Baseline Report

BASELINE BI W A L REPORT

MARCH 2020

PREPARED BY Bundelkhand Initiative for Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Water, Livelihoods and Good Governance and Policy Analysis Agriculture (BIWAL) From where we started BASELINE REPORT

This report has been prepared based on the data on 28 traditional water bodies in Bundelkhand region of MP chosen for repair and rejuvenation under the first phase of BIWAL project. This baseline document systematically presents the current status of the water bodies, need for repair and rejuvenation measures and the potential benefits for the communities. It will serve as a reference document for the interested stakeholders and will be useful in assessing the changes and impacts of the revival exercises.

ATAL BIHARI VAJPAYEE INSTITUTE OF GOOD GOVERNANCE AND POLICY ANALYSIS © Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Good Governance and Policy Analysis (IGG) Sushasan Bhawan Bhadbada Square, T.T.Nagar Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India, 462003 www.aiggpa.mp.gov.in

This report is the property of the Institute and we encourage dissemination of our work for non-commercial and non-exclusive purposes, so long as the source is properly acknowledged.

This report is the output of the study commissioned by Centre for NRM and Decentralised Governance, IGG on request of the Bundelkhand Development Authority (BDA) to propose a strategy for the repair and rejuvenation of the traditional water bodied in the Bundelkhand region. IGG being a knowledge partner in the BIWAL initiative has prepared this baseline document along with the Strategy document and operational guidelines.

Project Guidance:

Mr. R. Parasuram, Director General, IGG

Mr. Mangesh Tyagi, Principal Advisor, Centre for NRM & Dec.Gov, IGG

Project Team:

Dr. Anitha Govindaraj, Advisor, Centre for NRM & Decentralised Governance, IGG

Mr. Yugandhar Mandavkar, Fellow, IGG

Mr. Soumitra M. Peshave, Research Associate, IGG

Key Words:

Traditional Water Bodies, drought proofing, community mobilisation, water budgeting, Civil Society Organisations, sustainable water management, Baseline report.BIWAL

To be cited as:

IGG; BIWAL : Baseline Report, Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Good Governance and Policy Analysis; March 2020.

Acknowledgement

Shri. Awani Mohan Singh, HARITIKA Shri. Mahendra Singh Sengar, HARITIKA Smt. Ankita Raghuvanshi, HARITIKA Shri. Vivek Sharma, CARD Shri. Manoj Lakhera, CARD Shri. Gurusharan Singh, CARD Shri. Yogesh Khare, CARD Shri. Prassana Khemariya, SRIJAN Smt. Stutilina Pal, SRIJAN Shri. Ashish Ambasta, SRIJAN Shri. Rakesh Kumar Singh, SRIJAN Shri. Kamlesh Kurmi, SRIJAN Smt. Shrishti Kushawaha, SRIJAN Shri. Ajay Bhan Singh, HUF Shri. Sandeep Khanvalkar, HUF Smt. Neetu Mathur, IAS, CEO ZP Tikamgarh Smt. Harshika Singh, IAS, District Collector Tikamgarh Shri Akshay Kumar Singh, IAS, District Collector Niwari Shri. Harsh Dixit, IAS, CEO ZP Chhatarpur Shri. Mohit Bundas, IAS, District Collector Chhatarpur Shri. Bhagwan Das Jatav, IAS, CEO ZP Datia Shri. Babu Singh Jamod, IAS, District Collector Datia Shri. Girish Mishra, IAS, CEO ZP Damoh Shri. Tarun Rathi, IAS, District Collector Damoh Shri. Balaguru K., IAS, CEO ZP Panna Shri. Karmveer Sharma,IAS, District Collector Panna Shri. Subhash Chandra Dey, DDM NABARD Tikamgarh Prof. RP Singh, College of Agriculture, Tikamgarh Shri. Vivek Dave, OSD, Government of MP Smt. Gauri Singh, former additional Chief Secretary, Government of MP Shri. KG Vyas, Water Expert

Table of Content

Preface Acknowledgement iii Acronyms and Abbreviations v 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Traditional Water Bodies 2 1.2 Recent Initiative – BIWAL 3 1.3 About the Study 4 1.4 About the Report 4 2 Approach and Methodology 6 2.1 Objectives 6 2.2 Approach 6 2.3 Methodology 7 2.4 Sampling for In-depth Study 8 3 Profile of Tanks and Main Findings 12 3.1 About the Area 12 3.2 Community and Livelihoods 15 3.3 Social Capital 17 3.4 Current Status of Tanks 17 4 Repair and Rejuvenation Needs 23 4.1 Main Problems 23 4.2 Revival Measures Suggested 24 4.3 Potential Benefits 26 District wise Baseline Report Chhatarpur District Baseline Report 27-98 Niwari District Baseline Report 99-179 Tikamgarh District Baseline Report 181-254

Acronyms and Abbreviations

ASA Action for Social Advancement BIWAL Bundelkhand Initiative for Water, Agriculture and Livelihood c. circa CARD Centre for Advanced Research and Development CBO Community Based Organisation CEO Chief Executive Officer CSO Civil Society Organisation CSR Corporate Social Responsibility DA Development Alternatives DP&RD Department of Panchayat and Rural Development FFS Farmers Field School FGD Focus Group Discussion GoMP Government of Madhya Pradesh IGG Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Good Governance and Policy Analysis IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change LEISA Low External Inputs Sustainable Agriculture NOC No Objection Certificate PFT Project Facilitation Team SDG Sustainable Development Goals SRIJAN Self Reliant Initiatives through Joint Action SWOT Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats TMC Tank Management Committee ZP Zila Panchayat

iii

1. Introduction

Bundelkhand region, covering thirteen contiguous districts of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh, has a long history of water scarcity and draughts. It covers six districts from Uttar Pradesh (namely, Banda, Chitrakoot, Hamirpur, Jhansi, Lalitpur and Mahoba) and seven districts of Madhya Pradesh (Chhatarpur, Damoh, Datia, Niwari, Panna, Sagar and Tikamgarh). Geographically it straddles across the Vindhyan plateau (largely in Madhya Pradesh) and the Gangetic plains (mostly in Uttar Pradesh but also in Madhya Pradesh).

Fig 1 : Bundelkhand Region

1.1 Traditional Water Bodies

Bundelkhand region has hundreds of water bodies constructed by erstwhile rulers of princely states. These are principally known as the Chandela tanks, although some were built during the rule of later dynasties, including the Bundelas. Water harvested in these tanks has been utilised mainly for what is popularly known as Nistar purposes, that is household needs, by livestock and other domestic animals, and during scarcity even as drinking water. People were also allowed to fish, and for some communities this became the primary mode of livelihood. A large number of these thanks have provided water for irrigating crops. The oldest of these could be from as early as the ninth century. Tanks of Bundelkhand are an integral part of its undulating landscape and played a significant role in the lives of its people over the last several centuries. They are an important resource and determinant of lifestyle and livelihoods. Apart from adding to social and economic values, they contribute to Bundelkhand’s natural and aesthetic beauty inviting attention as facilities for rest and recreation.

In the absence of a concerted plan either decentralised to the village level or by the government, and despite their continued usefulness, these tanks are in different stages of neglect and degradation. Siltation has reduced storage capacity. Irregular or absence of periodic maintenance has resulted in the waste weirs developing breaches. These have resulted in gradual reduction in the storage volume that can be made available for use. In the long run, this has contributed to water deficiency.

Photograph of the Embankment

It is recognised that these tanks were constructed to battle water scarcity in a region where monsoons have known to have played truant, every now and then in the past. In the present times, these tanks can play a bigger role by contributing to ground water recharge, irrigation of crops, and water for household needs and livestock rearing. These and other related concerns have led to a realisation that a concerted effort is required for achieving the goal of repair and reconstruction of all tanks and for the rejuvenation of the tank-based economies at the local level.

To summarise, a large numbers of water harvesting tanks built over the last several centuries by its erstwhile rulers have served as a lifeline for the people, both in times of acute scarcity as well as in years of normal rainfall. Deforestation, diversion of catchment areas for other purposes, soil erosion and resultant siltation and an almost total neglect of maintenance has severely impacted their storage capacity and rendered many of them ineffective. Realising that revival of tanks can assure drinking water to many people living around the tanks and also can provide drought proofing for agriculture, which in turn will improve economic condition of the people, many efforts have been taken up by the Government and Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) to rehabilitate the traditional water bodies in Bundelkhand region. All these efforts led to a common consensus that the community participation is the key for the success of any revival exercise.

Photograph of Tank bed and embankment

1.2 Recent Initiative - BIWAL

Recently, a group of CSOs with long-standing experience of working in the Bundelkhand region, as well as in other parts of MP and UP on issues connected with water and livelihoods came together to form an informal consortium named the Bundelkhand Initiative for Water Agriculture and Livelihoods (BIWAL). It aims to work on a larger and comprehensive economic and social development of Bundelkhand, commencing with reviving the traditional water bodies through planned repair and restoration of the entire water harvesting structure and its associated components, both upstream and downstream. This revival work has been taken up in collaboration with the district administration, with Institute of Good Governance (IGG) is a knowledge partner.

Stakeholders: In the context of Madhya Pradesh, BIWAL (Bundelkhand Initiative for Water, Agriculture and Livelihood) is an initiative by a consortium of VOs to revive traditional water bodies of the Bundelkhand region by engaging local communities and the initiative has received support from the Department of Panchayat Raj and Rural Development and with funding support from 3

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) of public sector undertakings, private corporations and foundations. Institute of Good Governance (IGG) is the knowledge partner in this initiative. In the first year, the implementation responsibility is taken up by three voluntary organisations in Madhya Pradesh, namely, Self Reliant Initiative through Joint Action (SRIJAN), Haritika, and Centre for Advanced Research and Development (CARD). In addition, organisations like Action for Social Advancement (ASA), Development Alternatives (DA) have played important role in contributing ideas for action. In Uttar Pradesh, the initiative is being implemented by the voluntary organisations like Bundelkhand Sewa Sansthan, Arunodaya, Yuva Kaushal Vikas Mandal, and Akhil Bhartiya Samaj Sewa Sansthan.

1.3 About the Study

IGG has commissioned a study to prepare baseline of the traditional water bodies currently taken up for revival and document the revival process.

The study was conducted using both secondary and primary data collected with a combination of qualitative and quantitative assessment methods. Detailed assessment of each tank was done by on site physical measurement and gathering historical information from the user community through Focus Groups Discussions. Almost all of these tanks were visited twice, first before the start of repair works, and the next after the tanks got filled up with water towards the end of the monsoon. The second visit was mainly to assess the water related condition of the tank and to verify the information obtained on water use and the tank performance.

The processes were documented based on the information provided by the concerned stakeholders, as and when the project activities were executed in the field.

1.4 About the report

This Baseline Report of BIWAL Project has been prepared based on the data obtained on 28 traditional water bodies chosen for revival under the first phase of BIWAL Project. Finer aspects of the community characteristics and interrelation of community and water bodies were based in the Focus Group Discussions carried out with the user community in a sample study of twelve tanks.

Purpose and Utility: This baseline report aims at systematically documenting the present status of the traditional water bodies and their relation with the communities. It comprises the socioeconomic characteristics of communities associated with the tanks, present status of the tanks before revival, nature of the repairs or rejuvenation measures required, and potential benefits of the revival exercise.

The report will be useful to development administration, particularly the Department of Panchayat and Rural Development, and implementing partners, especially the Civil Society Organisations. It will be useful in evaluations in future for assessing the changes and impacts. It will also serve as a reference document for interested stakeholders.

Photograph of Canal and Irrigated farms

Structure of the Report: This document is organised into two parts - the first part covers the baseline information on the 28 water bodies selected for repairs and rejuvenation in the first phase and the socio-economic characteristics of the community’s dependent on them, the second part contains the 28 baseline reports of the tanks covered in the study.

The first part is divided into four sections, beginning with this introductory section.

Section 2 details the approach and methodology of the study Section 3 presents overall findings on the tanks and their present usage Section 4 presents a strategy for repair and rejuvenation interventions needed.

The individual baseline reports, presented in Part II of the report follow the following structure:

• Geographic profile covering the terrain, rainfall, and land and water resources • Socioeconomic profile of the community - demography, occupations, livelihood activities, and dependence on the water bodies and irrigation • Present status of the water bodies – technical features, capacity, uses, existing management and governance systems, etc. • Proposed measures for repairs and rejuvenation • Potential benefits

2. Approach and Methodology

Realising that revival of tanks can assure drinking water to communities living around the tanks and also can provide drought proofing for agriculture, which in turn will improve economic condition of the people, many efforts have been taken up by the Government and Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) to rehabilitate the traditional water bodies in Bundelkhand region. Recently, a group of CSOs came together to form a consortium named the Bundelkhand Initiative for Water Agriculture and Livelihoods (BIWAL) to work on reviving the traditional water bodies through planned repair and restoration of the entire water harvesting and water use components, both upstream and downstream. They selected 28 traditional water bodies for revival during the first year of their intervention. Realising the importance of the interventions, it was decided to document the process of revival and the present status of these water bodies. Institute of Good Governance (IGG), which is the knowledge partner in BIWAL, commissioned a study to develop strategy and guidelines for repair and rejuvenation of traditional water bodies, along with the documenting the revival processes. This section describes the approach and methodology of the study in detail. 2.1 Objectives

IGG has commissioned a study to prepare baseline of the traditional water bodies Objectives of the Study currently taken up for revival under the • To document the baseline data of the tanks selected BIWAL initiative and document the process for revival under BIWAL project in the first year and of repairs and rejuvenation of the traditional simultaneous process documentation of the BIWAL water bodies. The main objectives of the project. study are presented in the adjacent box. • Dissemination of leanings from the BIWAL project for wider replication.

2.2 Approach

The study used an approach comprising a mix of primary study and secondary data analysis. Main components of the approach were as per the follows:

• In the first year, 28 water bodies are chosen for the revival under the BIWAL project. The information about the selected tanks was collected from the district administration (District Collector, CEO, Zila Panchayat, line departments, and the concerned partner organisations) using the predesigned formats. • The processes were documented based on the information provided by the concerned stakeholders, as and when the project activities are executed in the field by the CSOs with the support of the district administration 2.3 Methodology

The methodology comprised of the following main steps. • Developing a basic understanding about the nature of the water bodies and to obtain relevant secondary data.

• Compiling a list of traditional water bodies chosen for revival and collecting data on those tanks on the basis of Interaction with stakeholders like the district administration, and Civil Society Organisations and secondary data obtained from the districts and different stakeholders • Selection of twelve water bodies as sample taking into account the various criteria such as size, location, potential benefits, peculiar features, etc. • Assessment of technical issues by site visit, direct observation or measurement an interaction with the local stakeholders to understand § Upstream and downstream issues and channel issues § In case of siltation, identification the scientific reasons for it § Any hindrances blocking the drains or reducing the inflows § Waste weir level and condition § Embankment condition § Soil conditions and water recharge • FGDs were conducted with the local communities to understand the water body specific issues and the socio economic benefits associated with them. • Stakeholder consultations with partner organisations, district administration, Gram Panchayat leaders and members. Photograph of Silt application

2.4 Sampling for In-depth Study

2.4.1 Project Coverage of Tanks: The traditional water bodies were selected for revival under BIWAL projects on three considerations, namely, tanks should come under jurisdiction of Gram Panchayat, the size should be manageable, and the community should be interested in its revival.

2.4.2 Basis for Sampling: For the purpose of sampling for the present study, the water bodies were categorised according to size, uses and geography.

Size: A traditional water body with submergence area above 4.0 ha was considered as large, and that below 4.0 ha was considered as small.

Uses: In terms of uses, it was found that the tanks were used for flow irrigation, lift irrigation, fisheries and recharge - groundwater recharge and fisheries being common to all. There were 13 large and 15 small tanks selected for revival, out of which 14 were used mainly for flow irrigation, 12 mainly for lift irrigation and two were multipurpose.

Photograph of Fishing activity

Geography: BIWAL project was implemented in the first phase in three districts of Madhya Pradesh, namely, Chhatarpur (9 tanks), Niwari (10 tanks) and Tikamgadh (9 tanks). It was decided to proportionally select four tanks from each district.

Based on the usage and size, the 28 tanks under the current phase of BIWAL could be categorised as shown in the following table.

Table 1: Distribution of tanks selected for revival District Size Mainly Flow Mainly Lift Multipurpose Total Irrigation Irrigation

1. Amarpura 1. Ramnagar Chhatarpur Large 2. Barat 5 2. Kasar 3. Naiguwan

1. Nadgay Khurd Small 1. Churwari 2. Nayakhera 4 3. Jhamtuli

1. Neemkhera Niwari Large 2 2. Ladwari

District Size Mainly Flow Mainly Lift Multipurpose Total Irrigation Irrigation

1. Astari 2. Daga Talab, Sakera 3. Mudara 1. Gevda Tal, Small 8 4. Bhamora Khas Sakera 5. Birora Khet 6. Sarsura 7. Raipura

1. Purshottampura 2. Lidhoura Touri Tikamgarh Large 1. Chandera 3. Bacchoda 6 4. Simra Khurd 5. Guna

1. Rampura Niwavari Small 1. Alopa 3 2. Niwavari Bra Tal 5 Large 8 Large 13 Large Total 2 Small 8 Small 5 Small 15 Small

2.4.3 Sample Selection: For the purpose of detailed study and Focus Groups Discussions, proportional sampling was done using three criteria as per the follows.

• Geographic spread (three districts) - four tanks per district were selected • Size of tank (Small <= 4 ha < Large) - 5 large and 7 small tanks selected • Main use (Multipurpose 1 tank, mainly lift irrigation - 6 tanks, and with flow irrigation - 5 tanks)

Table 2: Sample selected for detailed study District Size Mainly Flow Mainly Lift Multipurpose Total Irrigation Irrigation

Chhatarpur Large 1. Kasar 1. Naiguwan 2

1. Nayakhera Small 2 2. Jhamtuli

Niwari Large 1. Neemkhera 1

1. Mudara 1. Gevda Tal, Small 3 2. Birora Khet Sakera

1. Bacchoda Bhata Tikamgarh Large 2 2. Simra Khurd

1. Rampura urf Small 1. Alopa 2 Nivawari

2 Large 3 Large 5 Large Total 1 Small 2 Small 4 Small 7 Small 9

The location of these tanks is shown on the map below.

Fig 1 : Map showing Location of Tanks in Chhatarpur district

Fig 2 : Map showing Location of Tanks in Niwari district

Fig 3 : Map showing Location of Tanks in Tikamgarh district

The common characteristics of these water bodies are presented in this part of the report. The inferences were drawn from analysis of data collected on all 28 tanks was used to draw inferences in this report. For sharpening the understanding, analysis and specific inferences were used from the information collected through FGDs from the twelve villages selected as sample. These findings are presented in the following section.

3. Profile of Tanks and Main findings

The diagnostic study dwelt on two main aspects of traditional water bodies based, namely the overall characteristics and its historical relevance to the community dependent on them. The former was largely studied from the secondary data, whereas the latter was largely based on analysis of primary investigations. Common characteristics of these water bodies were covered in the last section. In this section are presented the inferences were drawn from analysis of data collected on all 28 tanks. 3.1 About the Area

3.1.1 Topography and Geology: Bundelkhand is an old landmass composed of horizontal rock-beds resting on a stable foundation. The landscape is rugged, featuring an undulating terrain with low rocky outcrops mainly of granites, narrow valleys and plains. Granites of varying types period are the predominant geological material found across the region. Some sandstone, shale and limestone are also found in places. Soil types are a mix of black and red, gravelly and shallow in depth, and thus unable to retain moisture well.

3.1.2 Forests and Natural Vegetation: Bundelkhand, which was once densely forested, is now devoid of any thick vegetation. Only small patches of dry thorn forests of dhak, mahua, bel, babul, neem, chironji, ber, palas, tamarind, etc trees and some shrubs are visible in the project area.

3.1.3 Climate and Rainfall: Bundelkhand falls in the hot and semi-arid climatic zone, and is marked by extremes of temperature, crossing 40 degrees centigrade during summer and dropping to as low as 1 degree centigrade in winter. May to June are the hottest months, the temperature is moderate from October, and then drops to its lowest in December and January, and starts rising again from February. During the summer months, hot breezes, are common.

The rainfall distribution pattern is uneven, and over 90 percent of the rain falls during the monsoon months, between June to October, in 50-60 days of precipitation. The average annual rainfall for the project area is above 900 mm, except for district Niwari, where it is 756.23 mm.

Table 3.1: Monthly Rainfall Distribution, mm District Chhatarpur Niwari Tikamgadh Jan 10.79 11.47 9.25 Feb 13.72 12.07 10.4 Mar 3.62 2.39 5.2 Apr 1.53 1.58 1.38 May 3.29 4.02 3.09 Jun 102.43 110.45 86.45 Jul 292.64 239.35 281.85 Aug 341.01 244.9 320.92 Sep 180.25 108.65 162.64 Oct 29.16 25.47 25.16 Nov 5.58 6.89 4.62 Dec 4.69 3.34 3.63 Annual 972.02 756.23 912.85 Seasonal 900.56 688.98 850.59

3.1.4 Land Resources: Less than half of the land in the sample villages falling in the project area is under agriculture (10,961 ha or 44.25 % of geographic area). Interestingly, the project area has 13 substantial area under irrigation (6,458 ha or 64.29% of cultivated area), which is almost double the figure for Bundelkhand region. Nearly 92% of it is irrigated by well. About 7.78% of geographic area comes under village common land, including pastures and grazing.

Table 3.2: Land use pattern S No Land Use Area, ha As % 1 Forest Area 1569.90 6.34 2 Barren and Uncultivable 3530.94 14.25 3 Pastures 1926.62 7.78 3 Net Area sown 10960.94 44.25 3a Total Area Irrigated 7047.44 64.29 3ai Well Irrigation 6457.92 91.63 3aii Canal Irrigation 145.22 1.63 3aiii Tank Irrigation 15.03 0.21 3aiv Waterfall Irrigation 253.86 3.60 3av Irrigation by Other Sources 175.41 2.48 3b Rainfed land 3913.50 15.80 4 Culturable Waste land 1485.30 6.00 5 Fallow land 2011.42 8.12 6 Current Fallow 2082.40 8.41 7 Area under non-agriculture uses 1204.04 4.86 Total 24771.56 100.00%

3.2 Community and Livelihoods

3.2.1 Population: The project area comprising of 28 villages have a population of 84,426 (20,836 households) with a sex ratio of 934. It comprises 24.62 % Scheduled Castes and 6.62% Scheduled Tribes population.

3.2.2 Occupations: Rainfed agriculture along with livestock rearing is the mainstay of rural economy of this region. Beset on light soils with low moisture holding capacity, agriculture suffered from vagaries of monsoons. A large population of cattle occupied the landscape, with the density of cattle population is one of the highest in India.

Agriculture is the main occupation of the people in Bundelkhand. The project area comprises of47.52% agriculturists and 38.97% of labourers. Only 3.15 % of the population is engaged in services (salaried jobs) having regular income. There are 2,862 artisans in the project area, at an average of 102per village.

Table 2: Occupation Profile S No Main Occupation No of persons No of households 1 Agriculture only 21,755 6,531 2 Agriculture and labour 8,331 4,612 3 Labour only 9,509 3,978 4 Service (salaried job) 1,443 943 5 Business 1,847 1,045 6 Artisan (traditional trades) 2,862 1,288 7 Others 31 14

3.2.3 Land Holding Pattern: Land holding in the project area is low with 5,381 (38.9%) farmers belonging to the category of marginal farmers. There are 25.56 % households belonging to small farmers, and only 5.44% households belonging to large farmer category.

Table 3: Landholding Pattern S No Land holding No of households As % 1 Landless 2,284 16.51% 2 Below 0.8 ha 5,381 38.90% 3 0.8 ha to 2.0 ha 3,535 25.56% 4 2.0 ha to 4.0 ha 1,880 13.59% 5 Above 4.0 ha 752 5.44%

3.2.4 Agriculture and Crops: Kharif is the main growing season in the entire project area. Most farmers having irrigation facility prefer short duration crops like green gram, black gram and 15 soybean, so that they can grow a winter crop. Wheat, peas, gram and mustard are common winter (Rabi) crops. In single crop area not having irrigation facility, farmers grow cereals like sorghum, oilseeds like sesame and groundnut, and pulses like red gram in Kharif season. Wheat is the staple food in the area.

Table 12: Crop Production in the Study Area of 28 villages S No Main crops Year 2018-19 Year 2017-18 Area, ha No of farmers Area, ha No of farmers 1 Wheat 5,721 5,155 4,337 4,107 2 Mustard 1,146 1,380 575 917 3 Barley 772 847 566 149 4 Gram 1,005 622 535 455 5 Peas 79 142 471 1,192

3.2.5 Livestock: Rearing of livestock is an important part of farming in Bundelkhand, with almost 40% of the farmers owning cattle or buffalo. Many families also rear goats (15.8% of livestock farmers) and sheep (only 1% of livestock farmers), too. Population of bullocks and number of farmers owning them (4.4%) was found to be very low.

Table 5: Livestock holding S No Livestock No of animals No of owners 1 Cattle 8,827 5,022 2 Bullocks 1,042 569 3 Buffaloes 11,707 5,280 4 Goat 16,208 2,066 5 Sheep 1,846 128

3.2.6 Agricultural Implements: While agriculture is the mainstay of rural economy in Bundelkhand, the level of technology has not kept pace with the rest of the state. There are only 767 tractors in the study area of 28 villages. Improved implements like seed cum fertiliser drills are present in very low number (less than one per three tractors, in case of tractor operated ones, and less than two per village in case of bullock drawn).

Table 6: Agricultural implements in the sample villages S No Assets No of units 1 Tractors 767 2 Power tillers 331 3 Bullock carts 297 4 Mould Board Plough 197 5 Seed-cum-fertiliser drill (tractor drawn) 239 6 Seed-cum-fertiliser drill (bullock drawn) 49 7 Threasher 436

3.3 Social Capital

3.3.1 Women’s Self Help Groups: The sample villages in the project area have 27 functional Self Help Groups of women, with 321 members. Exact information on the non-functional groups could not be obtained.

3.3.2 Other Institutions: The study team did not come across any other functional community based organisations in the sample villages, except one Milk Producer Cooperative Society in village Simra Khurd (Dist Tikamgarh), which has 22 members.

3.4 Current Status of Tanks

This section presents the current status of the tanks before revival, including physical features and current usage.

3.4.1 Embankment : All tanks covered in the sample study were constructed with earthen embankments supported on both sides by walls of coarsely cut stones, sometimes forming a series of steps or at some other, steep walls. Technically speaking, these are neither earth-fill dams nor rock-fill dams, but gravity dams of composite embankments. The side slope varied from 1:3 to 1:1. Some parts of embankments in tanks like Hardua talab of village Kasar of district Chhatarpur or Neemkhera Talab in Niwari were provided with masonry walls and steps, but these were later additions.

The embankments varied in length from 105 m (Mudara, Dist Niwari) to 500 m (Hardua Talab, village Kasar, Dist Chattarpur). Along the length, the embankments were straight or curved or sometimes angular, but that was perhaps to accommodate more storage depending upon the site conditions (topography).

Embankment of Dagga Talab, Village Sakera Bhadaran

3.4.2 Waste Weir: Generally, the tanks were provided with a dug out spillway. One tank (in village Mudara) was found to have a box inlet spillway, whereas the others were weir type spillway bars.

Nine tanks covered in the sample study have a waste weir constructed in masonry; eight are provided with masonry spillway bar and one (in village Mudara of District Niwari) with box inlet spillway. The tank in villages Jhamtuli and Naiguwan of district Chhatarpur, and one in village

Niwavari of district Tikamgadh do not have a constructed spillway; and the surplus runoff is allowed to flow through an open channel as overland flow. Only one tank (village Bachhoda Bhata, Dist Tikamgarh) was found to be without a spillway, perhaps because of very little catchment in relation to its storage capacity.

Waste Weir of Hinni Sagar, Village Simra Khurd

3.4.3 Sluice and Canals: Five of the sample tanks studied have provision for irrigation. The arrangement consists of a head regulator constructed in stone masonry and canal network. The head regulators are open drop structures in case of three tanks, a box inlet structure with sliding steel gate (sluice) in case of Mudara tank (District Niwari), and a box inlet structure without a gate in case of Neemkhera tank (District Niwari). The mechanical gate of Mudara tank is in not functioning reportedly for more than thirty years. The sluice gate in villages Kasar (Hardua Talab, Dist Chhatarpur) and drop structures in village Niwavari (Dist Tikamgarh) are in working order. The other two structures were found to be not working.

Sluice of Hardua Talab Village: Kasar

Canals are visible in two villages – Niwavari (Dist Tikamgarh) and Lidhaura Touri (Dist Tikamgarh). Canal in Lidhaura Touri is in damaged condition. The canal network could not be traced in two villages – Neemkhera and Birora Khet (both in District Niwari). The villagers reported that the canals stopped flowing more than 40 years ago and subsequently got damaged in regular cultivation.

Canal in Nivawari Tal, Village Rampura urf Nivawari

3.4.4 Tank Hydrology: The tanks have a catchment area ranging from 26 ha (Nayakheda, District Chhatarpur) to 600 ha (Bada Talab,Naiguwan, District Chhatarpur). The submergence area of the tanks varied from 0.5ha (Raipura Khas, Dist Niwari) to 18.2 ha (Guna, Dist Tikamgarh). Depth of the tank is varied from 2.0 m (Birora Khet and Sarsoura, Dist Niwari) to over 8.25 m (Churwari, Dist 19

Chhatarpur). Reportedly, all these tanks have accumulated silt to a depth of at least two metres. Present storage capacity of the tanks varied from 14 TCM (Thousand cubic metres) in Raipura, Dist Niwari to 420 TCM in Chandera, Dist Tikamgadh. The storage capacity in all tanks has reportedly reduced due to siltation over the years.

3.4.5 Tank Usage

Irrigation: Although five tanks were presumed to have been primarily flow irrigations tanks, canal network are in existence in only two are tanks. Even in these, flow irrigation is not practiced every year. Lift irrigation is a common practice in all tanks, with farmers installing their oil engine operated pumps during the crop season and carrying the water to their farms through rigid or flexible pipes. In villages Naiguwan and Chandera, few farmers use electric pumpsets.

Crop after silt applied farm, Village Bhamora Khas

During the year 2018-19, 1658farmers could irrigate their 1742 ha of cropland from these 28 tanks. The figure varied from year to year depending upon the rainfall pattern and resultant impounding. The highest coverage was from Bada Talab, Naiguwan (District Chhatarpur), where 85 farmers could irrigate 145 ha of their crops, and the least was in Barat (District Chhatarpur), where 30 farmers irrigated their 13 ha of land. There was no irrigation possible in village Niwavari (Dist Tikamgadh) due to water scarcity. One tank in village Guna, District Tikamgadh is not used for irrigation.

Fisheries: Fish farming is the most common use of the tanks providing livelihoods to 424 families in the 27 villages. They get fishing rights from the Gram Panchayat at a nominal fee or royalty. The number of families earning their livelihoods from fisheries vary from two families in village Purushottampura (Dist Tikamgadh) to 60 families in village Guna (District Tikamgarh). During the last year (2018-19), total fish catch was 778.1 Metric Tonnes (MT) – the highest being 250.0 MT from Neemkhera Tank (Dist Niwari), and lowest was 0.2 MT from Mudara Tank (District Tikamgarh). Fish production is directly dependent on the duration of water availability in the tank, which is generally from July to March in normal rainfall years. During the last year, water was available for nearly 8 months (September to May) in Birora Khet and Neemkhedatanks (District Niwari), whereas Bacchoda tank (District Tikamgadh) it dried up in only five months, by end of December.

Fisheries in Hinni Sagar, Village Simra Khurd

Livestock farmers use all tanks to meet drinking water needs of their animals and for washing and cleaning. In all 12,904 farmers derive this benefit for their livestock. Almost all tanks are used for washing and bathing by nearly 8,891 families. These activities normally continue till spring, when the tanks start drying up and water turns muddy.

4. Repair and Rejuvenation Needs

This section describes the main difficulties encountered by the community in utilising these traditional water bodies to their full potential, together with the main interventions required for revival of these tanks. 4.1 Main Problems

Siltation was found to be the main reason for reduction of storage in all tanks. It is a cumulative effect of soil erosion in the catchment, which can be attributed primarily to change in the land use and reduction in permanent tree cover.

Non-functional components like sluice gates or head regulators and damaged canal networks were reported as problems in all irrigation tanks. Similarly, broken or eroded waste weirs were observed in five tanks.

Damaged Waste Weir in Kothi Talab, Village Nayakheda

There have been instances of reported leakage through embankment, but physical inspection after rainy season confirmed minor seepage at the bottom of the embankment only in one tank (Bachhoda, District Tikamagarh) cases. There was no consistent reporting on location and quantum of leakage during the FGDs. But, all reported cased were checked at the respective site after the tanks got filled up in the monsoon.

Reduced inflow was reported as problem in two tanks from District Chhatrapur, namely Nadgai Khurd and Naiguwan, due to construction work by individuals in the flow paths (incoming streams). However, it was not an unsolvable problem; the Tank Management Committees counselled the concerned individuals, and the flow is expected to be restored. There are no set water management rules and mechanisms in any of the tanks. The partner CSOs constituted Tank Management Committees for this purpose. Capacity building of the TMC members and leaders is required on priority.

4.2 Revival Measures Suggested

Based on the interaction with community, implementing partners and other stakeholders in the Zila Panchayat and line departments, the following emerged as intervention needs of revival these tanks.

In Catchment area • Silt traps • Bunding and trenching • Gully plugs

In Submergence area • Silt removal • Silt arresting by mechanical and vegetative barriers around the submergence area

In command area • Water use planning and allocation • Water saving irrigation methods • Improved land use and cropping pattern • Climate smart techniques

Some of these are explained below.

4.2.1 Silt Removal: This has been the first activity taken up in the first phase of BIWAL Project. In all 240,078 cum of silt (approximately 100,530 trolley loads) were excavated and carried by the farmers to spread into their farms. Nearly 581 farmers could get soil enrichment in their 323 ha of farmland through this activity.

4.2.2 Erosion Control: Control of soil erosion in the catchment of tanks is the next step. Appropriate soil conservation work - both mechanical and vegetative measures – may be taken up on all common (wastelands, grazing lands and cultivated lands) in the catchment. Plantation of trees, shrubs and grasses in fallow lands could be taken up on priority.

While the above soil conservation activities would take some time for implementation, appropriate gully control structures (loose boulder gully plugs, gabions and vegetative barriers) should be taken up in the gullies bringing water to these tanks.

4.2.3 Structural Repairs: Repairs of structural components of the tanks, namely waste weirs, sluices and gates, canal network should be taken up simultaneously. Care should be taken to not alter the original design (hydrology) of the tank in the process. Repair to embankment was not observed as a repair need, but it may be taken up (only) if necessary.

4.2.4 Water Use: Present methods and systems of taking and using water could be modified to increase efficient use and equity. Systematic interventions may be taken up to improve the crop and livestock practices towards “more crop per drop” goal and sustainability. Serious extension work would be required over the next few years towards this end.

Silt application in farm, Village Alopa

4.2.5 Water Management: Traditional water management practices and systems were not seen in any of the tank. But, it is possible to re-establish community managed water distribution and water governance systems. Systematic capacity building of Tank Management Committees is required on priority.

Field levelling in Purushotampura village

4.3 Potential benefits

After the aforementioned interventions, the usefulness of the tanks is expected to grow many folds. All the benefits mentioned in the foregoing pages, namely, irrigation, fishery, livestock and human use values including, drinking water and sanitation, are expected to increase in multiples.

The most immediate and most visible benefit of the initial work (removal of silt and its application in farmlands) would be seen in the very first crop in terms of increase in crop production and improved quality. Increased storage (due to silt removal) would increase the period of availability of water, which would be beneficial to livestock, fishery and for drinking and domestic water.

Early trends of these benefits would be captured in the process documentation part towards the end of Kharif season.

Institute of Good Governance , Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh Mar Institute of Good Governance , Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh March 20xdjvn20cIh 2020

Baseline Report of District Chhatarpur

March 20xdjvn20cIh 2020

Baseline Report of District Chhatarpur

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Baseline Report of Traditional Water Bodies District Chhatarpur

Under the first phase of BIWAL project, 28 traditional water bodies were selected for revival, which were studied in detail. This part of the report presents the Baseline Reports of those water bodies. Each report contains the socio-economic characteristics of the particular water body and the communities associated with it.

Care is taken to present the findings in such a manner that each report could be read as a standalone report and the reader need not refer to other reports for clarity or comprehension. The reports are arranged in alphabetical order of villages, and according to the districts.

In this part, Baseline Reports of nine Tanks of district Chhatarpur are presented in the following sequences.

S No Tank name Village Name Page 1 Chiya Tal Village Amarpura 27 2 Barat Talab Village Barat 35 3 Bada Talab Village Churwari 43 4 Madiya Talab Village Jhamtuli 51 5 Hardua Talab Village Kasar 59 6 Bihurian Talab Village Nandgaon Khurd 67 7 Bada Talab Village Naiguwan 75 8 Kothi Talab Village Nayakheda 83 9 Machhayara Talab Village Ramnagar 91

This Page has been deliberately left blank Baseline Report of Chiya Tal, Village Amarpura Block Bijawar, District Chhatarpur

1. Geographic Profile

1.1 Location: Village Amarpura (Census Code :458409) is located on Chhatarpur-Satai road at a distance of 42 km from District Headquarters of Chhatarpur in South-east direction.

Fig 1: Location Map

The land of the village is under forest which is 38 %. Only 6 % of the land is under agriculture. About 95 % of the area is irrigated by unspecified source of irrigation.

Table 1: Land Use Pattern S No Land Use Area, ha As % 1 Forest Area 59.49 38.09 2 Barren and Uncultivable 31.03 19.87 3 Pastures and grazing land 49.74 31.85 4 Net Area sown 11.78 7.54 4a Total Area Irrigated 11.21 7.18 4b Rainfed land 0.57 0.36 5 Culturable Waste land 0.00 0.00 6 Fallow land 0.00 0.00 7 Current Fallow 0.00 0.00 8 Area not available for agriculture 4.13 2.64 Total 156.17 100.00 Source: Revenue Records, 2011

Fig 2 : Land Use Pattern

1.3 Rainfall: Rainfall data for Bada Malhara,the nearest station to Block Bijawar for 17 years indicated that the Annual Average Rainfall is 1086 mm, with 92.9% falling in the monsoon season from June to September. Coefficient of Variation for the seasonal rainfall was found to be 34.02%.

1.4 Water Bodies: The village has only one water body, one traditional tank called Chiya Tal, which was built during Chandela era, spread over an area of 5.5 ha. It is used for fishing and for livestock. During Rabi, about 27 local farmers lift water from this tank for irrigating their farms to the extent of 35 ha. It has a catchment of 60.91 ha.

1.5 Drinking Water Facilities: Whole village is dependent upon 5 community borewells fitted with handpump as their drinking water sources.

2. Demographics

2.1 Population: The village has population of 1075 (204 households) with a sex ratio of 947, as per follows. Table 3: Population Data S Particulars As per 2011 Scheduled Caste Scheduled Tribes Present No Census population as population as per Status per 2011 Census 2011 Census (2019) 1 Population 658 10 104 1075 2 Households 141 204 3 Male 338 4 51 590 4 Female 320 6 53 485 Source: Primary Survey conducted by field workers

The percentage of SC population and ST population is 2 % and 16 % respectively according to Census data of 2011.

2.2 Housing: The village has 40 Pacca houses,60 Kaccha houses and 16 Huts.

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Chhatarpur Page 28

3. Socio-Economic Profile

3.1 Occupations: It comprises of 150 agriculturists and 120 of labourers. No one from the village population is engaged in services (salaried jobs). There are 4 artisans in the village.

Table 4: Occupation Profile S No Main Occupation No of persons No of households 1 Agriculture only 150 100 2 Agriculture and labour 40 30 3 Labour only 120 65 4 Business 5 5 5 Artisan (traditional trades) 4 4 Total 319 204 Source: Primary Survey conducted by field workers

Fig 4: Occupational Profile

3.2 Land Holding Pattern: Data indicates that most of the villagers belong to the category of landless which is 80. In Marginal Farmers category there are 70 families. Only 4 families belong to category of large landholding.

Table 5: Landholding Pattern S No Land holding No of households As % 1 Landless 80 45.98 2 Below 0.8 ha 70 40.23 3 0.8 ha to 2.0 ha 10 5.75 4 2.0 ha to 4.0 ha 10 5.75 5 Above 4.0 ha 4 2.30 Total 174 100.0

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Chhatarpur Page 29

Fig 5: Landholding Pattern

3.3 Principal Crops: During the last year, 230 ha was cultivated by 250 farmers in Rabi season under winter irrigation. Reportedly, there are no summer crops or perennial crops in grown in the village.

Table 6: Crop Production in the Village S No Main crops Year 2018-19 Year 2017-18 Area, ha No of Area, ha No of farmers farmers Winter crops 1 Wheat 50 50 30 50 2 Gram 100 100 80 100 3 Mustard 20 40 5 30 4 Barley 60 60 10 40

3.4 Crop Yields: Normal crop yields of the main crops are presented in the following table, along with the best and the worst yields in normal rainfall years. These are quite below the State average.

Table 7: Yield of Principle Crops S No Main crops Best yield Average yield Worst yield Winter crops 1 Wheat 1.5 MT 1.0 MT 0.1 MT 2 Gram 1.2 MT 0.8 MT 0.1 MT 3 Mustard 0.15 MT 0.08 MT 0.1 MT 4 Barley 2.0 MT 1.5 MT 0.1 MT

3.5 Livestock: About 40 families rear buffaloes, and nearly 100 rear cows. About 30 families own goat in large numbers. Table 8: Livestock Holding S No Livestock No of animals No of owner (households) 1 Indigenous cows 300 100 2 Bullocks 10 5 3 Buffaloes 250 40 4 Goat 400 30

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Chhatarpur Page 30

3.6 Farm Implements: The village has six tractors, six mould board ploughs and three bullock carts. Only one family owns the seed-cum-fertiliser drill in the village.

Table 9: Assets Present in the Village S No Assets No of units No of owner (households) 1 Tractors 6 6 2 Bullock carts 3 3 3 Mould board Plough 6 6 4 Seed-cum-fertiliser drill (tractor operated) 1 1

4. Social Capital

4.1 Women’s SHGs: Reportedly at the time of study, there is no Self help group functional in the village during the time of study.

4.2 Tank Management Committee: For management of revival work a Tank Management Committee was formed. Currently, the exact number of members is under revision. So far, the TMC has been active in supervision of silt removal and its application to the farms.

4.3 Other Community Institutions: Reportedly, there are no other community based organisations functional in the village at the time of the study. The nearest Multipurpose Cooperative Society is available in village Satai at a distance of 5 km. Nearest bank is available at Satai.

5. Present status of the Water Body

5.1 History of the Tank: Chiya Tal comes under the jurisdiction of Gram Panchayat, and is used for cleaning purpose, Livestock. It was constructed during the times of Chandela kings.

5.2 Construction: Embankment of the tank is made of stone wall in dry rubble masonry and backfilled with soil. Length of the embankment is 450 m with height of 3.33 m. Its base width is 35 m and top width is 4.5 m. Waste weir is made of Cement Concrete masonry. Waste Weir have length of 4.30 m and height of 1.25 m. Base width of waste weir is 8.3 m and top width is 0.80 cm. The tank has no sluice and canal attached for water distribution. Chiya Tal is located at Latitude: 24°29'57.26"N and Longitude: 79°33'16.77"E.

5.3 Hydrology: Chiya Tal have catchment area of 70 ha. The submergence area of tank is 5.5 ha. Depth of the tank is reduced from 8 m to 6.3 m. Storage capacity of the tank in present is 27500 cum.

5.4 Tank Usage: As participants revealed the main usage of the tanks are fish harvesting, cleaning purposes and livestock purposes. Chiya Tal is not used for fish harvesting.

Table 11: Various Benefits derived from the Tank S No. Benefits Duration Number of Families 1 Bathing and clothing August to January 150 2 Livestock purposes August to January 200

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Chhatarpur Page 31

Photograph of the Embankment

Fig 5: Map showing Chiya Tal and its Catchment Area

5.5 Irrigation Benefits: About 12 farmers use water by lifting with their own individual oil engines. About 10 years ago, about 5 farmers used to irrigate their 8 ha of land in this manner. In the last year, 30 ha benefitted for 22 farmers for four months.

About 12 farmers lift water from the tank using oil engine to irrigate their 20 ha of land in winter. In addition, 15 farmers get irrigation benefit on 15 ha of their winter through recharge to 10 dugwells and 2 borewells.

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Chhatarpur Page 32

Photograph of the Irrigated Farms

6. Proposed Revival Measures

6.1 Proposed Measures: Under Bundelkhand Initiative for Water, Agriculture and Livelihoods Project, this tank was proposed for revival with the following interventions:

In Catchment area  Silt traps  Bunding and trenching  Gully plugs

In Submergence area  Silt removal  Silt arresting by vegetative barriers around the submergence area

In Command area  Water management  Drip irrigation  Horticulture  Climate smart techniques

6.2 Works Completed: Under Bundelkhand Initiative for Water, Agriculture and Livelihood Project, this tank was undertaken for revival in April 2019. In the first phase, silt removal was carried out during April-June 2019. About 4220.08 cum (2814 tractor trips) of silt was applied in total area of 20 ha belonging to 26 farmers. The work was carried out under the aegis of the implementing organisation, Haritika. As a part of tank revival in the coming year, Haritika is planning to carry out field bunding and bund repairs.

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Chhatarpur Page 33

7. Potential Benefits

7.1 Economic Benefits: Increased availability of water and improved soil fertility are the most prominent immediate results of the intervention. Increase in production and yields, especially of winter (Rabi) crops, is going to be the most prominent direct outcome of the soil and water conservation measures undertaken in the project under BIWAL.

While it is difficult to quantify the long term benefits, it is expected that overall water use efficiency would increase in the village. Collective crop planning is expected to result in More Crop per Drop initiative.

It is proposed to assess the initial impacts and to study the community’s plans and their preparedness for future at the end of Kharif season, in order to project broad trends on these aspects.

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Chhatarpur Page 34

Baseline Report of Barat Talab, Village Barat Block Nowgong, District Chhatarpur

1. Geographic Profile

1.1 Location: Village Barat (Census Code :457735) is located on Nowgong-Chhatarpur road at a distance of 22 km from District Headquarters of Chhatarpur in the North.

Fig 1: Location Map

1.2 Land Use: Data indicates that 57 % of the land is under agriculture. About 87 % of the area is irrigated by waterfall indicating wells as main source of irrigation.

Table 1: Land Use Pattern S No Land Use Area, ha As % 1 Forest Area 0.00 0.00 2 Barren and Uncultivable 9.00 1.77 3 Pastures 17.50 3.44 4 Net Area sown 290.34 57.07 4a Total Area Irrigated-Waterfall 253.86 49.90 4b Rainfed land 36.48 7.17 5 Culturable Waste land 0.00 0.00 6 Fallow land 0.00 0.00 7 Current Fallow 161.28 31.70 8 Area not available for agriculture 30.61 6.02 Total 508.73 100.00 Source: Revenue Records, 2011

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Chhatarpur Page 35

Fig 2: Land Use Pattern

1.3 Rainfall: Rainfall data for Nowgong station for 26 years indicated that the Annual Average Rainfall is 751.6 mm, with 94 .2% falling in the monsoon season from June to September. The Coefficient of Variation for the seasonal rainfall is as low as 33.79%.

1.4 Water Bodies: The village has one water body, a traditional tank built during Chandela era, spread over an area of 5.25 ha. It is called Barat Talab, and is used for fishing and for livestock. During Rabi, about 80 local farmers lift water from this tank for irrigating their farms to the extent of 125 ha. It has a catchment of 46 ha.

1.5 Drinking Water Facilities: Village is dependent upon four common borewells fitted with handpumps as source of drinking water.

2. Demographics

2.1 Population: The village has population of 1285 (with 240 household) as per follows.

Table 2: Population Data S No Particulars As per Scheduled Caste Scheduled Tribes Present 2011 population as per population as per Status (2019) Census 2011 Census 2011 Census 1 Population 1303 227 0 1285 2 Households 270 0 240 3 Male 704 125 0 685 4 Female 599 102 0 600 Source: Primary Survey conducted by field workers

The percentage of SC population and ST population is 17 % and 0 % respectively according to Census data of 2011.

2.2 Housing: The village has 55 Pacca houses, 35 Kaccha houses and 15 Huts.

3. Socio-Economic Profile

3.1 Occupations: It comprises of 240 agriculturists and 20 of labourers. Nearly 13 of the village population is engaged in services (salaried jobs). There are 21 artisans in the village.

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Chhatarpur Page 36

Table 2: Occupation Profile S No Main Occupation No of persons No of households 1 Agriculture only 240 60 2 Agriculture and labour 700 85 3 Labour only 20 9 4 Service (salaried job) 13 13 5 Business 27 27 6 Artisan (traditional trades) 21 21 Total 1021 215 Source: Primary Survey conducted by field workers

Fig 2: Occupational Profile

3.2 Land Holding Pattern: Data indicates that most of the villagers belong to the category of small farmers that is 115. Only 5 of the families belong to large category.

Table 3: Landholding Pattern S No Land holding No of households As % 1 Landless 48 20.08 2 Below 0.8 ha 115 48.12 3 0.8 ha to 2.0 ha 61 25.52 4 2.0 ha to 4.0 ha 10 4.18 5 Above 4.0 ha 5 2.09 Total 239 100

Fig 3: Landholding Pattern

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Chhatarpur Page 37

3.3 Principal Crops: Village has 430 ha area under cultivation in Rabi (winter) season belonging to 450 farmers. Reportedly there is no cultivation of summer and perennial crops in the village.

Table 4: Crop Production in the Village S No Main crops Year 2018-19 Year 2017-18 Area, ha No of Area, ha No of farmers farmers Winter crops 1 Wheat 200 190 220 200 2 Peas 100 100 100 800 3 Gram 50 60 80 50 4 Barely 80 100 30 55

3.4 Crop Yields: Normal crop yields of the main crops are presented in the following table, along with the best and the worst yields in normal rainfall years. These are quite below the State average.

Table 5: Yield of Principle Crops S No Main crops Best yield Average yield Worst yield Winter crops 1 Wheat 2 MT 1.5 MT 0.1 MT 2 Peas 2.5 MT 2.0 MT 0.1 MT 3 Gram 1.8 MT 1.0 MT 0.1 MT 4 Barely 2.5 MT 0.8 MT 0.1 MT

3.5 Livestock: The village has almost all households rearing livestock. About 34 families rear buffaloes, and nearly 30 rear cows. About 40 families own goat in large numbers.

Table 6: Number of Livestock S No Livestock No of animals No of owner (households) 1 Indigenous cows 50 30 2 Crossbred cows 7 4 3 Bullocks 60 35 4 Buffaloes 225 34 5 Goat 120 40 6 Others 30 3

3.6 Farm Implements: Only 16 of the families owns tractors in the village. 6 of the families own thresher in the village.

Table 7: Assets Present in the Village S No Assets No of No of owner units (households) 1 Tractors 18 16 2 Bullock carts 11 11 4 Mould board Plough 22 22 5 Seed-cum-fertiliser drill (tractor operated) 2 2 6 Seed-cum-fertiliser drill (bullock operated) 10 10 7 Thresher 6 6

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Chhatarpur Page 38

4. Social Capital

4.1 Women’s SHGs: Tejaswini Self Help group covering 120 women is the only functioning SHG in the village.

4.2 Tank Management Committee: For management of revival work, a Tank Management Committee was formed. Currently, the exact number of members is under revision. So far the TMC has been active in supervision of silt removal and its application to the farms.

4.3 Other Community Institutions: Reportedly, there are no other community based organisations functional in the village at the time of the study. The nearest Multipurpose Cooperative Society is available in village Mausahaniya at a distance of 5 km. Nearest bank is available at Mausahaiya.

5. Present Status of the Water Body

5.1 History of the Tank: Barat Talab comes comes under the jurisdiction of Gram Panchayat, and is used for cleaning purpose, fishing, Livestock. It was constructed during the times of Chandela kings.

5.2 Construction: Embankment of the tank is made of stone wall in dry rubble masonry and backfilled with soil. Length of the embankment is 455 m with height of 3.33 m. Its base width is 35 m and top width is 4.5 m. Waste weir is made of Cement Concrete with a length of 1.21 m and height of 0.76 m. Base width of waste weir is 0.91 m and top width is 0.10 m. The tank has no sluice and canal attached for water distribution. This Tank is located at Latitude: 25°2'23.40" N and Longitude: 79°31'25.72'' E.

Photograph of the Embankment

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Chhatarpur Page 39

5.3 Hydrology: Barat Talab have catchment area of 46 ha. The submergence area of tank is 5.25 ha. Depth of the tank is reduced from 8 m to 7.3 m. Storage capacity of the tank in present is 26,250 cum.

Fig 5: Map showing Barat Talab and its Catchment Area

5.4 Tank Usage: The main uses of the tanks are fish farming, cleaning and livestock. There are four families from the village engaged in fish farming from the month of July to February.

Table 8: Various Benefits derived from the Tank S No Benefit Duration Number of Families 1 Drinking and cooking purposes July to March 240 2 Cleaning and Bathing purposes July to March 240 3 Livestock purposes July to March 240 4 Fishing July to February 4

5.5 Irrigation Benefits: About 15 farmers use water by lifting with their own individual oil engines. Another 25 farmers are using shared engines for irrigation. During the last year, over 80 farmers irrigated their winter crops for four months on 125 ha of land. Reportedly, about 10 farmers used to irrigate their 8 ha of land about 10 years ago.

At present, about 60 ha of land belonging to 40 farmers gets benefitted by lift irrigation (oil engine). In addition, 65 ha area belonging to 40 farmers get irrigation through recharge to 20 dugwells and 9 borewells.

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Chhatarpur Page 40

Photograph of the Present Farm

6. Proposed Revival Measures

6.1 Proposed Measures: Under Bundelkhand Initiative for Water, Agriculture and Livelihoods Project, this tank was proposed for revival with the following interventions:

In Catchment area  Silt traps  Bunding and trenching  Gully plugs

In Submergence area  Silt removal  Silt arresting by vegetative barriers around the submergence area  Repair of Embankment

In Command area  Water management  Drip irrigation  Horticulture  Climate smart agriculture

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Chhatarpur Page 41

Haritika. As a part of tank revival in the coming year, Haritika is planning to carry out field bunding and bund repairs.

7. Potential Benefits

It is proposed to assess the initial impacts and to study the community’s plans and their preparedness for future at the end of Kharif season, in order to project broad trends on these aspects.

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Chhatarpur Page 42

Baseline Report of Bada Talab, Village Churwari Block Nowgong, District Chhatarpur

1. Geographic Profile

1.1 Location: Village Churwari (Census Code: 457698) is located on Chhatarpur-Nowgong road at a distance of 48 km from District Headquarters of Chhatarpur. The village is situated in North direction from village Kartol, which is 36 km from district headquarter.

Fig 1: Location Map

1.2 Land Use: Data indicates that most of the land of the village is under agriculture which is 43%. About 60% of the area is irrigated, wells being the main source of irrigation.

Table 1: Land Use Pattern S No Land Use Area, ha As % 1 Forest Area 309.00 16.61 2 Barren and Uncultivable 217.57 11.69 3 Pastures 50.58 2.72 4 Net Area sown 804.99 43.27 4a Area irrigated by well 480.36 25.82 4b Rainfed land 324.63 17.4 5 Culturable Waste land 237.59 12.77 6 Fallow land 53.98 2.90 7 Current Fallow 30.32 1.63 8 Area not available for agriculture 156.57 8.42 Total 1860.6 100.00 Source: Revenue Records, 2011

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Chhatarpur Page 43

Fig 2: Land Use Pattern

1.4 Water Bodies: The village has one traditional tank spread over an area of 23 ha. It was built during Chandela era, and is called Bada Talab. It is used for fishing and for livestock. During Rabi, about 80 local farmers lift water from this tank for irrigating their farms to around 152 ha. It has a catchment of 471.77 ha.

1.5 Drinking Water Facilities: The village has a piped water supply scheme with 40 stand-posts for common use. It also has 35 community borewells are fitted with handpumps for the drinking water supply.

2. Demographics

2.1 Population: The village has population of 2100 (with 450 household) as per follows.

Table 2: Population Data S Particulars As per Scheduled Caste Scheduled Tribes Present Status No 2011 population as per population as per (2019) Census 2011 Census 2011 Census 1 Population 4292 1143 1 7679 2 Households 761 1396 3 Male 2189 592 3921 4 Female 2106 551 1 3758 Source: Primary Survey conducted by field workers

The percentage of SC population is 27 % and 1 household of ST population according to Census data of 2011.

2.2 Housing: The village has 801 Pacca houses,231 Kaccha houses and 47 Huts.

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3. Socio-Economic Profile

3.1 Occupations: It comprises of 74% agriculturists and 16 % of labourers. Nearly 0.49 % of the village population is engaged in services (salaried jobs). There are no artisans in the village.

Table 2: Occupation Profile S No Main Occupation No of persons No of households 1 Agriculture only 3180 607 2 Agriculture and labour 403 105 3 Labour only 688 200 4 Service (salaried job) 21 66 Total 4292 978 Source: Primary Survey conducted by field workers

Fig 2: Occupational Profile

3.2 Land holding Pattern: Data indicates that most of the villagers 400 belong to the category of landless and about 300 families belong to small Farmers category. There are only 20 families belonging to large Farmers category.

Table 3: Landholding Pattern S No Land holding No of households As % 1 Landless 400 38.76 2 Below 0.8 ha 300 29.07 3 0.8 ha to 2.0 ha 280 27.13 4 2.0 ha to 4.0 ha 32 3.10 5 Above 4.0 ha 20 1.94 Total 1032 100.0

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Chhatarpur Page 45

Fig 3: Landholding Pattern

3.3 Principal Crops: In Rabi season (winter irrigation), about 1000 ha area belonging to 750 farmers was under cultivation. Reportedly, no summer or perennial crops are grown in the village.

Table 4: Crop Production in the Village S No Main crops Year 2018-19 Year 2017-18 Area, ha No of Area, ha No of farmers farmers Winter crops 1 Wheat 400 300 450 300 2 Gram 200 150 300 200 3 Peas 150 100 150 170 4 Barley 250 200 300 210

3.4 Crop Yields: Normal crop yields of the main crops are presented in the following table, along with the best and the worst yields in normal rainfall years. These are quite below the State average.

Table 12: Yield of Principle Crops S No Main crops Best yield Average yield Worst yield Winter crops 1 Wheat 2.5 MT 1.8 MT 0.1 MT 2 Gram 2.0 MT 1.5 MT 0.1 MT 3 Peas 2.0 MT 1.5 MT 0.1 MT 4 Barley 2.2 MT 1.7 MT 0.1 MT

3.5 Livestock: The village has almost all households rearing livestock. About 140 families rear buffaloes, and nearly 80 households rear cows. About 90 families own goats. Reportedly not a single family has bullocks in their house.

Table 5: Number of Livestock S No Livestock No of animals No of owner (households) 1 Indigenous cows 100 80 2 Crossbred cows 10 10 3 Buffaloes 300 140 4 Goat 800 90

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3.6 Farm Implements: The village has 20 families owning tractors with tractor drawn implements like mould board plough. Only five of them have tractor operated seed-cum-fertiliser drill. The village also has 6 threshers. This is a very small number compared to the number of farmers in the village. Table 6: Assets Present in the Village S No Assets No of units No of owner (households) 1 Tractors 20 20 2 Power tillers 2 2 3 Mould board Plough 20 20 4 Seed-cum-fertiliser drill (tractor operated) 5 5 5 Thresher 6 6

4. Social Capital

4.1 Women’s SHG: There are two Self help group functional in the village. Lakshmi SHG covers 11 women from the village. Sahanaj SHG also covers 11 women from the village.

4.2 Tank Management Committee: For management of revival work a Tank Management Committee was formed, with number of members is currently under consideration. So far the TMC has been active in supervision of silt removal and its application to the farms.

4.3 Other Community Institutions: Reportedly, there are no other community based organisations functional in the village at the time of the study. The nearest Multipurpose Cooperative Society is available in village Alipura at a distance of 8 km. Nearest bank is available at Harpalpur at a distance of 8 km.

5. Present Status of the Water Body

5.1 History of the Tank: Bada Talab was constructed during the times of Chandela kings. At present, it comes under the jurisdiction of Gram Panchayat. It is used for cleaning, fishing, livestock purposes.

5.2 Construction: Embankment of the tank is made of stone wall in dry rubble masonry and backfilled with soil. Length of the embankment is 655 m with height of 4.78 m. Its base width is 50 m and top width is 4.5 m. Hume Pipes are provided as culvert under the road which serve as the waste weir. Sluice is made of stone with approx. width of 2.40 m and height of 6.20 m. The Tank is located at Latitude: 25°13'54.21" N and Longitude: 79°22'21.92'' E.

5.3 Hydrology: Bada Talab have catchment area of 472 ha. The submergence area of tank is 23 ha. Depth of the tank is reduced from 9 m to 8.25 m. Storage capacity of the tank in present is 115000 cum.

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Chhatarpur Page 47

Photograph of the Embankment

Fig 5: Map showing Bada Talab and its Catchment Area

5.4 Tank Usage: The main uses of the tank are fish farming, cleaning and livestock purposes. There are 10 families in the village who do fish farming from the month of August to month of February.

Table 6: Various Benefits derived from the Tank S No Benefit Duration Number of Families 1 Drinking and Cooking purposes July to April 600 2 Cleaning and Bathing purposes July to April 600 3 Livestock purposes July to April 900 4 Fishing August to February 10

5.5 Irrigation Benefits: The tank has a sluice and canal; it is in state of disuse. About ten farmers use water by lifting with their own oil engines. Another ten farmers are irrigating their farms using shared engines. More than ten years ago, about 5 farmers used to irrigate their 8 ha of land in this manner. In the last year, 30 ha belonging to 25 farmers could be irrigated for four months.

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In a normal year, 42 ha belonging to 20 farmers can be irrigated by lift irrigation (oil engine). In addition, 110 ha area belonging to 60 farmers get irrigation through recharge to 28 dugwells and 10 borewells.

6. Proposed Revival Measures

6.1 Proposed Measures: Under Bundelkhand Initiative for Water, Agriculture and Livelihoods Project, this tank was proposed for revival with the following interventions:

In Catchment area  Silt traps  Bunding and trenching  Gully plugs

In Submergence area  Silt removal  Silt arresting by vegetative barriers around the submergence area  Repair of Embankment

In Command area  Water management  Drip irrigation  Horticulture  Climate smart agriculture

6.2 Works Completed: Under Bundelkhand Initiative for Water, Agriculture and Livelihood Project, this tank was undertaken for revival in April 2019. In the first phase, silt removal was carried out during April-June 2019. About 2,850 cum (1,771 tractor trips) silt was applied in total area of 1 ha belonging to 51 farmers. The work was carried out the implementing partner, Hatitika. As a part of tank revival in the coming year, Haritika is planning to carry out field bunding and bund repairs.

7. Potential Benefits

7.1 Economic Benefits: Increase in production and yields, especially of winter (Rabi) crops, is going to be the most prominent direct outcome of the soil and water conservation measures undertaken in the project under BIWAL. While it is difficult to quantify the long term benefits, it is expected that overall water use efficiency would increase in the village. Collective crop planning is expected to result in More Crop per Drop initiative.

It is proposed to assess the initial impacts and to study the community’s plans and their preparedness for future at the end of Kharif season, in order to project broad trends on these aspects.

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Baseline Report of Madiya Talab, Village Jhamtuli Block Rajnagar, District Chhatarpur

1. Geographic Profile

1.1 Location: Jhamtuli (Census Code :458047) is located on Khajuraho road at a distance of 35 km from District Headquarters Chhatarpur in the South-east direction.

Fig 1: Location Map

1.2 Land Use: Data indicates that most of the land of the village is under agriculture which is 61 %. Village has about 46 % of land irrigated by wells.

Table 1: Land Use Pattern S No Land Use Area, ha As % 1 Forest Area 131.43 6.62 2 Barren and Uncultivable 261.66 13.19 3 Pastures 133.16 6.71 4 Net Area sown 1203.28 60.65 4a Total Area Irrigated-Well 548.17 27.63 4b Rainfed land 655.11 33.02 5 Culturable Waste land 138.00 6.96 6 Fallow land 11.22 0.57 7 Current Fallow 20.00 1.01 8 Area not available for agriculture 85.13 4.29 Total 1983.88 100.00 Source: Revenue Records, 2011

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Fig 2: Land Use Pattern

1.3 Rainfall: Rainfall data for Rajnagar station for the last 10 years indicated that the Annual Average Rainfall is 1008.82 mm, with 92.3% falling in the monsoon season from June to September. The Coefficient of Variation for the seasonal rainfall was found to be 32.65%.

1.4 Water Bodies: The village has one traditional tank called Madiya Talab which is used for the purposes of recharge, irrigation, livestock and fish rearing. Tank is spread over an area of 3.5 ha. During Rabi, about 55 local farmers lift water from this tank for irrigating their farms of about 28 ha. It has a catchment of 104 ha.

1.5 Drinking Water Facilities: Villagers depends upon 30 community borwell fitted with handpump for drinking water source. 40 families have private borewell as their source of drinking water.

2. Demographics

2.1 Population: The village has population of 5400 (with 1120 household) as per follows.

Table 2: Population Data S Particulars As per Scheduled Caste Scheduled Tribes Present Status No 2011 population as per population as per (2019) Census 2011 Census 2011 Census 1 Population 4225 548 626 5400 2 Households 803 1120 3 Male 2264 281 333 2800 4 Female 1961 267 293 2600 Source: Primary Survey conducted by field officials

The percentage of SC population and ST population is 13 % and 15 % respectively according to Census data of 2011.

2.2 Housing: The village has 100 Pacca houses,430 Kaccha houses and 170 Huts.

3. Socio-Economic Profile

3.1 Occupations: It comprises of 500 agriculturists and 600 of labourers. Only 10 person’s village population are engaged in services (salaried jobs). There are 40 artisans in the village.

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Table 3: Occupation Profile S No Main Occupation No of persons No of households 1 Agriculture only 800 610 2 Agriculture and labour 360 210 3 Labour only 450 230 4 Service (salaried job) 10 10 5 Business 30 30 6 Artisan (traditional trades) 40 40 Total 1690 1130 Source: Primary Survey conducted by field officials

Fig 3: Occupational Profile

3.2 Land holding Pattern: Most of the villagers belong to the category of marginal farmers that is 350. 20 families belong to large farmer category.

Table 4: Landholding Pattern S No Land holding No of households As % 1 Landless 300 31.85 2 Below 0.8 ha 350 37.15 3 0.8 ha to 2.0 ha 200 21.23 4 2.0 ha to 4.0 ha 82 8.70 5 Above 4.0 ha 20 2.12 Total 942 100

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Chhatarpur Page 53

Fig 4: Landholding Pattern

3.3 Principal Crops: Village has 1350 ha area under cultivation for Rabi season (winter irrigation) for 830 farmers. Reportedly there are no summer or perennial crops grown in the village.

Table 5: Crop Production in the Village S No Main crops Year 2018-19 Year 2017-18 Area, ha No of Area, ha No of farmers farmers Winter crops 1 Wheat 800 500 850 580 2 Mustard 100 150 150 130 3 Gram 250 80 200 80 4 Barley 200 100 100 50

3.4 Crop Yields: Normal crop yields of the main crops are presented in the following table, along with the best and the worst yields in normal rainfall years. These are quite below the State average.

Table 6: Yield of Principle Crops S No Main crops Best yield Average yield Worst yield Winter crops 1 Wheat 2 MT 1.55 MT 0.1 MT 2 Mustard 0.2 MT 0.1 MT 0.001 MT 3 Gram 1.8 MT 1.0 MT 0.1 MT 4 Barley 2.5 MT 1.9 MT 0.1 MT

3.5 Livestock: The village has almost all households rearing livestock. About 10 families rear buffaloes, and nearly 280 rear cows. About 140 families owns goat in large number. Table 7: Livestock Holding S No Livestock No of animals No of owner (households) l Indigenous cows 610 290 2 Bullocks 20 10 3 Buffaloes 400 140 4 Goat 1500 75 5 Sheep 200 20

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3.6 Farm Implements: 5 families own the Mould board plough in the village. 6 of the families in the village own seed-cum-fertiliser drill.

Table 8: Assets Present in the Village S No Assets No of No of owner units (households) 1 Tractors 45 42 2 Bullock carts 20 20 3 Mould board Plough 5 5 4 Seed-cum-fertiliser drill (tractor operated) 6 6 5 Thresher 15 15

4. Social Capital

4.1 Women’s SHGs: Reportedly no Self Help group is present in the village at the time of study.

4.2 Tank Management Committee: For management of revival work a Tank Management Committee was formed. Currently, the exact number of members is under revision. So far the TMC has been active in supervision of silt removal and its application to the farms.

4.3 Other Community Institutions: Reportedly, there are no other community based organisation functional in the village at the time of the study. The nearest Multipurpose Cooperative Society is available in village Baseetha which is 20 km away. Nearest bank is available at Baseetha.

5. Present Status of the Water Body

5.1 History of the Tank: The traditional water body in village Jhamtuli is called Madiya Talab which comes under jurisdiction of Gram Panchayat. According to the community, this tank was built during the time of Chandela kings. The tank is used for irrigation, fishing, washing and for livestock.

5.2 Construction: Embankment of the tank is made of stone wall in dry rubble masonry and backfilled with soil. Length of the embankment is 280 m with height of 3.33 m. Its base width is 335 m and top width is 4.5 m. Hume Pipes are provided as culvert under the road which serve as the waste weir. The tank is located at Latitude: 24°43'29.69"N and Longitude: 79°49'29.66"E.

5.3 Hydrology: Madiya talab have catchment area of 104 ha. The submergence area of tank is 3.5 ha. Depth of the tank is reduced from 6 m to 5.6 m. Storage capacity of the tank in present is 16000 cum.

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Chhatarpur Page 55

Photograph of the Embankment

Fig 5: Map showing Madiya Talab and its Catchment Area

5.4 Tank Usage: As participants revealed the main usage of the tanks are fish harvesting and livestock purposes. There are 15 families in the village who do farming from the month of September to month of May. Seasonal uses of the tank are presented in the following table.

Table 9: Various benefits derived from the tank S No Benefits Duration Number of Families 1 Livestock purposes July to April 800 2 Fisheries July to April 15

5.5 Irrigation Benefits: About 10 farmers use water by lifting with their own individual oil engines. About 5 farmers are using shared engines. About 10 years ago, about 5 farmers used to irrigate their 8 ha of land in this manner. In the last year, 90 ha benefitted for 40 farmers for four months.

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Chhatarpur Page 56

Photograph of the Irrigated Farm

About 30 farmers lift water from the tank using oil engine to irrigate their 14 ha of land in winter. In addition, 25 farmers get irrigation benefits on 12 ha of their winter through recharge to 15 dugwells and 3 borewells.

6. Proposed Revival Measures

6.1 Proposed Measures: Under Bundelkhand Initiative for Water, Agriculture and Livelihoods Project, this tank was proposed for revival with the following interventions:

In Catchment area  Silt traps  Bunding and trenching  Gully plugs

In Submergence area  Silt removal  Silt arresting by vegetative barriers around the submergence area  Repair of Embankment

In Command area  Water management  Drip irrigation  Horticulture  Climate smart techniques

6.2 Works Completed: Under Bundelkhand Initiative for Water, Agriculture and Livelihood Project, this tank was undertaken for revival in April 2019. In the first phase, silt removal was carried out during April-June 2019. About 725.14 cum (381 tractor trips) silt was applied in total area of 1 ha belonging to 5 farmers. The work was carried out under the aegis of the Haritika. As a part of tank revival in the coming year, Haritika is planning to carry out Catchment area treatment and bund repairs.

7. Potential Benefits

7.1 Economic Benefits: Increased availability of water and improved soil fertility are the most prominent immediate results of the intervention. Increase in production and yields, especially of

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Chhatarpur Page 57 winter (Rabi) crops, is going to be the most prominent direct outcome of the soil and water conservation measures undertaken in the project under BIWAL.

While it is difficult to quantify the long term benefits, it is expected that overall water use efficiency would increase in the village as a result of demand side interventions. Collective crop planning is expected to result in More Crop per Drop initiative.

It is proposed to assess the initial impacts and to study the community’s plans and their preparedness for future at the end of Kharif season, in order to project broad trends on these aspects.

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Chhatarpur Page 58

Baseline Report of Hardua Talab, Village Kasar Block Bijawar, District Chhatarpur

1. Geographic Profile

1.1 Location: Village Kasar (Census Code :458335) is located on Chhatarpur-Satai road at a distance of 30 km from District Headquarters of Chhatarpur. Village is situated at a distance of 5 km South of Satai village, which is 27 km from district headquarter in South direction.

Fig 1: Location Map

1.2 Land Use: Data indicates that most of the land of the village is under pastures which is 43 %. Only 18 % of the land is under agriculture. About 90 % of the area is irrigated by wells indicating wells as main source of irrigation. About 10 % of the land is irrigated by canal.

Table 1: Land Use Pattern S No Land Use Area, ha As % 1 Forest Area 0.00 0.00 2 Barren and Uncultivable 341.58 20.20 3 Pastures 719.53 42.56 4 Net Area sown 296.83 17.5 4a Total Area Irrigated 180.52 10.6 4b Well Irrigation 162.2 9.59 4c Canal Irrigation 18.32 1.08 4d Rainfed land 116.31 6.88 5 Culterable Waste land 121.16 7.17 6 Fallow land 134.12 7.93 7 Current Fallow 34.30 2.03 8 Area not available for agriculture 43.25 2.56 Total 1690.77 100.00 Source: Revenue Records, 2011

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Fig 2: Land Use Pattern

1.3 Rainfall: Rainfall data for Bada Malhara station for the last 17 years indicated that the Annual Average Rainfall is 1169.05 mm, with 92.8% falling in the monsoon season from June to September. The Coefficient of Variation for the seasonal rainfall was found to be 34.02%.

1.4 Water Bodies: The village has two water bodies, one traditional tank and one river. traditional tank was built during Chandela era, spread over an area of 44 ha. It is called Hardua talab, and is used for fishing and for livestock. During Rabi, about 70 local farmers lift water from this tank for irrigating their farms to the extend of 110 ha. It has a catchment of 458 ha as shown in the map below.

1.5 Drinking Water Facilities: Village has one Stand post fitted with Piped Water Supply. Other than this village is dependent upon 5 common borewells fitted with handpumps as source of drinking water.

2. Demographics

2.1 Population: The village has population of 2100 (with 450 household) as per follows.

Table 2: Population Data S Particulars As per Scheduled Caste Scheduled Tribes Present Status No 2011 population as per population as per (2019) Census 2011 Census 2011 Census 1 Population 1800 380 168 2100 2 Households 382 450 3 Male 954 213 84 1200 4 Female 846 167 84 900 Source: Primary Survey conducted by field officials

The percentage of SC population and ST population is 21 % and 9 % respectively according to Census data of 2011.

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2.2 Housing: The village has 120 Pacca houses,240 Kaccha houses and 60 Huts.

3. Socio-Economic Profile

3.1 Occupations: It comprises of 200 agriculturists and 250 of labourers. Only 4 persons from village population are engaged in services (salaried jobs). There are 10 artisans in the village.

Table 3: Occupation Profile S No Main Occupation No of persons No of households 1 Agriculture only 200 64 2 Agriculture and labour 300 200 3 Labour only 250 150 4 Service (salaried job) 4 4 5 Business 20 20 6 Artisan (traditional trades) 10 10 Total 784 448 Source: Primary Survey conducted by field officials

Fig 3: Occupational Profile

3.2 Land Holding Pattern: Data indicates that most of the villagers belong to the category of marginal farmers and small farmers that is 150.

Table 4: Landholding Pattern S No Land holding No of households As % 1 Landless 55 13.51 2 Below 0.8 ha 150 36.86 3 0.8 ha to 2.0 ha 150 36.86 4 2.0 ha to 4.0 ha 50 12.29 5 Above 4.0 ha 2 0.49 Total 407 100

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Fig 4: Landholding Pattern

3.3 Principal Crops: In the village 165 ha area was under cultivation for 210 farmers in Rabi season (winter irrigation). Reportedly no summer and perennial crops grown in the village.

Table 5: Crop Production in the Village S No Main crops Year 2018-19 Year 2017-18 Area, ha No of Area, No of farmers ha farmers Winter crops 1 Wheat 100 100 70 125 2 Mustard 10 20 5 30 3 Gram 25 30 10 50 4 Barley 30 60 10 40

3.4 Crop Yields: Normal crop yields of the main crops are presented in the following table, along with the best and the worst yields in normal rainfall years. These are quite below the State average.

Table 6: Yield of Principle Crops S No Main crops Best yield Average yield Worst yield Winter crops 1 Wheat 1.5 MT 1.2 MT 0.1 MT 2 Mustard 0.16 MT 0.08 MT 0.001 MT 3 Gram 1.0 MT 0.6 MT 0.1 MT 4 Barley 2.0 MT 1.8 MT 0.1 MT

3.5 Livestock: The village has almost all households rearing livestock. About 30 families rear buffaloes, and nearly 75 rear cows. About 40 families owns goat in large numbers.

Table 7: Livestock Holding S No Livestock No of animals No of owner (households) 1 Indigenous cows 200 75 2 Bullocks 8 4 3 Buffaloes 100 30 4 Goat 500 40

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3.6 Farm Implements: Only 8 of the families owns tractors in the village. 3 of the families own thresher in the village.

Table 8: Assets Present in the Village S No Assets No of No of owner units (households) 1 Tractors 13 8 2 Seed-cum-fertiliser drill (tractor operated) 2 2 3 Thresher 3 3

4. Social Capital

4.1 Women’s SHGs: Reportedly no Self Help group is present in the village at the time of study.

4.3 Other Community Institutions: Reportedly, there are no other community based organisation functional in the village at the time of the study. The nearest Multipurpose Cooperative Society is available in village Satai at a distance of 5 km. Nearest bank is available at Satai.

5. Present Status of the Water Body

5.1 History of the Tank: Hardua Talab comes comes under the jurisdiction of Gram Panchayat, and is used for cleaning purpose, fishing, Livestock. It was constructed during the times of Chandela kings. Tank is located near temple of Lord Hanumana.

5.2 Construction: E Embankment of the tank is made of stone wall in dry rubble masonry and backfilled with soil. Length of the embankment is 500 m with height of 4.5 m. Its base width is 45 m and top width is 4 m. Waste weir is made of Cement Concrete masonry. Waste Weir have length of 33.55 m and height of 4.15 m. Base width of waste weir is 27.4 m and top width is 2.50 m. The tank has sluice and canal attached for water distribution. Sluice is made of stone with approx. width of 2.50 m and height of 4.15 m. This tank is located on Latitude: 24°40'27.54"N and Longitude: 79°38'18.03"E

5.3 Hydrology: Hardua talab have catchment area of 458 ha. The submergence area of tank is 44 ha. Depth of the tank is reduced from 7 m to 5 m. Storage capacity of the tank in present is 220000 cum.

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Photograph of the Embankment

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Chhatarpur Page 64

Fig 5 : Map showing Hardua Talab and its Catchment Area

5.4 Tank Usage: As participants revealed the main usage of the tanks are fish harvesting, cleaning purposes and livestock purposes. There are 4 families in the village who do fish harvesting from the month of August to month of January.

Table 9: Various Benefits derived from the Tank S No Benefit Duration Number of Families 1 Bathing and cleaning purposes September to January 300 2 Livestock purposes September to February 250 3 Fishing August to January 4

5.5 Irrigation Benefits: About 10 farmers use water by lifting with their own individual oil engines. About 25 farmers are using shared engines. About 10 years ago, about 6 farmers used to irrigate their 8 ha of land in this manner. In the last year, 130 ha benefitted for 70 farmers for four months.

Photograph of the Irrigated Farms

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Chhatarpur Page 65

About 30 farmers lift water from the tank using oil engine to irrigate their 50 ha of land in winter. In addition,40 farmers get irrigation benefits on 60 ha through recharge to 16 dugwells and 5 borewells.

6. Proposed Revival Measures

6.1 Proposed Measures: Under Bundelkhand Initiative for Water, Agriculture and Livelihoods Project, this tank was proposed for revival with the following interventions:

In Catchment area  Silt traps  Bunding and trenching  Gully plugs

In Submergence area  Silt removal  Silt arresting by vegetative barriers around the submergence area  Repair of Embankment

In Command area  Water management  Drip irrigation  Horticulture  Climate smart techniques

6.2 Works Completed: Under Bundelkhand Initiative for Water, Agriculture and Livelihood Project, this tank was undertaken for revival in April 2019. In the first phase, silt removal was carried out during April-June 2019. About 14228.89 cum (7122 tractor trips) silt was applied in total area of 5 ha belonging to 65 farmers. The work was carried out by the implementing partner Haritka. As a part of tank revival in the coming year, Haritika is planning to carry out Catchment area treatment.

7. Potential Benefits

It is proposed to assess the initial impacts and to study the community’s plans and their preparedness for future at the end of Kharif season, in order to project broad trends on these aspects.

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Chhatarpur Page 66

Baseline Report of Bihurian Talab, Village Nandgaon Khurd Block Bijawar, District Chhatarpur

1. Geographic Profile

1.1 Location: Village Nandgaon Khurd (Census Code :458333) is located on Chhatarpur-Satai road at a distance of 31 km from District Headquarters of Chhatarpur. Village is situated at a distance of 9 km South of Satai village, which is 27 km from district headquarter in South direction.

Fig 1: Location Map

1.2 Land Use: Data indicates 53.17% of the land is under agriculture. Majority of the land is dependent on rainfall which is about 39.50% of the Net Area sown.

Table 1: Land Use Pattern S No Land Use Area, ha As % 1 Forest Area 0.0 0.00 2 Barren and Uncultivable 21.81 2.98 3 Pastures 99.31 13.56 4 Net Area sown 389.51 53.17 4a Area irrigated by Well 100.14 13.67 4b Rainfed land 289.37 39.50 4c Culturable Waste land 60 8.19 5 Fallow land 62.61 8.55 6 Current Fallow 81.41 11.11 7 Area not available for agriculture 17.95 2.45 Total 732.6 100 Source: Revenue Records, 2011

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Fig 2: Land Use Pattern

1.3 Rainfall: Rainfall data for Bada Malhara, the nearest station to Block Bijawar for 17 years indicated that the Annual Average Rainfall is 1086 mm, with 92.9% falling in the monsoon season from June to September. Coefficient of Variation for the seasonal rainfall was found to be 34.02%.

1.4 Water Bodies: The village has one traditional tank spread over an area of 3 ha which was built during Chandela era. It is called Bihurian Talab and is used for fishing and for livestock. During Rabi, about 45 local farmers lift water from this tank for irrigating their farms of about 43 ha. It has a catchment of 32 ha.

1.5 Drinking Water Facilities: Village has a Piped Water Supply scheme, supplying water through 40 stand posts. In addition, there are two community borewell fitted with handpump as drinking water source. There are two households using private borewells fitted with electric pumps as a source of drinking water.

2. Demographics

2.1 Population: The village has population of 1300 (with 215 household) as per follows.

Table 2: Population Data S No Particulars As per Scheduled Caste Scheduled Tribes Present 2011 population as per population as per Status (2019) Census 2011 Census 2011 Census 1 Population 901 372 0 1300 2 Households 180 0 0 215 3 Male 500 207 0 750 4 Female 401 165 0 550 Source: Primary Survey conducted by field workers

The percentage of SC population and ST population is 41 % and 0 % respectively according to Census data of 2011.

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2.2 Housing: The village has 40 Pacca houses,60 Kaccha houses and 14 Huts.

3. Socio-Economic Profile

3.1 Occupations: It comprises of 200 agriculturists and 50 of labourers. Only 1 person from the village is engaged in services (salaried jobs). There are 10 artisans in the village.

Table 3: Occupation Profile S No Main Occupation No of persons No of households 1 Agriculture only 200 80 2 Agriculture and labour 270 100 3 Labour only 50 20 4 Service (salaried job) 1 1 5 Business 6 6 6 Artisan (traditional trades) 10 8 Total 537 215 Source: Primary Survey conducted by field workers

Fig 2: Occupational Profile

3.2 Land holding Pattern: Data indicates that most of the villagers (140 households) belong to the category of marginal farmers, as shown below.

Table 4: Landholding Pattern S No Land holding No of households As % 1 Landless 20 9.76 2 Below 0.8 ha 140 68.29 3 0.8 ha to 2.0 ha 20 9.76 4 2.0 ha to 4.0 ha 20 9.76 5 Above 4.0 ha 5 2.44 Total 205 100.0

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Chhatarpur Page 69

Fig 3: Landholding Pattern

3.3 Principal Crops: In Rabi season (winter irrigation) last year, 190 farmers cultivated 140 ha area. Reportedly, there were no summer and perennial crops in the village.

Table 5: Crop Production in the Village S No Main crops Year 2018-19 Year 2017-18 Area, ha No of Area, ha No of farmers farmers Winter crops 1 Wheat 100 110 80 300 2 Gram 20 30 15 25 3 Barley 15 30 20 30 4 Mustard 5 20 2 10

3.4 Crop Yields: Normal crop yields of the main crops are presented in the following table, along with the best and the worst yields in normal rainfall years. These are quite below the State average.

Table 6: Yield of Principle Crops S No Benefits Best yield Average yield Worst yield Winter crops 1 Wheat 2.5 MT 1.0 MT 0.1 MT 2 Gram 1.5 MT 0.9 MT 0.1 MT 3 Barley 2.0 MT 1.5 MT 0.1 MT 4 Mustard 0.15 MT 0.08 MT 0.01 MT

3.5 Livestock: The village has almost all households rearing livestock. About 60 families rear buffaloes, and nearly 70 rear cows. About 30 families owns goat in large numbers.

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Table 7: Number of Livestock S No Livestock No of animals No of owner (households) 1 Indigenous cows 100 70 2 Bullocks 10 5 3 Buffaloes 150 60 4 Goat 250 30 5 Sheep 100 5

3.6 Farm Implements: The village has 12 tractors owned by 10 households, but only two of them have fertiliser cum seed drill. Two households own thresher and only one household has a bullock cart in the village.

Table 8: Assets present in the village S No Assets No of units No of owners (households) 1 Tractors 12 10 2 Bullock carts 1 1 3 Seed-cum-fertiliser drill (tractor operated) 2 2 4 Thresher 2 2

4. Social Capital

4.1 Women’s SHGs: Reportedly, there were no Self Help Groups functional in the village at the time of the study.

4.3 Other Community Institutions: Reportedly, there are no other community based organisations functional in the village at the time of the study. The nearest Multipurpose Cooperative Society is available in village Bijawar at a distance of 14 km. The Nearest bank is at village Satai at a distance of 5 km.

5. Present Status of the Water Body

5.1 History of the Tank: Bihurian Talab was constructed during the times of Chandela kings. Presently, it comes comes under the jurisdiction of Gram Panchayat, and is used for cleaning, fishing, and livestock purposes.

5.2 Construction: Embankment of the tank is made of stone wall in dry rubble masonry and backfilled with soil. Length of the embankment is 215 m with height of 3 m. Its base width is 51.5 m and top width is 6.5 m. Tank has no waste weir. The tank has no sluice and canal attached for water distribution. Tank is located at Latitude: 24°40'48.93"N and Longitude: 79°36'10.25"E.

5.3 Hydrology: Bihurian Talab have catchment area of 32 ha. The submergence area of tank is 3 ha. Depth of the tank is reduced from 9 m to 7.5 m. Storage capacity of the tank in present is 15000 cum.

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Chhatarpur Page 71

Photograph of the Embankment

Fig 5: Map showing Bihurian Talab and its Catchment Area

5.4 Tank Usage: The main usage of the tanks is fish farming, cleaning and livestock purposes. There are four families in the village who do fish farming from the month of August to March.

Table 9: Various Benefits derived from the Tank S No Benefits Duration Number of Families 1 Drinking and cooking purposes August to March 150 2 Cleaning and bathing purposes August to March 150 3 Livestock purposes August to March 100 4 Fishing August to March 4

5.5 Irrigation Benefits: During the last year, five farmers use water by lifting with their own individual oil engines. About 10 years ago, only 2 farmers used to irrigate their 2 ha of land in this manner. In the last year, 33 farmers could irrigate 55 ha of their land for four months.

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Chhatarpur Page 72

The tank can normally irrigate about 15 ha of land belonging to 5 farmers by lift way of list irrigation (oil engine). In addition, 28 ha area belonging to 40 farmers get irrigation through recharge to 15 dugwells and 4 borewells.

6. Proposed Revival Measures

6.1 Proposed Measures: Under Bundelkhand Initiative for Water, Agriculture and Livelihoods Project, this tank was proposed for revival with the following interventions:

In Catchment area  Silt traps  Bunding and trenching  Gully plugs

In Submergence area  Silt removal  Silt arresting by vegetative barriers around the submergence area  Repairs of Embankment

In Command area  Water management  Drip irrigation  Horticulture  Climate smart techniques

6.2 Works Completed: Under Bundelkhand Initiative for Water, Agriculture and Livelihood Project, this tank was undertaken for revival in April 2019. In the first phase, silt removal was carried out during April-June 2019. About 893.34 cum (342 tractor trips) silt was applied in total area of 1 ha belonging to 8 farmers. The work was carried out bythe implementing partner, Haaritika. As a part of tank revival in the coming year, they plan to carry out field bunding and bund repairs.

7. Potential Benefits

It is proposed to assess the initial impacts and to study the community’s plans and their preparedness for future at the end of Kharif season, in order to project broad trends on these aspects.

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Chhatarpur Page 73

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BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Chhatarpur Page 74

Baseline Report of Bada Talab, Village Naiguwan Block Chhatarpur, District Chhatarpur

1. Geographic Profile

1.1 Location: Village Naiguwan (Census Code:457946) is located on Panna-Khajuraho road at a distance of 20 km from District Headquarters of Chhatarpur. Village is situated at a distance of 5 km South-East of Basari, which is 15 km from district headquarter in South direction.

Fig 1: Location Map

1.2 Land Use: Data indicates that most of the land of the village is under agriculture which is 52 %. It also has about 98 % of land irrigated by wells.

Table 1: Land Use Pattern S No Land Use Area, ha As % 1 Forest Area 32.72 1.99 2 Barren and Uncultivable 77.99 4.74 3 Pastures 71.78 4.36 4 Net Area sown 861.50 52.33 4ai Area irrigated by Well 605.10 36.76 4aii Area irrigated by Tank 15.03 0.91 4b Rainfed land 241.37 14.66 5 Culterable Waste land 353.83 21.49 6 Fallow land 100.10 6.08 7 Current Fallow 70.25 4.27 8 Area not available for agriculture 77.99 4.74 Total 1646.16 100 Source: Revenue Records, 2011

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Chhatarpur Page 75

Fig 2: Land Use Pattern

Photograph showing Land Use

1.3 Rainfall: Rainfall data for Chhatarpur station for the last 36 years indicated that the Annual Average Rainfall is 957.99 mm, with 94.20% falling in the monsoon season from June to September. The Coefficient of Variation for the seasonal rainfall was found to be 31.98%.

1.4 Water Bodies: The village has one water body, one traditional tank known as Bada Talab built during Chandela era, spread over an area of 9 ha. It is used for fishing and for livestock. During Rabi, about 85 local farmers lift water from this tank for irrigating their farms to the extend of 145 ha. It has a catchment of 171.66 ha as shown in the map below.

1.5 Drinking Water Facilities: For drinking water villagers depends on 50 community borewell fitted with handpump. 15 families have private borewell as source of drinking water.

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Chhatarpur Page 76

2. Demographics

2.1 Population: The village has population of 5300 (with 1015 household) as per follows.

Table 2: Population Data S Particulars As per 2011 Scheduled Caste Scheduled Tribes Present No Census population as population as per Status (2019) per 2011 Census 2011 Census 1 Population 3915 1234 3 5300 2 Households 911 1015 3 Male 2136 662 2 2800 4 Female 1799 572 1 2500 Source: Primary Survey conducted by field officials

The percentage of SC population and ST population is 39 % and 1 family respectively according to Census data of 2011.

2.2 Housing: The village has 300 Pacca houses,450 Kaccha houses and 165 Huts.

3. Socio-Economic Profile

3.1 Occupations: It comprises of 1500 agriculturists and 300 of labourers. Only 6 persons from the village population are engaged in services (salaried jobs). There are 60 artisans in the village.

Table 3: Occupation Profile S No Main Occupation No of persons No of households 1 Agriculture only 1500 600 2 Agriculture and labour 200 100 3 Labour only 300 200 4 Service (salaried job) 6 6 5 Business 49 49 6 Artisan (traditional trades) 60 60 Total 2115 1015 Source: Primary Survey conducted by field officials

Fig 3: Occupational Profile

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Chhatarpur Page 77

3.2 Land Holding Pattern: Data indicates that most of the villagers belong to the category of marginal farmers that is 500.Only 15 families belong to large farmer category.

Table 4: Landholding Pattern S No Land holding No of households As % 1 Landless 200 22.10 2 Below 0.8 ha 500 55.25 3 0.8 ha to 2.0 ha 100 11.05 4 2.0 ha to 4.0 ha 90 9.94 5 Above 4.0 ha 15 1.66 Total 905 100

Fig 4: Landholding Pattern

3.3 Principal Crops: In the village 920 ha area was under cultivation for 770 farmers in Rabi season (winter irrigation). Reportedly no summer and perennial crops grown in the village.

Table 5: Crop Production in the Village S No Main crops Year 2018-19 Year 2017-18 Area, No of Area, No of ha farmers ha farmers Winter crops 1 Wheat 700 600 800 600 2 Mustard 20 30 3 Gram 150 100 100 60 4 Barley 50 40 20 25

3.4 Crop Yields: Normal crop yields of the main crops are presented in the following table, along with the best and the worst yields in normal rainfall years. These are quite below the State average.

Table 6: Yield of Principle Crops S No Main crops Best yield Average yield Worst yield Winter crops 1 Wheat 2.0 MT 1.2 MT 0.1 MT 2 Mustard 0.15 MT 0.08 MT 0.001 MT 3 Gram 1.5 MT 0.07 MT 0.1 MT 4 Barley 2.2 MT 1.5 MT 0.1 MT

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Chhatarpur Page 78

3.5 Livestock: The village has almost all households rearing livestock. About 600 families rear buffaloes, and nearly 200 rear cows. About 50 families owns goat in large numbers.

Table 7: Livestock Holding S No Livestock No of animals No of owner (households) 1 Indigenous cows 500 200 2 Bullocks 100 50 3 Buffaloes 1500 600 4 Goat 900 50 5 Sheep 100 10

3.6 Farm Implements: Only 10 of the families owns seed-cum-fertiliser drill in the village.

Table 8: Assets present in the village S No Assets No of No of owner units (households) 1 Tractors 70 60 2 Bullock carts 10 10 3 Seed-cum-fertiliser drill (tractor operated) 10 10 4 Thresher 30 30

4. Social Capital

4.1 Women’s SHGs: The village has 3 Self Help Groups of women; of which all are functional. These three SHG covers 31 women members from the village.

Table 9: Functional Self Help Groups in the Village S No Name of SHG Year of formation No of Members 1 Jatashankar 2009 10 2 Tejaswi 2009 11 3 Bholenath 2009 10

4.3 Other Community Institutions: Reportedly, there are no other community based organisation functional in the village at the time of the study. The nearest Multipurpose Cooperative Society is available in village Basari at distance of 6 km away. Nearest bank is available at Basari.

5. Present status of the Water Body

5.1 History of the Tank: Bada Talab comes under the jurisdiction of Gram Panchayat, and is used for Cleaning purposes, fishing, Livestock purposes. It was constructed during the times of Chandela kings. Tank is located near temple of Lord Hanumana.

5.2 Construction: Embankment of the tank is made of stone wall in dry rubble masonry and backfilled with soil. Length of the embankment is 675 m with height of 4 m. Its base width is 38 m and top width is 4.5 m. Hume Pipes are provided as culvert under the road which serve as the waste weir. Tank is located on Latitude: 24°47'28.53"N Longitude: 79°42'2.60"E.

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Chhatarpur Page 79

Photograph of the Embankment

5.3 Hydrology: Bada Talab have catchment area of 171.66 ha. The submergence area of tank is 9 ha. Depth of the tank is reduced from 7 m to 6.3 m. Storage capacity of the tank in present is 450000 cum.

5.4 Tank Usage: As participants revealed the main usage of the tanks are fish harvesting, cleaning purposes and livestock purposes. There are 10 families in the village who do farming from the month of September to month of May.

Table 10: Various Benefits derived from the Tank S No Benefit Duration Number of Families 1 Bathing and cleaning purposes August to March 300 2 Livestock purposes July to March 600 3 Fishing July to February 10

5.5 Irrigation Benefits: About 15 farmers use water by lifting with their own individual oil engines. About 10 years ago, about 5 farmers used to irrigate their 4 ha of land in this manner. In the last year, 145 ha benefitted for 85 farmers for four months.

About 15 farmers lift water from the tank using oil engine to irrigate their 40 ha of land in winter. In addition,70 farmers get irrigation benefits on 105 ha through recharge to 40 dugwells and 25 borewells.

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Chhatarpur Page 80

Fig 5: Map showing Bada Talab and its Catchment Area

.6. Proposed Revival Measures

6.1 Proposed Measures: Under Bundelkhand Initiative for Water, Agriculture and Livelihoods Project, this tank was proposed for revival with the following interventions:

In Catchment area  Silt traps  Bunding and trenching  Gully plugs

In Submergence area  Silt removal  Silt arresting by vegetative barriers around the submergence area  Repair of Embankment

In Command area  Water management  Drip irrigation  Horticulture  Climate smart techniques

6.2 Works Completed: Under Bundelkhand Initiative for Water, Agriculture and Livelihood Project, this tank was undertaken for revival in April 2019. In the first phase, silt removal was carried out during April-June 2019. About 14567.59 cum (6628 tractor trips) silt was applied in total area of 5 ha belonging to 60 farmers. The work was carried out under the aegis of the HARITIKA. As a part of tank revival in the coming year, HARITIKA is planning to carry out Catchment area treatment and bund repairs

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Chhatarpur Page 81

Photograph of the Silt Application

7. Potential Benefits

It is proposed to assess the initial impacts and to study the community’s plans and their preparedness for future at the end of Kharif season, in order to project broad trends on these aspects.

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Chhatarpur Page 82

Baseline Report of Kothi Talab, Village Nayakheda Block Buxwaha, District Chhatarpur

1. Geographic Profile

1.1 Location: Village Nayakheda (Census Code :458431) is located on Chhatarpur-Sagar road at a distance of 85 km from District Headquarters of Chhatarpur. Village is situated at a distance of 6 km of Ghuwara in South-west direction, which is 77 km from district headquarters in South-west direction.

Fig 1: Location Map

1.2 Land Use: Data indicates that most of the land of the village is under pastures which is about 67 %.

Table 1: Land use pattern S No Land Use Area, ha As % 1 Forest Area 46.56 16.82 2 Barren and Uncultivable 9.51 3.4 3 Pastures 186.19 67.26 4 Net Area sown 22.36 8.08 4a Area irrigated by Well 5.4 1.95 4b Rainfed land 16.96 6.13 5 Culturable Waste land 0.00 0.00 6 Fallow land 0.00 0.00 7 Current Fallow 2.69 0.97 8 Area not available for agriculture 9.51 3.44 Total 276.82 100 Source: Revenue Records, 2011

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Chhatarpur Page 83

Fig 2: Land Use Pattern

Photograph showing Farm

1.3 Rainfall: Rainfall data for Buxwaha station for the last 23 years indicated that the Annual Average Rainfall is 979.23 mm, with 94.30% falling in the monsoon season from June to September. The Coefficient of Variation for the seasonal rainfall was found to be 30.70%.

1.4 Water Bodies: The village has one water body, one traditional tank known as Kothi Talab built during Chandela era, spread over an area of 3.75 ha. It is used for fishing and for livestock. During Rabi, about 18 local farmers lift water from this tank for irrigating their farms to the extend of 25 ha. It has a catchment of 26 ha as shown in the map below.

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Chhatarpur Page 84

1.5 Drinking Water Facilities: Village is depending on one community borewell fitted with handpump for drinking water purposes. There are two private borewells fitted with electric pumps used by two households.

2. Demographics

2.1 Population: The village has population of 300 (with 48 household) as per follows.

Table 2: Population Data S No Particulars As per Scheduled Caste Scheduled Tribes Present 2011 population as population as per Status (2019) Census per 2011 Census 2011 Census 1 Population 183 51 21 300 2 Households 39 48 3 Male 100 29 11 180 4 Female 83 22 10 120 Source: Primary Survey conducted by field officials

The percentage of SC population and ST population is 32 % and 12 % respectively according to Census data of 2011.

2.2 Housing: The village has 3 Pacca houses,35 Kaccha houses and 5 Huts.

3. Socio-Economic Profile

3.1 Occupations: It comprises of 30 agriculturists and 20 of labourers. There are no persons in services (salaried jobs) in village. There are 2 artisans in the village.

Table 3: Occupation Profile S No Main Occupation No of persons No of households 1 Agriculture only 30 20 2 Agriculture and labour 20 15 3 Labour only 59 8 4 Business 2 2 5 Artisan (traditional trades) 2 2 Total 113 47 Source: Primary Survey conducted by field officials

Fig 3: Occupational profile

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Chhatarpur Page 85

3.2 Land holding Pattern: Reportedly there are no families in the category of medium and large farmers. Most of the villagers (30) belong to the category of landless. 13 families belong to category marginal farmers.

Table 4: Landholding Pattern S No Land holding No of households As % 1 Landless 30 62.50 2 Below 0.8 ha 13 27.08 3 0.8 ha to 2.0 ha 5 10.42 Total 48 100

Fig 4: Landholding Pattern

3.3 Principal Crops: In the village 50 ha area was under cultivation for 25 farmers in Rabi season (winter irrigation) last year. Reportedly, no summer and perennial crops are grown in the village.

Table 5: Crop Production in the Village S No Main crops Year 2018-19 Year 2017-18 Area, No of Area, No of ha farmers ha farmers Winter crops 1 Wheat 10 10 20 20 2 Gram 40 15 40 15

3.4 Crop Yields: Normal crop yields of the main crops are presented in the following table, along with the best and the worst yields in normal rainfall years. These are quite below the State average.

Table 6: Yield of Principle Crops S No Main crops Best yield Average yield Worst yield Winter crops 1 Wheat 1.5 MT 0.8 MT 0.1 MT 2 Gram 1.2 MT 0.5 MT 0.1S MT

3.5 Livestock: The village has few households rearing livestock. No families own buffalo in the village. About 6 families owns goat in large numbers. 25 of the families owns cows in the village.

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Chhatarpur Page 86

Table 7: Livestock Holding S No Livestock No of animals No of owner (households) 1 Indigenous cows 50 25 2 Bullocks 2 1 4 Goat 115 6

3.6 Farm Implements: data indicates that village lacks farm implements significantly.

Table 8: Assets Present in the Village S No Assets No of units No of owner (households) 1 Tractors 1 1 2 Bullock carts 1 1

4. Social Capital

4.1 Women’s SHGs: The village has only 1 Self Help Groups of women named as Rani Durgapati SHG; which is functional. This SHG covers 10 women members from the village.

4.3 Other Community Institutions: Reportedly, there are no other community based organisation functional in the village at the time of the study. The nearest Multipurpose Cooperative Society is available in village Bajana at distance of 18 km away. Nearest bank is available at Bajana at 18 km.

5. Present status of the Water Body

5.1 History of the Tank: Kothi Talab comes comes under the jurisdiction of Gram Panchayat, and is used for Agriculture, fishing, Livestock. It was constructed during the times of Chandela kings.

5.2 Construction: Embankment of the tank is made of stone wall in dry rubble masonry and backfilled with soil. Length of the embankment is 225 m with height of 3.3 m. Its base width is 35 m and top width is 4.5 m. Waste weir is made of stonemasonry with recent construction of Cement Concrete on it. Waste Weir have length of 2.80 m and height of 1.15 m. Base width of waste weir is 9.1 m and top width is 1.30 m. Latitude: 24°25' 14.80"N and Longitude: 79°26' 18.03"E

5.3 Hydrology: Kothi Talab have catchment area of 26 ha. The submergence area of tank is 3.75 ha. Depth of the tank is reduced from 7 m to 6.2 m. Storage capacity of the tank in present is 18750 cum.

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Chhatarpur Page 87

Photograph of the Embankment

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Chhatarpur Page 88

Fig 5: Map showing Kothi Talab and its Catchment Area

5.4 Tank Usage: As participants revealed the main usage of the tanks are fish harvesting, cleaning purposes and livestock purposes. There are 8 families in the village who do farming from the month of August to month of February.

Table 9: Various benefits derived from the tank S No Benefits Duration Number of Families 1 Bathing and cleaning purposes August to March 48 2 Livestock purposes August to March 48 3 Fishing August to February 8

5.5 Irrigation Benefits: About 8 farmers use water by lifting with their own individual oil engines. About 10 years ago, about 2 farmers used to irrigate their 1 ha of land in this manner. In the last year, 25 ha benefitted for 27 farmers for four months.

About 8 farmers lift water from the tank using oil engine to irrigate their 15 ha of land in winter. In addition,10 farmers get irrigation benefits on 10 ha of their winter through recharge to 8 dugwells

Photograph of the Irrigated Farm

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Chhatarpur Page 89

6. Proposed Revival Measures

6.1 Proposed Measures: Under Bundelkhand Initiative for Water, Agriculture and Livelihoods Project, this tank was proposed for revival with the following interventions:

In Catchment area  Silt traps  Bunding and trenching  Gully plugs

In Submergence area  Silt removal  Silt arresting by vegetative barriers around the submergence area  Repair of Embankment

In Command area  Water management  Drip irrigation  Horticulture  Climate smart techniques

6.2 Works Completed: Under Bundelkhand Initiative for Water, Agriculture and Livelihood Project, this tank was undertaken for revival in April 2019. In the first phase, silt removal was carried out during April-June 2019. About 6037.79 cum (3264 tractor trips) silt was applied in total area of 3 ha belonging to 40 farmers. The work was carried out by the implementing partner, Haritika. As a part of tank revival in the coming year, they plan to carry out catchment area treatment and bund repairs.

7. Potential Benefits

It is proposed to assess the initial impacts and to study the community’s plans and their preparedness for future at the end of Kharif season, in order to project broad trends on these aspects.

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Chhatarpur Page 90

Baseline Report of Machhayara Talab, Village Ramnagar Block Bijawar, District Chhatarpur

1. Geographic Profile

1.1 Location: Village Ramnagar (Census Code :458338) is located on Chhatarpur-Satai road at a distance of 30 km from District Headquarters of Chhatarpur. Village is situated at a distance of 5 km South of Satai village, which is 27 km from district headquarter.

Fig 1: Location Map

1.2 Land Use: Data indicates that the village has substantial (45%) land as barren and uncultivable. Only 24.6 % of the land is under cultivation, and 61.2 % of it is irrigated, wells being the source of irrigation. Table 1: Land use pattern S No Land Use Area, ha As % 1 Forest Area 317.73 17.10 2 Barren and Uncultivable 839.46 45.95 3 Pastures 95.68 5.12 4 Net Area sown 459.72 24.62 4a Total Area Irrigated-Well 281.00 15.05 4b Rainfed land 178.72 9.57 4c Culturable Waste land 47.00 2.52 5 Fallow land 30.00 1.61 6 Current Fallow 25.05 1.34 7 Area not available for agriculture 52.86 2.83 Total 1867.50 100.0 Source: Revenue Records, 2011

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Chhatarpur Page 91

Fig 2: Land use Pattern

1.3 Rainfall: Rainfall data for Bada Malhara, the nearest station to Block Bijawar for 17 years indicated that the Annual Average Rainfall is 1086 mm, with 92.9% falling in the monsoon season from June to September. Coefficient of Variation for the seasonal rainfall was found to be 34.02%.

1.4 Water Bodies: The village has two water bodies, one traditional tank and one river. The traditional tank was built during Chandela era, spread over an area of 11 ha. It is called Machhayara Talab, and is used for fishing and for livestock. During Rabi, about 70 local farmers lift water from this tank for irrigating their farms of about 110 ha. It has a catchment of 80 ha. Village has one river passing through it.

1.5 Drinking Water Facilities: Village is dependent on six common borewells fitted with handpumps as source of drinking water.

2. Demographics

2.1 Population: The village has population of 1000 (with 150 household) as per follows.

Table 2: Population Data S No Particulars As per Scheduled Caste Scheduled Tribes Present 2011 population as per population as per Status Census 2011 Census 2011 Census (2019) 1 Population 1676 242 398 1000 2 Households 342 150 3 Male 890 127 198 600 4 Female 786 115 200 400 Source: Primary Survey conducted by field workers

The percentage of SC population and ST population is 14 % and 24 % respectively according to Census data of 2011.

2.2 Housing: The village has 30 Pacca houses,210 Kaccha houses and 20 Huts.

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Chhatarpur Page 92

3. Socio-Economic Profile

3.1 Occupations: The village population comprises of 80 households of agriculturists and 40 households drawing their livelihoods from agriculture and labour. Not a single person from the village is engaged in services (salaried jobs). There are 5 artisans in the village.

Table 3: Occupation Profile S No Main Occupation No of persons No of households 1 Agriculture only 150 80 2 Agriculture and labour 70 40 3 Labour only 40 20 4 Business 5 5 5 Artisan (traditional trades) 5 5 Total 270 150 Source: Primary Survey conducted by field workers

Fig 4: Occupational Profile

3.2 Land holding Pattern: Data indicates the category of landless constitute 50 of village housholds. There are 30 households belonging to category of marginal landholders. The village has no household in the category of large landholding.

Table 4: Landholding Pattern S No Land holding No of households As % 1 Landless 50 37.04 2 Below 0.8 ha 30 22.22 3 0.8 ha to 2.0 ha 40 29.63 4 2.0 ha to 4.0 ha 15 11.11 Total 135 100.0

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Chhatarpur Page 93

Fig 5: Landholding Pattern

3.3 Principal Crops: During the Rabi season (winter irrigation) in the last year, 155 farmers cultivated 115 ha. Reportedly there is no cultivation for summer and perennial crops in the village.

Table 5: Crop Production in the Village S No Main crops Year 2018-19 Year 2017-18 Area, No of Area, ha No of ha farmers farmers Winter crops 1 Wheat 80 100 90 100 2 Gram 10 20 15 50 3 Barley 15 15 20 20 4 Mustard 10 20 5 10

3.4 Crop Yields: Normal crop yields of the main crops are presented in the following table, along with the best and the worst yields in normal rainfall years. These are quite below the State average.

Table 6: Yield of Principle Crops S No Main crops Best yield Average yield Worst yield Winter crops 1 Wheat 1.5 MT 1.0 MT 0.1 MT 2 Gram 1.0 MT 0.7 MT 0.1 MT 3 Barley 1.8 MT 1.3 MT 0.1 MT 4 Mustard 0.15 MT 0.1 MT 0.001 MT

3.5 Livestock: About 50 families in the village rear buffaloes, and 25 rear cows. About 25 families owns goats, and 10 families have bullocks.

Table 5: Number of Livestock S No Livestock No of animals No of owners (households) 1 Indigenous cows 25 10 2 Bullocks 20 10 3 Buffaloes 220 50 4 Goat 400 25

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Chhatarpur Page 94

3.6 Farm Implements: The village has 8 tractors owned by 8 families owns tractor and mould board plough. Two of the families own thresher in the village.

Table 6: Assets present in the village S Assets No of No of owner No units (households) 1 Tractors 9 8 2 Bullock carts 6 6 3 Mould board Plough 9 8 4 Seed-cum-fertiliser drill (tractor operated) 1 1 5 Thresher 2 2

4. Social Capital

4.1 Women’s SHGs: Reportedly, there was no Self Help Group functional in the village at the time of study.

5. Present Status of the Water Body

5.1 History of the Tank: Machhayara Talab was constructed during the times of Chandela kings. At present it comes comes under the jurisdiction of Gram Panchayat, and is used for cleaning purpose, fishing, and livestock.

5.2 Construction: Embankment of the tank is made of stone wall in dry rubble masonry and backfilled with soil. Length of the embankment is 820 m with height of 3 m. Its base width is 26 m and top width is 3 m. Tank has no waste weir. The tank has sluice and canal attached for water distribution. Sluice is made of stone with a width of 2.25 m and height of 4.25 m. Tank is located at Latitude: 24°38'55.89"N and Longitude: 79°37'41.39"E.

5.3 Hydrology: Machayara Talab has catchment area of 80 ha. The submergence area of tank is 11 ha. Depth of the tank has reduced from 6 m to 4.5 m. Storage capacity of the tank at present is 55000 cum.

5.4 Tank Usage: The main usage of the tank is irrigation, drinking and domestic water, cleaning and livestock purposes. This tank is not used for purpose of fish farming.

Table 7: Various benefits derived from the tank S No Benefits Duration Number of Families 1 Drinking and Cooking purposes July to March 60 2 Washing and Bathing purposes NA 3 Livestock purposes July to March 150

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Chhatarpur Page 95

Photograph of the Embankment

Fig 5: Map showing Machhayara Talab and its Catchment Area

5.5 Irrigation Benefits: About 15 farmers use water by lifting with their own individual oil engines. Another 15 farmers irrigate their farms using shared engines. In the last year, 110 ha belonging to 70 farmers could be irrigated for four months. About 10 years ago, about 8 farmers used to irrigate their 6 ha of land in this manner.

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Chhatarpur Page 96

Photograph of Irrigated Farm

The tank normally irrigates about 50 ha belonging to 30 farmers through lifting by oil engine. In addition, 60 ha area belonging to 40 farmers get irrigation through recharge to 16 dugwells and 5 borewells.

6. Proposed Revival Measures

6.1 Proposed Measures: Under Bundelkhand Initiative for Water, Agriculture and Livelihoods Project, this tank was proposed for revival with the following interventions:

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Chhatarpur Page 97

In Catchment area  Silt traps  Bunding and trenching  Gully plugs

In Submergence area  Silt removal  Silt arresting by vegetative barriers around the submergence area  Repairs of Embankment

In Command area  Water management  Drip irrigation  Horticulture  Climate smart techniques

6.2 Works Completed: Under Bundelkhand Initiative for Water, Agriculture and Livelihood Project, this tank was undertaken for revival in April 2019. In the first phase, silt removal was carried out during April-June 2019. About 7,929.55 cum (4,301 tractor trips) silt was applied in total area of 3 ha belonging to 40 farmers. The work was carried out by the implementing partner Haritika. As a part of tank revival in the coming year, they are planning to carry out field bunding and bund repairs.

7. Potential Benefits

It is proposed to assess the initial impacts and to study the community’s plans and their preparedness for future at the end of Kharif season, in order to project broad trends on these aspects.

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Chhatarpur Page 98

Baseline Report of District Niwari This Page has been deliberately left blank

Baseline Report of Traditional Water Bodies District Niwari

In this part, Baseline Reports of ten Tanks of district Niwari are presented in the following sequences.

S No Tank name Village Name Page 1 Bhumiya Baba ka Talab Village Astari 99 2 Chandeli Talab Village Bhamora Khas 107 3 Birora Chandeli Talab Village Birora Khet 115 4 Siddan ka Talab Village Ladwari Har 123 5 Kund ki Taliya Village Mudara 131 6 Chanderi Talab Village Neemkhera 139 7 Raipura Talab Village Raipura 149 8 Danga Talab Village Sakera Bhadoran Khas 157 9 Gevada Talab Village Sakera Bhadoran Khas 165 10 Sarsaura Talab Village Sarsaura 173

This Page has been deliberately left blank Baseline Report of Bhumiya Baba ka Talab, Village Astari Block Niwari, District Niwari

1. Geographic Profile

1.1 Location: Village Astari (Census Code :456480) is located on Niwari road at a distance of 21 km from District Headquarters of Niwari in South-east direction.

Fig 1: Location Map

1.2 Land Use: Data indicates that most of the land of the village is under agriculture which is 75 %. It also has about 60 % of land irrigated by wells.

Table 1: Land Use Pattern S No Land Use Area, ha As % 1 Forest Area 0.00 0.00 2 Barren and Uncultivable 10.53 1.76 3 Pastures 24.11 4.03 4 Net Area sown 452.37 75.67 4a Area Irrigated by Well 243.14 40.67 4b Rainfed land 209.23 35.00 5 Culturable Waste land 0.00 0.00 6 Fallow land 85.43 14.29 7 Current Fallow 10.87 1.82 8 Area not available for agriculture 14.549 2.43 Total 597.86 100.0 Source: Revenue Records, 2011

Fig 1: Land Use Pattern

1.3 Rainfall: Rainfall data for Niwari, the nearest station to Block Niwari for 37 years indicated that the Annual Average Rainfall is 756 mm, with 94 % falling in the monsoon season from June to September. The Coefficient of Variation for the seasonal rainfall was found to be 42.60%.

1.4 Water Bodies: The village has only one water body, one traditional tank called Bhumiya baba ka Talab, was built during Chandela era, spread over an area of 2.8 ha. It is used for fishing and for livestock. During Rabi, about 36 local farmers lift water from this tank for irrigating their farms to the extent of 40 ha. It has a catchment of 234 ha.

1.5 Drinking Water Facilities: About 10 families have their private borewells for drinking water purpose. 20 families are depending on private open wells for drinking water. Apart from these, villagers depend on 20 community borewells fitted with handpump.

2. Demographics

2.1 Population: The village has population of 5047 (with 1235 household) as per follows.

Table 2: Population Data S Particulars As per 2011 Scheduled Caste Scheduled Tribes Present Status No Census population as per population as per (2019) 2011 Census 2011 Census 1 Population 2505 597 183 5047 2 Households 470 1235 3 Male 1350 319 95 2558 4 Female 1155 278 88 2489 Source: Primary Survey conducted by field workers

The percentage of SC population and ST population is 24 % and 7 % respectively according to Census data of 2011.

2.2 Housing: The village has 300 Pacca houses,170 Kaccha houses and 10 Huts.

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3. Socio-Economic Profile

3.1 Occupations: It comprises of 1325 agriculturists and 265 of labourers. Nearly 79 of the village population is engaged in services (salaried jobs). There are 155 artisans in the village.

Table 3: Occupation Profile S No Main Occupation No of persons No of households 1 Agriculture only 1325 265 2 Agriculture and labour 569 100 3 Labour only 265 50 4 Service (salaried job) 79 15 5 Business 109 20 6 Artisan (traditional trades) 155 30 Total 2502 480 Source: Primary Survey conducted by field workers

Fig 2: Occupational Profile

3.2 Land Holding Pattern: Most of the villagers belong to the category of small farmers that is 220. There are 100 households belonging to category of marginal farmers, 100 households belong to category of medium farmers and 50 belonging to large farmer category.

Table 4: Landholding Pattern S No Land holding No of households As % 1 Landless 10 2.08 2 Below 0.8 ha 100 20.83 3 0.8 ha to 2.0 ha 220 45.83 4 2.0 ha to 4.0 ha 100 20.83 5 Above 4.0 ha 50 10.42 Total 480 100.0

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Fig 3: Landholding Pattern

3.3 Principal Crops: The village has about 80 ha of land water under winter irrigation (Rabi season) belonging to about 147 farmers. The village has about 39 ha of land under summer irrigation belonging to 98 farmers.

Table 5: Crop Production in the Village S No Main crops Year 2018-19 Year 2016-17 Area, ha No of Area, ha No of farmers farmers Winter crops 1 Wheat 65 112 40 50 2 Mustard 15 35 10 20 Summer Crops 1 Brinjal 5 12 5 2 Taro 12 32 10 20 3 Chilly 22 54 10 20

3.4 Crop Yields: Normal crop yields of the main crops are presented in the following table, along with the best and the worst yields in normal rainfall years. These are quite below the State average.

Table 6: Yield of Principal Crops S No Main crops Best yield Average yield Worst yield Winter crops 1 Wheat 1.8 MT 1.6 MT 1.2 MT 2 Mustard 1.0 MT 0.8 MT 0.5 MT

3.5 Livestock: The village has almost all households rearing livestock. About 212 families rear buffaloes, and nearly 50 rear cows. About 20 families owns goat in large numbers.

Table 7: Livestock Holding S No Livestock No of animals No of owner (households) 1 Indigenous cows 100 50 2 Bullocks 8 4 3 Buffaloes 426 212 4 Goat 400 20 5 Sheep 100 10

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3.6 Farm Implements: 25 of the families owns tractors in the village. 10 of the families own seed- cum-fertiliser drill in the village.

Table 8: Assets present in the village S Assets No of units No of owner No (households) 1 Tractors 25 25 2 Bullock carts 4 4 3 Power tillers 25 25 5 Seed-cum-fertiliser drill (tractor operated) 10 10 6 Seed-cum-fertiliser drill (bullock operated) 1 1 7 Thresher 20 20

4. Social Capital

4.1 Women’s SHGs: The village has 4 Self Help Groups of women; of which all are functional. These four SHG covers 40 women members from the village.

Table 9: Functional Self Help Groups in the Village S No Name of SHG Year of Formation No of Members 1 Jai Mata SHG 2008 10 2 Vaishno SHG 2008 10 3 Sai SHG 2009 10 4 Gusai SHG 2009 10

4.2 Tank Management Committee: For management of revival work a Tank Management Committee was formed. Currently there are 7 members of TMC including 4 male members and 3 female members. So far the TMC has been active in supervision of silt removal and its application to the farms.

4.3 Other Community Institutions: Cashpor micro credit is working as micro-financing agency in the village with 15 members. The nearest Multipurpose Cooperative Society is available in village Tahraka at distance of 10 km. Nearest bank is available at Taharaka.

5. Present Status of the Water Body

5.1 History of the Tank: Bhumiya Baba ka Talab comes comes under the jurisdiction of Gram Panchayat, and is used for cleaning purpose, fishing and Livestock purposes. It was constructed during the times of Chandela kings.

5.2 Construction: Embankment of the tank is made of stone wall in dry rubble masonry and backfilled with soil. Length of the embankment is 350 m with height of 4 m. Its base width is 40 m and top width is 10 m. Waste weir is made of Cement Concrete masonry. Waste Weir have length of 7.60 m and height of 2 m. Base width of waste weir is 8.50 m and top width is 7.40 m. The tank has no sluice and no canal attached. Tank is located on Latitude: 25°14'40.06" N and Longitude: 78°52'58.55'' E.

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Photograph of the Embankment

5.3 Hydrology: Bhumiya Baba ka Talab has a catchment area of 234 ha. The submergence area of tank is 2.5 ha, and its depth is reduced from 4.5m to 3 m over time. Storage capacity of the tank at present is 2,00,000 cum.

Fig 5: Map showing Bhumiya Baba ka Talab and its Catchment Area

5.4 Tank Usage: As participants revealed the main usage of the tanks are fish harvesting, cleaning purposes and livestock purposes. There are 14 families in the village who do farming from the month of August to month of January.

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Table 10: Various Benefits derived from the Tank S No Benefit Duration Number of Families 1 Bathing and washing of clothes August to March 345 2 Livestock purposes July to February 250 3 Fisheries August to January 14

5.5 Irrigation Benefits: About 22 farmers use water by lifting with their own individual oil engines. About 10 years ago, about 8 farmers used to irrigate their 12 ha of land in this manner. In the last year, 36 ha benefitted for 36 farmers for four months. Direct lifting of water from the tank by oil engines is done by 22 farmers to irrigate about 20 ha of winter crops. In addition, 20 ha area belonging to 14 farmers get irrigation through recharge to 7 dugwells.

Photograph of Fishing Activity

6. Proposed Revival Measures

6.1 Proposed Measures: Under Bundelkhand Initiative for Water, Agriculture and Livelihoods Project, this tank was proposed for revival with the following interventions:

In Catchment area  Silt traps  Bunding and trenching  Gully plugs

In Submergence area  Silt removal  Silt arresting by vegetative barriers around the submergence area  Repair of Embankment

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In Command area  Water management  Drip irrigation  Horticulture  Climate smart agriculture

6.2 Works Completed: Under Bundelkhand Initiative for Water, Agriculture and Livelihood Project, this tank was undertaken for revival in April 2019. In the first phase, silt removal was carried out during April-June 2019. About 7116.45 cum (2352 tractor trips) silt was applied in total area of 10.5 ha belonging to 16 farmers. The work was carried out under the aegis of the Centre for Advanced Research and Development(CARD). As a part of tank revival in the coming year, CARD is planning to carry out field bunding and bund repairs.

7. Potential Benefits

It is proposed to assess the initial impacts and to study the community’s plans and their preparedness for future at the end of Kharif season, in order to project broad trends on these aspects.

BIWAL Baseline Report Tanks in District Niwari Page 106

Baseline Report of Chandeli Talab, Village Bhamora Khas Block Niwari, District Niwari

1. Geographic Profile

1.1 Location: Village Bhamra khas (Census Code :456465) is located on Tikamgarh-Jhansi road at a distance of 23 km from District Headquarters of Niwari in East direction.

Fig 1: Location Map

1.2 Land Use: Data indicates that most of the land of the village is under agriculture which is 34 %. It also has about 70 % of land irrigated by wells.

Table 1: Land Use Pattern S No Land Use Area, ha As % 1 Forest Area 0.00 0.00 2 Barren and Uncultivable 42.45 13.04 3 Pastures 27.75 8.52 4 Net Area sown 110.23 33.85 4a Area Irrigated by Well 77.59 23.83 4b Rainfed Land 32.64 10.02 5 Culterable Waste land 20.54 6.31 6 Fallow land 48.2 14.80 8 Current Fallow 58.23 17.88 9 Area not available for agriculture 18.25 5.60 Total 325.65 100 Source: Revenue Records, 2011

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Fig 1: Land Use Pattern

Photograph showing Farm

1.3 Rainfall: Rainfall data for Niwari, the nearest station to Block Niwari for 37 years indicated that the Annual Average Rainfall is 756 mm, with 94% falling in the monsoon season from June to September. The Coefficient of Variation for the seasonal rainfall was found to be 42.60%.

1.4 Water Bodies: The village has only one water bodi, one traditional tank called Chandeli Talab, was built during Chandela era, spread over an area of 1.5 ha. It is used for fishing and for livestock. During Rabi, about 26 local farmers lift water from this tank for irrigating their farms to the extent of 24 ha. It has a catchment of 141.75 ha.

1.5 Drinking Water Facilities: About 5 families have their private borewells for drinking water purpose. 25 families are depending on private open wells for drinking water. Apart from these, villagers depend on 4 community borewells fitted with handpump.

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2. Demographics

2.1 Population: The village has population of 2154 (with 500 household) as per follows.

Table 2: Population Data S Particulars As per Scheduled Caste Scheduled Present Status No 2011 population as per Tribes (2019) Census 2011 Census population as per 2011 Census 1 Population 1122 419 0 2154 2 Households 268 0 500 3 Male 586 206 0 1100 4 Female 536 213 0 1054 Source: Primary Survey conducted by field workers

The percentage of SC population and ST population is 37 % and 0 % respectively according to Census data of 2011.

2.2 Housing: The village has 250 Pacca houses,200 Kaccha houses and 50 Huts.

3. Socio-Economic Profile

3.1 Occupations: It comprises of 1226 agriculturists and 259 of labourers. Nearly 176 of the village population is engaged in services (salaried jobs). There are 64 artisans in the village.

Table 3: Occupation Profile S No Main Occupation No of persons No of households 1 Agriculture only 1226 295 2 Agriculture and labour 182 42 3 Labour only 259 62 4 Service (salaried job) 176 40 5 Business 25 4 6 Artisan (traditional trades) 64 15 Total 1932 458 Source: Primary Survey conducted by field workers

Fig 2: Occupational Profile

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3.2 Land Holding Pattern: Most of the villagers belong to the category of medium farmers that is Medium. There are 100 households belonging to category of marginal farmers,197 households belong to category of small farmers. Interestingly, there are no farmers in category of large farmers.

Table 4: Landholding Pattern S No Land holding No of households As % 1 Landless 3 0.6 2 Below 0.8 ha 100 20 3 0.8 ha to 2.0 ha 197 39.4 4 2.0 ha to 4.0 ha 200 40 Total 500 100.0

Fig 3: Landholding Pattern

3.3 Principal Crops: The village has about 70 ha of land water under winter irrigation (Rabi season) belonging to about 150 farmers. The village has about 70 ha of land under summer irrigation belonging to 94 farmers.

Table 5: Crop Production in the Village S No Main crops Year 2018-19 Year 2016-17 Area, ha No of Area, ha No of farmers farmers Winter crops 1 Wheat 54 114 40 50 2 Mustard 16 36 10 15 Summer Crops 1 Taro 8 18 5 10 2 Muskmelon 2 6 1 2 3 Cucumber 2 6 1 2 Perennial crops 1 Lemon 0.80 15 0.60 13 2 Papaya 0.40 12 0.40 12 3 Amala 0.80 13 0.60 7

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3.4 Crop Yields: Normal crop yields of the main crops are presented in the following table, along with the best and the worst yields in normal rainfall years. These are quite below the State average.

Table 6: Yield of Principle Crops S No Main crops Best yield Average yield Worst yield Winter crops 1 Wheat 1.8 MT 1.6 MT 1.4 MT 2 Mustard 0.9 MT 0.8 MT 0.4 MT

3.5 Livestock: The village has almost all households rearing livestock. About 500 families rear buffaloes, and nearly 400 rear cows. About 52 families owns goat in large numbers.

Table 7: Livestock Holding S No Livestock No of animals No of owner (households) 1 Indigenous cows 185 400 2 Bullocks 8 4 3 Buffaloes 1600 500 4 Goat 400 52 5 Sheep 24 2

3.5 Farm Implements: Only 35 of the families owns tractors in the village and 35 families own the power tiller in the village. 4 of the families own thresher in the village.

Table 8: Assets present in the village S No Assets No of units No of owner (households) 1 Tractors 35 35 2 Bullock carts 4 4 3 Power tillers 35 35 4 Seed-cum-fertiliser drill (tractor operated) 6 6 5 Thresher 4 4

4. Social Capital

4.1 Women’s SHGs: The village has 6 Self Help Groups of women; of which all are functional. These four SHG covers 60 women members from the village.

Table 9: Functional Self Help Groups in the Village S No Name of SHG Year of formation No of Members 1 Karas deo SHG 2012 10 2 Rachana SHG 2012 10 3 Mahabeer SHG 2012 10 4 Thakur baba SHG 2012 10 5 Hardaul SHG 2012 10 6 Heeraman SHG 2012 10

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4.3 Other Community Institutions: Reportedly, there are no other community based organisation functional in the village at the time of the study. The nearest Multipurpose Cooperative Society is available in village Teharaka, 7 km away. Nearest bank is available at Teharaka.

5. Present Status of the Water Body

5.1 History of the Tank: Chandeli Talab comes under the jurisdiction of Gram Panchayat, and is used for Agriculture, fishing, Livestock. It was constructed during the times of Chandela kings.

5.2 Construction: Embankment of the tank is made of stone wall in dry rubble masonry and backfilled with soil. Length of the embankment is 120 m with height of 3.33 m. Its base width is 40 m and top width is 6 m. Waste weir is made of Cement Concrete masonry. Waste Weir have length of 9.10 m and height of 1.10 m. Base width of waste weir is 6.60 m and top width is 5.10 m. The tank has sluice and no canal attached. Sluice is made of stone with approx. width of 7 m and height of 1 m. Tank is located on Latitude: 25°17'24.77" N and Longitude: 78°57'51.03'' E.

Photograph of the Embankment

5.3 Hydrology: Chandeli Talab have catchment area of 141.75 ha. The submergence area of tank is 1.5 ha. Depth of the tank is reduced from 4.5m to 2.8 m. Storage capacity of the tank in present is 120000 cum.

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Fig 5: Map showing Chandeli Talab and its Catchment Area

Table 10: Various benefits derived from the tank S No Benefits Duration Number of Families 1 Bathing and washing of clothes August to March 38 2 Livestock purposes July to March 80 3 Fisheries July to February 14

About 12 farmers lift water from the tank using oil engine to irrigate their 14 ha of land in winter. In addition, 12 farmers get irrigation benefits on 12 ha of their winter crops through recharge to 8 dugwells.

6. Proposed Revival Measures

6.1 Proposed Measures: Under Bundelkhand Initiative for Water, Agriculture and Livelihoods Project, this tank was proposed for revival with the following interventions:

In Catchment area  Silt traps  Bunding and trenching  Gully plugs

In Submergence area  Silt removal  Silt arresting by vegetative barriers around the submergence area  Repairs of Embankment

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In command area  Water management  Drip irrigation  Horticulture  Climate smart techniques

Photograph of the Present Farm

6.2 Works completed: Under Bundelkhand Initiative for Water, Agriculture and Livelihood Project, this tank was undertaken for revival in April 2019. In the first phase, silt removal was carried out during April-June 2019. About 10025.316 cum (4046 tractor trips) silt was applied in total area of 9 ha belonging to 15 farmers. The work was carried out under the aegis of the Centre for Advanced Research and Development (CARD). As a part of tank revival in the coming year, CARD is planning to carry out field bunding and bund repairs.

7. Potential Benefits

It is proposed to assess the initial impacts and to study community’s plans and their preparedness for future at the end of Kharif season, in order to project broad trends on these aspects.

BIWAL Baseline Report Tanks in District Niwari Page 114

Baseline Report of Birora Chandeli Talab,Village Birora Khet Block Prithvipur, District Niwari

1. Geographic Profile

1.1 Location: Village Birora Khet (Census Code :456647) is located on Tikamgarh-Jhansi road at a distance of 33 km from District Headquarters of Niwari. Village is situated at a distance of 1 km North-East of Sakera tigela, which is 32 km from district headquarters in South direction.

Fig 1: Location Map

1.2 Land Use: Data indicates that most of the land of the village is under agriculture which is 62 %. It also has about 60 % of land irrigated by wells.

Table 1: Land Use Pattern S No Land Use Area, ha As % 1 Forest Area 0.00 0.00 2 Barren and Uncultivable 96.32 7.85 3 Pastures 40.39 3.29 4 Net Area sown 760.28 61.95 4a Area Irrigated by Well 732.76 59.71 4b Rainfed land 27.52 2.24 4c Culterable Waste land 18.06 1.47 5 Fallow land 197.04 16.06 6 Current Fallow 67.95 5.54 7 Area not available for agriculture 47.16 3.84 Total 1227.20 100 Source: Revenue Records, 2011

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Fig 2: Land Use Pattern

1.3 Rainfall: Rainfall data for Prithvipur, the nearest station to Block Niwari for 37 years indicated that the Annual Average Rainfall is 777.75 mm, with 92 % falling in the monsoon season from June to September. The Coefficient of Variation for the seasonal rainfall was found to be 42.60%.

1.4 Water Bodies: The village has two water bodies, one traditional tank and one check dam. traditional tank was built during Chandela era, spread over an area of 6 ha. It is called Birora chandeli talab, and is used for fishing and for livestock. During Rabi, about 38 local farmers lift water from this tank for irrigating their farms to the extend of 36 ha. It has a catchment of 375.75 ha.Check dam was recently constructed in 2012 spread over an area of 0.20 ha. Check dam has catchment of 5 ha.

1.5 Drinking Water Facilities: About 35 families have their private borwells fitted with handpump for drinking water purpose. 12 families have borewells as source of drinking water and 6 families are depending on private open wells for drinking water. Other than this, villagers depend on 22 community borewells fitted with handpump. There is one Stand-post fitted with Piped Water Supply in the village.

2. Demographics

2.1 Population: The village has population of 6110 (with 1975 household) as per follows.

Table 2: Population Data S Particulars As per 2011 Scheduled Caste Scheduled Tribes Present Status No Census population as population as per (2019) per 2011 Census 2011 Census 1 Population 3242 794 438 6110 2 Households 727 1975 3 Male 1717 425 223 3098 4 Female 1525 369 215 3012 Source: Primary Survey conducted by field officials

The percentage of SC population and ST population is 24 % and 13 % respectively according to Census data of 2011.

2.2 Housing: The village has 1223 Pacca houses,672 Kaccha houses and 80 Huts.

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3. Socio-Economic Profile

3.1 Occupations: It comprises of 2888 agriculturists and 324 of labourers. Nearly 328 of the village population is engaged in services (salaried jobs). There are 620 artisans in the village.

Table 3: Occupation Profile S No Main Occupation No of persons No of households 1 Agriculture only 2888 725 2 Agriculture and labour 1125 393 3 Labour only 324 135 4 Service (salaried job) 328 122 5 Business 825 375 6 Artisan (traditional trades) 620 225 Total 6110 2045 Source: Primary Survey conducted by field workers

Fig 3: Occupational Profile

2.2 Land Holding Pattern: Most of the villagers belong to the category of marginal farmers that is 516. There are 220 households belonging to category of small farmers,235 households belong to category of medium farmers and 365 belonging to large farmer category.

Table 4: Landholding Pattern S No Land holding No of households As % 1 Landless 216 13.93 2 Below 0.8 ha 515 33.20 3 0.8 ha to 2.0 ha 220 14.18 4 2.0 ha to 4.0 ha 235 15.15 5 Above 4.0 ha 365 23.53 Total 1551 100

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Fig 4: Landholding Pattern

2.3 Principal Crops: In the village 312 ha area was under cultivation for 302 farmers in Rabi season (winter irrigation). In summer season 47 ha area was under cultivation for 95 farmers.

Table 5: Crop Production in the Village S No Main crops Year 2018-19 Year 2017-18 Area, ha No of Area, ha No of farmers farmers Winter crops 1 Wheat 215 192 100 110 2 Gram 42 46 150 175 3 Mustard 35 42 20 25 4 Peace 20 22 Summer Crops 1 Brinjal 8 18 6 14 2 Taro 22 37 18 31 3 Chilly 12 22 10 18 4 Sprouts 5 18 3 15 Perennial crops 1 Amala 0.80 12 0.60 9 2 Lemon 0.70 10 0.64 10 3 Guava 0.40 15 0.60 18 4 Mango 0.40 10 0.40 10

2.4 Crop Yields: Normal crop yields of the main crops are presented in the following table, along with the best and the worst yields in normal rainfall years. These are near the State average.

Table 6: Yield of Principle Crops S No Main crops Best yield Average yield Worst yield Winter crops 1 Wheat 1.5 MT 0.9 MT 0.8 MT 2 Gram 0.9 MT 0.4 MT 0.4 MT 3 Mustard 0.6 MT 0.3 MT 0.3 MT 4 Peace 1.2 MT 0.8 MT 0.5 MT

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Summer Crops 1 Brinjal 0.015 MT 0.011 MT 0.002 MT 2 Taro 0.07 MT 0.06 MT 0.05 MT 3 Chilly 0.025 MT 0.04 MT 0.03 MT 4 Sprouts 0.006 MT 0.005 MT 0.003 MT Perennial crops 1 Amala 0.0035 MT 0.004 MT 0.002 MT 2 Lemon 0.07 MT 0.06 MT 0.05 MT 3 Guava 0.025 MT 0.022 MT 0.02 MT 4 Mango 0.0015 MT 0.002 MT 0.001 MT

2.5 Livestock: The village has almost all households rearing livestock. About 1825 families rear buffaloes, and nearly 1228 rear cows. About 82 families owns goat in large numbers.

Table 7: Livestock Holding S No Livestock No of animals No of owner (households) l Indigenous cows 1625 1228 2 Bullocks 28 14 3 Buffaloes 2035 1825 4 Goat 1520 82 5 Sheep 202 12

2.6 Farm Implements: Only 32 of the families owns tractors in the village and 12 families own the power tiller in the village. 22 of the families own thresher in the village.

Table 8: Assets present in the village S No Assets No of units No of owner (households) 1 Tractors 32 32 2 Bullock carts 32 32 3 Power tillers 12 12 4 Seed-cum-fertiliser drill (tractor operated) 14 14 5 Seed-cum-fertiliser drill (bullock operated) 04 04 6 Thresher 22 22

4. Social Capital

4.1 Women’s SHGs: The village has 4 Self Help Groups of women; of which all are functional. These four SHG covers 40 women members from the village.

Table 9: Functional Self Help group in the village S No Name of SHG Year of formation No of Members 1 Jai Mata Group 2012 10 2 Radha Group 2012 10 3 Kalaka Group 2012 10 4 Gaud baba 2012 10

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4.3 Other Community Institutions: Reportedly, there are no other community based organisation functional in the village at the time of the study. The nearest Multipurpose Cooperative Society is available in village Prithvipur at a distance of 12 km away. Nearest bank is available at Madiya at 6 km.

5. Present Status of the Water Body

5.1 History of the Tank: Birora Chandeli Talab comes comes under the jurisdiction of Gram Panchayat, and is used for Agriculture, fishing, Livestock. It was constructed during the times of Chandela kings. Tank is located near temple of Lord Rama.

5.2 Construction: Embankment of the tank is made of stone wall in dry rubble masonry and backfilled with soil. Length of the embankment is 190 m with height of 4.5 m. Its base width is 40 m and top width is 6 m. Waste weir is made of Cement Concrete masonry. Waste Weir have length of 12 m and height of 2 m. Base width of waste weir is 4.5 m and top width is 1 m. The tank has sluice and no canal attached. Sluice is made of stone with approx. width of 2.40 m and height of 4.40 m. The tank is located on Latitude: 25°7'23.75"N and Longitude: 78°47'14.24"E.

Photograph of the Embankment

5.3 Hydrology: Birora Chandeli Talab have catchment area of 375.75 ha. The submergence area of tank is 6 ha. Depth of the tank is reduced from 3.5 m to 2 m. Storage capacity of the tank in present is 145950 cum.

BIWAL Baseline Report Tanks in District Niwari Page 120

Fig 5: Map showing Birora Chandeli Talab and its Catchment Area

5.4 Tank Usage: As participants revealed the main usage of the tanks are fish harvesting, cleaning purposes and livestock purposes. There are 42 families in the village who do farming from the month of September to month of May. Participants also revealed that in time of drought cows and buffalos from nearby villages come to Birora Chandeli Talab for drinking purposes.

Table 10: Various benefits derived from the tank S Benefits Duration Number of No Families 1 Bathing and cleaning purposes August to April 2215 2 Livestock purposes August to May 2820 3 Fishing September to May 42

5.5 Irrigation Benefits: About The tank has sluice but no canal is visible at present. About 20 farmers use water by lifting with their own individual oil engines. About 10 years ago, about 5 farmers used to irrigate their 10 ha of land in this manner. In the last year, 98 ha benefitted for 112 farmers for four months.

About 20 farmers lift water from the tank using oil engine to irrigate their 16 ha of land in winter. In addition, 18 farmers get irrigation benefits on 20 ha of their winter through recharge to 8 dugwells.

6. Proposed Revival Measures

6.1 Proposed Measures : Under Bundelkhand Initiative for Water, Agriculture and Livelihoods Project, this tank was proposed for revival with the following interventions:

In Catchment area  Silt traps  Bunding and trenching  Gully plugs

BIWAL Baseline Report Tanks in District Niwari Page 121

In Submergence area  Silt removal  Silt arresting by vegetative barriers around the submergence area  Repair of Embankment

In command area  Water management  Drip irrigation  Horticulture  Climate smart techniques

6.2 Works Completed: Under Bundelkhand Initiative for Water, Agriculture and Livelihood Project, this tank was undertaken for revival in April 2019. In the first phase, silt removal was carried out during April-June 2019. About 12714 cum (4875 tractor trips) silt was applied in total area of 11 ha belonging to 11 farmers. The work was carried out under the aegis of the Centre for Advanced Research and Development (CARD). As a part of tank revival in the coming year, CARD is planning to carry out field bunding and bund repairs.

7. Potential Benefits

It is proposed to assess the initial impacts and to study the community’s plans and their preparedness for future at the end of Kharif season, in order to project broad trends on these aspects.

BIWAL Baseline Report Tanks in District Niwari Page 122

Baseline Report of Siddan ka Talab, Village Ladwari Har Block Niwari, District Niwari

1. Geographic Profile

1.1 Location: Village Ladwari Har (Census Code :456501) is located on Niwari-Tikamgarh road at a distance of 13 km District Headquarters of Niwari in South-west direction.

Fig 1: Location Map

1.2 Land Use: Data indicates that most of the land of the village is under forest which is 41 %. It also has about 22 % of land irrigated by wells.

Table 1: Land Use Pattern S No Land Use Area, ha As % 1 Forest Area 246.32 40.96 2 Barren and Uncultivable 73.028 12.14 3 Pastures 26.362 4.38 4 Net Area sown 178.42 29.67 4a Area Irrigated by Well 132.42 22.02 4b Rainfed Land 46.00 7.65 5 Culturable Waste land 32.136 5.34 6 Fallow land 8.00 1.33 7 Current Fallow 35.99 5.98 8 Area not available for agriculture 1.13 0.19 Total 601.385 100.0 Source: Revenue Records, 2011

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Fig 1: Land Use Pattern

Photograph showing Farm

1.3 Rainfall: Rainfall data for Niwari, the nearest station to Block Niwari for 37 years indicated that the Annual Average Rainfall is 756 mm, with 94% falling in the monsoon season from June to September. The Coefficient of Variation for the seasonal rainfall was found to be 42.60%.

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1.4 Water Bodies: The village has only one water bodi, one traditional tank called Siddan ka Talab, was built during Chandela era, spread over an area of 5 ha. It is used for fishing and for livestock. During Rabi, about 26 local farmers lift water from this tank for irrigating their farms to the extent of 34 ha. It has a catchment of 229.5 ha as shown in the map below.

1.5 Drinking Water Facilities: About 5 families have their private borewells for drinking water purpose. 3 families are depending on private open wells for drinking water. Apart from these, villagers depend on 3 community borewells fitted with handpump.

2. Demographics

2.1 Population: The village has population of 4725 (with 745 household) as per follows.

Table 2: Population Data S Particulars As per Scheduled Caste Scheduled Tribes Present Status No 2011 population as per population as per (2019) Census 2011 Census 2011 Census 1 Population 872 167 0 4725 2 Households 228 0 745 3 Male 467 90 0 2377 4 Female 405 77 0 2348 Source: Primary Survey conducted by field workers

The percentage of SC population and ST population is 19 % and 0 % respectively according to Census data of 2011. The village has 412 Pacca houses,220 Kaccha houses and 113 Huts

2.2 Housing: The village has 412 Pacca houses,220 Kaccha houses and 113 Huts.

3. Socio-Economic Profile

3.1 Occupations: It comprises of 348 agriculturists and 458 of labourers. Nearly 114 of the village population is engaged in services (salaried jobs). There are 987 artisans in the village.

Table 3: Occupation Profile S No Main Occupation No of persons No of households 1 Agriculture only 348 74 2 Agriculture and labour 223 45 3 Labour only 458 92 4 Service (salaried job) 114 22 5 Business 172 32 6 Artisan (traditional trades) 987 185 Total 2302 450 Source: Primary Survey conducted by field workers

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Fig 2: Occupational Profile

3.2 Land holding Pattern: Most of the villagers belong to the category of Small farmers that is 54%. There are Marginal households belonging to category of small farmers.

Table 4: Landholding Pattern S No Land holding No of households As % 1 Landless 0 0.0 2 Below 0.8 ha 145 23.65 3 0.8 ha to 2.0 ha 331 54.00 4 2.0 ha to 4.0 ha 125 20.39 5 Above 4.0 ha 12 1.96 Total 613 100

Fig 3: Landholding Pattern

3.3 Principal Crops: In the Rabi season (winter irrigation) 378 ha land was under cultivation for 323 farmers. In summer season 13 ha land was under cultivation for 36 farmers.

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Table 5: Crop Production in the Village S No Main crops Year 2018-19 Year 2016-17 Area, ha No of Area, ha No of farmers farmers Winter crops 1 Wheat 324 285 225 240 2 Mustard 54 38 25 35 Summer crops 1 Brinjal 8 22 5 10 2 Taro 5 14 5 10

3.4 Crop Yields: Normal crop yields of the main crops are presented in the following table, along with the best and the worst yields in normal rainfall years. These are quite below the State average

Table 6: Yield of Principle Crops S No Main crops Best yield Average yield Worst yield Winter crops 1 Wheat 1.5 MT 1.2 MT 1 MT 2 Mustard 0.8 MT 0.6 MT 0.6 MT

3.5 Livestock: The village has almost all households rearing livestock. About 205 families rear buffaloes, and nearly 32 rear cows. About 4121 families owns goat in large numbers.

Table 7: Number of Livestock S No Livestock No of animals No of owner (households) 1 Indigenous cows 125 32 2 Crossbred cows 0 0 3 Bullocks 16 8 4 Buffaloes 422 205 5 Goat 1420 412 6 Sheep 0 0

3.6 Farm Implements: About 5 of the families owns tractors in the village and 5 families own the power tiller in the village. 4 of the families own thresher in the village. 2 of the families own seed- cum-fertiliser drill in the village.

Table 8: Assets present in the village S Assets No of units No of owner No (households) 1 Tractors 5 5 2 Bullock carts 5 5 3 Power tillers 5 5 4 Mould board Plough 5 5 5 Seed-cum-fertiliser drill (tractor operated) 3 3 6 Seed-cum-fertiliser drill (bullock operated) 2 2 7 Thresher 9 4

4. Social Capital

4.1 Women’s SHGs: The village has 1 Self Help Groups of women functional in the village. known as Maa Kali SHG. This SHG covers 10 women members from the village.

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4.2 Other Community Institutions: Cashpor India micro credit, a micro credit agency operates in the village covering 15 persons in the village. The nearest Multipurpose Cooperative Society is available in village Rajapur at distance of 10 km. Nearest bank is also available at Rajapur.

5. Present Status of the Water Body

5.1 History of the Tank: Siddan ka Talab comes comes under the jurisdiction of Gram Panchayat, and is used for Agriculture, fishing, Livestock. It was constructed during the times of Chandela kings.

5.2 Construction: Embankment of the tank is made of stone wall in dry rubble masonry and backfilled with soil. Length of the embankment is 180 m with height of 3.21 m. Its base width is 45 m and top width is 8 m. Waste weir is made of Cement Concrete masonry. Waste Weir have length of 10.50 m and height of 2.50 m. Base width of waste weir is 8 m and top width is 1.50 m. The tank has sluice and no canal attached. Sluice is made of stone with approx. width of 1 m and height of 5 m. Tank is located on Latitude: 25°26'52.07" N and Longitude: 78°75'45.77" E.

Photograph of the Embankment

5.3 Hydrology: Siddan ka Talab have catchment area of 229.5 ha. The submergence area of tank is 5 ha. Depth of the tank is reduced from 3.8 m to 2.8 m. Storage capacity of the tank in present is 62500 cum.

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Fig 5: Map showing Siddan ka Talab and its Catchment Area

5.4 Tank Usage: As participants revealed the main usage of the tanks are fish harvesting, cleaning purposes and livestock purposes. There are 25 families in the village who do farming from the month of August to month of April.

Table 9: Various benefits derived from the tank S No Benefits Duration Number of Families 1 Bathing and washing of clothes August to March 200 2 Livestock purposes August to March 300 3 Fisheries August to April 25

5.5 Irrigation Benefits: The tank has sluice but no canal is visible at present. About 12 farmers use water by lifting with their own individual oil engines. About 10 years ago, about 6 farmers used to irrigate their 8 ha of land in this manner. In the last year, 34 ha benefitted for 28 farmers for four months. About 12 farmers lift water from the tank using oil engine to irrigate their 14 ha of land in winter. In addition, 14 farmers get irrigation benefits on 20 ha of their winter through recharge to 8 dugwells.

6. Proposed Revival Measures

6.1 Proposed Measures: Under Bundelkhand Initiative for Water, Agriculture and Livelihoods Project, this tank was proposed for revival with the following interventions:

In Catchment area  Silt traps  Bunding and trenching  Gully plugs

In Submergence area  Silt removal  Silt arresting by vegetative barriers around the submergence area  Repairs of Embankment

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In command area  Water management  Drip irrigation  Horticulture  Climate smart techniques

Photograph of Silt Application

6.2 Works Completed: Under Bundelkhand Initiative for Water, Agriculture and Livelihood Project, this tank was undertaken for revival in April 2019. In the first phase, silt removal was carried out during April-June 2019. About 7903.2 cum (4180 tractor trips) silt was applied in total area of 6 ha belonging to 7 farmers. The work was carried out under the aegis of the Centre for Advanced Research and Development(CARD). As a part of tank revival in the coming year, CARD is planning to carry out field bunding and bund repairs.

7. Potential Benefits

It is proposed to assess the initial impacts and to study the community’s plans and their preparedness for future at the end of Kharif season, in order to project broad trends on these aspects.

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Baseline Report of Kund ki Taliya,Village Mudara Block Niwari, District Niwari

1. Geographic Profile

1.1 Location: Village Mudara (Census Code: 456488) is located on Jhansi-Mauranipur road at a distance of 10 km from District Headquarters Niwari in the North-east direction.

Fig 1: Location Map

1.2 Land Use: Data indicates that most of the land of the village is under agriculture 57 %. It also has about 94 % of land irrigated by wells.

Table 1: Land Use Pattern S No Land Use Area, ha As % 1 Forest Area 0.00 0.00 2 Barren and Uncultivable 115.43 13.53 3 Pastures 33.89 3.97 4 Net Area sown 482.7 56.67 4a Total Area Irrigated-well 455.49 53.48 4b Unirrigated land 27.21 3.29 5 Culterable Waste land 22.09 2.59 6 Fallow land 130.41 15.28 7 Current Fallow 25.07 2.49 8 Area under non-agriculture uses 43.74 5.13 Total 853.33 100.0 Source: Revenue Records, 2011

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Fig 1: Land Use Pattern

1.3 Rainfall: Rainfall data for Niwari station for the last 37 years indicated that the Annual Average Rainfall is 756 .03 mm, with 94.0% falling in the monsoon season from June to September. The Coefficient of Variation for the seasonal rainfall was found to be 42.60%.

1.4 Water Bodies: The village has one traditional tank called Kund ki Taliyam which is used for the purposes of recharge, irrigation, livestock and fish rearing. Tank is spread over an area of 1 ha. During Rabi, about 33 local farmers lift water from this tank for irrigating their farms of about 22 ha. It has a catchment of 174 ha. List of other water bodies in the village are mentioned in Table 2.

Table 2: List of water bodies in village S Name of Uses No of Year of Catchme Storage Command No Water Body users construction nt Area area area 1 Kund ki Irrigation, 118 1217 174 1 80 ha Taliya Recharge, Livestock 2 Check dam Irrigation 6 2010 70 05 8 ha 3 Taliya Irrigation 2 2008 5 0.4 2 ha 4 Check dam Irrigation 10 2011 72 0.5 12 ha 5 Taliya Irrigation 6 2012 6 0.4 2 ha

1.5 Drinking Water Facilities: About 242 families have borewells as their source of drinking and domestic water. Out of these, 25 borewells are fitted with handpump and 152 borewells with electric pumps, whereas other villagers depend on 65 community borewells fitted with handpump. Another 255 families have private open wells for drinking water purpose.

2. Demographics

2.1 Population: The village has population of 4200 (989 household) as per the follows.

Table 3: Population Data S Particulars As per 2011 Scheduled Caste Scheduled Tribes Present Status No Census population as per population as per (2019) 2011 Census 2011 Census 1 Population 2936 593 0 4200 2 Households 572 0 989 3 Male 1523 300 0 2186 4 Female 1413 293 0 2014 Source: Primary Survey conducted by field officials

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The percentage of SC population and ST population is 20 % and 0 % respectively according to Census data of 2011.

2.2 Housing: The village has 592 Pacca houses,384 Kaccha houses and 13 Huts.

3. Socio-Economic Profile

3.1 Occupation: It comprises of 500 agriculturists and 600 of labourers. Nearly 100 of the village population is engaged in services (salaried jobs). There are 30 artisans in the village.

Table 4: Occupation Profile S No Main Occupation No of persons No of households 1 Agriculture only 500 300 2 Agriculture and labour 300 800 3 Labour only 600 600 4 Service (salaried job) 100 100 5 Business 60 60 6 Artisan (traditional trades) 30 30 Total 1590 1890 Source: Primary Survey conducted by field workers

Fig 3: Occupational Profile

3.2 Land Holding Pattern: Most of the villagers belong to the category of marginal farmers. There are 415 households belonging to marginal farmers, and only 90 households belong to large farmer category. Table 5: Landholding Pattern S No Land holding No of households As % 1 Landless 0 0 2 Below 0.8 ha 415 29.33 3 0.8 ha to 2.0 ha 500 35.34 4 2.0 ha to 4.0 ha 410 28.98 5 Above 4.0 ha 90 6.36 Total 1415 100

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Fig 4: Landholding Pattern

3.3 Principal Crops: During the last Rabi season (winter irrigation), 1205 ha area was cultivated by 443 farmers. During the last summer, only 64 ha area was under irrigation for 118 farmers. The situation the previous year 2017-18 was not favourable for the winter crop due to low rainfall. The village has negligible area under horticulture.

Table 6: Crop Production in the village S No Main crops Year 2018-19 Year 2017-18 Area, ha No of Area, ha No of farmers farmers Winter crops 1 Wheat 665 224 90 100 2 Mustard 322 137 65 70 3 Gram 218 82 Summer Crops 1 Taro root 14 31 15 20 2 Chilli 25 62 35 40 3 Moong 25 25 15 20

3.4 Crop Yields: Normal crop yields of the main crops are presented in the following table, along with the best and the worst yields in normal rainfall years. These are quite below the State average.

Table 7: Yield of Various Crops S No Benefits Best yield Average yield Worst yield Winter crops 1 Wheat 0.018 MT 0.012 MT 0.09 MT 2 Peas 0.014 MT 0.012 MT 0.06 MT 3 Gram 0.010 MT 0.006 MT 0.04 MT 4 Mustard 0.005 MT 0.003 MT 0.02 MT Summer Crops 1 Taro root 0.049 MT 0.025 MT 0.19 MT 2 Sprout 0.0017 MT 0.001 MT 0.01 MT 3 Urad 0.0025 MT 0.0015 MT 0.01 MT

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3.5 Livestock: The village has almost all families rearing livestock. About 470 families rear buffaloes, and nearly 202 rear cows. 50 Families rears goat in the village.

Table 8: Number of Livestock S No Livestock No of animals No of owner (households) 1 Indigenous cows 506 202 2 Bullocks 130 130 3 Buffaloes 600 470 4 Goat 1000 50 5 Sheep 200 3

3.6 Farm Implements: About 80 families owns tractors in the village. And about 40 families own the seed-cum-fertiliser drill in the village.

Table 9: Assets present in the village S Assets No of No of owner No units (households) 1 Tractors 80 80 2 Bullock carts 20 20 3 Mould board Plough 80 80 4 Seed-cum-fertiliser drill (tractor operated) 48 40 5 Thresher 29 29

4. Social Capital

4.1 Women’s SHGs: The village has one Self Help Groups of women, covering 40 women from the village. This group, Tejasvini SHG is the only functional group in the village.

4.2 Tank Management Committee: For management of revival work, a Tank Management Committee was formed with 7 members, including 4 male members and 3 female members. So far the TMC has been active in supervision of silt removal and its application to the farms.

Photograph of Focussed Group Discussion

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4.3 Other Community Institutions: Reportedly, there are no other community based organisations functional in the village at the time of the study. The nearest Multipurpose Cooperative Society is available in Niwari at a distance of 13 km away. Nearest bank is available at Niwari at distance of 13 km.

5. Present Status of the Water Body

5.1 History of the Tank: The traditional water body in village Mudara is called Kund ki Taliya, which comes under jurisdiction of Gram Panchayat. According to the community, this tank was built during the time of Chandela kings. The tank is used for irrigation, fishing, washing and for livestock.

5.2 Construction: Embankment of the tank is made of stone wall in dry rubble masonry and backfilled with soil. Length of the embankment is 105 m with height of 3.8 m. Its base width is 49.61 m and top width is 26.81 m. Tank has waste weir of pipe culvert of cement concrete type and this shows that it was constructed in recent times. Sluice is of box inlet with sliding steel plate gate operated by screw. Sluice has a diameter of 2.4 m with depth of 2.5m. Sluice has gate which is 1.0 m wide and 1.5 m height Canal is excavated with no lining. Canal has a depth of 1.0 to 1.5 m with width of 1 m and top width of 1.2 to 1.3 m. Tank is located on Latitude: 25°21'24.43"N and Longitude: 78°49'30.32 E.

Photograph of the Embankment

5.3 Hydrology: Kund ki Taliya have catchment area of 270 ha. The submergence area of tank is 2.8 ha. Depth of the tank is reduced from 3.8 m to 2.8 m over time. Storage capacity of the tank in present is 15000 cum.

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Fig 5: Map showing Kund ki Taliya and its Catchment Area

5.4 Tank Usage: Tank is mainly used for the purposes of clothes washing, livestock and fish harvesting. There are 14 families in the village engaged in fishing from the month of August to February. Seasonal uses of the tank are presented in the following table.

Table 9: Various benefits derived from the tank S No Benefits Duration Number of Families 1 Bathing and washing of clothes October to February 50 2 Livestock purposes August to March 44 3 Fisheries August to February 14

Photograph of Fishing Activity

5.5 Irrigation Benefits: Presence of sluice and canal indicates that Kund ki Taliya is meant for flow irrigation. But, at present the network is not functional. About 15 farmers use water by lifting with their own individual oil engines, irrigating about 8 ha of land. About 10 years ago, about 5 farmers used to irrigate their 6 ha of land in this manner. In the last year, 4 ha benefitted for 112 farmers for

BIWAL Baseline Report Tanks in District Niwari Page 137 four months. In addition, 14 ha area belonging to 18 farmers get irrigation through recharge to 9 dugwells.

6. Proposed Revival Measures

6.1 Proposed Measures: Under Bundelkhand Initiative for Water, Agriculture and Livelihoods Project, this tank was proposed for revival with the following interventions:

In Catchment area  Silt traps  Bunding and trenching  Gully plugs

In Submergence area  Silt removal  Silt arresting by vegetative barriers around the submergence area  Repairs of Embankment

In Command area  Water management  Drip irrigation  Horticulture  Climate smart techniques

6.2 Works completed: Under Bundelkhand Initiative for Water, Agriculture and Livelihood Project, this tank was undertaken for revival in April 2019. In the first phase, silt removal was carried out during April-June 2019. About 10,810.48 cum (3996 tractor trips) silt was applied in total area of 8 ha belonging to 16 farmers. The work was carried out under the aegis of the Centre for Advanced Research and Development (CARD). As a part of tank revival in the coming year, CARD is planning to carry out field bunding and bund repairs.

7. Potential Benefits

2. Social Benefits: The biggest impact is expected on the area of active community institutions and improved water governance. The Tank Management Committee would play a major role water use planning and crop planning in the years to come. It is also expected to improve the water allocation in judicious manner.

It is proposed to assess the initial impacts and to study the community’s plans and their preparedness for future at the end of Kharif season, in order to project broad trends on these aspects.

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Baseline Report of Chanderi Talab,Village Neemkhera Block Niwari, District Niwari

1. Geographic Profile

1.1 Location : Village Neemkhera (Census Code :456497) is located on Niwari road at a distance of 16 km from Niwari tehsil office. Village is situated in South direction of block headquarter.

Fig 1: Location Map

1.2 Land Use: Data indicates that most of the land of the village is under agriculture (69 %). It also has about 98 % of land irrigated by wells. It indicates the well as main source of irrigation for the village. Table 1: Land Use Pattern S No Land Use Area, ha As % 1 Forest Area 0.00 0.00 2 Barren and Uncultivable 3.7 1.62 3 Pastures 7.00 3.06 4 Net Area sown 157.6 68.82 4a Area Irrigated by Well 154 67.25 4b Rainfed land 3.6 1.57 5 Culterable Waste land 18.00 7.86 6 Fallow land 36.00 15.72 7 Current Fallow 5.00 2.18 8 Area not available for agriculture 1.7 0.74 Total 229 100.0 Source: Revenue Records, 2011

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Fig 2: Land Use Pattern

Photograph showing Farm

1.4 Water Bodies: The village has one traditional tank called Chanderi Talab which is used for the purposes of recharge, irrigation, livestock and fish rearing. Tank is spread over an area of 5 ha. During Rabi, about 30 local farmers lift water from this tank for irrigating their farms of about 27 ha. It has a catchment of 343 ha.

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1.5 Drinking Water Facilities: About 18 families have their private borwells fitted with handpump for drinking water purpose. 8 families have borewells as source of drinking water and 12 families are depending on private open wells for drinking water. Other than this, villagers depend on 28 community borewells fitted with handpump.

2. Demographics

2.1 Population: The village has population of 983 (with 240 household) as per the follows.

Table 2: Population Data S Particulars As per Scheduled Caste Scheduled Tribes Present Status No 2011 population as per population as per (2019) Census 2011 Census 2011 Census 1 Population 937 58 0 983 2 Households 170 0 240 3 Male 493 32 0 519 4 Female 448 26 0 464 Source: Primary Survey conducted by field officials

The percentage of SC population and ST population is 5 % and 0 % respectively according to Census data of 2011.

2.2 Housing: The village has 83 Pacca houses,125 Kaccha houses and 32 Huts.

3. Socio-Economic Profile

3.1 Occupations: It comprises of 86 agriculturists and 30 of labourers. Nearly 28 of the village population is engaged in services (salaried jobs). There are 42 artisans in the village.

Table 3: Occupation Profile S No Main Occupation No of persons No of households 1 Agriculture only 86 22 2 Agriculture and labour 712 152 3 Labour only 30 8 4 Service (salaried job) 28 28 5 Business 85 85 6 Artisan (traditional trades) 42 42 Total 983 337 Source: Primary Survey conducted by field officials

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Fig 3: Occupational Profile

3.2 Land Holding Pattern: Most of the villagers belong to the category of marginal farmers. There are 418 households belonging to marginal farmers, and only 28 households belong to large farmer category. Table 4: Landholding Pattern S No Land holding No of households As % 1 Landless 24 2.92 2 Below 0.8 ha 418 50.85 3 0.8 ha to 2.0 ha 224 27.25 4 2.0 ha to 4.0 ha 128 15.57 5 Above 4.0 ha 28 3.41 Total 822 100.0

Fig 3 : Landholding Pattern

3.3 Principal Crops: The village has about 306 ha of land under winter irrigation (Rabi season) belonging to about 340 farmers. In year 2018-19, 26 ha area in the was under summer irrigation belonging to 67 farmers. There was no summer crop in year 2017-18 due to inadequate rainfall.

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Table 5: Crop Production in the Village S No Main crops Year 2018-19 Year 2017-18 Area, ha No of Area, ha No of farmers farmers Winter crops 1 Wheat 185 162 90 100 2 Mustard 30 51 3 Gram 59 82 50 80 4 Peas 32 45 15 20 Summer Crops 1 Taro root 14 35 11 28 2 Brinjal 12 32 9 27 Perennial crops 1 Lemon 0.40 12 0.60 18 2 Papaya 0.40 8 0.40 8 3 Mango 0.60 15 0.68 17 4 Guava 0.50 13 0.60 18

3.4 Crop Yields: Normal crop yields of the main crops are presented in the following table, along with the best and the worst yields in normal rainfall years. These are quite below the State average.

Table 6: Yield of Principle Crops S No Benefits Best yield Average yield Worst yield Winter crops 1 Wheat 1.7 MT 1 MT 1.2 MT 2 Gram 0.7 MT 0.5 MT 0.4 MT 3 Peas 1.4 MT 0.6 MT 0.8 MT 4 Mustard 0.8 MT 0.5 MT 0.4 MT Summer Crops 1 Taro root 0.04 MT 0.05 MT 0.03 MT 2 Brinjal 0.035 MT 0.025 MT 0.04 MT Perennial crops 1 Lemon 0.04 MT 0.03 MT 0.02 MT 2 Papaya 0.07 MT 0.04 MT 0.03 MT 3 Mango 0.025 MT 0.03 MT 0.02 MT 4 Guava 0.003 MT 0.002 MT 0.001 MT

3.5 Livestock: The village has almost all families rearing livestock. About 122 families rear buffaloes, and nearly 98 families rear cows.

Table 7: Number of Livestock S No Livestock No of animals No of owner (households) 1 Indigenous cows 238 98 2 Bullocks 28 14 3 Buffaloes 208 122 4 Goat 125 28 5 Sheep 242 12

3.6 Farm Implements: Only 42 of the households owns the tractor in the village. 42 households also own the power tiller in the village. 25 families in the village owns the seed-cum-fertiliser drill.

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Table 8: Assets Present in the Village S No Assets No of units No of owner (households) 1 Tractors 42 42 2 Bullock carts 14 14 3 Power tillers 42 42 4 Seed-cum-fertiliser drill (tractor operated) 21 21 5 Seed-cum-fertiliser drill (bullock operated) 4 4 6 Thresher 18 18

4. Social Capital

4.1 Women’s SHGs: The village has 2 Self Help Groups of women, which are functional. These two SHGs covers 20 women members from the village.

Table 9: Functional Self help Groups in the village S No Name of SHG Year of formation No of Members 1 Arati Self help group 2005 10 2 Bajarang Bali SHG 2003 10

Photograph of Focussed Group Discussion

4.3 Other Community Institutions: Reportedly, there are no other community based organisation functional in the village at the time of the study. The nearest Multipurpose Cooperative Society is available in Niwari at a distance of 13 km away. Nearest bank is available at Rajapur at 8 km.

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5. Present Status of the Water Body

5.1 History of the Tank: Chanderi Talab comes under the jurisdiction of Gram Panchayat. Chanderi Talab is used for fishing, cleaning purposes and livestock purposes. As participants mentioned this tank was constructed during the time of Chandela kings. According the participants tank must have been built to support the village.

5.2 Construction: Embankment of the tank is made of stone wall in dry rubble masonry and backfilled with soil. The length of the embankment is 180 m with height of 4.5 m. The base width of the embankment is 40 m and top width is 12 m. The Waste weir is made of stone masonry which was also recently constructed. The length of the Waste Weir is 21.30 m with height of 2 m. Base width of waste weir is 2 m and top width is 0.75 m. Sluice have a type of Drop inlet constructed in stone masonry recently constructed. Diameter of the sluice is 2.40 m with length of 4.85 m. Canal is absent or missing. Tank is located on Latitude: 25°18'13.60"N and Longitude: 78°44'20.83"E.

Photograph of the Embankment

5.3 Hydrology: Chanderi Talab have catchment area of 343 ha. The submergence area of tank is 5 ha. Depth of the tank is reduced from 4.5m to 2.8 m. Storage capacity of the tank in present is 150000 cum.

5.4 Tank Usage: As participants discussed main benefits of the tank are fishing, livestock and bathing and washing. There are 22 families in the village who do fish farming from the month of September to month of May.

Table 10: Various benefits derived from the tank S No Benefits Duration Number of Families 1 Bathing and washing of clothes August to March 218 2 Livestock purposes August to April 198 3 Fisheries September to May 22

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Fig 5: Map showing Chanderi Talab and its Catchment Area

5.5 Irrigation Benefits: About 15 farmers use water by lifting with their own individual oil engines. About 10 years ago, about 6 farmers used to irrigate their 5 ha of land in this manner. In the last year, 95 ha benefitted for 105 farmers for four months.

About 15 farmers lift water from the tank using oil engine to irrigate their 12 ha of land in winter. In addition,15 farmers get irrigation benefits on 15 ha of their winter through recharge to 8 dugwells.

Photograph of the Farm

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6. Proposed Revival Measures

6.1 Proposed Measures: Under Bundelkhand Initiative for Water, Agriculture and Livelihoods Project, this tank was proposed for revival with the following interventions:

In Catchment area  Silt traps  Bunding and trenching  Gully plugs

In Submergence area  Silt removal  Silt arresting by vegetative barriers around the submergence area  Repairs of Embankment

In Command area  Water management  Drip irrigation  Horticulture  Climate smart techniques

6.2 Works Completed: Under Bundelkhand Initiative for Water, Agriculture and Livelihood Project, this tank was undertaken for revival in April 2019. In the first phase, silt removal was carried out during April-June 2019. About 12192.12 cum (4497 tractor trips) silt was applied in total area of 18 ha belonging to 16 farmers. The work was carried out under the aegis of the Centre for Advanced Research and Development (CARD). As a part of tank revival in the coming year, CARD is planning to carry out field bunding and bund repairs.

7. Potential Benefits

It is proposed to assess the initial impacts and to study the community’s plans and their preparedness for future at the end of Kharif season, in order to project broad trends on these aspects.

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Baseline Report of Raipura Talab, Village Raipura Khas Block Niwari, District Niwari

1. Geographic Profile

1.1 Location: Village Raipura khas (Census Code :456474) is located on Niwari road at a distance of 17 km District Headquarters of Niwari in South direction.

Fig 1: Location Map

1.2 Land Use: Data indicates that most of the land of the village is under agriculture which is 51 %. It also has about 36 % of land irrigated by Canal.

Table 1: Land Use Pattern S No Land Use Area, ha As % 1 Forest Area 0.00 0.00 2 Barren and Uncultivable 18.05 6.98 3 Pastures 13.23 5.11 4 Land under miscellaneous tree crops 18.1 7.00 5 Net Area sown 132.77 51.33 5a Area irrigated by Canal 93.9 36.30 5b Rainfed Land 38.87 15.03 6 Culturable Waste land 6.53 2.52 7 Fallow land 54.32 21.00 8 Current Fallow 4.13 1.60 9 Area not available for agriculture 11.54 4.46 Total 258.67 100.0 Source: Revenue Records, 2011

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Fig 1: Land Use Pattern

1.3 Rainfall : Rainfall data for Niwari,the nearest station to Block Niwari for 37 years indicated that the Annual Average Rainfall is 756 mm, with 94% falling in the monsoon season from June to September. The Coefficient of Variation for the seasonal rainfall was found to be 42.60%.

1.4 Water Bodies: The village has only one water bodi, one traditional tank called Siddan ka talab, was built during Chandela era, spread over an area of 5 ha. It is used for fishing and for livestock. During Rabi, about 22 local farmers lift water from this tank for irrigating their farms to the extent of 22 ha. It has a catchment of 437.5 ha

2. Demographics

2.1 Population: The village has population of 600 (with 150 household) as per follows.

Table 2: Population Data S Particulars As per Scheduled Caste Scheduled Tribes Present Status No 2011 population as per population as per (2019) Census 2011 Census 2011 Census 1 Population 859 210 44 600 2 Households 154 150 3 Male 449 110 23 350 4 Female 410 100 21 250 Source: Primary Survey conducted by field workers

The percentage of SC population and ST population is 24 % and 5 % respectively according to Census data of 2011.

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2.2 Housing: The village has 95 Pacca houses,50 Kaccha houses and 5 Huts.

3. Socio-Economic Profile

3.1 Occupations: It comprises of 223 agriculturists and 48 of labourers. Nearly 21 of the village population is engaged in services (salaried jobs). There are 54 artisans in the village.

Table 3: Occupation Profile S No Main Occupation No of persons No of households 1 Agriculture only 223 50 2 Agriculture and labour 312 72 3 Labour only 48 10 4 Service (salaried job) 21 5 5 Business 16 3 6 Artisan (traditional trades) 54 10 Total 674 150 Source: Primary Survey conducted by field workers

Fig 2: Occupational Profile

3.2 Land Holding Pattern: Most of the villagers belong to the category of medium farmers that is 52. There are 47 households belonging to category of small farmers.

Table 4: Landholding Pattern S No Land holding No of households As % 1 Landless 4 2.61 2 Below 0.8 ha 40 26.14 3 0.8 ha to 2.0 ha 47 30.72 4 2.0 ha to 4.0 ha 52 33.99 5 Above 4.0 ha 10 6.54 Total 153 100

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Fig 3: Landholding Pattern

3.3 Principal Crops: In Rabi (winter irrigation) season about 146 ha land was under cultivation for 357 farmers. In summer season about 14 ha land was under cultivation for 35 farmers in last season.

Table 5: Crop Production in the Village S No Main crops Year 2018-19 Year 2016-17 Area, ha No of Area, ha No of farmers farmers Winter crops 1 Wheat 80 142 60 70 2 Mustard 12 22 10 15 3 Gram 30 54 15 20 4 Peace 24 39 10 15 Summer Crops 1 Taro 12 29 10 12 2 Sugarcane 2 5 0 0

3.4 Crop Yields: Normal crop yields of the main crops are presented in the following table, along with the best and the worst yields in normal rainfall years. These are quite near the State average.

Table 6: Yield of Principle Crops S No Main crops Best yield Average yield Worst yield Winter crops 1 Wheat 1.8 MT 1.5 MT 1.3 MT 2 Mustard 0.6 MT 0.5 MT 0.4 MT 3 Gram 0.8 MT 0.6 MT 0.5 MT 4 Peace 1.2 MT 1 MT 0.6 MT

3.5 Livestock: The village has almost all households rearing livestock. About 25 families rear buffaloes, and nearly 45 rear cows.

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Table 7: Number of Livestock S No Livestock No of animals No of owner (households) 1 Indigenous cows 100 45 2 Crossbred cows 2 1 3 Bullocks 50 25 4 Buffaloes 400 170 5 Goat 200 20 6 Sheep 100 10

3.6 Farm Implements: Only 7 of the families owns tractors in the village. 4 of the families own seed- cum-fertiliser drill in the village.

Table 8: Assets present in the village S No Assets No of No of owner units (households) 1 Tractors 7 7 2 Bullock carts 10 10 3 Power tillers 7 7 5 Seed-cum-fertiliser drill (tractor operated) 3 3 6 Seed-cum-fertiliser drill (bullock operated) 1 1 7 Thresher 5 5

4. Social Capital

4.1 Women’s SHGs: The village has 3 Self Help Groups of women; of which all are functional. These three SHG covers 30 women members from the village.

Table 9: Functional Self Help Group in the village S No Name of SHG Year of formation No of Members 1 Jai Bajarangbali SHG 2012 10 2 Jai Mata SHG 2012 10 3 Saibaba SHG 2012 10

4.3 Other Community Institutions: Cashpor India micro credit agency is working in the village in sector of micro finance. It has 16 members from the village. The nearest Multipurpose Cooperative Society is available in village Teharaka at distance of 5 km away. Nearest bank is available at Teharaka.

5. Present Status of the Water Body

5.1 History of the Tank: Raipura Talab comes under the jurisdiction of Gram Panchayat, and is used for Agriculture and Livestock. It was constructed during the times of Chandela kings.

5.2 Construction: Embankment of the tank is made of stone wall in dry rubble masonry and backfilled with soil. Length of the embankment is 60 m with height of 4 m. Its base width is 40 m and top width is 4 m. Waste weir is made of Cement Concrete masonry. Waste Weir have length of

BIWAL Baseline Report Tanks in District Niwari Page 153

8 m and height of 1.30 m. Base width of waste weir is 14.70 m and top width is 13.60 m. The tank has no sluice and no canal attached. The Tank is located on Latitude: 25°16'25.21" N and Longitude: 78°52'50.61" E.

Photograph of the Embankment

5.3 Hydrology: Raipura Talab have catchment area of 437.5 ha. The submergence area of tank is 0.5 ha. Depth of the tank is reduced from 4.5m to 1 m over time. Storage capacity of the tank in present is 14000 cum.

Fig 5: Map showing Raipura Talab and its Catchment Area

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5.4 Tank Usage: As participants revealed the main usage of the tanks are cleaning purposes and livestock purposes. There is no fish production in the tank in Raipura village.

Table 10: Various Benefits Derived from the Tank S No. Benefits Duration Number of Families 1 Bathing and washing of clothes August to January 25 2 Livestock purposes July to December 15

5.5 Irrigation Benefits: About 10 farmers use water by lifting with their own individual oil engines. About 10 years ago, about 5 farmers used to irrigate their 5 ha of land in this manner. In the last year, 20 ha benefitted for 22 farmers for four months.

About 10 farmers lift the water from the tank by oil engines to irrigate their 8 ha of land in Rabi season. In addition, 14 ha area belonging to 12 farmers get irrigation through recharge to 9 dugwells.

6. Proposed Revival Measures

6.1 Proposed Measures: Under Bundelkhand Initiative for Water, Agriculture and Livelihoods Project, this tank was proposed for revival with the following interventions:

In Catchment area  Silt traps  Bunding and trenching  Gully plugs

In Submergence area  Silt removal  Silt arresting by vegetative barriers around the submergence area  Repairs of Embankment

In Command area  Water management  Drip irrigation  Horticulture  Climate smart techniques

6.2 Works Completed: Under Bundelkhand Initiative for Water, Agriculture and Livelihood Project, this tank was undertaken for revival in April 2019. In the first phase, silt removal was carried out during April-June 2019. About 11372.4 cum (4180 tractor trips) silt was applied in total area of 6 ha belonging to 14 farmers. The work was carried out under the aegis of the Centre for Advanced Research and Development(CARD). As a part of tank revival in the coming year, CARD is planning to carry out field bunding and bund repairs

7. Potential Benefits

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It is proposed to assess the initial impacts and to study the community’s plans and their preparedness for future at the end of Kharif season, in order to project broad trends on these aspects.

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Baseline Report of Danga Talab, Village Sakera Bhadoran Khas Block Prithvipur, District Niwari

1. Geographic Profile

1.1 Location: Village Sakera Bhadoran Khas (Census Code: 456678) is located on Tikamgarh- Jhansi road at a distance of 38 km from District Headquarters of Niwari. Village is situated at a distance of 5 km from Sakera tigela in east direction, which is 33 km from district headquarter in South direction.

Fig 1: Location Map

1.2 Land Use: Data indicates that most of the land of the village is under agriculture which is 65 %. It also has about 40% of land irrigated by wells.

Table 1: Land Use Pattern S No Land Use Area, ha As % 1 Forest Area 0.00 0.00 2 Barren and Uncultivable 30.35 3.34 3 Pastures 34.84 3.84 4 Net Area sown 595.59 65.61 4a Area Irrigated by Well 238.49 26.27 4b Rainfed land 357.1 39.34 5 Culturable Waste land 3.12 0.34 6 Fallow land 138.34 15.54 7 Current Fallow 41.2 4.54 8 Area not available for agriculture 64.31 7.08 Total 907.75 100.00 Source: Revenue Records, 2011

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Fig 1: Land Use Pattern

1.3 Rainfall: Rainfall data for Prithvipur, the nearest station to Block Prithvipur for 10 years indicated that the Annual Average Rainfall is 778 mm, with 92% falling in the monsoon season from June to September. The Coefficient of Variation for the seasonal rainfall was found to be 38.69%.

1.4 Water Bodies: The village has two traditional tank built during the time of Chandela kings. They are known as Gevada Talab and Danga Talab respectively. Gevada Talab is used for the purpose of washing, livestock purposes, fisheries etc. Gevada Talab is spread over an area of 2.8 ha. During Rabi, about 30 local farmers lift water from this tank for irrigating their farms to the extend of 38 ha. It has a catchment of 194.25 ha.

Danga Talab is used for the same purposes i.e. washing, animal cleaning, etc and is spread over an area of 3 ha. During Rabi season, about local 30 farmers lift water from this tank for irrigating their farms to the extend of 38 ha. It has a catchment of 291.5 ha.

1.5 Drinking Water Facilities: About 22 families have their private borwells fitted with handpump for drinking water purpose. 14 families have borewells as source of drinking water and 12 families are depending on private open wells for drinking water. Other than this, villagers depend on 24 community borewells fitted with handpump. Village also have one Stand post fitted with Piped Water Supply.

2. Demographics

2.1 Population: The village has population of 5879 (with 2,896 household) as follows.

Table 2: Population Data S Particulars As per Scheduled Caste Scheduled Tribes Present Status No 2011 population as per population as per (2019) Census 2011 Census 2011 Census 1 Population 4193 1189 246 5879 2 Households 788 2896 3 Male 2234 641 125 2907 4 Female 1959 548 121 2972 Source: Primary Survey conducted by field workers

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The percentage of SC population and ST population is 28 % and 5 % respectively according to Census data of 2011.

2.2 Housing: The village has Pacca 999 houses, 1795 Kaccha houses and 102 Huts.

3. Socio-Economic Profile

3.1 Occupations: It comprises of 2017 agriculturists and 1597 of labourers. Nearly 10% of the village population is engaged in services (salaried jobs). There are 100 artisans in the village.

Table 3: Occupation Profile S No Main Occupation No of persons No of households 1 Agriculture only 167 597 2 Agriculture and labour 1850 470 3 Labour only 1597 602 4 Service (salaried job) 197 197 5 Business 118 118 6 Artisan (traditional trades) 100 100 Total 5879 2084 Source: Primary Survey conducted by field workers

Fig 2: Occupational Profile

3.2 Land holding Pattern: Most of the villagers belong to the category of marginal farmers that is 477. There are 162 households belonging to category of small farmers.

Table 4: Landholding Pattern S No Land holding No of households As % 1 Landless 97 12.22 2 Below 0.8 ha 477 60.08 3 0.8 ha to 2.0 ha 162 20.40 4 2.0 ha to 4.0 ha 52 6.55 5 Above 4.0 ha 6 0.76 Total 794 100

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Fig 3 : Landholding Pattern

3.3 Principal Crops: In Rabi (winter irrigation) season about 512 ha land was under cultivation for 652 farmers. Table 5: Crop Production in the Village S No Main crops Year 2018-19 Year 2016-17 Area, ha No of Area, ha No of farmers farmers Winter crops 1 Wheat 251 335 150 225 2 Mustard 188 162 125 135 3 Gram 53 112 60 70 4 Peas 20 43 15 20

3.4 Crop Yields: Normal crop yields of the main crops are presented in the following table, along with the best and the worst yields in normal rainfall years. These are quite near the State average.

Table 6: Yield of Principle Crops S No Main crops Best yield Average yield Worst yield Winter crops 1 Wheat 1.5 MT 1.4 MT 0.9 MT 2 Mustard 0.8 MT 0.6 MT 0.4 MT 3 Gram 1.2 MT 0.9 MT 0.5 MT 4 Peas 0.012 MT 0.01 MT 0.007 MT

3.5 Livestock: The village has almost all families rearing livestock. About 454 families rear buffaloes, and nearly 285 rear cows. 85 Families rears goats.

Table 7: Number of Livestock S No Livestock No of animals No of owner (households) 1 Indigenous cows 572 285 3 Bullocks 36 18 4 Buffaloes 526 454 5 Goat 528 85 6 Sheep 225 06

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3.6 Farm Implements: 52 families own tractors in the village. Whereas 45 families own seed-cum- fertiliser drill.

Table 8: Assets present in the village S No Assets No of units No of owner (households) 1 Tractors 52 52 2 Bullock carts 08 08 3 Power tillers 48 48 4 Seed-cum-fertiliser drill (bullock operated) 45 45 5 Thresher 48 48

4. Social Capital

4.1 Women’s SHGs: The village has four Self Help Groups of women, only two are functional. These four SHG’s covers 40 women from the village.

Table 9: Self Help Group in the village S No Name of SHG Functional Year of No of (Yes/No) formation Members 1 Mahakali No 2001 10 Swaysahayyata 2 Kunvar Hardoaul No 2005 10 3 Avanti Bai Yes 2003 10 4 Parvati Yes 2006 10

4.3 Other Community Institutions: Reportedly, there are no other community based organisation functional in the village at the time of the study. The nearest Multipurpose Cooperative Society is available in Prithvipur at distance of 18 km. Nearest bank is available at Neguwa at distance of 7 km.

5. Present Status of the Water Body

5.1 History of the Tank: Participants discussed about the two tanks in the village. One tank is known as Gevada talab and other tank is known as Danga taalab. As participants revealed both tanks built during the time of Chandela kings. Danga talab comes under the jurisdiction of Gram Panchayat. Danga talab is used for livestock, cleaning and fishing. According to them tanks are present since their childhood.

5.2 Construction: Danga Talab has Composite Rock-filled and earth-filled gravity dam type of construction of embankment. It was constructed during Chandela period. Length of embankment is 160 m with height of 3.6 m. Base width of embankment is 40 m and top width is 10 m. The tank is located at Latitude 25°7'55.22"N and Longitude: 78°49'24.58"E.

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Photograph of the Embankment

5.3 Hydrology: Danga Talab have catchment area of 291.5 ha. The submergence area of tank is 3 ha. Depth of the tank is reduced from 4.5 m to 3 m. Storage capacity of the tank in present is 340000 cum.

Fig 5: Map showing Danga Talab and its Catchment Area

5.4 Tank Usage: As participants revealed the main usage of the tanks are fish harvesting, cleaning purposes and livestock purposes. There are 28 families in the village who do farming from the month of September to month of April.

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Table 10: Various benefits Derived from the Tank Sr No. Benefit Duration Number of Families 1 Bathing and washing of clothes August to February 1120 2 Livestock purposes August to March 1680 3 Fisheries September to April 28

5.5 Irrigation Benefits: About 15 farmers use water by lifting with their own individual oil engines. About 10 years ago, about 5 farmers used to irrigate their 5 ha of land in this manner. In the last year, 80 ha benefitted for 150 farmers for four months.

About 15 farmers use water by lift (oil engine) to irrigate their 18 ha of winter crop. In addition, 20 ha area belonging to 15 farmers get irrigation through recharge to 8 dugwells.

6. Proposed Revival Measures

6.1 Proposed Measures: Under Bundelkhand Initiative for Water, Agriculture and Livelihoods Project, this tank was proposed for revival with the following interventions:

In Catchment area  Silt traps  Bunding and trenching  Gully plugs

In Submergence area  Silt removal  Silt arresting by vegetative barriers around the submergence area  Repairs of Embankment

In command area  Water management  Drip irrigation  Horticulture  Climate smart techniques

6.2 Works Completed: Under Bundelkhand Initiative for Water, Agriculture and Livelihood Project, this tank was undertaken for revival in April 2019. In the first phase, silt removal was carried out during April-June 2019. About 12707.007 cum (4267 tractor trips) silt was applied in total area of 14 ha belonging to 16 farmers. The work was carried out under the aegis of the Centre for Advanced Research and Development(CARD). As a part of tank revival in the coming year, CARD is planning to carry out field bunding and bund repairs.

7. Potential Benefits

BIWAL Baseline Report Tanks in District Niwari Page 163

Photograph of Silt Application

It is proposed to assess the initial impacts and to study the community’s plans and their preparedness for future at the end of Kharif season, in order to project broad trends on these aspects.

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Baseline Report of Gevada Talab, Village Sakera Bhadoran Khas Block Prithvipur, District Niwari

1. Geographic Profile

Fig 1: Location Map

2.2 Land Use: Data indicates that most of the land of the village is under agriculture which is 65 %. It also has about 40% of land irrigated by wells.

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Fig 1: Land Use Pattern

Danga Talab is used for the same purposes i.e. washing, animal cleaning, etc. and is spread over an area of 3 ha. During Rabi season, about 30 local farmers lift water from this tank for irrigating their farms to the extend of 38 ha. It has a catchment of 291.5 ha.

2. Demographics

2.1 Population: The village has population of 5879 (with 2,896 household) as follows.

Table 2: Population Data S Particulars As per 2011 Scheduled Caste Scheduled Tribes Present Status No Census population as per population as per (2019) 2011 Census 2011 Census 1 Population 4193 1189 246 5879 2 Households 788 2896 3 Male 2234 641 125 2907 4 Female 1959 548 121 2972 Source: Primary Survey conducted by field workers

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The percentage of SC population and ST population is 28 % and 5 % respectively according to Census data of 2011.

2.2 Housing: The village has Pacca 999 houses, 1795 Kaccha houses and102 Huts.

3. Socio-Economic Profile

3.1 Occupations: It comprises of 2017 agriculturists and 1597 of labourers. Nearly 197 of the village population is engaged in services (salaried jobs). There are 100 artisans in the village.

Table 3: Occupation Profile S No Main Occupation No of persons No of households 1 Agriculture only 2017 597 2 Agriculture and labour 167 470 3 Labour only 1597 602 4 Service (salaried job) 197 197 5 Business 118 118 6 Artisan (traditional trades) 100 100 Total 5879 2084 Source: Primary Survey conducted by field workers

Fig 2: Occupational Profile

3.2 Land holding Pattern: Most of the villagers belong to the category of medium farmers that is 52. There are 477 households belonging to category of small farmers.

Table 4: Landholding Pattern S No Land holding No of households As % 1 Landless 97 12.1 2 Below 0.8 ha 477 60 3 0.8 ha to 2.0 ha 162 20.4 4 2.0 ha to 4.0 ha 52 6.5 5 Above 4.0 ha 6 0.7 Total 794 100

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Fig 2: Occupational Profile

3.3 Principal Crops: In Rabi (winter irrigation) season about 512 ha land was under cultivation for 652 farmers. In Rabi season of year 2016-17 area under cultivation was 350 ha for 450 farmers.

Table 5: Crop Production in the Village S No Main crops Year 2018-19 Year 2016-17 Area, ha No of Area, ha No of farmers farmers Winter crops 1 Wheat 251 335 150 225 2 Mustard 188 162 125 135 3 Gram 53 112 60 70 4 Peace 20 43 15 20

3.4 Crop Yields: Normal crop yields of the main crops are presented in the following table, along with the best and the worst yields in normal rainfall years. These are quite near the State average.

Table 6: Yield of Principle Crops S No Benefits Average yield Best yield Worst yield Winter crops 1 Wheat 1.4 MT 1.5 MT 0.9 MT 2 Mustard 0.6 MT 0.8 MT 0.4 MT 3 Gram 0.9 MT 1.2 MT 0.5 MT 4 Peace 0.01 MT 0.012 MT 0.007 MT

3.5 Livestock: The village has almost all families rearing livestock. About 454 families rear buffaloes, and nearly 285 rear cows. 85 Families rears goats.

Table 7: Number of Livestock S No Livestock No of animals No of owner (households) 1 Indigenous cows 572 285 2 Crossbred cows 0 0 3 Bullocks 36 18 4 Buffaloes 526 454 5 Goat 528 85 6 Sheep 225 06

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3.6 Farm Implements: 52 families own tractors in the village. Whereas 45 families own seed-cum- fertiliser drill. Table 8: Assets present in the village S Assets No of No of owner (households) No units 1 Tractors 52 52 2 Bullock carts 08 08 3 Power tillers 48 48 6 Seed-cum-fertiliser drill (bullock operated) 45 45 7 Thresher 48 48

4. Social Capital

4.1 Women’s SHGs: The village has four Self Help Groups of women, only two are functional. These four SHG’s covers 40 women from the village.

Table 9: Functional Self Help Groups in the Village S No Name of SHG Year of formation No of Members 1 Mahakali Swaysahayyata 2001 10 2 Kunvar Hardoaul 2005 10 3 Avanti bai 2003 10 4 Parvati 2006 10

4.3 Other Community Institutions: Reportedly, there are no other community based organisation functional in the village at the time of the study. The nearest Multipurpose Cooperative Society is available in Prithvipur at distance of 18 km. Nearest bank is available at Neguwa at distance of 7 km.

5. Present Status of the Water Body

5.1 History of the Tank: Participants discussed about the two tanks in the village. One tank is known as Gevada Talab and other tank is known as Bara Talab. As participants revealed both tanks built during the time of Chandela kings. Gevada Talab comes under the jurisdiction of Gram Panchayat. Gevada Talab is used for livestock, cleaning and fishing. According to them tanks are present since their childhood. As one older participant recalled the tank was breached in his childhood because of heavy rain. Upon further probing he recalled approximate year of the breaching could be 1977- 78.

5.2 Construction: This tank has Composite Rock-filled and earth-filled gravity dam type of construction of embankment. It was constructed during Chandela period. Length of embankment is 135 m with height of 4.5 m. Base width of embankment is 40 m and top width is 10 m. It has a waste weir made of cement concrete, indicating it was constructed or repaired in recent times. Length of waste weir is 15 m with height of 1.5 m. The base width and top width of waste weir is 2 m and 1 m respectively. It has no sluice and canals for irrigation. This tank is located on Latitude 25°7'55.22"N and Longitude: 78°49'24.58"E.

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Photograph of the Embankment

5.3 Hydrology: Gevada Talab have catchment area of 194.25 ha. The submergence area of tank is 2.8 ha. Depth of the tank is reduced from 4.5 m to 3 m. Storage capacity of the tank in present is 40500 cum. Fig 5: Map showing Gevada Talab and its Catchment Area

BIWAL Baseline Report Tanks in District Niwari Page 170

Table 8: Various benefits derived from the tank S No Benefits Duration Number of Families 1 Bathing and washing of clothes August to February 1120 2 Livestock purposes August to March 1680 3 Fisheries September to April 212

About 15 farmers lift water from the tank using oil engine to irrigate their 18 ha of land in winter. In addition,15 farmers get irrigation benefits on 20 ha of their winter season through recharge to 8 dugwells.

6. Proposed Revival Measures

6.1 Proposed Measures: Under Bundelkhand Initiative for Water, Agriculture and Livelihoods Project, this tank was proposed for revival with the following interventions:

In Catchment area  Silt traps  Bunding and trenching  Gully plugs

In Submergence area  Silt removal  Silt arresting by vegetative barriers around the submergence area

In Command Area  Water management  Drip irrigation  Horticulture  Climate smart techniques

6.2 Works Completed: Under Bundelkhand Initiative for Water, Agriculture and Livelihood Project, this tank was undertaken for revival in April 2019. In the first phase, silt removal was carried out during April-June 2019. About 12707.007 cum (4267 tractor trips) silt was applied in total area of 14 ha belonging to 16 farmers. The work was carried out under the aegis of the Centre for Advanced Research and Development(CARD). As a part of tank revival in the coming year, CARD is planning to carry out field bunding and bund repairs.

BIWAL Baseline Report Tanks in District Niwari Page 171

Photograph of Silt Application

7. Potential Benefits

It is proposed to assess the initial impacts and to study the community’s plans and their preparedness for future at the end of Kharif season, in order to project broad trends on these aspects.

BIWAL Baseline Report Tanks in District Niwari Page 172

Baseline report of Sarsaura Talab, Village Sarsaura Block Prithvipur, District Niwari

1. Geographic Profile

1.1 Location: Village Sarsaura (Census Code :456582) is located on Niwari road at a distance of 42 km from District Headquarters of Niwari. Village is situated at a distance of 14 km from Panhari in South-west direction, which is 33 km from district headquarter in South direction in West direction.

Fig 1: Location map

1.2 Land Use: Data indicates that most of the land of the village is under agriculture which is 41 %. It also has about 60 % of land irrigated by wells.

Table 1: Land Use Pattern S No Land Use Area, ha As % 1 Forest Area 77.15 11.02 2 Barren and Uncultivable 256.66 37.00 3 Pastures 12.18 1.74 4 Net Area sown 286.94 40.97 4a Area Irrigated by Well 265.71 37.94 4c Rainfed Land 21.23 3.03 5 Culturable Waste land 32.72 4.67 6 Fallow land 22.16 3.16 7 Current Fallow 1.84 0.26 8 Area not available for agriculture 10.71 1.53 Total 700.35 100.0 Source: Revenue Records, 2011

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Fig 1: Land Use Pattern

1.3 Rainfall: Rainfall data for Prithvipur, the nearest station to Block Prithvipur for 10 years indicated that the Annual Average Rainfall is 776 mm, with 92 % falling in the monsoon season from June to September. The Coefficient of Variation for the seasonal rainfall was found to be 38.69%.

1.4 Water Bodies: The village has one water body, traditional tank known as Sarsaura Talab built during Chandela era, spread over an area of 2.5 ha. It is used for fishing and for livestock. During Rabi, about 24 local farmers lift water from this tank for irrigating their farms to the extend of 27 ha. It has a catchment of 68 ha.

1.5 Drinking Water Facilities: 3 families are depending on private open wells for drinking water. Other than this, villagers depend on 3 community borewells fitted with handpump.

2. Demographics

2.1 Population: The village has population of 521 (with 85 household) as per follows.

Table 2: Population Data S Particulars As per Scheduled Caste Scheduled Tribes Present Status No 2011 population as population as per (2019) Census per 2011 Census 2011 Census 1 Population 1015 278 148 521 2 Households 235 85 3 Male 538 143 85 270 4 Female 477 135 63 251 Source: Primary Survey conducted by field workers

The percentage of SC population and ST population is 27 % and 15 % respectively according to Census data of 2011. The village has 45 Pacca houses, 25 Kaccha houses and 12 Huts.

2.2 Housing: The village has 45 Pacca houses, 25 Kaccha houses and 12 Huts.

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3. Socio-Economic Profile

3.1 Occupations: It comprises of 62 agriculturists and 96 of labourers. Nearly 5 of the village population is engaged in services (salaried jobs). There are 54 artisans in the village.

Table 3: Occupation Profile S No Main Occupation No of persons No of households 1 Agriculture only 62 14 2 Agriculture and labour 83 19 3 Labour only 96 22 4 Service (salaried job) 5 21 5 Business 19 4 6 Artisan (traditional trades) 54 12 Total 319 92 Source: Primary Survey conducted by field workers

Fig 2: Occupational Profile

3.2 Land Holding Pattern: Most of the villagers belong to the category of small farmers that is 45. There are 12 households belonging to category of marginal farmers.

Table 4: Landholding Pattern S No Land holding No of households As % 1 Landless 0 0.0 2 Below 0.8 ha 12 16.67 3 0.8 ha to 2.0 ha 45 62.50 4 2.0 ha to 4.0 ha 12 16.67 5 Above 4.0 ha 3 4.17 Total 72 100

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Fig 3: Landholding Pattern

3.3 Principal Crops: Reportedly there are no perennial crop sown in the village. In the last year 187 ha land was under cultivation for 147 farmers in Rabi season (winter irrigation). For summer season 15 ha land was under cultivation for 32 farmers.

Table 5: Crop Production in the Village S No Main crops Year 2018-19 Year 2016-17 Area, ha No of Area, ha No of farmers farmers Winter crops 1 Wheat 145 125 145 125 2 Mustard 42 32 42 32 Summer Crops 1 Brinjal 5 10 2 Taro 8 12 4 10 3 Chilly 2 10

3.4 Crop Yields: Normal crop yields of the main crops are presented in the following table, along with the best and the worst yields in normal rainfall years. These are quite near the State average.

Table 6: Yield of Principle Crops S No Main crops Best yield Average yield Worst yield Winter crops 1 Wheat 1.4 MT 1.2 MT 1 MT 2 Mustard 0.7 MT 0.5 MT 0.3 MT

3.5 Livestock: The village has almost all households rearing livestock. About 13 families rear buffaloes, and nearly 62 rear cows. About 35 families owns goat in large numbers.

Table 7: Number of Livestock S No Livestock No of animals No of owner (households) 1 Indigenous cows 122 62 2 Bullocks 26 13 3 Buffaloes 155 42 4 Goat 1120 35

BIWAL Baseline Report Tanks in District Niwari Page 176

3.6 Farm Implements: Only 3 of the families owns tractors in the village and 3 families own the power tiller in the village. 6 of the families own seed-cum-fertiliser drill in the village.

Table 8: Assets Present in the Village S No Assets No of No of owner units (households) 1 Tractors 3 3 2 Bullock carts 12 12 3 Power tillers 3 3 5 Seed-cum-fertiliser drill (tractor operated) 3 3 6 Seed-cum-fertiliser drill (bullock operated) 3 3 7 Thresher 2 2

4. Social Capital

4.1 Women’s SHGs: The village has 2 Self Help Groups of women; of which all are functional. These four SHG covers 20 women members from the village.

Table 9: Self help group in the village S No Name of Functional (Yes/No) Year of formation No of SHG Members 1 Arati SHG Yes 2006 10 2 Radha SHG Yes 2019 10

4.3 Other Community Institutions: Cashpor microcredit working as micro finance agency in the village benefitting 14 persons from the village The Nearest Multipurpose Cooperative Society is available in Prithvipur at distance of 18 km away. Nearest bank is available at Neguwan at distance of 7 km.

5. Present Status of the Water Body

5.1 History of the Tank: Sarsaura Talab comes under the jurisdiction of Gram Panchayat, and is used for Agriculture, fishing, Livestock. It was constructed during the times of Chandela kings.

5.2 Construction: Embankment of the tank is made of stone wall in dry rubble masonry and backfilled with soil. Length of the embankment is 120 m with height of 3.75 m. Its base width is 30 m and top width is 2 m. Waste weir is made of Cement Concrete masonry. Waste Weir have length of 28 m and height of 1 m. Base width of waste weir is 5.40 m and top width is 1 m. The tank has no sluice and no canal attached. The tank is located on Latitude 25°7'55.22"N and Longitude: 78°49'24.58"E.

5.3 Hydrology: Sarsaura Talab have catchment area of 68 ha. The submergence area of tank is 2.5 ha. Depth of the tank is reduced from 3.5m to 2 m over time. Storage capacity of the tank in present is 175000 cum.

BIWAL Baseline Report Tanks in District Niwari Page 177

Table 10: Various benefits Derived from the Tank Sr No. Benefit Duration Number of Families 1 Bathing and washing of clothes August to March 85 2 Livestock purposes August to March 85 3 Fisheries July to February 14

Photograph of the Embankment

Fig 5: Map showing Sarsaura Talab and its Catchment Area

5.5 Irrigation Benefits: About 12 farmers use water by lifting with their own individual oil engines. About 10 years ago, about 5 farmers used to irrigate their 7 ha of land in this manner. In the last year, 27 ha benefitted for 24 farmers for four months.

BIWAL Baseline Report Tanks in District Niwari Page 178

About 12 farmers used the water by lifting (oil engine) to irrigate their winter crop on about 15 ha of land during the last year. In addition, 12 ha area belonging to 12 farmers get irrigation through recharge to 8 dugwells.

6. Proposed Revival Measures

6.1 Proposed Measures: Under Bundelkhand Initiative for Water, Agriculture and Livelihoods Project, this tank was proposed for revival with the following interventions:

In Catchment area  Silt traps  Bunding and trenching  Gully plugs

In Submergence area  Silt removal  Silt arresting by vegetative barriers around the submergence area  Repairs of Embankment

In command area  Water management  Drip irrigation  Horticulture  Climate smart techniques

6.2 Works Completed: Under Bundelkhand Initiative for Water, Agriculture and Livelihood Project, this tank was undertaken for revival in April 2019. In the first phase, silt removal was carried out during April-June 2019. About 10350 cum (3998 tractor trips) silt was applied in total area of 8 ha belonging to 11 farmers. The work was carried out under the aegis of the Centre for Advanced Research and Development(CARD). As a part of tank revival in the coming year, CARD is planning to carry out field bunding and bund repairs.

7. Potential Benefits

It is proposed to assess the initial impacts and to study the community’s plans and their preparedness for future at the end of Kharif season, in order to project broad trends on these aspects.

BIWAL Baseline Report Tanks in District Niwari Page 179

Baseline Report of District Tikamgarh

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Baseline Report of Traditional Water Bodies District Tikamgarh

In this part, Baseline Reports of nine Tanks of district Tikamgarh are presented in the following sequences.

S No Tank name Village Name Page 1 Pathariya Talab Village Alopa 181 2 Puraniya Tal Village Bachhoda Bhata 189 3 Jakhnera Talab Village Chandera Khas 197 4 Puraniya Talab Village Guna 205 5 Chandeli Talab Village Lidhora Naj Tori 213 6 Siddan Tal Village Purushotampura 221 7 Bra Tal Village Rampura urf Nivawari 224 8 Nivawari Tal Village Rampura urf Nivawari 239 9 Hinni Sagar Village Simra Khurd 247

This Page has been deliberately left blank Baseline Report of Pathariya Talab,Village Alopa Block Palera, District Tikamgarh

1. Geographic Profile

1.1 Location : Village Alopa (Census Code :456982) is located on Tikamgarh-Chhatarpur road at a distance of 42 km from District Headquarter of Tikamgarh in the North-east direction.

Fig 1: Location Map

1.2 Land Use: Data indicates that most of the land of the village is under agriculture (175.96 ha or 60%). Out of the cultivated land about 75 % of land is irrigated wells; wells being the main source of irrigation. Table 1: Land Use Pattern S No Land Use Area, ha As % 1 Forest Area 0.00 0.00 2 Barren and Uncultivable 27.48 9.66 3 Pastures 13.86 4.87 4 Net Area sown 175.96 61.83 4a Area irrigated by Well 131.98 46.38 4b Unirrigated land 43.98 15.45 5 Culturable Waste land 13.75 4.83 6 Fallow land 19.82 6.96 7 Current Fallow 21.54 7.57 8 Area not available for agriculture 12.16 4.27 Total 292.36 100.0 Source: Revenue Records, 2011

Fig 2: Land Use Pattern

1.3 Rainfall : Rainfall data for Palera station for the last 23 years indicated that the Annual Average Rainfall is 993.62 mm, with 95.09% falling in the monsoon season from June to September. The Coefficient of Variation for the seasonal rainfall was found to be 34.45%.

1.4 Water Bodies: The village has one traditional tank called Pathariya Talab which is used for the purposes of recharge, irrigation, livestock and fish rearing. Tank is spread over an area of 35.8 ha. During Rabi, about 92 local farmers lift water from this tank for irrigating their farms of about 57 ha. It has a catchment of 174 ha.

1.6 Drinking Water Facilities: The village do not have Piped Water Supply. Four families have private borewell and only two families have private open wells. Village is dependent on three community borewelll fitted with handpump.

2. Demographics

1.1 Population: The village has population of 1596 (with 227 household) as per follows

Table 2: Population Data S Particulars As per Scheduled Caste Scheduled Tribes Present Status No 2011 population as per population as per (2019) Census 2011 Census 2011 Census 1 Population 991 56 70 1596 2 Households 184 227 3 Male 527 28 36 898 4 Female 464 28 34 698 Source: Primary Survey conducted by field officials

The percentage of SC population and ST population is 6 % and 7 % respectively according to Census data of 2011.

2.2 Housing: The village has 150 Pacca houses, 77 Kaccha houses and 0 Huts.

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Tikamgarh Page 182

3. Socio-Economic Profile

3.1 Occupations: It comprises of 1215 agriculturists and 213 of labourers. Nearly 4 of the village population is engaged in services (salaried jobs). There are 30 artisans in the village.

Table 3: Occupation Profile S No Main Occupation No of persons No of households 1 Agriculture only 1215 150 2 Agriculture and labour 150 25 3 Labour only 213 50 4 Service (salaried job) 4 4 5 Business 2 3 6 Artisan (traditional trades) 10 12 7 Others 2 3 Total 1596 247 Source: Primary Survey conducted by field workers

Fig 3: Occupational Profile

3.2 Land holding Pattern: Most of the villagers belong to the category of medium farmers. There are 56 households belonging to medium farmers, and 60 households belonging to large farmer category.

Table 4: Landholding Pattern S No Land holding No of households As % 1 Landless 4 1.8 2 Below 0.8 ha 14 6.3 3 0.8 ha to 2.0 ha 56 25.4 4 2.0 ha to 4.0 ha 86 39.0 5 Above 4.0 ha 60 27.2 Total 220 100

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Tikamgarh Page 183

Fig 4: Landholding Pattern

3.3 Principal Crops: The village has about 230 ha of land water under winter irrigation (Rabi season) belonging to about 285 farmers. In year 2017-18, area under cultivation was 130 ha for 100 farmers. Reportedly, there is no crop grown in the summer season. The village also do not have any perennial crop. Table 5: Crop Production in the village S No Main crops Year 2018-19 Year 2017-18 Area, ha No of Area, ha No of farmers farmers Winter crops 1 Wheat 150 225 80 50 2 Mustard 50 40 30 25 3 Barley 30 20 20 25

3.4 Crop Yields: Normal crop yields of the main crops are presented in the following table, along with the best and the worst yields in normal rainfall years. These are quite below the State average.

Table 6: Yield of Principle crops S No Benefits Best yield Average yield Worst yield Winter crops 1 Wheat 0.91 MT 0.89 MT 0.78 MT 2 Mustard 1.213 MT 1.011 MT 0.9 MT 3 Barley 0.34 MT 0.24 MT 0.21 MT

3.5 Livestock: The village has almost all households rearing livestock. About 80 families rear buffaloes, and nearly 50 families rear cows.

Table 7: Number of Livestock S No Livestock No of animals No of owner (households) 1 Indigenous cows 150 50 2 Bullocks 100 50 3 Buffaloes 300 80 4 Goat 250 50 5 Horse 1 1

3.6 Farm Implements: In the village only 15 families own the thresher. Almost 50 of the villagers own the bullock cart in the village.

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Tikamgarh Page 184

Table 8: Assets Present in the Village S No Assets No of units No of owner (households) 1 Tractors 16 16 2 Bullock carts 50 50 3 Thresher 15 15

4. Social Capital

4.1 Women’s SHGs: Reportedly there are no Self Help Groups of women present in the village at the time of study.

4.2 Tank Management Committee: For management of revival work a Tank Management Committee was formed. Currently there are 11 members of TMC including 6 male members and 5 female members. So far the TMC has been active in supervision of silt removal and its application to the farms.

4.3 Other Community Institutions: Reportedly there are no other community based organizations functional present in the village at the time of the study. The nearest Multipurpose Cooperative Society is available in village Hori at a distance of 10 km. A Bank is available at a distance of 18 in Palera.

5. Present Status of the Water Body

5.1 History of the Tank: Pathariya Talab comes under the jurisdiction of Gram Panchayat. It is used for fishing, livestock and agriculture. It was constructed during the times of Chandela kings.

5.2 Construction: Embankment of the tank is made of stone wall in dry rubble masonry and backfilled with soil. Length of the embankment is 265 m with height of 4 m. The base width of the embankment is 15 m and top width is 6.5 m. The Waste Weir is made up of Cement Concrete. Length of the waste weir is 7 m with height of 1 m. The base width of the waste weir is 1 m and top width is 1 m. There is no sluice or canal attached with the tank. The tank is located on Latitude: 24°55'16.57"N and Longitude: 79° 8'47.98"E.

5.3 Hydrology: Pathariya Talab has a catchment area of 42 ha. The submergence area of the tank is 35.8 ha. Depth of the tank is reduced from 5.4m to 4.5 m over years. Storage capacity of the tank in present is 102200 cum.

5.4 Tank Usage: The tank is mainly used for the purposes of cleaning, livestock and fish harvesting. 10 families in the village do fish farming in the tank from the month of August to month of January.

Table 7: Various benefits Derived from the Tank S No Benefits Duration Number of Families 1 Bathing and washing of clothes August to February 230 2 Livestock purposes August to January 800 3 Fisheries August to January 10

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Tikamgarh Page 185

Photograph of the Embankment

Fig 5: Map showing Pathariya Talab and its Catchment Area

5.5 Irrigation Benefits: The tank has no sluice or canal, and hence, is not meant for flow irrigation. There are zero farmers in the village who use lifts water from the tank. In the last year, 57 ha benefitted for 92 farmers for four months. This area of 57 Ha area belonging to 92 farmers gets irrigation through recharge to 25 dugwells and 4 borewells.

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Tikamgarh Page 186

Photograph of the Fishing Activity

6. Proposed Revival Measures

6.1 Proposed Measures: Under Bundelkhand Initiative for Water, Agriculture and Livelihoods Project, this tank was proposed for revival with the following interventions:

In Catchment area  Silt traps  Bunding and trenching  Gully plugs

In Submergence area  Silt removal  Silt arresting by vegetative barriers around the submergence area  Repair of Embankment

In command area  Water management  Drip irrigation  Horticulture  Climate smart techniques

6.2 Works Completed: Under Bundelkhand Initiative for Water, Agriculture and Livelihood Project, this tank was undertaken for revival in April 2019. In the first phase, silt removal was carried out during April-June 2019. About 7333.1 cum (2423 tractor trips) silt was applied in total area of 29 ha belonging to 94 farmers. The work was carried out under the aegis of the organisation Self-Reliant Initiative for Action (Srijan). As a part of tank revival in the coming year, Srijan is planning to carry out Plantation, partial repairement of waste weir, field bunding and land leveling.

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Tikamgarh Page 187

Photograph showing Silt Application

7. Potential Benefits

It is proposed to assess the initial impacts and to study the community’s plans and their preparedness for future at the end of Kharif season, in order to project broad trends on these aspects.

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Tikamgarh Page 188

Baseline Report of Puraniya Tal,Village Bachhoda Bhata Block Jatara, District Tikamgarh

1. Geographic Profile

1.1 Location: Village Bachhoda Bhata (Census Code: 456716) is located on Tikamgarh-Jhansi road at a distance of 34 km from District Headquarters of Tikamgarh. The village is situated at a distance of 10 km East of Digoda village, which is 23 km from Tikamgadh.

Fig 1: Location Map

1.2 Land Use: Data indicates that most of the area of the village is barren, and only 29% is under agriculture. Out of the cultivated land, about 43 % of land irrigated – wells being the main source of irrigation. Table 1: Land Use Pattern S No Land Use Area, ha As % 1 Forest Area 22.62 2.93 2 Barren and Uncultivable 344.16 44.57 3 Pastures 1.12 0.15 4 Net Area sown 225.44 29.20 4a Area irrigated by Well 97.14 12.8 4b Rainfed land 128.3 16.6 5 Culterable Waste land 98.9 12.8 6 Fallow land 65.26 8.4 7 Current Fallow 8.11 1.0 8 Area not available for agriculture 6.49 0.8 Total 772.1 100.0 Source: Revenue Records, 2011

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Tikamgarh Page 189

Fig 2: Land Use Pattern

1.3 Rainfall : Rainfall data for Jatara station for the last 44 years indicated that the Annual Average Rainfall is 837.43 mm, with 94.36% falling in the monsoon season from June to September. The Coefficient of Variation for the seasonal rainfall was found to be 35.32%.

1.4 Water Bodies: The village has one traditional tank called Puraniya Taal which is used for the purposes of recharge, irrigation, livestock and fish rearing. Tank is spread over an area of 4.3 ha. During Rabi, about 50 local farmers lift water from this tank for irrigating their farms of about 70 ha. It has a catchment of 60.8 ha.

1.5 Drinking Water Facilities: The Shallow groundwater is the main source of drinking water in village Bachhhoda. About 100 families have their private open wells as their own source of drinking water. Three families use private borewell, whereas the remaining villagers depend on three community borewells fitted with handpump.

2. Demographics

2.1 Population: The village has population of 1216 (with 355 household) as per follows

Table 2: Population Data S Particulars As per 2011 Scheduled Caste Scheduled Tribes Present Status No Census population as per population as per (2019) 2011 Census 2011 Census 1 Population 993 221 56 1216 2 Households 241 355 3 Male 519 119 27 636 4 Female 474 102 29 580 Source: Primary Survey conducted by field officials

The percentage of SC population and ST population is 22 % and 6 % respectively according to Census data of 2011.

2.2 Housing: The village has 145 Pacca houses,70 Kaccha houses and 0 Huts.

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Tikamgarh Page 190

3. Socio-Economic Profile

3.1 Occupations: It comprises of 900 agriculturists and 50 of labourers. Only 4 persons of the village population is engaged in services (salaried jobs). There are 50 artisans in the village.

Table 3: Occupation Profile S No Main Occupation No of persons No of households 1 Agriculture only 900 200 2 Agriculture and labour 100 210 3 Labour only 50 5 4 Service (salaried job) 4 4 6 Artisan (traditional trades) 50 40 7 Others 4 1 Total 1108 460 Source: Primary Survey conducted by field workers

Fig 3: Occupational Profile

3.2 Land Holding Pattern: Most of the villagers belong to the category of small farmers. There are 20 households belonging to small farmers, and only 10 households belong to large farmer category.

Table 4: Landholding Pattern S No Land holding No of households As % 1 Landless 0 0 2 Below 0.8 ha 20 20 3 0.8 ha to 2.0 ha 40 40 4 2.0 ha to 4.0 ha 30 30 5 Above 4.0 ha 10 10 Total 100 100

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Tikamgarh Page 191

Fig 4: Landholding Pattern

3.3 Principal Crops: The village has about 20 ha of land under winter irrigation (Rabi season) belonging to about 100 farmers. In year 2017-18 area under cultivation was 15 ha for 100 farmers. Reportedly, there is no crop grown in the summer season. Reportedly, there is no crop grown in the summer season. The village also do not have any perennial crop.

Table 5: Crop Production in the Village S No Main crops Year 2018-19 Year 2017-18 Area, ha No of Area, ha No of farmers farmers Winter crops 1 Wheat 7 50 6 40 2 Mustard 3 5 30 25 3 Peas 30 20 20 25 4 Gram 2 20 3 30

3.4 Crop Yields: Normal crop yields of the main crops are presented in the following table, along with the best and the worst yields in normal rainfall years. These are near the State average.

Table 6: Yield of Principle Crops S No Main crops Best yield Average yield Worst yield Winter crops 1 Wheat 1.4 MT 0.9 MT 0.5 MT 2 Mustard 0.3 MT 0.2 MT 0.1 MT

3.5 Livestock: Almost all households in the village rear livestock. About 50 families rear buffaloes, 30 rear goats and nearly 50 rear cattle.

Table 7: Number of Livestock S No Livestock No of animals No of owner (households) 1 Indigenous cows 250 50 2 Bullocks 100 40 3 Buffaloes 400 50 4 Goat 300 30

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Tikamgarh Page 192

3.6 Farm Implements: The village has other productive assets as per the follows. Interestingly, only 10 of farmers own bullock operated fertiliser-seed drill.

Table 6: Assets Present in the Village S No Assets No of units No of owner (households) 1 Tractors 18 10 2 Bullock carts 40 40 3 Power tillers 1 1 6 Seed-cum-fertiliser drill (bullock operated) 20 10 7 Thresher 43 43

4. Social Capital

4.1 Women’s SHGs: The village has five Self Help Groups covering 57 women members. All five SHGs are functional.

Table 7: Functional Self Help Groups in the village S No Name of SHG No of Members 1 Rani Laxmi bai 12 2 Sankata mata srijan 14 3 Balaji srijan 11 4 Ram raja srijan 10 5 Vaishnodevi srijan 10

4.3 Other Community Institutions: Reportedly, there are no other community based organisation functional in the village at the time of the study. The nearest Multipurpose Cooperative Society is available in village Digoda, 10 km away. Similarly, bank is available in village Digoda.

5. Present Status of the Water Body

5.1 History of the Tank: Puraniya Tal comes comes under the jurisdiction of Gram Panchayat, and is used for Agriculture, fishing, Livestock. It was constructed during the times of Chandela kings. Tank got this name due to Puraniya plant (a kind of lotus plant) growing in it.

5.2 Construction: Embankment of the tank is made of stone wall in dry rubble masonry and backfilled with soil. Length of the embankment is 140 m with height of 13 m. Its base width is 28 m and top width of 5 m. The waste weir is an open flow channel. The tank has no sluice or canal for water distribution. Tank is located on Latitude: 24°59'12.36"N and Longitude: 78°55'17.07"E

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Tikamgarh Page 193

Photograph of the Embankment

5.3 Hydrology: Puraniya Tal has a catchment area of 60.8 ha. The submergence area of the tank is 4.3 ha. Depth of the tank has reduced from 4.5 m to 3.5 m over years. Storage capacity of the tank in present is 75250 cum.

Fig 5: Map showing Puraniya Tal and its Catchment Area

5.4 Tank Usage: As participants discussed tank is mainly used for livestock purposes, cleaning purposes and for fish harvesting. There are 12 families from the village doing fish farming in the tank from the month of July to month of December.

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Tikamgarh Page 194

Table 8: Various Benefits derived from the Tank S No Benefit Duration Number of Families 1 Bathing and washing of clothes July to November 50 2 Livestock purposes July to December 40 3 Fisheries July to December 12

5.5 Irrigation Benefits: The tank has no sluice or canal, and hence, is not meant for flow irrigation. About 10 farmers use water by lifting with their own individual oil engines. About 13 years ago, about 8 farmers used to irrigated their 20 ha of land in this manner. In the last year, 25 ha benefitted for 10 farmers for four months.

In addition, 45 ha area belonging to 40 farmers get irrigation through recharge to 50 dugwells and 0 borewells.

6. Proposed Revival Measures

6.1 Proposed Measures: Under Bundelkhand Initiative for Water, Agriculture and Livelihoods Project, this tank was proposed for revival with the following interventions:

In Catchment area  Silt traps  Bunding and trenching  Gully plugs

In Submergence area  Silt removal  Silt arresting by vegetative barriers around the submergence area  Repair of Embankment

In command area  Water management  Drip irrigation  Horticulture  Climate smart techniques

6.2 Works Completed: Under Bundelkhand Initiative for Water, Agriculture and Livelihood Project, this tank was undertaken for revival in April 2019. In the first phase, silt removal was carried out during April-June 2019. About 2881.2 cum (1099 tractor trips) silt was applied in total area of 18 ha belonging to 48 farmers. The work was carried out under the aegis of the organisation Self-Reliant Initiative for Action (Srijan). As a part of tank revival in the coming year, Srijan is planning to carry out waste weir construction, field bunding and new bund construction.

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Tikamgarh Page 195

Photograph of Silt Application

7. Potential Benefits

It is proposed to assess the initial impacts and to study the community’s plans and their preparedness for future at the end of Kharif season, in order to project broad trends on these aspects.

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Tikamgarh Page 196

Baseline Report of Jakhnera Talab, Village Chandera Khas Block Jatara, District Tikamgarh

1. Geographic Profile

1.1 Location: Village Chandera (Census Code :456741) is located on Tikamgarh-Chhatarpur road at a distance of 49 km from District Headquarter of Tikamgarh in North direction.

Fig 1: Location Map

1.2 Land Use: Data indicates that most of the land of the village is under agriculture (454.89 ha or 37.4). Out of the cultivated land about 75 % of land is irrigated wells – wells being the main source of irrigation. Table 1: Land Use Pattern S No Land Use Area, ha As % 1 Forest Area 0.00 0.00 2 Barren and Uncultivable 165.89 13.62 3 Pastures 62.11 5.10 4 Net Area sown 454.89 37.35 4a Total Area Irrigated-well 286.68 23.54 4b Rainfed land 168.21 13.81 5 Culturable Waste land 36.29 2.98 6 Fallow land 142.76 11.72 7 Current Fallow 195.5 16.05 8 Area under non-agriculture uses 160.64 13.19 Total 1218.08 100.0 Source: Revenue Records, 2011

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Tikamgarh Page 197

Fig 1: Land Use Pattern

1.3 Rainfall: Rainfall data for Jatara, the nearest station to Block Jatara for 44 years indicated that the Annual Average Rainfall is 837 mm, with 94 falling in the monsoon season from June to September. Coefficient of Variation for the seasonal rainfall was found to be 35.32%.

1.4 Water Bodies: The village has one water body, traditional tank known as Jakhnera talab built during Chandela era, spread over an area of 14 ha. It is used for fishing and for livestock. During Rabi, about 160 local farmers lift water from this tank for irrigating their farms to the extend of 220 ha. It has a catchment of 541 ha as shown in the map below.

1.5 Drinking Water Facilities: 180 users from the village are dependent on two stand post as source of drinking water. 100 users depend on 5 community borewells fitted with handpump as their drinking water source. 200 users depend on 10 private borewell fitted with handpump.3 private open wells cater the need of 100 people. Village have two Stand-Posts fitted with Piped Water Supply.

2. Demographics

2.1 Population: The village has population of 4954 (with 1004 household) as per follows.

Table 2: Population Data S Particulars As per Scheduled Caste Scheduled Tribes Present Status No 2011 population as per population as per (2019) Census 2011 Census 2011 Census 1 Population 8312 1976 286 4954 2 Households 1872 1004 3 Male 4392 1046 148 2641 4 Female 3920 930 138 2313 Source: Primary Survey conducted by field workers

The percentage of SC population and ST population is 24 % and 3 % respectively according to Census data of 2011.

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Tikamgarh Page 198

2.2 Housing: The village has 400 Pacca houses, 594 Kaccha houses and 20 Huts.

3. Socio-Economic Profile

3.1 Occupations: It comprises of 540 agriculturists and 500 of labourers. Nearly 50 of the village population is engaged in services (salaried jobs). There are 40 artisans in the village.

Table 3: Occupation Profile S No Main Occupation No of persons No of households 1 Agriculture only 540 360 2 Agriculture and labour 260 180 3 Labour only 500 204 4 Service (salaried job) 50 40 5 Business 40 40 6 Artisan (traditional trades) 40 40 Total 1430 864 Source: Primary Survey conducted by field workers

Fig 2: Occupational Profile

3.3 Land Holding Pattern: Most of the villagers belong to the category of marginal farmers. There are 860 households belonging to small farmers, and 6 belonging to large farmer category.

Table 4: Landholding Pattern S No Land holding No of households As % 1 Landless 5 0.5 2 Below 0.8 ha 860 88.5 3 0.8 ha to 2.0 ha 83 8.54 4 2.0 ha to 4.0 ha 17 1.7 5 Above 4.0 ha 6 0.6 Total 971 100

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Tikamgarh Page 199

Fig 3 : Landholding Pattern

3.4 Principal Crops: The village has about 120 ha of land water under winter irrigation (Rabi season) belonging to about 195 farmers. Reportedly, there is no crop grown in the summer season. The village also do not have any perennial crop.

Table 5: Crop Production in the Village S No Main crops Year 2018-19 Year 2016-17 Area, ha No of farmers Area, ha No of farmers Winter crops 1 Wheat 80 105 60 100 2 Mustard 10 20 5 15 3 Gram 10 30 5 15 4 Peas 20 40 5 10

3.4 Crop Yields: Normal crop yields of the main crops are presented in the following table, along with the best and the worst yields in normal rainfall years. These are quite near the State average.

Table 6: Yield of Principle Crops S No Main crops Best yield Average yield Worst yield Winter crops 1 Wheat 1.6 MT 1.2 MT 0.8 MT 2 Mustard 0.4 MT 0.3 MT 0.2 MT 3 Gram 0.8 MT 0.6 MT 0.4 MT 4 Peas 0.4 MT 0.6 MT 0.2 MT

3.5 Livestock: The village has almost all households rearing livestock. About 150 families rear goats, and nearly 110 rear cows. Table 7: Number of Livestock S No Livestock No of animals No of owner (households) 1 Indigenous cows 130 110 2 Crossbred cows 6 4 3 Bullocks 50 25 4 Buffaloes 60 40 5 Goat 600 150 6 Sheep 150 10 7 Others 50 10 3.6 Farm Implements: In the village only 5 families own the thresher. Seed-cum-fertiliser drill is owned by 5 families in the village.

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Tikamgarh Page 200

Table 8: Assets present in the village S No Assets No of units No of owner (households) 1 Tractors 10 9 2 Bullock carts 20 20 4 Mould board Plough 5 5 5 Seed-cum-fertiliser drill (tractor operated) 5 5 7 Thresher 5 5 8 Others 2 2

4. Social Capital

4.1 Women’s SHGs: There are five functioning women SHG in the village. These SHG covers total 60 women in the village.

Table 9: Functional Self Help Groups in the Village S No Name of SHG Year of No of Present formation Members Capital 1 Anjani Mata SHG 2008 12 11000 2 Shree Hari SHG 2008 11 10000 3 Shankaraji SHG 2008 12 12000 4 Peer baba SHG 2008 13 20000 5 Sai baba SHG 2008 12 28000

5. Present Status of the Water Body

5.1 History of theTtank: Jakhnera talab comes under the jurisdiction of Irrigation Department. It is used for fishing, livestock and agriculture. It was constructed during the times of Chandela kings.

5.2 Construction: Embankment of the tank is made of stone wall in dry rubble masonry and backfilled with soil. Length of the embankment is 1054 m with height of 3 m. The base width of the embankment is 8 m and top width is 10 m. The Waste Weir is made up of Cement Concrete. Length of the waste weir is 19 m with height of 4 m. The base width of the waste weir is 16 m and top width is 13 m. There is no sluice or canal attached with the tank. The tank is located at Latitude: 25°4'45.40" N and Longitude: 78°58'47.02" E.

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Tikamgarh Page 201

Photograph of the Embankment

5.3 Hydrology: Jakhnera Talab has a catchment area of 541 ha. The submergence area of the tank is 14 ha. Depth of the tank is reduced from 4 m to 3 m over years. Storage capacity of the tank in present is 420000 cum.

5.4 Tank Usage: The tank is mainly used for the purposes of cleaning, livestock and fish harvesting. 50 families in the village do fish farming in the tank from the month of August to month of January.

Table 10: Various benefits derived from the tank S No Benefits Duration Number of Families 1 Bathing and washing of clothes August to December 180 2 Livestock purposes August to January 180 3 Fisheries August to January 50

5.5 Irrigation Benefits: The tank has no sluice or canal, and hence, is not meant for flow irrigation. In the last year, 20 ha benefitted for 60 farmers for three months through Lift Irrigation. The area of 200 Ha area belonging to 100 farmers gets irrigation through recharge to 55 dugwells and 12 borewells.

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Tikamgarh Page 202

Fig 4: Map showing Jakhnera Talab and its Catchment Area

6. Proposed Revival Measures

6.1 Proposed Measures: Under Bundelkhand Initiative for Water, Agriculture and Livelihoods Project, this tank was proposed for revival with the following interventions:

In Catchment area  Silt traps  Bunding and trenching  Gully plugs

In Submergence area  Silt removal  Silt arresting by vegetative barriers around the submergence area  Repair of Embankment

In Command area  Water management  Drip irrigation  Horticulture  Climate smart techniques

6.2 Works Completed: Under Bundelkhand Initiative for Water, Agriculture and Livelihood Project, this tank was undertaken for revival in April 2019. In the first phase, silt removal was carried out during April-June 2019. About 2856.1 cum (1860 tractor trips) silt was applied in total area of 22 ha belonging to 110 farmers. The work was carried out under the aegis of the organisation Self-Reliant Initiative for Action (Srijan). As a part of tank revival in the coming year, Srijan is planning to carry out Plantation, field bunding and land levelling.

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Tikamgarh Page 203

7. Potential Benefits

7.2 Social Benefits: The biggest impact is expected on the area of active community institutions and improved water governance. The Tank Management Committee would play a major role water use planning and crop planning in the years to come. It is also expected to improve the water allocation in judicious manner. It is proposed to assess the initial impacts and to study the community’s plans and their preparedness for future at the end of Kharif season, in order to project broad trends on these aspects.

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Tikamgarh Page 204

Baseline Report of Puraniya Talab, Village Guna Block Baldeogarh, District Tikamgarh

1. Geographic Profile

1.1 Location: Village Guna (Census Code :457134) is located on Tikamgarh-Chhatarpur road at a distance of 45 km from District Headquarter of Tikamgarh in North-east direction.

Fig 1: Location Map

1.2 Land Use: Data indicates that most of the land of the village is under agriculture (374.27 ha or 24 %). Out of the cultivated land about 29 % of land is irrigated wells – wells being the main source of irrigation. Table 1: Land Use Pattern S No Land Use Area, ha As % 1 Forest Area 0.00 0.00 2 Barren and Uncultivable 185.48 11.78 3 Pastures 67.07 4.26 4 Net Area sown 374.27 23.76 4a Area Irrigated by Well 109.99 6.98 4b Rainfed land 264.28 16.78 5 Culturable Waste land 92.86 5.90 6 Fallow land 360.34 22.88 7 Current Fallow 385.75 24.49 8 Area not available agriculture 109.22 6.93 Total 1574.99 100.0 Source: Revenue Records, 2011

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Tikamgarh Page 205

Fig 1: Land Use Pattern

1.3 Rainfall: Rainfall data for Baldeogarh, the nearest station to Block Baldeogarh for 33 years indicated that the Annual Average Rainfall is 853.34 mm, with 93% falling in the monsoon season from June to September. The Coefficient of Variation for the seasonal rainfall was found to be 29.81%.

1.4 Water Bodies: The village has one water body, traditional tank known as Puraniya talab built during Chandela era, spread over an area of 18.2 ha. It is used for fishing and for livestock. During Rabi, about local 110 farmers lift water from this tank for irrigating their farms to the extend of 110 ha. It has a catchment of 180 ha as shown in the map below.

1.5 Drinking Water Facilities: 400 villagers depend on community borewells fitted with handpump for drinking water purposes. 20 villagers depend upon 10 private borewell fitted with handpump as their drinking water sources. 700 villagers use 10 private open wells as source of drinking water.

2. Demographics

2.1 Population: The village has population of 5513 (with 1272 household) as per follows.

Table 2: Population Data S Particulars As per Scheduled Caste Scheduled Tribes Present Status No 2011 population as per population as per (2019) Census 2011 Census 2011 Census 1 Population 4583 1419 215 5513 2 Households 853 1272 3 Male 2455 772 113 2639 4 Female 2128 647 102 2874 Source: Primary Survey conducted by field workers

The percentage of SC population and ST population is 31 % and 5 % respectively according to Census data of 2011.

2.2 Housing: The village has 450 Pacca houses, 403 Kaccha houses and 0 Huts.

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3. Socio-Economic Profile

3.1 Occupations: It comprises of 450 agriculturists and 200 of labourers. Only 9 persons in the village are engaged in services (salaried jobs). There are 200 artisans in the village.

Table 3: Occupation Profile S No Main Occupation No of persons No of households 1 Agriculture only 450 215 2 Agriculture and labour 670 311 3 Labour only 200 200 4 Service (salaried job) 9 8 5 Business 15 15 6 Artisan (traditional trades) 200 150 Total 1544 899 Source: Primary Survey conducted by field workers

Fig 2: Occupational Profile

3.2 Land holding Pattern: Despite constant follow up for landholding data was not provided by village level officials.

3.3 Principal Crops: The village has about 285 ha of land water under winter irrigation (Rabi season) belonging to about 610 farmers. Reportedly, there is no crop grown in the summer season. The village also do not have any perennial crop.

Table 4: Crop Production in the village S No Main crops Year 2018-19 Year 2016-17 Area, ha No of Area, ha No of farmers farmers Winter crops 1 Wheat 180 310 90 180 2 Mustard 75 100 50 80 3 Barley 30 200 25 60

3.4 Crop Yields: Normal crop yields of the main crops are presented in the following table, along with the best and the worst yields in normal rainfall years. These are near the State average.

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Table 5: Yield of Principle Crops S No Main crops Best yield Average yield Worst yield Winter crops 1 Wheat 1 MT 0.8 MT 0.7 MT 2 Mustard 0.3 MT 0.2 MT 0.2 MT 3 Barley 1.2 MT 1 MT 0.8 MT

3.5 Livestock: The village has almost all households rearing livestock. About 500 families rear buffaloes, and nearly 815 rear cows. About 300 of the families owns the large number of goats.

Table 6: Number of Livestock S No Livestock No of animals No of owner (households) 1 Indigenous cows 1500 815 2 Crossbred cows 10 5 3 Bullocks 40 20 4 Buffaloes 2000 500 5 Goat 1000 300 6 Sheep 300 6 7 Horses 4 4

6. Farm Implements: In the village 56 families own the thresher. Only one family owns seed-cum- fertiliser drill in the village.

Table 7: Assets present in the village S No Assets No of units No of owner (households) 1 Tractors 75 55 2 Bullock carts 15 15 3 Seed-cum-fertiliser drill (tractor operated) 1 1 4 Seed-cum-fertiliser drill (bullock operated) 0 0 5 Thresher 77 56

4. Social Capital

4.1 Women’s SHGs: There are two Self Help groups of women present in the village. One is Maa Kali SHG covering 10 women members from the village. The second SHG which is Natwar SHG is a non-functioning entity.

4.3 Other Community Institutions: Reportedly there are no other community based organisations functional present in the village at the time of the study. The nearest Multipurpose Cooperative Society is available in Guna village. Nearest bank is available at a distance of 10 km in Kharagapur.

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5. Present Status of the Water Body

5.1 History of the Tank: Puraniya Talab comes under the jurisdiction of Gram Panchayat. It is used for fishing, livestock and agriculture. It was constructed during the times of Chandela kings.

5.2 Construction: Embankment of the tank is made of stone wall in dry rubble masonry and backfilled with soil. Length of the embankment is 360 m with height of 4.5 m. The base width of the embankment is 30 m and top width is 4 m. The Waste Weir is made up of Cement Concrete. Length of the waste weir is 15 m with height of 1 m. The base width of the waste weir is 9 m and top width is 3 m. There is no sluice or canal attached with the tank. Tank is located on Latitude: 25°4'45.40" N and Longitude: 78°58'47.02" E.

Photograph of the Embankment

5.3 Hydrology: Puraniya Talab has a catchment area of 180 ha. The submergence area of the tank is 18.2 ha. Depth of the tank is reduced from 5 m to 4 m over years. Storage capacity of the tank in present is 364000 cum.

5.4 Tank Usage: The tank is mainly used for the purposes of cleaning, livestock and fish harvesting. 60 families in the village do fish farming in the tank from the month of September to month of January. Table 8: Various Benefits derived from the Tank S No Benefits Duration Number of Families 1 Bathing and washing of clothes August to December 500 2 Livestock purposes August to January 400 3 Fisheries September to January 60

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Tikamgarh Page 209

Fig 5: Map showing Puraniya Talab and its Catchment Area

5.5 Irrigation Benefits: The tank has no sluice or canal, and hence, is not meant for flow irrigation. There are 60 farmers in the village who use lifts water from the tank. In the last year, 50 ha benefitted for 60 farmers for six months. The area of 60 ha area belonging to 50 farmers gets irrigation through recharge to 30 dugwells and 2 borewells.

Photograph of the Irrigated Farm

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6. Proposed Revival Measures

6.1 Proposed Measures: Under Bundelkhand Initiative for Water, Agriculture and Livelihoods Project, this tank was proposed for revival with the following interventions:

In Catchment area  Silt traps  Bunding and trenching  Gully plugs

In Submergence area  Silt removal  Silt arresting by vegetative barriers around the submergence area  Repair of Embankment

In Command area  Water management  Drip irrigation  Horticulture  Climate smart techniques

6.2 Works Completed: Under Bundelkhand Initiative for Water, Agriculture and Livelihood Project, this tank was undertaken for revival in April 2019. In the first phase, silt removal was carried out during April-June 2019. About 4293.6 cum (1236 tractor trips) silt was applied in total area of 15 ha belonging to 45 farmers. The work was carried out under the aegis of the organisation Self-Reliant Initiative for Action (Srijan). As a part of tank revival in the coming year, Srijan is planning to carry out Plantation, repair of waste weir, field bunding and land levelling.

7. Potential Benefits

It is proposed to assess the initial impacts and to study the community’s plans and their preparedness for future at the end of Kharif season, in order to project broad trends on these aspects.

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Baseline report of Chandeli Talab, Village Lidhora Naaj Tori Block Palera, District Tikamgarh

1. Geographic Profile

1.1 Location: Village Lidhora Naj Tori (Census Code :456990) is located on Tikamgarh-Chhatarpur road at a distance of 55 km from District Headquarter of Tikamgarh. in North-east direction.

Fig 1: Location Map

1.2 Land Use: Data indicates that most of the land of the village is under agriculture (104.43 ha or 25 %). Out of the cultivated land about 56 % of land is irrigated wells – wells being the main source of irrigation. Table 1: Land Use Pattern S No Land Use Area, ha As % 1 Forest Area 70.00 17.05 2 Barren and Uncultivable 36.39 8.87 3 Pastures 8.60 2.10 4 Net Area sown 104.43 25.44 4a Total Area Irrigated 84.30 20.54 4b Area irrigated by Well 60.30 14.69 4c Area irrigated by other source 24.00 5.85 4d Rainfed land 20.13 4.90 5 Culturable Waste land 26.86 6.54 6 Fallow land 5.90 1.44 7 Current Fallow 146.43 35.67 8 Area not available for agriculture 11.86 2.89 Total 410.47 100.0 Source: Revenue Records, 2011

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Fig 1: Land Use Pattern

Photograph showing Farm

1.3 Rainfall: Rainfall data for Palera, the nearest station to Block Palera for 23 years indicated that the Annual Average Rainfall is 994 mm, with 95% falling in the monsoon season from June to September. Coefficient of Variation for the seasonal rainfall was found to be 36.29%.

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1.4 Water Bodies: The village has one water body, traditional tank known as Chandeli talab built during Chandela era, spread over an area of 17.3 ha. It is used for fishing and for livestock. During Rabi, about local 135 farmers lift water from this tank for irrigating their farms to the extend of 180 ha. It has a catchment of 60 ha.

1.6 Drinking Water Facilities: 200 persons in the village use 5 community borewell fitted with handpump as their source of drinking water. 305 persons depends on 8 open wells as their drinking water source. 402 person relies on 28 private borewell fitted with handpump as their drinking water source.

2. Demographics

2.1 Population: The village has population of 1596 (with 227 household) as per follows.

Table 2: Population Data S Particulars As per Scheduled Caste Scheduled Tribes Present Status No 2011 population as per population as per (2019) Census 2011 Census 2011 Census 1 Population 764 271 203 1935 2 Households 139 302 3 Male 394 142 105 1025 4 Female 370 129 98 910 Source: Primary Survey conducted by field workers

The percentage of SC population and ST population is 35 % and 27 % respectively according to Census data of 2011.

2.2 Housing: The village has 500 Pacca houses, 70 Kaccha houses and 0 Huts.

3. Socio-Economic Profile

3.1 Occupations: It comprises of 308 agriculturists and 345 of labourers. Only 4 persons in the village population is engaged in services (salaried jobs). There are 17 artisans in the village.

Table 3: Occupation Profile S No Main Occupation No of persons No of households 1 Agriculture only 308 92 2 Agriculture and labour 205 64 3 Labour only 345 102 4 Service (salaried job) 4 4 5 Business 1 1 6 Artisan (traditional trades) 17 9 Total 880 272 Source: Primary Survey conducted by field workers

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Fig 2: Occupational Profile

3.2 Land holding Pattern: Despite constant follow up for landholding data was not provided by village level officials.

3.3 Principal Crops: The village has about 220 ha of land water under winter irrigation (Rabi season) belonging to about 455 farmers. Village has about 16 ha of land water under winter irrigation (Rabi season) belonging to about 450 farmers.

Table 4: Crop Production in the village S No Main crops Year 2018-19 Year 2017-18 Area, ha No of Area, ha No of farmers farmers Winter crops 1 Wheat 80 175 70 175 2 Mustard 90 180 40 180 3 Gram 40 60 80 60 4 Peas 10 40 40 40 Summer crops 1 Groundnut 4 175 5 180 2 Soyabeen 5 40 4 40 3 Sesame 3 175 2 175 4 Urda 4 60 4 60

3.4 Crop Yields: Normal crop yields of the main crops are presented in the following table, along with the best and the worst yields in normal rainfall years. These are near the State average.

Table 5: Yield of Principle Crops S No Main crops Average yield Best yield Worst yield Winter crops 1 Wheat 1 MT 1.2 MT 0.8 MT 2 Mustard 0.4 MT 0.6 MT 0.3 MT 3 Gram 0.8 MT 1 MT 0.6 MT 4 Peas 0.7 MT 0.9 MT 0.5 MT

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3.5 Livestock: The village has almost all households rearing livestock. About 18 families rear buffaloes, and nearly 92 rear cows. 35 of the families own goat in the village.

Table 7: Number of Livestock S No Livestock No of animals No of owner (households) 1 Indigenous cows 108 92 2 Bullocks 60 18 3 Buffaloes 84 72 4 Goat 207 35 5 Sheep 25 4

3.6 Farm Implements: In the village only 3 families own the thresher. 3 of the families in the village own seed-cum-fertiliser drill in the village.

Table 8: Assets present in the village S No Assets No of units No of owner (households) 1 Tractors 18 18 2 Bullock carts 2 2 3 Power tillers 21 18 4 Mould board Plough 20 18 5 Seed-cum-fertiliser drill (tractor operated) 2 2 6 Seed-cum-fertiliser drill (bullock operated) 1 1 7 Thresher 3 3

4. Social Capital

4.1 Women’s SHGs: There are three women Self Help groups working in the village which are functional. The 3 SHG covers the 36 women from the village.

Table 9: Functional Self Help groups in the village S Name of SHG Date of No of Members Present No formation Capital 1 Vaishno devi SHG 15/11/16 12 25000 2 Radha Rani SHG 25/12/16 12 17000 3 Jay Santoshi Maa SHG 22/11/16 12 12500

4.3 Other Community Institutions: Reportedly there are no other community based organizations functional present in the village at the time of the study. The nearest Multipurpose Cooperative Society is available in village Tori at a distance of 4km. A Bank is available at a distance of 9 in Palera.

5. Present Status of the Water Body

5.1 History of the tank: Chandeli Talab comes under the jurisdiction of Gram Panchayat. It is used for fishing, livestock and agriculture. It was constructed during the times of Chandela kings.

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5.2 Construction: Embankment of the tank is made of stone wall in dry rubble masonry and backfilled with soil. Length of the embankment is 515 m with height of 6 m. The base width of the embankment is 30 m and top width is 6 m. The Waste Weir is made up of Cement Concrete. Length of the waste weir is 18 m with height of 1.21 m. The base width of the waste weir is 9.42 m and top width is 1 m. The tank has sluice and canal for attached for irrigation. Tank is located on Latitude: 24°58'25.18" N Longitude: 79°10'28.58" E.

Photograph of the Embankment

5.3 Hydrology: Chandeli Talab has a catchment area of 65 ha. The submergence area of the tank is 17.3 ha. Depth of the tank is reduced from 4.5 m to 3.5 m over years. Storage capacity of the tank in present is 302750 cum.

5.4 Tank Usage: The tank is mainly used for the purposes of cleaning, livestock and fish harvesting. 4 families in the village do fish farming in the tank from the month of September to month of January.

Table 10: Various Benefits derived from the Tank S No Benefits Duration Number of Families 1 Bathing and washing of clothes July to January 500 2 Livestock purposes July to February 28 3 Fisheries September to January 4

5. Irrigation Benefits: The tank has sluice and canal for irrigation. There are 60 farmers in the village who use lifts water from the tank. In the last year, 60 ha benefitted for 75 farmers for four months. The area of 60 Ha area belonging to 120 farmers gets irrigation through recharge to 45 dugwells and 2 borewells.

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Tikamgarh Page 218

Fig 5: Map showing Chandeli Talab and its Catchment Area

Photograph of the Irrigated Farm

6. Proposed Revival Measures

6.1 Proposed Measures: Under Bundelkhand Initiative for Water, Agriculture and Livelihoods Project, this tank was proposed for revival with the following interventions.

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Tikamgarh Page 219

In Catchment area  Silt traps  Bunding and trenching  Gully plugs

In Submergence area  Silt removal  Silt arresting by vegetative barriers around the submergence area  Waste Weir and Sluice Repair

In command area  Water management  Drip irrigation  Horticulture  Climate smart techniques

6.2 Works Completed: Under Bundelkhand Initiative for Water, Agriculture and Livelihood Project, this tank was undertaken for revival in April 2019. In the first phase, silt removal was carried out during April-June 2019. About 15231.75 cum (6872 tractor trips) silt was applied in total area of 32 ha belonging to 179 farmers. The work was carried out under the aegis of the organisation Self- Reliant Initiative for Action (Srijan). As a part of tank revival in the coming year, Srijan is planning to carry out Plantation, repair of waste weir, field bunding and land levelling.

7. Potential Benefits

It is proposed to assess the initial impacts and to study the community’s plans and their preparedness for future at the end of Kharif season, in order to project broad trends on these aspects.

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Tikamgarh Page 220

Baseline report of Siddan Tal, Village Purushotampura Block Palera, District Tikamgarh

1. Geographic Profile

1.1 Location: Village Purushotampura (Census Code :456940) is located on Tikamgarh-Mau Ranipur road at a distance of 42 km from District Headquarter of Tikamgarh in North-east direction. Fig 1: Location Map

1.2 Land Use: Data indicates that most of the land of the village is under agriculture (364.02 ha or 70%). Out of the cultivated land about 94 % of land is irrigated – wells being the main source of irrigation. Table 1: Land Use Pattern S No Land Use Area, ha As % 1 Forest Area 0.00 0.0 2 Barren and Uncultivable 34.10 6.52 3 Pastures 7.07 1.35 4 Net Area sown 364.02 69.56 4a Area irrigated by Well 340.85 65.13 4b Rainfed land 23.17 4.43 5 Culturable Waste land 31.38 6.00 6 Fallow land 51.03 9.75 7 Current Fallow 21.98 4.20 8 Area not available for agriculture 13.77 2.63 Total 523.35 100.0 Source: Revenue Records, 2011

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Fig 1: Land Use Pattern

Photograph showing Land Use

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1.4 Water Bodies: The village has one traditional tank which was built during the time of Chandela kings. Tank is known as Siddan Talab spread over an area of 4.5 ha. It has a catchment of 40 ha. During Rabbi, about 60 local farmers lift water from this tank for irrigating their farms to the extend of 50 ha.

1.5 Drinking Water Facilities: 250 villagers from the village use 7 common borewell fitted with handpump as their drinking water supply. 160 villagers use 25 pump as drinking water sources. 90 villagers have private borewell fitted with handpump as drinking water sources. 10 villagers rely on 40 private open wells.

2. Demographics

2.1 Population: The village has population of 620 (with 110 household) as per follows.

Table 2: Population Data S Particulars As per Scheduled Caste Scheduled Tribes Present Status No 2011 population as per population as per (2019) Census 2011 Census 2011 Census 1 Population 500 195 0 620 2 Households 96 0 110 3 Male 261 103 0 280 4 Female 239 92 0 340 Source: Primary Survey conducted by field workers

The percentage of SC population and ST population is 39 % and 0 % respectively according to Census data of 2011.

2.2 Housing: The village has 75 Pacca houses, 35 Kaccha houses and 62 Huts.

3. Socio-Economic Profile

3.1 Occupations: It comprises of 160 agriculturists and 112 of labourers. Only 4 persons in village population is engaged in services (salaried jobs). There are 25 artisans in the village.

Table 3: Occupation Profile S No Main Occupation No of persons No of households 1 Agriculture only 160 38 2 Agriculture and labour 135 32 3 Labour only 112 30 4 Service (salaried job) 4 4 5 Business 12 2 6 Artisan (traditional trades) 25 4 Total 448 107 Source: Primary Survey conducted by field worker

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Fig 2: Occupational Profile

3.2 Land holding Pattern: Most of the families belong to the category of small farmers. There are 38 % households belonging to small farmers, and 28% families falls under the category of large farmers.

Table 4: Landholding Pattern S No Land holding No of households As % 1 Landless 3 5.6 2 Below 0.8 ha 20 37.7 3 0.8 ha to 2.0 ha 12 22.6 4 2.0 ha to 4.0 ha 3 5.6 5 Above 4.0 ha 15 28.3 Total 53 100

Fig 3 : Landholding Pattern

3.3 Principal Crops: The village has about 600 ha of land water under winter irrigation (Rabi season) belonging to about 465 farmers. Reportedly, there is no crop grown in the summer season. The village also do not have any perennial crop.

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Table 5: Crop Production in the Village S No Main crops Year 2018-19 Year 2017-18 Area, ha No of farmers Area, ha No of farmers Winter crops 1 Wheat 400 160 380 140 2 Mustard 100 115 20 95 3 Gram 50 90 70 100 4 Peas 50 100 120 130

3.4 Crop Yields: Normal crop yields of the main crops are presented in the following table, along with the best and the worst yields in normal rainfall years. These are near the State average.

Table 6: Yield of Principle Crops S Main crops Best Average yield Worst yield No yield Winter crops 1 Wheat 1.8 MT 1.5 MT 1 MT 2 Mustard 0.5 MT 0.3 MT 0.2 MT 3 Gram 0.7 MT 0.5 MT 0.3 MT 4 Peas 0.5 MT 0.4 MT 0.2 MT

3.5 Livestock: The village has almost all households rearing livestock. About 90 families rear buffaloes, and nearly 40 rear cows.

Table 7: Number of Livestock S No Livestock No of animals No of owner (households) 1 Indigenous cows 200 40 2 Bullocks 20 10 3 Buffaloes 210 90 4 Goat 400 80

3.6 Farm Implements: In the village only four families own tractor and four families own seed-cum- fertiliser drill. Six families in the village own bullock carts in the village.

Table 8: Assets Present in the Village S No Assets No of units No of owner (households) 1 Tractors 4 4 2 Bullock carts 6 6 5 Seed-cum-fertiliser drill (tractor operated) 4 4 7 Thresher 2 2

4. Social Capital

4.1 Women’s SHGs: There are two women Self Help group in the village covering 20 women in the village. Table 9: Functional Self Help groups in the Village S No Name of SHG No of Members Present Capital 1 Samuh Janani Mahila 10 5000 2 Janani Mahila 10 4500

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4.3 Other Community Institutions: Reportedly there are no other community based organizations functional present in the village at the time of the study. The nearest Multipurpose Cooperative Society is available in village Bamhori at a distance of 10 km. A Bank is available at Bamhori.

5. Present Status of the Water Body

5.1 History of the Tank: Siddan Talab comes under the jurisdiction of Gram Panchayat. It is used for fishing, livestock and agriculture. It was constructed during the times of Chandela kings.

5.2 Construction: Embankment of the tank is made of stone wall in dry rubble masonry and backfilled with soil. Length of the embankment is 160 m with height of 3.62 m. The base width of the embankment is 24 m and top width is 8 m. The Waste Weir is made up of Cement Concrete. Length of the waste weir is 18 m with height of 4 m. The base width of the waste weir is 3 m and top width is 4 m. There is no sluice or canal attached with the tank. The tank is located on Latitude: 25° 5'6.39"N and Longitude: 79° 3'22.73"E.

Photograph of the Embankment

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5.3 Hydrology: Siddan Talab has a catchment area of 40 ha. The submergence area of the tank is 4.5 ha. Depth of the tank is reduced from 5 m to 3.5 m over years. Storage capacity of the tank in present is 360000 cum.

Fig 4: Map showing Siddan Talab and its catchment area

5.4 Tank Usage: The tank is mainly used for the purposes of cleaning, livestock and fish farming. Two families in the village do fish farming in the tank from the month of July to month of December.

Table 10: Various Benefits derived from the Tank S No Benefits Duration Number of Families 1 Bathing and washing of clothes July to October 12 2 Livestock purposes July to January 10 3 Fisheries July to December 2

5.5 Irrigation Benefits: The tank has no sluice or canal, and hence, is not meant for flow irrigation. There are 5 farmers in the village who use lifts water from the tank. In the last year, 5 ha benefitted for 5 farmers for five months through Lift irrigation. Area of 45 Ha area belonging to 55 farmers gets irrigation through recharge to 35 dugwells and 15 borewells.

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Tikamgarh Page 227

Photograph of the Present Farm

6. Proposed Revival Measures

6.1 Proposed Measures: Under Bundelkhand Initiative for Water, Agriculture and Livelihoods Project, this tank was proposed for revival with the following interventions:

In Catchment area  Silt traps  Bunding and trenching  Gully plugs

In Submergence area  Silt removal  Silt arresting by vegetative barriers around the submergence area  Repair of Embankment

In command area  Water management  Drip irrigation  Horticulture  Climate smart techniques

6.2 Works completed: Under Bundelkhand Initiative for Water, Agriculture and Livelihood Project, this tank was undertaken for revival in April 2019. In the first phase, silt removal was carried out

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Tikamgarh Page 228 during April-June 2019. About 7977.25 cum (3667 tractor trips) silt was applied in total area of 20 ha belonging to 86 farmers. The work was carried out under the aegis of the organisation Self-Reliant Initiative for Action (Srijan). As a part of tank revival in the coming year, Srijan is planning to carry out Plantation, partial repairs of waste weir, field bunding and land levelling.

7. Potential Benefits

It is proposed to assess the initial impacts and to study the community’s plans and their preparedness for future at the end of Kharif season, in order to project broad trends on these aspects.

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Tikamgarh Page 229

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BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Tikamgarh Page 230

Baseline report of Bra Tal, Village Rampura urf Nivawari Block Palera, District Tikamgarh

1. Geographic Profile

1.1 Location: Village Rampura urf Nivawari (Census Code:456995) is located on Palera road at a distance of 53 km km from District Headquarter of Tikamgarh in North-east direction.

Fig 1: Location Map

1.2 Land Use: Data indicates that most of the land of the village is under agriculture (186.68 ha or 25 %). Out of the cultivated land about 56 % of land is irrigated – wells being the main source of irrigation. Table 1: Land Use Pattern S No Land Use Area, ha As % 1 Forest Area 85.50 11.53 2 Barren and Uncultivable 73.28 9.88 3 Pastures 15.90 2.14 4 Net Area sown 186.68 25.16 4a Total Area Irrigated 96.50 13.00 4b Area irrigated by Well 80.00 10.78 4c Area irrigated by Canal 16.50 2.22 4d Rainfed land 90.18 12.16 5 Culturable Waste land 7.39 1.00 6 Fallow land 54.92 7.40 7 Current Fallow 279.78 37.71 8 Area not available for agriculture 38.40 5.18 Total 741.85 100 Source: Revenue Records, 2011

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Tikamgarh Page 231

Fig 1: Land Use Pattern

1.4 Water Bodies: The village has two traditional tanks built during the time of Chandela kings. They are known as Bra tal and Nivawari tal. Bra taal is spread over an area of 2.74 ha and is used for fishing, livestock. During Rabbi , about 110 local farmers lift water from this tank for irrigating their farms to the extend of 85 ha. It has a catchment of 100 ha.

Nivawari Tal is spread over an area of 2 ha and is used for fishing, livestock. During Rabi, about 85 local farmers lift water from this tank for irrigating their farms of 75 ha. It has a catchment of 42 ha.

1.5 Drinking Water Facilities: 5 families have their own private open wells as their source of drinking water. Eight families use private borewell and seven families have private borewell fitted with handpump. Remaining villagers depend upon eight community borewells fitted with handpump.

2. Demographics

2.1 Population: The village has population of 2010 (with 335 household) as per follows.

Table 2: Population Data S Particulars As per Scheduled Caste Scheduled Tribes Present Status No 2011 population as per population as per (2019) Census 2011 Census 2011 Census 1 Population 1723 362 90 2010 2 Households 319 335 3 Male 898 176 47 1080 4 Female 825 186 43 930 Source: Primary Survey conducted by field workers

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Tikamgarh Page 232

The percentage of SC population and ST population is 21 % and 5 % respectively according to Census data of 2011.

2.2 Housing: The village has 80 Pacca houses, 200 Kaccha houses and 55 Hut.

3. Socio-Economic Profile

3.1 Occupations: It comprises of 250 agriculturists and 350 of labourers. Nearly 10 of the village population is engaged in services (salaried jobs). There are 60 artisans in the village.

Table 3: Occupation Profile S No Main Occupation No of persons No of households 1 Agriculture only 250 110 2 Agriculture and labour 200 80 3 Labour only 350 140 4 Service (salaried job) 10 10 5 Business 03 03 6 Artisan (traditional trades) 60 60 Total 873 403 Source: Primary Survey conducted by field workers

Fig 2: Occupational profile

3.2 Land Holding Pattern: Most of the villagers belong to the category of Small farmers. There are 180 households belonging to Small farmers, and only 8 households (3%) belonging to large farmer category. Table 4: Landholding Pattern S No Land holding No of households As % 1 Landless 15 9.2 2 Below 0.8 ha 30 11.4 3 0.8 ha to 2.0 ha 180 68.4 4 2.0 ha to 4.0 ha 30 11.4 5 Above 4.0 ha 8 3 Total 263 100

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Tikamgarh Page 233

Fig 3 : Landholding Pattern

3.3 Principal Crops: The village has about 48 ha of land under winter irrigation (Rabi season) belonging to about 56 farmers. Reportedly, there is no crop grown in the summer season.

Table 5: Crop Production in the Village S No Main crops Year 2018-19 Year 2017-18 Area, ha No of farmers Area, ha No of farmers Winter crops 1 Wheat 40 40 10 12 2 Mustard 4 6 3 5 3 Barley 4 8 5 7

3.4 Crop Yields: Normal crop yields of the main crops are presented in the following table, along with the best and the worst yields in normal rainfall years. These are near the State average.

Table 6: Yield of Principle crops S No Main crops Best yield Average yield Worst yield Winter crops 1 Wheat 1 MT 0.8 MT 0.7 MT 2 Mustard 0.4 MT 0.3 MT 0.2 MT 3 Barley 1.3 MT 1.3 MT 0.8 MT

3.5 Livestock: The village has almost all households rearing livestock. About 120 families rear buffaloes, and nearly 130 rear cows. Nearly 80 families rear goats.

Table 7: Number of Livestock S No Livestock No of animals No of owner (households) 1 Indigenous cows 180 130 2 Crossbred cows 04 04 3 Bullocks 30 15 4 Buffaloes 190 120 5 Goat 600 80 6 Sheep 180 04

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Tikamgarh Page 234

3.6 Farm Implements: The village has other productive assets as per the follows. Only 12 % of the farmers own thresher.

Table 8: Assets present in the village S No Assets No of units No of owner (households) 1 Tractors 32 32 2 Bullock carts 07 10 3 Power tillers 31 31 4 Thresher 10 10

4. Social Capital

4.1 Women’s SHGs: The village has five Self Help Groups covering 60 women members.

Table 9: Functional Self Help groups in the village S No Name of SHG No of Members 1 Bajarang bali SHG 12 2 Krishna SHG 12 3 Gaytri Maan SHG 12 4 Ram raja SHG 12 5 Harijan mahila SHG 12

4.3 Other Community Institutions: Reportedly, there are no other community based organisations functioning in the village at the time of the study. The nearest Multipurpose Cooperative Society is available in village Puraniya,11 km away. Similarly, bank is available in Palera at a distance of 12 km.

5. Present Status of the Water Body

5.1 History of the Tank: Bra Tal comes under the jurisdiction of Gram Panchayat and is used for agriculture, fishing, livestock. It was constructed during the time of Chandela kings.

5.2 Construction: Embankment of the tank is made of stone wall in dry rubble masonry and backfilled with soil. Length of the embankment is 260 m with height of 4 m. Its base width is 40 and top width of 4 m. The tank has Waste weir of cement concrete. Length of waste weir is 19 m. with height of 2 m. Base width of the waste weir is 25 m with top width of 10 m. Tank is located on Latitude: 24°54'40.60"N and Longitude: 79°12'10.14"E

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Tikamgarh Page 235

Photograph of the Embankment

5.3 Hydrology: Bra Tal has a catchment area of 100 ha. The submergence area of the tank is 2.74 ha. Depth of the tank has reduced from 5.3 m to 4 m over years. Storage capacity of the tank in present is 548000 cum.

5.4 Tank Usage: Bra Tal is used for Livestock purposes, cleaning purposes and fish harvesting. There are 12 families from the village doing fish farming in the tank from the month of July to month of January.

Table 10: Various Benefits derived from the Tank S No Benefits Duration Number of Families 1 Bathing and washing of clothes August to December 100 2 Livestock purposes July to January 200 3 Fisheries July to January 12

5.5 Irrigation Benefits: The tank has sluice and canal for irrigation. There are 35 farmers in the village who use lifts water from the tank. In the last year, 60 ha benefitted for 35 farmers for four months. The area of 50 ha area belonging to 50 farmers gets irrigation through recharge to 35 dugwells and 4 borewells.

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Tikamgarh Page 236

Fig 5: Map showing Bra Tal and its Catchment Area

Photograph of the Present Farm

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Tikamgarh Page 237

6. Proposed Revival Measures

6.1 Proposed Measures: Under Bundelkhand Initiative for Water, Agriculture and Livelihoods Project, this tank was proposed for revival with the following interventions:

In Catchment area  Silt traps  Bunding and trenching  Gully plugs

In Submergence area  Silt removal  Silt arresting by vegetative barriers around the submergence area  Repair of Embankment

In Command area  Water management  Drip irrigation  Horticulture  Climate smart techniques

6.2 Works Completed: Under Bundelkhand Initiative for Water, Agriculture and Livelihood Project, this tank was undertaken for revival in April 2019. In the first phase, silt removal was carried out during April-June 2019. About 1098.54 cum (4864 tractor trips) silt was applied in total area of 26 ha belonging to 172 farmers. The work was carried out under the aegis of the organisation Self-Reliant Initiative for Action (Srijan). As a part of tank revival in the coming year,Srijan is planning to carry out Bund Repair and Command Area treatment.

7. Potential Benefits

It is proposed to assess the initial impacts and to study the community’s plans and their preparedness for future at the end of Kharif season, in order to project broad trends on these aspects.

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Tikamgarh Page 238

Baseline Report of Nivawari Tal, Village Rampura urf Nivawari Block Palera, District Tikamgarh

1. Geographic Profile

1.1 Location: Village Rampura urf Nivawari (Census Code:456995) is located on Palera road at a distance of 53 km km from District Headquarter of Tikamgarh. in North-east direction.

Fig 1: Location Map

1.2 Land Use: Data indicates that most of the land of the village is under agriculture (186.68 ha or 25 %). Out of the cultivated land about 56 % of land is irrigated wells – wells being the main source of irrigation. Table 1: Land Use Pattern S No Land Use Area, ha As % 1 Forest Area 85.50 11.53 2 Barren and Uncultivable 73.28 9.88 3 Pastures 15.90 2.14 4 Net Area sown 186.68 25.16 4a Total Area Irrigated 96.50 13.00 4b Area irrigated by Well 80.00 10.78 4c Area irrigated by Canal 16.50 2.22 4d Rainfed land 90.18 12.16 5 Culturable Waste land 7.39 1.00 6 Fallow land 54.920 7.40 7 Current Fallow 279.78 37.71 8 Area not available for agriculture 38.40 5.18 Total 741.85 100 Source: Revenue Records, 2011

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Tikamgarh Page 239

Fig 1: Land Use Pattern

Nivawari Tal is spread over an area of 2 ha and is used for fishing, livestock. During Rabi , about 80 local farmers lift water from this tank for irrigating their farms to the extend of 75 ha. It has a catchment of 42 ha.

1.5 Drinking Water Facilities: 5 families have their own private open wells as their source of drinking water. 8 families use private borewell and 7 families have private borewell fitted with handpump. Remaining villagers depend upon 8 community borewells fitted with handpump.

2. Demographics

2.1 Population: The village has population of 2010 (with 335 household) as per follows.

Table 2: Population Data S Particulars As per 2011 Scheduled Caste Scheduled Tribes Present Status No Census population as per population as per (2019) 2011 Census 2011 Census 1 Population 1723 362 90 2010 2 Households 319 335 3 Male 898 176 47 1080 4 Female 825 186 43 930 Source: Primary Survey conducted by field workers

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Tikamgarh Page 240

The percentage of SC population and ST population is 21 % and 5 % respectively according to Census data of 2011.

2.2 Housing: The village has 80 Pacca houses, 200 Kaccha houses and 55 Hut.

3. Socio-Economic Profile

3.1 Occupations: It comprises of 250 agriculturists and 350 of labourers. Nearly 10 of the village population is engaged in services (salaried jobs). There are 60 artisans in the village.

Fig 2: Occupational Profile

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Tikamgarh Page 241

Fig 3 : Landholding Pattern

3.3 Principal Crops: The village has about 48 ha of land under winter irrigation (Rabi season) belonging to about 56 farmers. Reportedly, there is no crop grown in the summer season.

Table 5: Crop Production in the Village S No Main crops Year 2018-19 Year 2017-18 Area, ha No of farmers Area, ha No of farmers Winter crops 1 Wheat 40 40 10 12 2 Mustard 4 6 3 5 3 Barley 4 8 5 7

3.4 Crop Yields: Normal crop yields of the main crops are presented in the following table, along with the best and the worst yields in normal rainfall years. These are near the State average.

Table 6: Yield of Various Crops S No Benefits Best yield Average yield Worst yield Winter crops 1 Wheat 1 MT 0.8 MT 0.7 MT 2 Mustard 0.4 MT 0.3 MT 0.2 MT 3 Barley 1.3 MT 1.3 MT 0.8 MT

3.5 Livestock: The village has almost all households rearing livestock. About 120 families rear buffaloes, and nearly 130 rear cows. Nearly 80 families rear goats.

Table 7: Number of Livestock S No Livestock No of animals No of owner (households) 1 Indigenous cows 180 130 2 Crossbred cows 04 04 3 Bullocks 30 15 4 Buffaloes 190 120 5 Goat 600 80 6 Sheep 180 04

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Tikamgarh Page 242

3.6 Farm Implements: The village has other productive assets as per the follows. Only 10 of the farmers own thresher. Table 8: Assets Present in the Village S No Assets No of units No of owner (households) 1 Tractors 32 32 2 Bullock carts 07 10 3 Power tillers 31 31 4 Thresher 10 10

4. Social Capital

4.1 Women’s SHGs: The village has five Self Help Groups covering 60 women members.

Table 9: Functional Self help groups in the village S No Name of SHG No of Members 1 Bajarang bali SHG 12 2 Krishna SHG 12 3 Gaytri Maan SHG 12 4 Ram raja SHG 12 5 Harijan mahila SHG 12

4.3 Other Community Institutions: Reportedly, there are no other community based organisation functional in the village at the time of the study. The nearest Multipurpose Cooperative Society is available in village Puraniya,11 km away. Similarly, bank is available in Palera at a distance of 12 km.

5. Present Status of the Water Body

5.1 History of the tank: Nivawari Tal comes under the jurisdiction of Gram Panchayat and is used for agriculture, fishing, livestock. It was constructed during the time of Chandela kings.

5.2 Construction: Embankment of the tank is made of stone wall in dry rubble masonry and backfilled with soil. Length of the embankment is 350 m with height of 4.5 m. Its base width is 30 and top width of 4 m. This tank has no waste weir or Sluice. The canal of the tank is closed. The Tank is located on Latitude: 24°54'40.60"N and Longitude: 79°12'10.14"E.

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Tikamgarh Page 243

Photograph of the Embankment and Tank

5.3 Hydrology: Nivawari Tal has a catchment area of 42 ha. The submergence area of the tank is 2 ha. Depth of the tank has reduced from 5.3 m to 4 m over years. Storage capacity of the tank in present is 40000 cum.

Fig 5: Map showing Nivawari Tal and its Catchment Area

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Tikamgarh Page 244

5.4 Tank Usage: Nivawari tal is used for Livestock purposes, cleaning purposes and fish harvesting. There are 11 families from the village doing fish farming in the tank from the month of August to month of January.

Table 10: Various Benefits derived from the Tank Sr No Benefits Duration Number of Families 1 Bathing and washing of clothes August to January 40 2 Livestock purposes August to January 100 3 Fisheries August to January 11

5.5 Irrigation Benefits: The tank has no sluice or canal, and hence, is not meant for flow irrigation. About 50 farmers use water by lifting with their own individual oil engines. About 13 years ago, about 20 farmers used to irrigate their 26 ha of land in this manner. In the last year, 60 ha benefitted for 50 farmers for four months.

In addition, 25 ha area belonging to 20 farmers gets irrigation through recharge to 15 dugwells and 0 borewells

Photograph of the Present Farms

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Tikamgarh Page 245

6. Proposed Revival Measures

6.1 Proposed Measures: Under Bundelkhand Initiative for Water, Agriculture and Livelihoods Project, this tank was proposed for revival with the following interventions:

In Catchment area  Silt traps  Bunding and trenching  Gully plugs

In Submergence area  Silt removal  Silt arresting by vegetative barriers around the submergence area  Repair of Embankment

In Command area  Water management  Drip irrigation  Horticulture  Climate smart techniques

6.2 Works Completed: Under Bundelkhand Initiative for Water, Agriculture and Livelihood Project, this tank was undertaken for revival in April 2019. In the first phase, silt removal was carried out during April-June 2019. About 8762.73 cum (2640 tractor trips) silt was applied in total area of 32 ha belonging to 265 farmers. The work was carried out under the aegis of the organisation Self-Reliant Initiative for Action (Srijan). As a part of tank revival in the coming year, Srijan is planning to carry out Bund Repair and Command Area treatment.

7. Potential Benefits

It is proposed to assess the initial impacts and to study the community’s plans and their preparedness for future at the end of Kharif season, in order to project broad trends on these aspects.

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Tikamgarh Page 246

Baseline Report of Hinni Sagar, Village Simra Khurd Block Palera, District Tikamgarh

1. Geographic Profile

1.1 Location: Village Simra Khurd (Census Code:456957) is located on Palera road at a distance of 53 km from District Collectorate of Tikamgarh. Village is situated in north-east direction of district headquarter. Fig 1: Location Map

1.2 Land Use: Data indicates that most of the land of the village is under agriculture (795.77 ha or 68 %). Out of the cultivated land about 56 % of land is irrigated wells – wells being the main source of irrigation. Table 1: Land Use Pattern S No Land Use Area, ha As % 1 Forest Area 85.58 7.35 2 Barren and Uncultivable 104.40 8.97 3 Pastures 39.13 3.36 4 Net Area sown 795.77 68.34 4a Total Area Irrigated 690.72 59.32 4b Area irrigated by Irrigation 550.52 47.28 4c Area irrigated by Other source 140.20 12.04 4d Rainfeed land 105.05 9.02 5 Culterable Waste land 48.79 4.19 6 Fallow land 6.22 0.53 7 Current Fallow 26.75 2.30 8 Area not available for agriculture 57.70 4.96 Total 1164.32 100 Source: Revenue Records, 2011

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Tikamgarh Page 247

Fig 1: Land Use Pattern

1.4 Water Bodies: The village has one traditional tank constructed during the Chandela era. The tank is known as Hinni Sagar which is spread over an area of 11.2 ha. The tank is used for fishing, livestock and irrigation. During Rabi , about 134 local farmers lift water from this tank for irrigating their farms to the extend of 151 ha. It has a catchment of 373 ha.

1.5 Drinking Water Facilities: shallow ground water is the main source of drinking water in village Simra khurd. About 15 families have private open wells as their main source of drinking water. Six families have private borewell, whereas remaining villagers depend on six community borewells fitted with handpump.

2. Demographics

2.1 Population: The village has population of 2095 (with 347 household) as per follows.

Table 2: Population Data S Particulars As per 2011 Scheduled Caste Scheduled Tribes Present Status No Census population as per population as per (2019) 2011 Census 2011 Census 1 Population 4882 1366 616 2085 2 Households 992 347 3 Male 2513 687 330 1076 4 Female 2369 679 286 1009 Source: Primary Survey conducted by field workers

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Tikamgarh Page 248

The percentage of SC population and ST population is 28 % and 13 % respectively according to Census data of 2011.

2.2 Housing: The village has 250 Pacca houses, 350 Kaccha houses and 73 Huts.

3. Socio-Economic Profile

3.1 Occupations: It comprises of 874 agriculturists and 138 of labourers. Nearly 48 of the village population is engaged in services (salaried jobs). There are 42 artisans in the village.

Table 3: Occupation Profile S No Main Occupation No of persons No of households 1 Agriculture only 874 96 2 Agriculture and labour 208 182 3 Labour only 138 22 4 Service (salaried job) 48 12 5 Business 80 15 6 Artisan (traditional trades) 42 10 7 Others 25 10 Total 1415 347 Source: Primary Survey conducted by field workers

Fig 2: Occupational Profile

3.2 Land Holding Pattern: There are 40 households belonging to marginal farmers, and only 4 households belong to large farmer category.

Table 4: Landholding Pattern S No Land holding No of households As % 1 Landless 8 11.7 2 Below 0.8 ha 40 58.2 3 0.8 ha to 2.0 ha 10 14.7 4 2.0 ha to 4.0 ha 6 8.8 5 Above 4.0 ha 4 5.8 Total 68 100

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Tikamgarh Page 249

Fig 3 : Landholding Pattern

3.3 Principal Crops: The village has about 95 ha of land under winter irrigation (Rabi season) belonging to about 65 farmers. In summer watermelon and muskmelon is grown by five farmers on 2 ha of land. Table 5: Crop Production in the Village S No Main crops Year 2018-19 Year 2017-18 Area, ha No of farmers Area, ha No of farmers Winter crops 1 Wheat 73 49 79 50 2 Mustard 12 9 12 8 3 Gram 6 5 7 5 4 Peas 4 2 12 2 Summer Crops 1 Watermelon 1 2 1 3 2 Muskmelon 1 2 1 1

3.4 Crop Yields: Normal crop yields of the main crops are presented in the following table, along with the best and the worst yields in normal rainfall years. These are quite below the State average.

Table 6: Yield of various crops S No Benefits Best yield Average yield Worst yield Winter crops 1 Wheat 0.8 MT 0.4 MT 0.3 MT 2 Mustard 0.3 MT 0.2 MT 0.15 MT 3 Gram 0.2 MT 0.2 MT 0.1 MT 4 Peas 1 MT 0.4 MT 0.2 MT Summer Crops 1 Watermelon 2.5 MT 2 MT 1 MT 2 Muskmelon 2 MT 1.8 MT 1 MT

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Tikamgarh Page 250

3.5 Livestock: Almost all households in the village rearing livestock. About 5 families rear cow, and nearly 22 rear buffalos. Table 7: Number of Livestock S No Livestock No of animals No of owner (households) 1 Indigenous cows 6 6 3 Bullocks 16 8 4 Buffaloes 30 22 5 Goat 25 6 6 Sheep 35 4

3.6 Farm Implements: The village has other productive assets as per the follows. Only one farmer own tractor operated fertiliser-seed drill.

Table 8: Assets Present in the Village S No Assets No of No of owner units (households) 1 Tractors 35 35 2 Bullock carts 1 1 4 Mould board Plough 25 25 5 Seed-cum-fertiliser drill (tractor operated) 1 1 6 Thresher 2 2

4. Social Capital

4.1 Women’s SHGs: The village has two Self Help Groups of women covering 23 women members. Both SHGs are non-functional. Table 9: Self Help Groups in the village S No Name of SHG Functional Date of No of Present (Yes/No) formation Members Capital 1 Bajarang Tejaswani No 13/09/2009 13 64109 2 Jai Acharu Mata No 02/02/2014 10 19590

4.3 Other Community Institutions: Village has good coverage of community based organisations with working on farmer’s income, education, Dairy production and women awareness covering in total 66 persons from the village. The nearest Multipurpose Cooperative Society is available in village itself. Bank is available in village Bajana at distance of 4 km.

Table 10: List of Community organization in the village S No Name of the Purpose No of Functional organisation members (Yes/No) 1 Srijan organization Increasing farmers income 22 Yes 2 Tejaswani SHG Awareness in women 7 Yes 3 Laxmibai Mid day meal 15 Yes 4 Milk production Dairy 22 Yes committee

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Tikamgarh Page 251

5. Present Status of the Water Body

5.1 History of the Tank: Hinni Sagar comes under the jurisdiction Gram Panchayat. It was constructed during the era of Chandela and Bundela. It is nearly 300 to 1000 old. An old structure can be observed near tank indicating its historicity. As participants spoke tank has stood for their generations. Hinni Sagar is used for fishing, livestock, Irrigation.

5.2 Construction: Embankment of the tank is made of stone wall in dry rubble masonry and backfilled with soil. Length of the embankment is 250 m with height of 2.5 m. Its base width is 13 m and top width of 5 m. Waste Weir is made of Cement Concrete type. The tank has no sluice or canal attached for water distribution. The length of waste weir is 10 m with height of 3 ft. The base width of waste weir is 5 ft and top width is 3 ft. The tank has no sluice or canal for water distribution. Tank is located on Latitude: 25° 2'30.05"N and Longitude: 79° 6'14.56"E

Photograph of the Embankment

5.3 Hydrology: Hinni Sagar have catchment area is 373 ha. Submergence area is 11.2 ha. Depth of the tank is reduced from 5 m to 3.5m over years. Present tank storage capacity is reduced to 168000 cum. Water remains in tank between the months of July to March.

5.4 Tank Usage: Participants discussed that mainly tank is used for fish harvesting, livestock purposes and cleaning purposes. There are 10 families from the village doing fish farming in the tank from the month of July to month of January.

Table 11: Various benefits derived from the tank Sr No. Benefits Duration Number of Families 1 Bathing and washing of clothes August to December 75 2 Livestock purposes July to January 150 3 Fisheries July to January 10

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Tikamgarh Page 252

Fig 5: Map showing Hinni Sagar and its Catchment Area

5.5 Irrigation Benefits: The tank has no sluice or canal, and hence, is not meant for flow irrigation. About 64 farmers use water by lifting with their own individual oil engines. About 10 years ago, about 70 farmers used to irrigated their 110 ha of land in this manner. In the last year, 101 ha benefitted for 64 farmers. In addition, 50 ha area belonging to 70 farmers gets irrigation through recharge to 30 dugwells and 2 borewells.

Photograph of Fishing Activity

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Tikamgarh Page 253

6. Proposed Revival Measures

6.1 Proposed Measures: Under Bundelkhand Initiative for Water, Agriculture and Livelihoods Project, this tank was proposed for revival with the following interventions:

In Catchment area  Silt traps  Bunding and trenching  Gully plugs

In Submergence area  Silt removal  Silt arresting by vegetative barriers around the submergence area  Repair of Embankment

In command area  Water management  Drip irrigation  Horticulture  Climate smart techniques

6.2 Works Completed: Under Bundelkhand Initiative for Water, Agriculture and Livelihood Project, this tank was undertaken for revival in April 2019. In the first phase, silt removal was carried out during April-June 2019. About 11920.92 cum (4012 tractor trips) silt was applied in total area of 22.5 ha belonging to 86 farmers. The work was carried out under the aegis of the organisation Self-Reliant Initiative for Action (Srijan). As a part of tank revival in the coming year, Srijan is planning to carry field bunding and bund maintenance.

7. Potential Benefits

It is proposed to assess the initial impacts and to study the community’s plans and their preparedness for future at the end of Kharif season, in order to project broad trends on these aspects.

BIWAL Baseline Report of Tanks in District Tikamgarh Page 254