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Photoperiodic Flower Induction of Several Kalanchoe Species And

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Photoperiodic Flower Induction of Several Kalanchoe Species And HORTSCIENCE 46(1):35–39. 2011. that have potential as new ornamental potted or garden plants. Photoperiodic Flower Induction Materials and Methods of Several Kalanchoe Species Propagation and propagule culture. Stock plants of 20 Kalanchoe spp. (Table 1) were and Ornamental Characteristics started from rooted and unrooted cuttings obtained from two firms. Vegetative stock plants were maintained in a greenhouse with of the Flowering Species 22 ± 1 °C and 18 ± 1 °C day and night air Christopher J. Currey and John E. Erwin1,2 temperature set points, respectively, under Department of Horticultural Science, University of Minnesota, 1970 Folwell ambient irradiance conditions (St. Paul, MN, 45° N) supplemented with 75 mmolÁm–2Ás–1 pho- Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108-6007 tosynthetic photon flux from high-pressure Additional index words. Kalanchoe laciniata, Kalanchoe manginii, Kalanchoe nyikae, Kalanchoe sodium lamps when ambient irradiance was less –2 –1 uniflora, Kalanchoe velutina, new ornamentals, total color index than 200 mmolÁm Ás from 0700 to 0100 HR (18-h photoperiod). Plants were irrigated as Abstract. Our objectives in this study were to identify the flowering response of Kalanchoe necessary with tap water and fertilized once spp. to photoperiodic treatments and characterize flowering and vegetative character- weekly with tap water supplemented with istics of flowering plants. Twenty vegetatively propagated Kalanchoe spp. were grown water-soluble fertilizer (Excel 15N-2.2P- under one of four photoperiodic treatments: 1) short days (SD; 8-h photoperiod) for 12.5K Cal-Mag; The Scotts Co., Marysville, 16 weeks; 2) night interruption lighting (NI; 2000 to 0200 HR) for 16 weeks; 3) SD for OH) to provide the following at each irrigation 8 weeks then transferred to NI for 8 weeks; or 4) NI for 8 weeks then transferred to (in mgÁL–1): 200 nitrogen, 29 phosphorous, 167 SD for 8 weeks. Kalanchoe beauvardii, K. behariensis, K. fedtschenkoi, K. longiflora, potassium, 67 calcium, 27 magnesium, 1.0 iron, K. marmorata, K. marnieriana, K. streptantha, K. tomentosa, and K. vigueridoi did not 0.5 manganese and zinc, 0.3 copper and boron, flower under any treatment. Kalanchoe laetivirens and K. rosei had minimal flowering and 0.1 molybdenum. The pH and alkalin- when exposed to NI followed by SD, whereas K. pumila had minimal flowering when ity of the tap water was 7.7 and 55 mgÁL–1, exposed to SD followed by NI. Kalanchoe glaucescens, K. laciniata, K. manginii, K. nyikae, respectively. K. rotundifolia, K. uniflora, and K. velutina flowered when exposed to SD for 8 or 16 weeks, On 8 Oct. 2008, cuttings of each species and node number below the inflorescence and days to first open flower for these were harvested and the lowest set of leaves species increased when NI preceded SD. Kalanchoe millotii flowered under a 16-week was removed from the cutting and cuttings SD treatment only. No plants flowered when grown under only NI. We classified K. were dipped in talc powder containing 1000 glaucescens, K. laciniata, K. manginii, K. millotii, K. nyikae, K. rotundifolia, K. uniflora, ppm indole-3-butyric acid (Hormodin 1; OHP and K. velutina as obligate SD plants. Flower diameter, total flower number, total color Inc., Mainland, PA) to promote rooting. Cut- index, shoot length, branch number, and leaf length and width varied among species. tings were then placed in soilless high-porosity Based on these ornamental characteristics, we identified K. glaucescens, K. laciniata, growing medium (SB500; SunGro Horticul- K. manginii, K. nyikae, K. uniflora, and K. velutina as potential ornamental flowering ture, Bellevue, WA) in 128-, 72-, or 50-cell potted plants. plug trays with individual cell volumes of 25, 59, or 111 mL, respectively (Table 1), to accommodate species of different sizes. Air The genus Kalanchoe includes 139 spe- that flower when exposed to SD or long-days temperature and irradiance were as described cies indigenous to Madagascar, southern and (LD) are classified as SD plants (SDP) or LD previously with a media temperature set point eastern Africa, and, to a lesser extent, tropical plants, respectively (Thomas and Vince-Prue, of 21 °C maintained with bottom-heat mats Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and southeast- 1997). Dual-daylength plants must be exposed placed beneath the trays. Cuttings were hand- ern Asia (Descoings, 2005; Gherig et al., 2001). to a specific sequence of photoperiods. For misted daily and irrigated with water only as One species, K. blossfeldiana von Poellnitz, example, long–SD plants (LSDP) must be ex- needed. After 1 week, cuttings were irrigated is grown commercially as a flowering potted posed to LD followed by SD (Thomas and with tap water as needed and fertilized once plant, whereas other species are grown as Vince-Prue, 1997). Kalanchoe spp. studied weekly as previously described. minor flowering or potted plants (Dole and have been categorized into two different pho- After rooting (4 weeks), cuttings were Wilkins, 2005). Kalanchoe spp. are generally toperiodic response groups with respect to transplanted into 10.2-cm plastic pots (538-mL amenable to cultivation and propagate readily flowering: SDP and LSDP. K. blossfeldiana volume) filled with a high-porosity growing from stem and leaf cuttings or plantlets pro- and K. porphyrocalyx (Baker) Baillon were medium (SB500; SunGro Horticulture). Pots duced along leaf margins (Descoings, 2005). classified as SDP (Schwabe, 1985; Zimmer, were then placed in the same environment in Additionally, Kalanchoe spp. can vary in 1985). Zeevaart (1985) classified four Kalan- which they were rooted without bottom heat flower color, size, number, and inflorescence choe spp. as LSDP: K. daigrimontiana Hamet or daily misting. Plants were irrigated with structure as well as foliage size, shape, and & H. Perrier, K. laxiflora Baker, K. pinnata tap water as needed and fertilized once weekly color (C. Currey, personal observation). (Lamarck) Persoon, and K. prolifera (Bowie as previously described. Photoperiodic flower induction is a com- ex Hooker). To produce floriculture crops Photoperiodic treatments. Four photoperi- mon mechanism for floral induction. Plants commercially, requirements for flower induc- odic treatments were selected to elicit flowering tion need to be identified to program flower- responses previously reported for Kalanchoe ing (Roh and Lawson, 1998). This study was spp. (Schwabe, 1985; Zeevaart, 1985; Zimmer, undertaken to evaluate the potential of addi- 1985). Two weeks after transplant, plants were Received for publication 21 July 2010. Accepted tional Kalanchoe spp. as new flowering orna- pinched to two nodes and placed under one for publication 12 Oct. 2010. mental plants. of the following photoperiod treatments: 1) SD Mention of trade names in this publication does not Our objectives in this study were to: 1) for 16 weeks (achieved by pulling an opaque imply endorsement by the Minnesota Agriculture Experiment Station of products named nor criti- identify the response of Kalanchoe spp. to cloth over the plants at 1600 HR and retracting cisms of similar products not named. photoperiodic treatments and classify them it at 0800 HR); 2) NI for 16 weeks (natural –2 –1 1Professor. into photoperiodic response groups; and 2) daylength with 2 mmolÁm Ás incandescent 2To whom reprint requests should be addressed; characterize flowering and vegetative charac- lamps from 2000 to 0200 HR; natural daylength e-mail [email protected]. teristics of flowering species to select species varied from 9 h 24 min to 11 h 17 min); 3) SD HORTSCIENCE VOL. 46(1) JANUARY 2011 35 for8weeksthentransferredtoNIfor8weeks of the shoot to the tip of the terminal in- ence (P # 0.05) were performed on all data (SD-NI); or 4) NI for 8 weeks then transferred florescence of the first flowering shoot when using SPSS 16.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). to SD for 8 weeks (NI-SD). the first flower was fully opened. Days to first Analysis of percentage data were performed on The plants were grown in a glass-glazed open flower were calculated by subtracting the arcsine of the square root of percentages greenhouse with an exhaust fan and evapora- the date of placement of plants into initial (Little and Hills, 1978). Only plants in a treat- tive-pad cooling and radiant hot-water heat- treatments from the date of first flower open- ment with a percentage population flower- ing controlled by an environmental computer ing. Total flower number was calculated by ing significantly greater than zero were (Maximizer Precision 10; Priva Computers adding the terminal and axillary inflorescence analyzed for node number below the in- Inc., Vineland Station, Ontario, Canada). The flower numbers. Total color index was calcu- florescence and days to flower. Only plants greenhouse day and night air temperature lated by first calculating the area of the first flowering under SD were analyzed for orna- set points were 22 ± 1 °C and 18 ± 1 °C, res- open flower and then multiplying the individ- mental characteristics. There were no differ- pectively. Irradiance and air temperature at ual flower area by total flower number. Data ences in environmental, flower induction, and canopy height were measured with a quantum collection on plants that did not flower oc- ornamental data between replications so data sensor (Model QSO-SUN; Apogee Instru- curred 16 weeks after plants were placed in were pooled. ments Inc., Logan, UT) and thermocouples treatments. After 16 weeks, those plants with (Type E Wire chromega/constantan; Omega visible buds were allowed to remain in the Results Engineering Inc., Stamford, CT), respectively, lighting/photoperiod treatments until first and connected to a data logger (CR10X; flower opening (exceeding 16 weeks). Per- Flower induction and development. Spe- Campbell Scientific Inc., Logan, UT), which cent population flowering was calculated by cies and photoperiod interacted to affect recorded averages every 10 min. Environmen- dividing the number of flowering plants in percent flowering plants. K. beauvardii, tal data are reported in Table 2.
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