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Pumping and Slug Tests State of Ohio Environmental Protection Agency Division of Drinking and Ground Waters Technical Guidance Manual for Ground Water Investigations Chapter 4 Pumping and Slug Tests December 2006 Governor : Ted Strickland Director : Chris Korleski TECHNICAL GUIDANCE MANUAL FOR GROUND WATER INVESTIGATIONS CHAPTER 4 Pumping and Slug Tests December 2006 Revision 1 Ohio Environmental Protection Agency Division of Drinking and Ground Waters P.O. Box 1049 50 West Town Street Columbus, Ohio 43216-1049 Phone: 614-644-2752 http://www.epa.state.oh.us/ddagw/ PREFACE This chapter contains guidance for conducting and reporting on pumping and slug tests at sites that are being characterized because of suspected or known contamination, or are being evaluated for waste disposal. This chapter does not cover pumping tests for determining whether a ground water zone is capable of producing a sufficient yield for supply purposes. This document is part of a series of chapters incorporated in Ohio EPA’s Technical Guidance Manual for Hydrogeologic Investigations and Ground Water Monitoring (TGM), which was originally published in 1995. DDAGW now maintains this technical guidance as a series of chapters rather than as an individual manual. The chapters can be obtained at http://www.epa.state.oh.us/ddagw/tgmweb.aspx. The TGM identifies technical considerations for performing hydrogeologic investigations and ground water monitoring at potential or known ground water pollution sources. The purpose is to enhance consistency within the Agency and inform the regulated community of the Agency’s technical recommendations and the basis for them. In Ohio, the authority over pollution sources is shared among various Ohio EPA divisions, including the Emergency and Remedial Response (DERR), Hazardous Waste Management (DHWM), Solid and Infectious Waste (DSIWM), and Surface Water (DSW), as well as other state and local agencies. DDAGW provides technical support to these divisions. Ohio EPA utilizes guidance to aid regulators and the regulated community in meeting laws, rules, regulations and policy. Guidance outlines recommended practices and explains their rationale. The Agency may not require an entity to follow methods recommended by this or any other guidance document. It may, however, require an entity to demonstrate that an alternate method produces data and information that meet the pertinent requirements. The procedures used to meet requirements usually should be tailored to the specific needs and circumstances of the individual site, project, and applicable regulatory program, and should not comprise a rigid step-by-step approach that is utilized in all situations. TGM Chapter 4: Pumping and Slug Tests 4-ii Revision 1, December 2006 Major Changes from the February 1995 TGM The Ohio EPA Technical Guidance Manual for Hydrogeologic Investigations and Ground Water Monitoring (TGM) was finalized in 1995. This guidance document represents an update to Chapter 4 (Pumping and Slug Tests). Listed below are the major changes from the 1995 version. 1. Simplified the tables summarizing the various test analysis methods by removing detailed information that a reader could only understand if they were familiar with the details of the method. 2. Removed figures. Problems were encountered with obtaining permission to use figures from sources other than government documents. 3. Updated references. 4. Placed less focus on workplans and more on what and how pump and slug test data should be submitted. TGM Chapter 4: Pumping and Slug Tests 4-iii Revision 1, December 2006 TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE .................................................................................................................... 4-ii MAJOR CHANGES FROM THE FEBRUARY 1995 TGM ............................................ 4-iii SLUG TESTS ............................................................................................................... 4-1 DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE OF SLUG TEST .................................................. 4-2 Design of Well ................................................................................................... 4-2 Number of Tests ................................................................................................ 4-3 Test Performance and Data Collection .............................................................. 4-3 Modified Slug Tests ........................................................................................... 4-4 Packer Tests Within a Stable Borehole ........................................................ 4-4 Pressure Tests ............................................................................................ 4-4 Vacuum Tests .............................................................................................. 4-4 ANALYSIS OF SLUG TEST DATA ......................................................................... 4-5 PRESENTATION OF SLUG TEST DATA ............................................................... 4-7 SINGLE WELL PUMPING TESTS ............................................................................... 4-8 ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION OF SINGLE PUMPING TEST ......................... 4-9 MULTIPLE WELL PUMPING TESTS ......................................................................... 4-11 PRELIMINARY STUDIES ..................................................................................... 4-11 PUMPING TEST DESIGN ................................................................................... 4-12 Pumping Well Location .................................................................................... 4-12 Pumping Well Design ...................................................................................... 4-12 Pumping Rate .................................................................................................. 4-13 Pump Selection ............................................................................................... 4-13 Observation Well Number ............................................................................... 4-14 Observation Well Design ................................................................................. 4-14 Observation Well Depth ................................................................................... 4-14 Observation Well Location ............................................................................... 4-14 Duration of Pumping ........................................................................................ 4-16 Discharge Rate Measurement ......................................................................... 4-16 Discharge Measuring Devices ......................................................................... 4-16 Interval of Water Level Measurements ............................................................ 4-17 Pre-test Measurements .............................................................................. 4-17 Measurements During Pumping ................................................................. 4-18 Measurements During Recovery ................................................................ 4-18 Water Level Measurement Devices ................................................................. 4-18 Discharge of Pumped Water............................................................................ 4-19 Decontamination of Equipment........................................................................ 4-19 CORRECTION TO DRAWDOWN DATA .............................................................. 4-19 Barometric Pressure .................................................................................. 4-20 Saturated Thickness ........................................................................................ 4-21 Unique Fluctuations ......................................................................................... 4-21 Partially-Penetrating Wells .............................................................................. 4-22 Noordbergum Effect ....................................................................................... 4-22 ANALYSIS OF MULTIPLE WELL PUMPING TEST DATA ................................... 4-22 PRESENTATION OF MULTIPLE WELL TESTS DATA ........................................ 4-23 RECOVERY TESTS ............................................................................................. 4-26 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................... 4-35 TGM Chapter 4: Pumping and Slug Tests 4-iv Revision 1, December 2006 CHAPTER 4 PUMPING AND SLUG TESTS Slug and pumping tests are used to determine in-situ properties of water-bearing formations and define the overall hydrogeologic regime. Such tests can determine transmissivity (T), hydraulic conductivity (K), storativity (S), yield, connection between saturated zones, identification of boundary conditions, and the cone of influence of a pumping well in a extraction system. The hydraulic properties that can be determined are particular to the specific test method, instrumentation, knowledge of the ground water system, and conformance of site hydraulic conditions to the assumptions of the test method (ASTM 4043-96(2004). The selection of test method(s) depends primarily on the hydrogeology of the area being tested. Secondarily, the method is selected based on the testing conditions specified by a particular method, such as the method of stressing or causing water level changes in the ground water zone being evaluated and the requirements
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