Iraq without regard to the sect or ethnicity of recipients” and “to ensure that the energy resources of Iraq benefit Sunni Arabs, Shia Arabs, Kurds, and other Iraqi citizens in an equitable manner” as benchmarks. The Administration reported to Congress on these benchmarks in July and September 2007. A draft framework law approved by Iraq’s Council of Ministers (cabinet) in July 2007 did not include revenue sharing arrangements. Iraq’s Council of Representatives (parliament) has not taken action to consider the legislation to date because of ongoing political disputes.
    [Show full text]
  • Robert Gates on the Middle East
    MENU Policy Analysis / PolicyWatch 1160 On the Record: Robert Gates on the Middle East Nov 9, 2006 Brief Analysis esterday, President George W. Bush announced that he was nominating former CIA director Robert Gates as Y secretary of defense following the resignation of Donald Rumsfeld. Gates, currently the president of Texas A&M University, served as director of central intelligence from 1991 to 1993. In all, he spent twenty-seven years as an intelligence professional, having originally joined the CIA as an analyst in 1966. In February 2005, he announced that he had been offered the new post of director of national intelligence but had declined it. In 2004 he served as co- chair, with Zbigniew Brzezinski, on an independent task force on Iran sponsored by the Council on Foreign Relations. He is currently a member of the Iraq Study Group, co-chaired by James Baker and Lee Hamilton, which is expected to report shortly on alternatives to U.S. policy on Iraq. The following is a range of quotes made by Gates, or conclusions with which he has been associated, on a range of subjects related to the Middle East. On Iraq On August 24, 2004, Gates was interviewed by Bernard Gwertzman of the Council on Foreign Relations: Gwetzmann: “Do you have any predictions as to how Iraq is going to turn out?” Gates: “No. We have the old line in the intelligence business that everything we want to know is divided into two categories: secrets and mysteries.” Gwertzman: “And Iraq is which?” Gates: “Iraq is very much the latter.” On Iran The following quotes are taken from the executive summary of Iran: Time for a New Approach, a report issued in July 2004 by the previously mentioned independent task force sponsored by the Council on Foreign Relations: “[T]he current lack of sustained engagement with Iran harms U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • The Dubai Initiative
    The Dubai Initiative Working Paper Securing the Peace: The Battle over Ethnicity and Energy in Modern Iraq Justin Dargin Securing the Peace: The Battle over Ethnicity and Energy in Modern Iraq Dubai Initiative – Working Paper Justin Dargin Research Fellow, The Dubai Initiative Better Center for Science and International Affairs Harvard University June 2009 SeCURIng THe Peace: THe Battle oveR eTHnICITy AnD eneRgy In MoDeRn IRAq | 1 “There is something very sinister to my mind in this Mesopotamian entanglement.” Winston Churchill letter to Prime Minister David Lloyd George, August 1920 I. Introduction This article examines the legal and political impediments to the Kurd- ish Regional Government’s (KRG) exploration and production contracts, which the central government in Baghdad has refused to recognize. The newly estab- lished Iraqi national constitution significantly opened as many petroleum-control questions as it resolved. Negotiated in 2005, the constitution not only separated branches of government, but established Federalism as its lodestar. When faced with unresolved issues over regional and national control over petroleum resourc- es, however, International Oil Companies (IOCs) function in an ambiguous legal environment that fails to clearly distinguish between federal and regional powers Article 112(1) of the constitution grants the central government a condi- tional right to “…undertake management of oil and gas extracted from present oil and gas fields…” (emphasis mine). Reflective of Iraq’s commitment to federalism, the right to manage oil fields is shared by the central government, the produc- ing governorates and the regional governments. Article 112(1) could, therefore, be construed to mean that the central government has no right to exercise authority over nonproducing fields and future fields: rights that are not explicitly granted to the federal government may be held as residual rights by the regional authori- ties.
    [Show full text]
  • Statement on Senate Confirmation of Robert M. Gates As Secretary of Defense December 6, 2006 the President's News Conference W
    Administration of George W. Bush, 2006 / Dec. 7 Statement on Senate Confirmation of Robert M. Gates as Secretary of Defense December 6, 2006 I am pleased the Senate has overwhelm- empowered them to successfully address ingly voted to confirm Dr. Robert Gates complex issues. I am confident that his as the next Secretary of Defense. In his leadership and capabilities will help our confirmation hearing, Dr. Gates dem- country meet its current military challenges onstrated he is an experienced, qualified, and prepare for emerging threats of the and thoughtful man who is well respected 21st century. by members of both parties and is com- I thank Chairman Warner and Ranking mitted to winning the war on terror. Member Levin for leading dignified and Throughout his career, Dr. Gates has trans- constructive hearings, and I thank the Sen- formed the organizations he has led and ate for moving quickly on this nomination. The President’s News Conference With Prime Minister Tony Blair of the United Kingdom December 7, 2006 President Bush. Thank you all. Please be Security Council. I talked to him about the seated. I just had a good visit with Prime consultations I’m having with the United Minister Tony Blair. I appreciate you com- States Congress. ing back, Mr. Prime Minister. I always We agree that victory in Iraq is impor- enjoy our discussions. And I appreciate tant. It’s important for the Iraqi people; your clear view that we are confronted with it’s important for the security of the United a struggle between moderation and extre- States and Great Britain; and it’s important mism, and this is particularly evident in for the civilized world.
    [Show full text]
  • Post 9/11 Civil-Military Relations
    Post-9/11 Civil-Military Relations Room for Improvement Thomas Sheppard and Bryan Groves Abstract Civil-military relations between the president and his key military leaders carry significant implications for strategy making and war out- comes. Presidents and their national security team must prioritize prop- erly developing that relationship. Civilian leaders must understand the various biases military leaders may harbor in different scenarios, while military leaders must present the president with genuine options, serv- ing as professional advisors in the “unequal dialogue.” It is essential the next president bridge the civil-military gap—thereby facilitating greater understanding and trust. Stronger bonds of confidence between princi- pals and agents result in more effective organizations, as does the ability to figure out what works, why it works, and how to implement it. ✵ ✵ ✵ ✵ ✵ The year 2016 will mark a major transition for the US military. If Pres. Barack Obama sticks to his timetable—and all indications are he will—the last American forces will vacate Afghanistan by the end of that year, ending the longest war in American history. What will follow in Afghanistan is uncertain, but recent events in Iraq and persistent en- emy elements in Afghanistan and Pakistan paint a pessimistic picture. It is a real possibility that the blood and treasure poured into Afghani- Thomas Sheppard completed his doctorate in military history at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. His research focuses on civilian control in the early American republic. He was the recipi- ent of the 2013–2014 Smith-Richardson Predoctoral Fellowship through Yale University’s International Security Studies Program.
    [Show full text]
  • The Iraq Study Group Report
    The Iraq Study Group Report James A. Baker, III, and Lee H. Hamilton, Co-Chairs Lawrence S. Eagleburger, Vernon E. Jordan, Jr., Edwin Meese III, Sandra Day O’Connor, Leon E. Panetta, William J. Perry, Charles S. Robb, Alan K. Simpson Contents Letter from the Co-Chairs Executive Summary I. Assessment A. Assessment of the Current Situation in Iraq 1. Security 2. Politics 3. Economics 4. International Support 5. Conclusions B. Consequences of Continued Decline in Iraq C. Some Alternative Courses in Iraq 1. Precipitate Withdrawal 2. Staying the Course 3. More Troops for Iraq 4. Devolution to Three Regions D. Achieving Our Goals II. The Way Forward—A New Approach A. The External Approach: Building an International Consensus 1. The New Diplomatic Offensive 2. The Iraq International Support Group 3. Dealing with Iran and Syria 4. The Wider Regional Context B. The Internal Approach: Helping Iraqis Help Themselves 1. Performance on Milestones 2. National Reconciliation 3. Security and Military Forces 4. Police and Criminal Justice 5. The Oil Sector 6. U.S. Economic and Reconstruction Assistance 7. Budget Preparation, Presentation, and Review 8. U.S. Personnel 9. Intelligence Appendices Letter from the Sponsoring Organizations Iraq Study Group Plenary Sessions Iraq Study Group Consultations Expert Working Groups and Military Senior Advisor Panel The Iraq Study Group Iraq Study Group Support Letter from the Co-Chairs There is no magic formula to solve the problems of Iraq. However, there are actions that can be taken to improve the situation and protect American interests. Many Americans are dissatisfied, not just with the situation in Iraq but with the state of our political debate regarding Iraq.
    [Show full text]
  • Iraq: Politics and Governance
    Iraq: Politics and Governance Kenneth Katzman Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs Carla E. Humud Analyst in Middle Eastern and African Affairs March 9, 2016 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RS21968 Iraq: Politics and Governance Summary Iraq’s sectarian and ethnic divisions—muted toward the end of the 2003-2011 U.S. military intervention in Iraq—are fueling a major challenge to Iraq’s stability and to U.S. policy in Iraq and the broader Middle East region. The resentment of Iraq’s Sunni Arabs toward the Shiite- dominated central government facilitated the capture in 2014 of nearly one-third of Iraqi territory by the Sunni Islamist extremist group called the Islamic State (IS, also known as ISIL, ISIS, or the Arabic acronym Da'esh). Iraq’s Kurds are separately embroiled in political, territorial, and economic disputes with Baghdad, but those differences have been at least temporarily subordinated to the common struggle against the Islamic State. U.S. officials assert that the Iraqi government must work to gain the loyalty of more of Iraq’s Sunnis—and to resolve differences with the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG)—if an eventual defeat of the Islamic State is to result in long-term stability. Prospects for greater inter- communal unity appeared to increase in 2014 with the replacement of former Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki with the current Prime Minister, Haydar al-Abbadi. Although both men are from the Shiite Islamist Da’wa Party, Abbadi has taken some steps to try to compromise with Sunnis and with the KRG. However, a significant point of contention with the KRG remains the KRG’s marketing of crude oil exports separately from Baghdad.
    [Show full text]
  • Iraqi Oil and Revenues from Its Sale: a Review of How Existing Security Council Resolutions Affected the Past and May Shape the Future
    The European Journal of International Law Vol. 18 no.3 © EJIL 2007; all rights reserved .......................................................................................... Iraqi Oil and Revenues from Its Sale: A Review of How Existing Security Council Resolutions Affected the Past and May Shape the Future Rex J. Zedalis * Abstract The newly proposed Iraqi oil and gas legislation is currently making its way through Iraq’s political process. The specifi c content of that legislation may be criticized for a variety of rea- sons. Nonetheless, while early Security Council resolutions addressing Iraq’s oil and gas, and revenues from its sale, demonstrated extensive supervision over such by the international community beginning in the 1990s, more recent resolutions assign Iraq the kind of control that suggests its peoples are entitled to manage those resources and monies as they see fi t. At the same time, the international community cannot ignore the importance of oil and gas to the economic well-being of Iraq, and the link between economic health and the survival of that country’s nascent democracy. As a consequence, despite the fact that Security Council resolutions have seen fi t to permit Iraqi authorities to resume autonomous control over that nation’s hydrocarbons and the revenues produced by the sale of such, serious consideration should be given to the adoption of a new resolution, extending beyond the current 31 Decem- ber 2007 date Iraq’s protection against legal claims from existing and potential creditors. 1 Introduction The civil unrest that has plagued Iraq over the last couple of years may be traced to sectarian rivalry, ambitions of autonomy for specifi c regions of the country, the * Professor of Law and Director, Comparative and International Law Center, Fellow, National Energy- Environment Law and Policy Center, University of Tulsa.
    [Show full text]
  • An Alternative to the Ethno-Sectarian Division of Iraq Paul R
    American University International Law Review Volume 24 | Issue 2 Article 2 2008 Rethinking the Political Future: An Alternative to the Ethno-Sectarian Division of Iraq Paul R. Williams Matthew .T Simpson Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/auilr Part of the International Law Commons Recommended Citation Williams, Paul R. and Matthew T. Simpson. "Rethinking the Political Future: An Alternative to the Ethno-Sectarian Division of Iraq." American University International Law Review 24, no. 2 (2008): 191-247. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Washington College of Law Journals & Law Reviews at Digital Commons @ American University Washington College of Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in American University International Law Review by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ American University Washington College of Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SIMPSON-WILLIAMS_TO PRINT.DOC 12/4/2008 12:03:18 PM RETHINKING THE POLITICAL FUTURE: AN ALTERNATIVE TO THE ETHNO-SECTARIAN DIVISION OF IRAQ PAUL R. WILLIAMS* MATTHEW T. SIMPSON** INTRODUCTION...........................................................................192 I. ETHNO-SECTARIAN DIVISION..............................................194 II. CALLS FOR THE ETHNO-SECTARIAN DIVISION OF IRAQ .........................................................................................196 III. THE CASE AGAINST THE ETHNO-SECTARIAN DIVISION OF IRAQ ................................................................201
    [Show full text]
  • Iraq Study Group Consultations
    CENTER FOR THE STUDY OF THE PRESIDENCY IRAQ STUDY GROUP Iraq Study Group Consultations (* denotes meeting took place in Iraq) Iraqi Officials and Representatives * Jalal Talabani - President * Tareq al-Hashemi - Vice President * Adil Abd al-Mahdi - Vice President * Nouri Kamal al-Maliki - Prime Minister * Salaam al-Zawbai - Deputy Prime Minister * Barham Salih - Deputy Prime Minister * Mahmoud al-Mashhadani - Speaker of the Parliament * Mowaffak al-Rubaie - National Security Advisor * Jawad Kadem al-Bolani - Minister of Interior * Abdul Qader Al-Obeidi - Minister of Defense * Hoshyar Zebari - Minister of Foreign Affairs * Bayan Jabr - Minister of Finance * Hussein al-Shahristani - Minster of Oil * Karim Waheed - Minister of Electricity * Akram al-Hakim - Minister of State for National Reconciliation Affairs * Mithal al-Alusi - Member, High Commission on National Reconciliation * Ayad Jamal al-Din - Member, High Commission on National Reconciliation * Ali Khalifa al-Duleimi - Member, High Commission on National Reconciliation * Sami al-Ma'ajoon - Member, High Commission on National Reconciliation * Muhammad Ahmed Mahmoud - Member, Commission on National Reconciliation * Wijdan Mikhael - Member, High Commission on National Reconciliation Lt. General Nasir Abadi - Deputy Chief of Staff of the Iraqi Joint Forces * Adnan al-Dulaimi - Head of the Tawafuq list Ali Allawi - Former Minister of Finance * Sheik Najeh al-Fetlawi - representative of Muqtada al-Sadr * Abd al-Aziz al-Hakim - Shia Coalition Leader * Sheik Maher al-Hamraa - Ayat Allah
    [Show full text]
  • Geopolitics, Borders, and Federalism: Challenges for Post-War Iraq Paul G
    Western Kentucky University TopSCHOLAR® Masters Theses & Specialist Projects Graduate School 12-2014 Geopolitics, Borders, and Federalism: Challenges for Post-War Iraq Paul G. Lockhart Western Kentucky University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses Part of the Geography Commons, and the Models and Methods Commons Recommended Citation Lockhart, Paul G., "Geopolitics, Borders, and Federalism: Challenges for Post-War Iraq" (2014). Masters Theses & Specialist Projects. Paper 1443. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1443 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by TopSCHOLAR®. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses & Specialist Projects by an authorized administrator of TopSCHOLAR®. For more information, please contact [email protected]. GEOPOLITICS, BORDERS, AND FEDERALISM: CHALLENGES FOR POST-WAR IRAQ A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of Geography and Geology Western Kentucky University Bowling Green, Kentucky In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science By Paul Greg Lockhart December 2014 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The completion of this thesis was a challenging experience in my life, and it could not have been accomplished without the motivation, support, and assistance of numerous individuals. First, I would like to thank my wife, Kristen, for her encouragement and support during the writing of this thesis. I would like to thank my mother, Sharron, for teaching me the importance of education. I would like to thank Dr. Margaret Gripshover and Dr. Chris Bierwirth for their guidance, while serving as part of my thesis committee. Finally, I would like to thank my academic advisor and mentor, Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • The Iraq Study Group Report: the Way Forward
    The Iraq Study Group Report James A. Baker, III, and Lee H. Hamilton, Co-Chairs Lawrence S. Eagleburger, Vernon E. Jordan, Jr., Edwin Meese III, Sandra Day O’Connor, Leon E. Panetta, William J. Perry, Charles S. Robb, Alan K. Simpson vintage books A Division of Random House, Inc. New York FIRST VINTAGE BOOKS EDITION: DECEMBER 2006 All rights reserved. The Authorized Edition of The Iraq Study Group Report is published in the United States by Vintage Books, a division of Random House, Inc., New York, and in Canada by Random House of Canada Limited, Toronto. Maps © 2006 by Joyce Pendola Vintage and colophon are registered trademarks of Random House, Inc. ISBN: 0-307-38656-2 ISBN-13: 978-0-307-38656-4 www.vintagebooks.com A portion of the proceeds from the purchase of this book will be donated to the National Military Family Association, the only nonprofit organization that rep- resents the families of the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, Coast Guard, and the Commissioned Corps of the Public Health Service and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, prepares spouses, children, and par- ents to better deal with the unique challenges of military life. The Association protects benefits vital to all families, including those of the deployed, wounded, and fallen. For more than 35 years, its staff and volunteers, comprised mostly of military family members, have built a reputation as the leading experts on mili- tary family issues. For more information, visit www.nmfa.org. Printed in the United States of America 10987654321 First Edition Letter from the Co-Chairs There is no magic formula to solve the problems of Iraq.
    [Show full text]