A. Trgovina Arheološkim Nalazima Početkom 20. Stoljeća Na Primjeru Srijemske Mitrovice1 This Year Would Have Started Well If Only It Were Not for B
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vamz / 3. serija / liii (2o20) maja bunčić, ana solter: ta ova je godina dobra počela samo da ... / this year would have started well if only ... 203 ta ova je godina dobra počela samo da nije b. i g.'a. trgovina arheološkim nalazima početkom 20. stoljeća na primjeru srijemske mitrovice1 this year would have started well if only it were not for b. and g. the antiquites trade in sremska mitrovica at the turn of the 20th century 1 Maja Bunčić Maja Bunčić Ana Solter Ana Solter Arheološki muzej u Zagrebu Arhchaeological Museum in Zagreb Trg Nikole Šubića Zrinskog 19 Trg Nikole Šubića Zrinskog 19 HR-10000 Zagreb HR-10000 Zagreb [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] UDK/UDC: 930.25:351.853(497.113 Sremska Mitrovica)’’19’’ Izvorni znanstveni članak / Original scientific paper Rad prikazuje na koje su se sve načine početkom 20. stoljeća pri- This paper shows all the ways in which artefacts were collected, kupljali predmeti i formirale arheološke zbirke. Uz pregled prav- and archaeological collections compiled, at the beginning of nih okvira, ocrtane su okolnosti koje su obilježile nabavu pred- the 20th century. After providing an overview of the legal frame- meta na primjeru Srijemske Mitrovice, gdje je paralelno funkci- work, the circumstances typical of the procurement of artefacts onirala „prava arheologija”, kao i tipična preprodaja „starina”. are described using the example of Sremska Mitrovica, where Bogata korespondencija iz tog vremena, pohranjena u okviru ‘real archaeology’ co-existed simultaneously with a typical trade Dokumentarne zbirke Arheološkog muzeja u Zagrebu, omogući- in antiquities. The voluminous correspondence from that time, la nam je sagledati opće raspoloženje prema arheologiji i utjecaj stored within the Documentary Collection of the Archaeological pojedinaca na rast muzejskog fundusa. Kao posebno zanimljiva Museum in Zagreb, provides insight into the general attitude to- osoba, ističe se Georg (Gjuro) Griesbach, mitrovački urar i zlatar wards archaeology, as well as the impact individuals had on the te, kako doznajemo, trgovac starinama, čija se uloga i odnos sa increase of the museum’s holdings. Georg (Gjuro) Griesbach, a zagrebačkim Narodnim muzejom nastoji prikazati. Propituje se watchmaker and goldsmith from Mitrovica – and, as we found zaključno zašto se danas ne bi trebala provoditi praksa nabave out, an antiquities dealer – stands out as a particularly interest- predmeta koja je bila uobičajena za kraj 19. i početak 20. stoljeća. ing person, whose role and relationship with the Zagreb National Museum is presented. In conclusion, the question is posed as to why the practice of procuring artefacts, which was common in the late 19th century and early 20th, should not also be continued today. Ključne riječi: Key words: Srijemska Mitrovica, Narodni muzej, trgovina starinama, povijest arheologije, Sremska Mitrovica, National Museum, antiquities trade, history of archaeol- Ignjat Jung, Georg Griesbach ogy, Ignjat Jung, Georg Griesbach Ta ova je godina dobra počela samo da nije B. i G.’a.1 This year started well only if it were not for B. and G.1 - Trgovina arheološkim nalazima početkom 20. stoljeća na primje- Antiquities Trade in Sremska Mitrovica at the beginning of the 204 rumaja Srijemske bunčić, ana Mitrovice solter: ta ova je godina dobra počela samo da ... / this year would have20th started century well if only ... vamz / 3. serija / liii (2o20) Uvod Introduction Zbog povećane i razgranate međunarodne trgovine arheološkim As a consequence of the increased international trade in archae- predmetima u cijelome svijetu, arheološko je crno tržište vrlo ological antiquities throughout the world, the archaeological aktualna tema koja, dakako, posljedično propituje i koji bi stav black market has become a major topic, giving rise to questions muzeji trebali zauzeti u takvim situacijama.2 Kako bi se bolje spo- as to the position museums should take in such situations.2 To znali problemi u kojima se nalaze muzeji 21. stoljeća, analiziraju better understand the problems faced by museums in the 21st se prakse i zakoni u vremenu nastanka arheologije kao znanstve- century, this paper analyses the practices and laws applicable ne discipline, koje korespondira s vremenom najvećeg procvata at the time of the emergence of archaeology as a scientific dis- (današnjeg) Arheološkog muzeja u Zagrebu (kraj 19. i početak 20. cipline (late 19th century and early 20th). 3 This period was in fact stoljeća).3 Tada je, naime, trgovina starinama bila temeljni način the time of the greatest prosperity of (today’s) Archaeological priljeva građe (a u manjoj mjeri iskopavanja i darovi), posebno s Museum in Zagreb, when the antiquities trade represented a područja koja obiluju arheološkim lokalitetima kao što je Srijem. major source of museum acquisitions (followed by excavations Predmeti, koji su pristizali trgovinom, nisu imali najosnovnije and gifts), especially from such areas as Syrmia, with plenty of podatke o provenijenciji i kontekstu te danas arheolozima pred- archaeological sites. The antiquities obtained through trade stavljaju izazove koji su ponekad nerješivi. lacked basic information in terms of both their provenance and their context and pose, as such, a serious, sometimes insuper- Zbog svoje burne i bogate povijesti, Srijemska je Mitrovica sva- able, problem to archaeologists today. kako jedan od najpoznatijih arheoloških lokaliteta u Srijemu, ali i šire. U geografskom i strateškom smislu ima vrlo povoljan Due to its rich and turbulent history, Sremska Mitrovica is one of položaj na savskoj obali, pogodnoj za prirodnu obranu, promet i the most famous archaeological sites in Syrmia and beyond. In trgovinu. Ipak, Sava je imala i svoj negativni aspekt te su razvoj geographical and strategic terms, it has a very favourable posi- i širenje grada diktirale okolne podzemne vode i močvare. Grad tion on a bank of the Sava suitable for natural defence, traffic se (Sirmium) već u ranorimsko doba razvio kao raskrižje puteva i and trade. However, the position on the River Sava has also had prerastao u administrativno ekonomsko središte Donje Panonije, its negative aspect. The groundwater and wetlands around the što je utjecalo i na daljnji tijek događaja.4 city dictated its development and expansion. The city (Sirmium) developed as a major crossroads in the early Roman period and Srijemska županija do formiranja Kraljevine Srba, Hrvata i Slo- gradually grew into the administrative and economic centre of venaca dio je Kraljevine Hrvatske, Slavonije i Dalmacije unutar Lower Pannonia.4 Austro-Ugarske Monarhije. Arheološka je baština tog područja u nadležnosti Arheološkog odjela Narodnog muzeja, preteče da- Until the formation of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, našnjeg Arheološkog muzeja u Zagrebu (dalje: Muzej). Mitrovica Syrmia County was part of the Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia and je upravo u razdoblju od kraja 19. stoljeća pa sve do početka Pr- Dalmatia within the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. The archaeo- voga svjetskog rata jedan od važnijih punktova iz kojeg pristiže logical heritage of this area was under the jurisdiction of the arheološka građa za Muzej kao rezultat arheoloških iskopavanja, Archaeological Department of the National Museum, the fore- djelovanja povjerenika, darova i otkupa, putovanja djelatnika runner of today’s Archaeological Museum in Zagreb (hereinafter: 1 Arhiv Arheološkog Muzej u Zagrebu (dalje: AAMZ) 40a, Srijemska Mitrovi- 1 Archives of the Archaeological Museum in Zagreb (hereinafter: AAMZ) ca, 1902, Dopis I. Junga J. Brunšmidu, br. 54. (Jung 155) – „Ta ova je godina dobra 40a, Srijemska Mitrovica, 1902, Letter from I. Jung to J. Brunšmid, no. 54. (Jung počela samo da nije B. i G.’a. Ja sam već mislio da što napišem, premda u glav- 155): “This year would have started well if only it were not for B. and G. I want- nom ovđe svi za arheol. mare, kao što reče blagopok. Ljubić, kao za lajnski snijeg. ed to write something, although in general everyone here, to paraphrase the Ja sam zadovoljan sa indolencijom samo ako bar po koje – poruge neima. Kao late Ljubić, cares about archaeology like last year’s snow. I am satisfied with obično extremi ili bagatelizovanje (uništavane starina) ili precijenjivanje (cijene indolence only if there is no mockery. As the usual extremes, either trivializa- à la G.).“ – Ignjat Jung često je u svojim pismima za Gjuru Griesbacha pisao samo tion (destruction of antiquities) or overestimation (prices à la G.)”. Ignjat Jung of- G., dok se B. odnosi na Hinka (Heinricha) Batora. – Ovaj je rad nastao u vrijeme ten refers to Gjuro Griesbach only by his initial ‘G.’, and to Hinko (Heinrich) Ba- pandemije Covid-19 i potresa u Zagrebu 2020. godine te su se autorice često sje- tor as ‘B.’. This paper was created during the Covid-19 pandemic and the Zagreb tile Jungovih riječi: „Ta ova je godina dobra počela samo da nije ...“ koje su stoga earthquake of 2020, and the authors often remembered Jung’s words: “This year kao evokaciju na te događaje i iskoristile u naslovu. would have started well if only...” which they have therefore used as an evoca- 2 Brodie 2006; Manacorda, Chappell 2011; Lazrus, Barker 2012; Filipović, Va- tion of these events in the title. sić 2017; Гуштин 2017. 2 Brodie 2006; Manacorda, Chappell 2011; Lazrus, Barker 2012; Filipović, 3 Novaković 2015, 71−72. Vasić 2017; Гуштин 2017. 4 Na području grada kontinuitet naseljavanja prati se od neolitika, no naj- 3 Novaković 2015, 71−72. veći prosperitet doživljava kao antički Sirmij u 3. i 4. stoljeću, a nakon slavne po- 4 The city’s greatest prosperity was achieved as ancient Sirmium in the 3rd vijesti u sastavu Rimskog Carstva osvajaju ga Huni, zatim istočni Goti i Gepidi, and 4th centuries, and after a glorious history as part of the Roman Empire, it potom je kratko u vlasti Bizanta te konačno Avara. Kasnije je (9. st.) u sastavu Bu- was conquered by the Huns, then the Ostrogoths and Gepids, was briefly part garske, dolaskom Mađara u sastavu je Bizanta i Ugarske naizmjenično sve do of Byzantium, and finally conquered by the Avars.