recruited and trained some of the six ENIAC ‘Refrigerator Dec. 21st Ladies’ [May 00]. Lawrence (Larry) In 1945, she wrote the “Manual for the ENIAC”; the first Gilman Roberts George Barnard technical description of the machine, detailed right down to Born: Dec. 21, 1937; Grant the resistor level. Connecticut Died: Dec 30, 2018 Born: Dec. 21, 1849; In 1946, Goldstine, Gardiner, Maine [Dec 27] and Dick Clippinger, Roberts is often called one of the Died: Aug. 16, 1917 implemented Clippinger’s stored “Fathers of the ARPANET,” [Oct 29] a title he earned by being its Grant is called the "Father of the program modifications to the principal architect, and directing American Gear Cutting ENIAC, with the team that built it. Other Industry,” because of how his [Dec 28] acting as a consultant ARPANET fathers include Bob work on building mechanical on the instruction set. Kahn [Dec 23], [June calculating machines affected 23], and Jon Postel [Aug 6]. that industry. Roberts first became interested While a student at Harvard, he Douglas Taylor in timesharing networks after became interested in Charles reading J.C.R. Licklider’s [March Babbage’s [Dec 26] and Per Ross 11] memos on the “Intergalactic Georg Scheutz’s [Sept 23] Born: Dec. 21, 1929; Computer Network” [May 1] , differential engines, and China (his US parents were and after meeting him at a designed one himself. He missionaries) conference in Virginia in Nov. published his work in the Died: Jan. 31, 2007 1964. Aug.1871 issue of the American Journal of Science and Arts, and Ross developed the APT In Oct. 1966, Roberts and was awarded two patents. Later, (Automatically Programmed Thomas Marill published, he exhibited an improved Tools [Feb 25]) language for “Towards a Cooperative version at the 1876 Centennial programming numerically Network of Time-Shared International Exhibition in controlled manufacturing tools Computers”, which described Philadelphia. It was eight feet (e.g. milling machines). This was their work on linking two long and five feet high, followed by AED (Automated machines: the Q32 based at SDC consisting of around 15000 Engineering Design or ALGOL [Oct 00] in California, and the pieces, and weighed 2,000 Extended for Design) a TX-2 [Feb 26] at Lincoln Labs in pounds. It could calculate 10 to precursor of modern CAD and Massachusetts. 12 terms per minute when CAM systems. In fact, Ross powered by hand-cranking, and coined the term “CAD”. manage more than double that speed when power-driven. Ross worked on numerous projects associated with MIT’s In later life, Grant moved to Whirlwind [April 20], including California to concentrate on its keyboard and light pen [July botany. The Trifolium 4], and the first graphics grantianum and Ribes grantii for hand-drawing flowers are named after him. shapes (“One of the few programs that I ever wrote that worked the first time", he later said). Ross and John Ward Adele Goldstine implemented "Mouse in the (née Katz) Maze" (perhaps the first game to Born: Dec. 21, 1920; use a light pen) on the TX-0 [Nov 20], the transistorized version of New York City the Whirlwind. Larry Roberts (2017). Died: Nov. 1964 https://www.livinginternet.com He was also the inventor of /i/ii_roberts.htm. CC BY-SA 4.0. Katz met SADT, the " [Sept 13], the military liaison and Design Technique", and an and administrator for the In Dec 1966, Roberts was early developer of structured construction of the ENIAC [Feb recruited by Robert Taylor [Feb analysis methods. 15], at the University of 10] to join the ARPA Information Michigan, and the two were He is unrelated to Dr. Douglas Processing Techniques Office married in 1941. During WWII, “Doug” Ross, a fictional (IPTO [Oct 1]) as the program she became a math instructor character from the TV series ER, manager for its timesharing for the women "computers" at portrayed by actor George network project. He had already the Moore School [July 8], and Clooney. refused the job multiple times

1 because he didn’t much want to GE and RCA were the first to move from Boston to leave the team - GE on [Sept 30] F-14 Tomcat Flies Washington D.C. 1970, and RCA one year later Dec. 21, 1970 ([Sept 17]). The computer At the 1967 ACM Symposium on industry - always keen on The MP944 was developed Operating System Principles, acronyms - named this reduced between June 1968 and June Roberts presented the first plan lineup “IBM and the BUNCH”, 1970 for the US Navy F-14 for the network, which he called BUNCH standing for Burroughs, Tomcat fighter. It was designed ARPA Net. The conference also UNIVAC, NCR, CDC and by Steve Geller and Ray Holt allowed him to discuss his ideas Honeywell. [Dec 28] for the plane's Central with Roger Scantlebury, a Air Data Computer (CADC). member of Donald Davies’ [June This was an opportunity lost in 7] team, who was presenting my opinion. They should have The CADC calculated altitude, their research on packet been called “The Wild BUNCH”, vertical speed, air speed, and switching. He also sought out after Sam Peckinpah's western Mach number, and was 20 times Paul Baran [April 29] (the other released in 1969. The drawback smaller and much more reliable inventor of packet switching), was that there were seven than the earlier mechanical and Leonard Kleinrock [June members of the movie’s bunch. system. 13]. The MP944 contained six 20-bit In [July 29] 1968, ARPA issued a chips: the Parallel Multiplier request for quotations (RFQ) to Harley Hahn Unit (PMU), the Parallel Divider build the ARPANET, and the task Unit (PDU), the Random Access ; was eventually awarded to Bolt, Born: Dec. 21, 1952 Storage (RAS), the Read Only Beranek and Newman (BBN [Oct USA Memory (ROM), the Special 15]). Hahn has written several books Logic Function (SLF), and the Steering Logic Unit (SLU). When Robert Taylor was sent to on UNIX [Oct 15] and Linux Vietnam in Sept. 1969, Roberts [March 14], including the became the IPTO director. In popular "Harley Hahn's Internet 1973, he left ARPA to form the Yellow Pages", which was first packet switching utility republished annually during the company, Telenet [Aug 16], and 1990's, and was the first served as its CEO until 1980. Internet text to sell more than 1 million copies.

Hahn also composed "The UNIX Snow White Sysadmin Song" for his 1995 book "The UNIX Companion", A F-14 Tomcat. Photo by SDASM. Dec. 21, 1937 which is sung to the tune of the "I Am the Very Model of a Walt Disney’s first full length Modern Major-General" from The MP944 is sometimes called animated cartoon, “Snow White Gilbert and Sullivan's "Pirates of the first microprocessor, along and the Seven Dwarfs” Penzance". It begins: with two other claimants: Bob premiered at the Carthay Circle Booher's D200 [Dec 9], and Lee Theatre in Hollywood. There I am the very model of a modern Boysel's AL1 [Dec 31]. However, were many naysayers calling the UNIX Sysadmin, all of these required multiple project “Disney’s Folly”, but they I've information relevant to chips to implement a fully were proved very wrong. programs in slash usr bin, I know the tricks of emacs and functional CPU, and so most At the 11th Academy Awards, the vi bugs historical, historians believe that the honor the film won an Academy From a to ZZ upper case, in of first microprocessor belongs Honorary Award for Disney, order categorical; to the Intel 4004 [Nov 15]. who received a full-size Oscar In 1971, Holt wrote an article statuette and seven miniature However, this wasn't the first about the system for Computer ones for the dwarfs (Dopey, musical composition related to Design magazine, but the CADC Grumpy, Doc, Happy, Bashful, UNIX. Predating Hahn's efforts is was considered so advanced Sneezy and Sleepy). the 1985 "The Christmas Song for UNIX Hackers", by Frank that the Navy refused to allow In the 1960’s, IBM [Feb 14] and Carey of Bell Labs, sung to the its publication until 1997. its major competitors came to be tune of "Santa Claus is Coming to The full story of the MP944 known as “Snow White and the Town". It begins: appears in Holt’s book, “The Seven Dwarfs”. IBM was Snow Accidental Engineer”. White of course, and the dwarfs better !pout !cry were Burroughs [Jan 28], better watchout The first flight of a prototype F- Honeywell, NCR, Control Data lpr why 14 took place on this day. santa claus < north pole >town Corporation (CDC [July 8]), General Electric (GE), RCA [July 00] and UNIVAC [Jan 25].

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terminate the "Mr. Bungle" GNU/Linux [Sept 15] and later Encounter! account. on Ubuntu [Oct 20]. Dec. 21, 1976 Dibbell 's article used the A court case brought by incident to raise questions about Microsoft against Lindows on According to some sources, the the boundaries between real-life this day, claimed that the name first commercial microcomputer and life online, and how “Lindows” was a violation of its game, "Encounter!", was LambdaMOO should be “Windows” trademark. Lindows released by the company governed. retaliated by temporarily "Objective Design" on this day. changing its name to "Lin—s" However, other sources suggest Lawrence Lessig later said that (pronounced Lindash). it shipped in 1975 or in Feb. Dibbell’s piece was a key 1977. influence on his interest in The court rejected Microsoft’s cyberlaw. Sociologist David claim, stating that the term “Encounter!” was a real-time Trend has called it, “one of the “Windows” had been used to combat game played on a most frequently cited essays describe GUIs long before MS chessboard like grid. It was about cloaked identity in Windows was released on [Nov probably written by the cyberspace.” 20] 1985. Even worse, in Feb. company's founder, Larry R. 2004, another judge raised Weinstein, and distributed on Dibbell went on to teach “serious questions” about the paper tape, and later as a Tarbell cyberlaw at the Stanford Law validity of the entire "Windows" cassette. School Center for the Internet trademark. and Society. The Feb. 1977 version was Microsoft became worried that written in Intel 8080 assembly the court might redefine [April 18] and ran in 4K of RAM. “Windows” as a generic term, It also required the computer to First Net Strike resulting in its loss of the have two keyboards since both trademark. It quickly settled players could type commands Dec. 21, 1995 with Lindows, paying the simultaneously. The May 1977 company an estimated $20 issue of Creative Computing The "Strano Network", an Italian million to have it transfer the includes a review of the game. hacker group, is often credited with running the first DDOS Lindows trademark to Microsoft Other contenders for first (distributed denial-of-service) and change its name to Linspire. commercial game include protest. The group sent out Coincidentally, "Lindow Man", a MicroChess [Dec 18] and requests asking that activists preserved body of an Iron age Cromemco’s Dazzler version of visit a range of French man, was discovered in a peat Spacewar! [Nov 12]. government agencies’ websites bog at Lindow Moss near during a a one-hour “net strike” Wilmslow [March 21; June 23] in to protest the government’s England on Aug. 1, 1984. If the testing of nuclear weapons in lawcase had gone in Microsoft's “Rape in the Pacific Ocean. The hope was favor, I suppose its name would that the flood of visitors would have to have been changed too. Cyberspace” overwhelm the site's servers Fortunately, he's also known by and knock them offline. Dec. 21, 1993 the nickname “Pete Marsh”. According to some reports, this Julian Dibbell published an did in fact happen. article in The Village Voice called “Rape in Cyberspace or How an The next major DDOS attack was Evil Clown, a Haitian Trickster carried out by the "Electronic Spirit, Two Wizards, and a Cast Disturbance Theater" on [April of Dozens Turned a Database 10]1998. Into a Society“. For more online activism, see The piece describes a [Jan 18], [Oct 4], [Nov 5]. “cyberrape,” that had occurred in LambdaMOO, a text-based MUD [April 6] centered around a Lindows is Sued mystical mansion. An avatar named "Mr. Bungle" ran a Dec. 21, 2001 “voodoo doll” script that allowed him to perform actions that Lindows, Inc. was founded in were assigned to other avatars. Aug. 2001 by Michael Robertson These unfortunately included to offer a version of Linux sexual acts. After several hours capable of running MS Windows of bad behavior, a LambdaMOO applications via the Wine API Wizard took it upon himself to [July 4]. Lindows OS, was originally based on Debian

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