Poisonous Plants for Ruminants in the Dairy Region of Pernambuco, Northeastern Brazil1 Jaianne K.A
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Pesq. Vet. Bras. 41:e06807, 2021 DOI: 10.1590/1678-5150-PVB-6807 Original Article Livestock Diseases ISSN 0100-736X (Print) ISSN 1678-5150 (Online) PVB-6807 LD Poisonous plants for ruminants in the dairy region of Pernambuco, Northeastern Brazil1 Jaianne K.A. Melo2, Taciana R.R. Ramos3, Luiz C.F. Baptista Filho3, Luana V. Cruz3, Nathalia S. Wicpolt4, Silvio M.C. Fonseca4 and Fábio S. Mendonça4* ABSTRACT.- Melo J.K.A., Ramos T.R.R., Baptista Filho L.C.F., Cruz L.V., Wicpolt N.S., Fonseca S.M. & Mendonça F.S. 2021. Poisonous plants for ruminants in the dairy region of Pernambuco, Northeastern Brazil. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 41:e6807, 2021. Laboratório de Diagnóstico Animal, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros s/n, Dois Irmãos, Recife, PE 52171-900, Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] A survey carried out in the dairy region of Pernambuco was conducted to determine the Título Original most important poisonous plants for ruminants in the region. A total of 95 farmers from 19 municipalities were interviewed and the grazing areas of ruminants were inspected. According to the survey, the most important poisonous plants for ruminants were Manihot esculenta, [Título traduzido]. Palicourea aeneofusca, Brachiaria decumbens, Indigofera suffruticosa, Ricinus communis and Cestrum axillare. Less reported classes of poisonous plants included nephrotoxic plants and plants that cause abortions or congenic malformations. Psychotria hoffmannseggiana, Psychotria colorata and Psychotria capitata were reported by farmers as the cause of sudden Autores death in cattle. These plants should be better investigated to evaluate their importance as the cause of cattle deaths. INDEX TERMS: Poisonous plants, ruminants, cyanogenic plants, monofluoracetate, disease of cattle, Brazil. RESUMO.- [Plantas tóxicas para ruminantes na bacia de mortes súbitas em bovinos. Essas plantas devem ser leiteira de Pernambuco, Nordeste do Brasil.] Neste estudo investigadas melhor para avaliar sua importância como a prospectivo, realizou-se um levantamento sobre a ocorrência causa de mortes de bovinos. das principais plantas tóxicas e a ocorrência de intoxicações por plantas em ruminantes na bacia leiteira de Pernambuco. TERMOS DE INDEXAÇÃO: Plantas tóxicas, ruminantes, plantas Para isso, foram entrevistados 95 produtores rurais de 19 municípios e as áreas de pastagem de ruminantes foram cianogênicas, monofluoracetato, doença de bovinos, Brasil. inspecionadas. De acordo com o levantamento, as plantas INTRODUCTION tóxicas mais importantes para ruminantes foram Manihot The dairy region of Pernambuco is geographically located esculenta, Palicourea aeneofusca, Brachiaria decumbens, Indigofera suffruticosa e Ricinus communis. As classes menos in the Agreste and Sertão territory. It covers a total area of importantes de plantas tóxicas incluíram plantas nefrotóxicas 13.153 km² and is composed of 27 municipalities, in which e plantas que causam abortos e malformações congênitas. milk production and family farming are especially important Psychotria hoffmannseggiana, Psychotria colorata e Psychotria for the economy of the Pernambuco’s State. Recent data about capitata foram relatadas por produtores rurais como a causa raised ruminants in this dairy region pointed to a total of 838.487 bovines, 313.072 sheep and 135.385 goats (IBGE 1 Received on December 6, 2020. 2017). In this region, poisoning by plants in livestock remains Accepted for publication on December 21, 2020. a relevant cause of economic losses and several manuscripts 2 Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal reporting outbreaks of poisonings in ruminants have been Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros s/n, Dois published (Guaraná et al. 2011, Mendonça et al. 2012, Souza Irmãos, Recife, PE 52171-900, Brazil. et al. 2012, Lima et al. 2013, Olinda et al. 2015, Andrade Neto 3 Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Agreste et al. 2016, Brito et al. 2016, Almeida et al. 2017, Correia et de Pernambuco (UFAPE), Av. Bom Pastor s/n, Boa Vista, Garanhuns, PE 55292-270, Brazil. al. 2017, Mendonça et al. 2018, Silva Filho et al. 2020). 4 Laboratory of Animal Diagnosis, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco There are a lot of situations leading to poisoning by plants (UFRPE), Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros s/n, Dois Irmãos, Recife, PE 52171- in ruminants, but in general, the main reason occurs due to the 900, Brazil. *Corresponding author: [email protected] scarcity of food or water deprivation and after transportation 1 2 Jaianne K.A. Melo et al. of animals. High pasture stocking rate and contamination according to Riet-Correa et al. (2011) and Tokarnia et al. (2012). of the hay are also important causes (Silva et al. 2006, At Form 2 the farmers reported poisonous plants recognized by Tokarnia et al. 2012). Another cause, the lack of knowledge concerning the occurrence of poisonous plants by farmers affected animal species, affected organ system, and observed clinical them, but that one’s without scientific support. Common names, and professionals linked to the livestock is, in our opinion, signs were asked. After interviews, these plants were collected and one of the major causes for the occurrence of poisoning by plants in farm animals. For this reason, prospective surveys the characteristics of the poisonings observed by the farmers. aiming to discover or elucidate the causes of poisonings identified botanically by species and genus. Form 3 concerned about Data analysis was performed in a descriptive manner, establishing diagnosis of animal diseases. Furthermore, the realization a relationship between the variable’s occurrence of poisonous plants ofremain prospective relevant studies and comprises aiming to identifya significant poisonous tool for plants the and the frequency of outbreak’s reports. Based on information lead to the diagnosis of common diseases of livestock, and also emerging and transboundary diseases, because they put quantitative data were accounted for and grouped according to the obtained through the forms and field inspection, the qualitative and absolute frequency (AF) and relative frequency (RF) of occurrence authorities and scientists. and subjected to a critical analysis. workingThis study together is composed farmers, byfield a prospective veterinarians, survey animal and healthaimed to study the occurrence of poisonous plants for ruminants in the The relative frequency of producers who recognized species of dairy region of the State of Pernambuco, Northeastern Brazil. poisonous plants was obtained according to the following sentence: PR RF 100 MATERIALS AND METHODS PI T This study was carried at the dairy region of Pernambuco State. For Where RFPI this, we interviewed 95 farmers from 19 municipalities: Angelim, = relative frequency of plant identification, PI = Bom Conselho, Brejão, Caetés, Calçado, Canhotinho, Correntes, amount of farmers interviewed. number of times in which the plant was identified, and T = total Garanhuns, Iati, Jucati, Jupi, Jurema, Lagoa do Ouro, Lajedo, Palmeirina, The relative frequency of outbreaks of poisoning was calculated Paranatama, Saloá, São João and Terezinha (Fig.1). The climate in according to the following sentence: this region is semiarid, with high temperatures throughout the SI year, irregular/scarce rainfall and the vegetation is composed by RF 100 the Brazilian Altitudinal Grasslands and Caatinga. Po TI Technical visits were made on 5 farms per municipality and accounted 95 smalls to medium size farms, whose main source of income is the family farming. Those farms were selected based on Where RF = relative frequency according to a specific poisoning, amount of poisonings in the region. the non-probabilistic sampling technique called snowball, which PO = number of outbreaks of a specific plant poisoning, and T = total one to compose the survey (Vinuto 2014). RESULTS uses the reference chain, where the first farmer indicated the next The interview protocols consisted of the application of three Farmers mentioned the occurrence of 36 species of poisonous investigative forms based on the methodology of Silva et al. (2006). plants in the dairy region of Pernambuco. Of these, 27 species Forms 1 and 2 were applied to all producers, while Form 3 was only applied to those who were interested in reporting outbreaks of poisoning by plants. At Form 1 farmers were asked about the 21 species were associated with outbreaks of poisonings in were identified by our team during the pastures inspection and poisonous plants already known by them according to a recognition ruminants. The frequency of occurrence of plants classes (Fig.2), most important poisonous plants (Fig.3) and the frequency of literature. For this, a booklet was prepared as illustrative material poisonings reported by farmers are shown in Table 1. of the existing species of poisonous plants cited in the scientific Fig.1. Geographic map of Brazil highlighting the Northeast region, Fig.2. Frequency of occurrence of poisoning by toxic plants organized municipalities studied. by classes. the State of Pernambuco and, in the high magnification, the Pesq. Vet. Bras. 41:e06807, 2021 Poisonous plants for ruminants in the dairy region of Pernambuco, Northeastern Brazil 3 Occurrence of poisonous plants and frequency of poisonings affecting cattle. In the region, farmers usually utilized P. juliflora in ruminants as ruminant feed and they know that pods are poisonous for Cyanogenic plants. Cyanogenic plants