Index

9/11 219, 264 Antall, József (1932–93) 277 Antemurale 87 Academy of Sciences anti-Bolshevism 101, 112, 285 Academy of the Tartu University anti-Communism 131, 139, 142, 146, 208 148, 172–3, 185, 193, 209 Imperial Academy of Science 48 anti-conformism 216 Russian Academy 5 antifascist coalition 130, 139 Yugoslav Academy 20 see also Coalition ACIPS Alumni 229 anti-religious policies 118 ACTA report 264 anti-Russian feelings 45, 112, 139, 215, Al-Assad, Bashar (1965–) 281 285 Albanians 21, 38, 52–3, 122, 186, 216, anti-Russian opposition 45 252, 273 anti-Russian patriots 223 and Albanian question 62 anti-Semitism 25, 31–2, 107, 126, 145, and 252–3 193, 296 Aleksandar I Karađorđević, King and anti-Semitism without Jews 155 (1888–1934) 100 anti-Soviet reaction 215 Aleksandravičius, Egidijus 6, 23, 26, Antonov-Ovseenko, Vladimir 46, 225 (1883–1938) 70 Alexander I, Emperor and Tsar apparatchik 148 (1777–1825) 15 Arab–Israeli conflict 145 Alexander II, Emperor and Tsar Aralov, Semyon (1880–1969) 94 (1818–81) 56 aristocracy 8, 12, 18, 26, 41, 44–5, 74, Alexander III, Emperor and Tsar 202, 289 (1845–94) 44 Cossack nobles 56 Alfieri, Vittorio (1749–1803) 16 dvorjanstvo 46 alphabet 24, 27, 204, 222 and German nobility 42–3 Arabic 102 Magyarized aristocracy 26 Cyrillic 24, 44, 103 Polonized nobles 8, 23, 26 Latin 25, 44, 102–3 and Swedish lords 42 Amato, Giuliano (1938–) 252 Aristotle (384–322 BC) 16 Ambartsumov, Yevgeny 161 Armenians 52, 84–5, 93 anarchists 2, 41 and Armenian State 93 ancien régime 8 Armia Krajowa 126 Andreeva, Nina (1938–) 208 Armia Ludowa 133 annexation 4, 10, 12, 30, 36, 49, 65, 75, Aryan worship 107 98, 110, 119, 124, 133, 159, 161, Ashdown, Paddy (1941–) 240 197, 209, 222, 278–9, 285 assimilation 18, 25, 27, 31, 38, 44, 78, Soviet annexation 202, 210, 213 81, 96, 100, 141, 180–81, 248, 287 and double annexation 203 Association of the Awakening Anschluss 75, 109 Hungarians 106

329

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asylum seekers see refugees and Baltic Germans 64, 66, 69, 202 Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal (1881–1938) Baltic round table 217 93, 102 United Baltic Duchy 212 atheists 288 see also Baltic states (Geographic Atlantic Charter 79, 129 index) Atlantic military organization see Baltische Landeswehr 74 NATO Ban, Matija (1818–1903) 27 atomic bomb 131 Barbarossa, operation 118, 124, 126 Ausgleich see Austro-Hungary Batory, Stefan (1533–86) 6 austerity measures 187–8, 190, 204, 264 Bauer, Otto (1881–1938) 55, 80 and austerity policy 194 Bauman, Zygmunt (1925–2017) 56, Austro-Hungary see Geographic index 169, 259, 265, 296 and Ausgleich 50, 55, 61, 96 Beck, Józef (Polish General) and Dual Monarchy 5, 50, 55, 59, (1894–1944) 109 63, 80, 96 Belgrade agreement 234 and federalization of Austro- Beneš decrees 139, 197 Hungary 72 Berisha, Sali (1944–) 273 and Tripartite Monarchy 55–6 Berklavs, Eduard (1914–2004) 117, 205 see also Congress of the Oppressed Berlin consensus 254 Peoples Berlin wall see walls Austro-Marxism 55, 79 Berlin, Congress of 30, 49 autonomy 25, 38, 42–3, 45, 49, 52–3, Berzins, Andris (1944–) 224 62, 67, 70, 86, 93, 110, 120, 130, besieged fortress 187 145, 157–8, 160, 164, 202, 209, bias 10, 32, 83, 130, 178, 185, 194, 217, 228, 253, 270 228, 237, 244, 262, 293 budgetary autonomy 207 Bibó, István (1911–79) 105 cultural autonomy 55, 79–80 Bilandžić, Dušan (1924–2015) 227 and Tomsk Oblast 80 Bismarck, Otto von (1815–98) 22 district autonomy 164 Bloc see Camp economic autonomy 24, 206–7 Bohemian historical right 196 statute of autonomy 182 Bolkestein directive 250 and territorial autonomy 146 Bologna process 261 awakening 9, 106 Bonaparte, Napoleon I (1769–1821) and national awakening 208 10, 12, 27, 41 Axis 121, 124, 141 and Napoleon Code 10 and Napoleonic campaigns 4, 9, 258 backwardness 10, 41 Bonaparte, Napoleon III (1808–73) 16, Badinter Commission 154, 269, 272 20 bailout 189 borders 1–2, 9–10, 28, 35–6, 39–40, 47, Bakunin, Mikhail (1814–76) 19 49, 52, 55–6, 58, 62–3, 66, 69, 76, Bălcescu, Nicolae (1819–52) 18, 79 78, 81, 85, 87–90, 94, 98, 104–5, Balkan (con)federation 136–8 109, 114, 116, 119, 127–8, 131–4, Balkan League 52 136, 139, 141, 143, 145–6, 149, 138 151–5, 157, 164, 172–4, 179–81, Balkan route 253 192, 202, 212, 217, 228, 241, 245, Balkan wars 32, 36, 53–4, 94, 121 248, 252, 259, 261, 268, 273–9, Balkanization 185, 245, 253 281–4, 293, 296 Balladur Initiative 154, 217, 248, 277 administrative demarcation lines Baltic Germans see Baltic provinces 154, 159, 279 Baltic provinces 42, 44–5, 69 and border fence 174

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and borders protection 191, 262 Cavour, Camillo Benso (1810–61) 20, and international recognized borders 105 151 Ceauşescu, Nicolae (1918–89) 143 razor-wire fence 174 Cebesoy, Ali Fuat (1882–1968) 94 revision of borders 153 censorship 17, 42, 44, 118, 206 Borot’bism 86 census 186, 237, 278 Bošković, Ruđer (or Ruggero Central Banks 259 Boscovich) (1711–87) 26 European 258, 297 Bosnia-Herzegovina see Geographic French 259 index German 259 Constitutional Court of Bosnia- Central European Free Trade Herzegovina 235, 242 Agreement (CEFTA) 200 federation of Bosnia-Herzegovina Central Powers 36, 58–9, 61–4, 68–9, 228–9 81 Brandt, Willy (1913–92) 143 centralization 8–11, 17, 30, 52, 81, Brazauskas, Algirdas (1932–2010) 210 100–101, 103, 107, 180, 207 Brčko, status of 234 Charles I, Emperor (1887–1922) 72 Breivik, Anders (1979–) 264, 286 Charlie Hebdo 282 Brexit 262–3, 267–8, 274, 286, 295 Charter of Fundamental Rights see Brezhnev, Leonid (1906–82) 143, 186, Rights 205–6 Chernobyl 206–7 and Brezhnev doctrine 171, 172 Chernyshevsky, Nikolai (1828–89) 19 BRICS 164, 289 /Četnici 131, 196 British-ness 275 Chicherin, Georgy (1872–1936) 94, Brodsky, Iosif (1940–96) 296 113 Broglio, Emilio (1814–92) 100 Christ, Jesus 106 bronze soldier 220, 224 Christianity 3, 43, 93, 106 Brzezinski, Zbigniew (1928–2017) 185 and Christians 288 Buchanan, Allen (1948–) 37, 294 Church see buffer zone 223 Churchill, Winston (1874–1965) 129, Bund 46, 80 131, 136–7 Bundesbank 253, 259 CIA 151, 209 Burrows, Ronald (1867–1920) 83 Cicero, Marcus Tullius (106–43 BC) 26 Bush, George W. (1946–) 159, 161, 219 citizenship 109, 171, 204, 212–15, 217–18, 220–21, 248, 250, 288 Cameron, David (1966–) 194, 263, 268, and European citizenship 204 286 non-citizens 221 Camp see also European Union Camps of Calais 175 civil wars 63, 164, 173, 181 Socialist Camp 130, 143, 145, 171, American Civil War 19 186, 206–7 English Civil War 16 Soviet Camp 146, 185–7, 243 Finnish Civil War 62 candidate countries 154, 217, 219, 248, Greek Civil War 136–8 251, 254, 273, 275 Russian Civil War 36, 61, 70, 72–3, canton 101, 229, 235, 237–8, 240–41 85–6, 89, 202 and cantonization 81, 196 Spanish Civil War 2 Carbonari, secret society 16 class struggle 42, 262, 287 Carpatho-Rusyns 64 Clinton, Bill (1946–) 1, 228 Catherine II, Empress (1729–96) 5, 10, coalition 44, 50, 130, 139, 197, 213, 12 238–9, 243, 248, 274, 289

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Cold War 130, 142, 147–9, 169, 172–3, consociationalism 294 176, 197, 204, 244, 256 Constituent Assembly (of Galicia and and Cold War walls 172 Bukovina) 72 collective rights 10, 19, 79, 230, 232–3, and constituent peoples 186, 229, 236 230, 235 collective security 113, 179, 294 Constitution collectivization 118, 129, 139, 204 1974 Yugoslav C. 157, 185 colonies 248 1977 Soviet C. 202–3 colonists 69, 124, 214–15 Constitutional Court 190, 222, Cominform 138 235–6, 242, 274, 297 Commission on the Balkans 252 of the RSFSR 84 common currency 136, 178, 194, 204, Spanish Constitutional Court 182, 250, 253–4, 260–61, 264, 271, 286, 270, 274 295 “Continuation war” see Winter war Commonwealth continuity argument 285 Commonwealth of Independent Copenhagen criteria 218, 248, 277 States (CIS) 153 Corriere della Sera 83, 176–7 Commonwealth partition 11 cosmopolitanism 4, 8–9, 13, 29, 172, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 193 4–5, 7, 11–12, 15, 25–6, 43, 46, popular culture 13, 207 66, 74, 87, 101, 178, 202–3, 223 and autochthonous cultures 46 Communism 64, 80, 126, 142, 144, 148, transnational culture 193 185, 197–8, 216, 224–5, 236, 250, Cossacks 44 284, 287, 290, 293 from the Don 70 Communist ideology 139, 172, 192 of Zaporozhia 6 Communist internationalism 85, see also aristocracy 145, 172, 285 Council of Europe 218, 268, 275 national Communism 205 coup d’état 121, 124, 143, 269 War Communism 71 and 1991 August coup 152, 211 Communist Parties 73, 121, 137, 145, Coustine Astolphe, Marquis de (1790– 186, 205 1857) 41 and Communist Hardliners 202, Creek people 271 207, 209, 211–13 Crimea Communist Leadership 147, 192 and Crimean annexation 159 and Communist Party of Soviet Crimean war 41 Union (CPSU) 145, 203, 209, Khanate of Crimea 5 211, 213 crimes against humanity 130, 138, 141, see also League of Communists of 227 crisis competition 3, 25, 32, 161, 226, 256, economic crisis 147, 164, 187–8, 191, 265, 277 194, 199, 256, 260, 266, 270, sub-continental 191 286, 295 Congress financial crisis 189, 194, 295 Communist Party Congress 211 global crisis 251 Congress of the Oppressed Peoples Croatian-ness 26, 29 of Austro-Hungary 83 Curzon, George Nathaniel Lord Eighth Party Congress 86 (1859–1925) 89 Estonian Congress 212 Curzon line 89, 90, 92, 132 Twentieth Congress of CPSU 145 Cutileiro, José (1934–) 227 conscripts 127, 129, 224 Cvijić, Jovan (1865–1927) 29

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Cyprus partition 269 deportation 39, 45, 67, 118, 124, 129, and Turkish military intervention 133, 204–5, 207, 209, 224 143, 269 destalinization 142, 186, 205, 207 and Turkish Republic of Northern Destrée, Jules (1863–1936) 83 Cyprus 159, 177, 269 diaspora 93, 146, 172, 226 Czartoryski, Adam Jerzy (or Adomas dictatorship 36, 130, 143, 185, 190–91, Jurgis Čartoriskis) (1770–1861) 204, 244, 291, 293 14–15, 17, 23–4, 29, 43, 79 Dimitrov, Georgi (1882–1949) 136–8 Czechoslovakism 56, 82, 180, 248 diplomas 257, 261 and Czechoslovak language 100 Directorate 71–2, 243 and Czecho-Slovak troops 84 discrimination 14, 38, 106, 215, 230, 242, 262, 297 Daesh 130, 281 diversity 22, 38, 165, 167, 170, 172, Danubian–Balkan association of 180, 191, 257, 264, 285 peoples 17 Dmowski, Roman (1864–1939) 25, 29 Darwinism 25, 32 Dodik, Milorad (1959–) 241–2 36, 150–51, 155, Dollfuss, Engelbert (1892–1934) 109 227, 230, 241, 245, 247 Draghi, Mario (1947–) 258 and Dayton Constitution 229, 235, Dreyfus, Alfred (1859–1935) 31–2 237–8, 241 Dual Monarchy see Austro-Hungary Dayton negotiations 231, 234–5, Dubček, Alexander (1921–92) 172, 241, 247 197 and GFAP (General Framework Dublin regulation 174 Agreement for Peace) 228–9, and Dublin III 174 233–5, 239, 241–2 Duma 25, 59, 215 De Maistre, Joseph (1753–1821) 41 Dumbarton Oaks 132 debt Dvorjanstvo see aristocracy foreign debt 187–8 and Sovereign debt 188, 190, 253, Eastern partnership 223 266, 271, 294 ecology decentralization 81, 101, 185, 234, 270 ecological protests 206–7 Declaration of the Rights of Peoples of and Dam on the Daugava river 207 Russia 62, 67, 84 and Green protest 207 Dekanozov, Vladimir (1898–1953) 117 economy 59, 164, 189, 216, 253, 256, Delors Commission 249 296 Delors, Jacques (1925–) 249–50, 283 and economic unity 256 democracy 19, 37, 56, 100, 145, 169, global economy 256 176, 179–80, 183–4, 191, 194–6, social market economy 253, 295 199, 200–201, 216, 233, 239, 247, see also crisis 256–60, 265, 280, 282, 288, 289, education 4–8, 27, 31–2, 41, 44, 46, 290–94, 297–8 48–9, 70–71, 76, 80, 100–103, 141, and democratic deficit 251, 258 172, 178, 191, 200, 204, 222, 237, liberal democracies 81, 293–4 256–7, 260–62, 265, 288–9, 297 national democracy 292 and educational system 71, 101, 237 and Swiss liberal experience 294 joint programs 204, 219 democratic centralism 102 transnational education 257 demography 8, 215, 275 elites 4, 12, 21, 30, 100, 103, 128, demos 38 145–9, 179, 192, 196, 199, 204, Denikin, Anton Russian General 225, 230, 238, 240, 243, 261, 264, (1872–1947) 89 287, 296

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and political elite 29, 100, 128, 192, and ethnic plurality 158, 189 240, 248 ethnic ratio 103, 186, 189, 191, emancipation 19, 37, 44, 47, 62, 77, 79, 235–6, 238–9 102 ethnic separation 39, 246 émigrés 18, 213 ethnocracy 38 and anti-Communist émigrés 148, Ministry for Ethnic Relations 193, 209 (Estonian) 213 and organizations in exile 172 and multiple ethnic independent see also migrations states 149 empires ethnos 29, 38, 182 Austro-Hungarian empire 28, 49–50, Eurasian Economic Union 161 82–3, 97 Euro-Atlantic Institutions 217 Byzantine empire 93 community 233, 236, 240, 289 colonial empire 37, 82, 84–5, 92, 183, liberal democracies 293 240 perception 212 German empire 2, 61, 69, 202 Eurobarometer 258 Habsburg empire 15, 17–18, 27, 50, European Stability Initiative 229 77, 84, 141 European Union (EU) 3, 154, 217, 284 imperial oppressors 81 and communitarian legislation 218 imperial threats 223 conditionality 218, 242–3, 245, 248, Ottoman empire 6, 18, 28, 41, 48–50, 254 52, 63, 70, 82, 92 enlargement eastward 169 172, 175, pre-modern dynastic empire 56, 183 217, 220, 223, 242, 250–51, 260, Roman empire 10, 107 273, 276 Russian empire 6, 15, 24, 45, 47, 61, enlargement fatigue 223, 258 64, 72, 89 EU membership 39, 154, 177, 190, Tsarist empire 4, 24, 41, 46, 48, 59, 204, 217–19, 220–23, 242–3, 62, 65, 68, 86, 88, 118, 201–2, 248, 251, 268, 271, 273, 276, 208 274, 289–90 Ems Ukase 47–8 EU Parliament 164 English-ness 275–6 EU political union 204, 258, 285, enlightenment 4–11, 16, 27, 31, 41, 75, 297 79, 100–101 European Central Bank 258, 297 and rationalism 14, 27 European citizenship 204 Enosis (union) 143 European Commission 174–5, 230, entity 122, 155, 228–30, 234, 235–9, 251, 253, 258–60, 268, 271, 281, 241–2, 246, 250, 271, 278, 297 289, 297 third entity 234 European Community 154, 191, 208, Erasmus program 240, 260–61, 296 227 Estonian rifle corps 128 European confederation 216 Estonian-ness 212 European Council 154, 182, 242, ETA 274 248, 250, 272, 282 see ethnic state European Court of Human Rights ethnic state 92, 109, 133, 147, 181, 231 230, 281 and ethnic cleansing 26, 39, 40, 94, European Higher Education Area 122, 124, 127, 130, 133, 138–9, (EHEA) 172, 256, 261 141–2, 153, 180, 193, 232, 247, European widening and deepening 264, 269, 287 187, 249 ethnic key 227, 230, 237, 240–41, Eurozone 189–90, 251, 254, 258–60, 243–4 264, 297

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Eurostat 221 freedom, of peoples 8, 15, 30–31, 35, Evans, Arthur Sir (1851–1941) 83 105, 129, 204, 244 extermination 121–2, 124, 126, 130 Freikorps 74 frozen conflicts 155 family 14, 17, 23, 43, 122, 175, 187, 201, 213, 232, 246, 256, 259, 285, 291 Gaddafi, Muammar (1942–2011) 281 Farage, Nigel (1964–) 267 Gaj, Ljudevit (or Ludwig Gay) fascism 2, 25, 107, 139, 224–5 (1809–72) 28 and nostalgic fascism 182 Garašanin, Ilija (1812–74) 15, 20, 29 Faulkner, William (1897–1962) 169 Garibaldi, Giuseppe (1807–82) 19–20, Faymann, Werner (1960–) 173 104–5 federation 15–21, 36–7, 55, 65, 84, Gellner, Ernst (1925–95) 265 87–9, 92, 103, 113, 136, 138–49, gender 32, 193, 259, 285, 291 152, 157, 159, 163, 180–81, and gender equality 257, 282 185–91, 196–7, 199, 218, 228–9, General Framework Agreement for 231, 233–6, 242, 271, 278, 281 Peace (GFAP) see Dayton and decentralized federation 189 agreement federal component 136, 155, 157, genocide 26, 39, 93, 121, 126, 138, 141, 186 180, 227, 231–2, 249 and federal ideas 21, 180 Georgian war 222–3 socialist federations 37, 148, 154–5, Gerasimov, Gennady (1930–2010) 171 180–81, 183, 222, 265, 269, 279, German exodus 139 293–4 German Reich 22, 61, 63, 85, 119, 197 feminism 5 German unification 4, 20, 37, 56, and anti-feminism 25 148–9, 160, 275 festivals GDR clause 275 folk music festival 206, 208 German National Assembly 17 jazz festival 206 German precedent 149, 181, 275 Lāčplēsis festival 208 Great German Duchy 61 song festival 296, 208 summer rock festival 208 Greater Germany 85 Tallinn Song Festival Grounds 208 and Nazi Germany 75, 118, 224 Fichte, Johann Gottlieb (1762–1814) see also empires 10, 14, 25, 31 glasnost’ 206 Finci, Jakob (1943–) 230, 237, 247 globalization 169–70, 177, 179, 181–3, Fischer, Joshka (1948–) 258 186–7, 191, 204, 222, 225, 244, Fitoussi, Jean Paul (1942–) 254 260, 279, 282, 289, 295 Flemish nationalists 276 Good Friday see Ireland folklore 13, 24, 46, 276 Gorbachev, Mikhail (1931–) 144, 148, Ford, Gerald (1913–2006) 128 152–3, 183, 186, 203, 206–7, forest brothers 129, 133, 204 209–12, 216 four common spaces 219 Gorbunovs, Anatolijs (1942–) 214 four plus two agreement 212 governance 11, 177, 187, 189, 191, 194, Four Year Diet 11 199, 226, 230, 232–3, 235–40, 243, Fourteen Points 81–2 246, 256, 258, 266, 287, 294–5, 297 Franco, Francisco (1892–1975) 2, 270 Great Patriotic War 225 Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Great Terror 103 Austria-Este (1863–1914) 55 see also terror 62, 73 Fraser, Robert 247 Greece Frederick the Great, King (1712–86) 5 Greek National Union 101

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Greek People’s Liberation Army human capital 261, 288 (EAM-ELAS) 137–8 human rights see rights Grexit 189, 264, 286 and European framework and Italian invasion of 137 convention for minority rights Gulyás, Gergely (1981–) 175 275 Gundulić, Ivan (or Giovanni Gondola) human traffickers 173 (1589–1638) 26 Hungarian Credo 106 Hungarian Cultural League 106 Hagia Sophia 93 Hungarian National Defense Hahn, Johannes (1957–) 230 Association 106 Hangö 116 Hungarian-ness 17 Hasani, Sinan (1922–2010) 189 Huntington, Samuel (1927–2008) 287 Havel, Václav (1936–2011) 198, 200 Husák, Gustáv (1913–91) 197 Helsinki-86 group 207 Helsinki conference 128, 159, 205 identity 6–8, 12–13, 17, 23–7, 31, 39, Herder, Johann Gottfried (1744–1803) 43, 46, 47, 49, 178–9, 183, 198, 9, 13, 24, 31, 275 200, 206, 219–20, 223, 237–8, 250, heritage 200, 206–7, 288 261, 274–5, 278, 280, 285, 287–8, and national heritage 207 291 heterogeneity 42, 76, 172–3, 175, 194, and Central European identity 198, 257, 281, 292 200 Hetmanate 71–2 identity construction 23, 26 Hezbollah 281 and Nordic identification 219 High Representative (HR) 233, 240 and supranational Soviet identity high speed trains 257 205 Hitler, Adolf (1889–1945) 36, 75, 104, ideology 22, 30, 35, 94, 105, 127, 141, 107, 109–10, 113–14, 116, 119, 147, 172, 180, 185, 192–3, 232 121–5, 127–8, 130, 133–4, 138, 141 and Communist ideology 139, 172 Hlinka, Andrej (1864–1938) 101 liberal ideology 245, 265 Holbrooke, Richard (1941–2010) 227, liberal-democratic front 81 247 Marxist–Leninist ideology 80 Hollande, François (1954–) 283, 286, neoliberalism 200, 254, 295 295 illegal argument 203 Holocaust 39, 126, 197, 224–5 illiberal temptations 297 see also Shoah Illyrism 10, 27 Holodomor 133 and Illyrian provinces 9 Holy Alliance 18 Illyrian ideals 20 homogeneity 25, 31, 100, 130, 172–3, Imbriani, Matteo Renato (1843–1901) 178–9, 182, 222, 247, 262, 265–6, 105 288, 291, 292, 294 immigration 176, 194, 205, 262, 264, and homogenization 9, 14, 25, 30, 284, 295 148, 169, 173, 179, 181, 193–4, and immigrants 174, 209, 212, 214, 196, 200–201, 215, 222, 227, 281, 287–8, 291 231–2, 237–8, 245, 247, 256, and migrants 182, 191, 193–4, 221, 259, 265, 288 281–2, 284–6 and liberal homogeneity 179, 247, see also migrations 293 Imperialism 94, 104, 179, 240 Horthy, Miklós (1868–1957) 98 Age of Imperialism 30, 32 House Inquiry 81, 247 inclusiveness 23, 38, 175, 177, 183, 245, Hoxha, Enver (1908–85) 136–7 250, 257, 262, 264, 282, 294, 297

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independence 1–2, 5, 8, 12, 14, 19–20, Iron Guard 101 22, 28, 35, 37, 39, 41–2, 49–50, 52, irredentism 104–6 61–70, 72–4, 77–9, 81–5, 87–8, Italia irredenta 105 93–4, 110, 117, 119, 127, 130, 134, and unredeemed lands 105­–7 141, 146, 148, 152–5, 157–9, 164, Iskolat 66, 69 166, 177–8, 180–81, 183–4, 199, 193 201–3, 206–16, 220, 224–5, 231, and Islamic fundamentalists 52 234, 241, 244, 248, 263, 266–72, IT communications 257, 265 274–9, 290 see also Internet and declaration of independence 69, Izetbegović, Alija (1925–2003) 228, 153, 210, 213, 270, 278–9 231 indigenization (or Korenizacija) 102–3, 142 Jadwiga or Hedvig of Anjou, Queen of industrialization 78, 100, 197, 204 Poland (1373–99) 7 inequality 44, 194, 197, 286, 293 Jagiellonian rule 7, 132 injustice 106, 193, 273 Janus 146 insurrection Jasenovac 122 1863 insurrection 45, 47 Jelačić Josip, Ban of (1801–59) integration 21, 39, 56, 66, 134, 136, 18 177, 179, 201, 217, 234, 243, 263, Jesuits 6, 23 295, 296–7 Jews 25, 29, 32, 39, 46, 64, 71, 75, and EU integration 66, 69, 78, 80, 121–2, 124, 126, 138, 142, 145, 92, 94, 201, 204, 222, 226, 197, 237 244–5, 248–50, 253, 256–8, 260, Jewry 130, 224 266, 273, 277, 283, 286, 288–90, Judaism 32, 126 292–4 and Yiddish 32 interculturality 119, 226, 293 Jogaila, Grand Duke, later King interdependence 3, 147, 169, 172, Władysław II Jagiełło (1362–1434) 186–7, 238, 245, 257–8, 265, 279, 7 289, 291 Johnson, Boris (1964–) 267 Intermarium see Prometheus Joseph II, Emperor (1741–90) 5 internal passport 102 Josipović, Ivo (1957–) 272 international Jović, Dejan (1968–) 183, 192, 272 and Communist internationalism 85, Juncker, Jean-Claude (1954–) 251, 282 145, 172 Junker 22 socialist international 79 International Court of Justice 269, Kaczyński, Lech (1949–2010) 88 279, 281 kajkavian 28 Internet 292 Kant, Emmanuel (1724–1804) 14 and Internet connection 257, 296 Karađorđević, Pavle (1893–1976) 121 see also IT communications Karađorđević, Petar II, King Inuit 271 (1923–70) 122 investments 187–8, 254 Karađorđević dynasty 83 expansive investments 189 Karađorđevo meeting 227 Inzko, Valentin (1949–) 241–2 Karadžić, Vuk (1787–1864) 28–9 Ireland Karavelov, Ljuben (1834/5–1879) 20 Belfast Agreement 1 Kemal, Mustafa (called Atatürk) 93–4, Good Friday 1 102 and Irish independence 1 Kerensky, Aleksandr (1881–1970) 70 Iron Curtain 171–2, 216 KGB 209

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Khazar Khanate 32 and polycentric language 81 Khrushchev, Nikita (1894–1971) 145, standard language 256, 259 160, 205–6 and standardization 8, 13, 100, 165, Khudoley, Konstantin (1951–) 117, 245 128 see also vernacular Klan (TV) 273 Lansing, Robert (1864–1928) 82–4 Klaus, Václav (1941–) 198–200 and Lansing memorandum 83 Knaus, Gerald 240 Latgalians 42 Kofi Annan plan 269 Landesrat 79 Kommunist, magazine 205 Latvians 13, 16, 38, 42–4, 64, 74, 214, Kopitar, Juraj (1780–1844) 27 221 Korean war 129 and Latvian provisional national Kornilov, Lavr Russian General council 69 (1870–1918) 59 Lauristin, Marju 220 Kościuszko, Tadeusz (1746–1817) 12, low cost flights 257, 296 29 Le Pen, Marie (1968–) 283, 295 kosher supermarket 282 League of Communists of Yugoslavia 185, 189–90 Kosovar declaration of see also Communist parties; Parties independence 279 League of Nations 75, 113, 116 Kosovar Parliament 253 Lebensraum 124 Kosovar 252 Leibnitz, Gottfried (1646–1716) 5 Kossuth, Lajos (1802–94) 14, 17–18, Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov 20, 79 (1870–1924) 37, 62, 66, 68, 76–80, Kozyrev, Andrei (1951–) 161 82, 84, 86, 90, 92, 94, 98, 102, 104, Krajger, Sergej (1914–2001) 190 142, 145, 172 Krėvė-Mickevičious, Vincas LGBT community 220, 257, 285 (1882–1954) 117 Lieven, Anatol (1960–) 66, 126, 215 Kropotkin, Pëtr (1842–1921) 19, 29 lifestyle 129, 175, 206, 256, 260, 262–3, Krugman, Paul (1953–) 254, 271 282, 292, 297 Krūmiņš, Vilis (1919–2000) 205 and Western/Christian lifestyle agreement 155, 157, 234 182 Kun, Béla (1886–1938) 96 Lincoln, Abraham (1809–65) 19 Kurds 93, 130 List, Friedrich (1789–1846) 79 Kymlicka, Will (1962–) 37, 294 Litbel Republic 74 literature 5, 7, 12–13, 16, 23–4, 31, 46, Lambert, Hôtel 15 102, 106, 105 landowners 22, 24, 41, 45, 55, 59, 65, and international (scholarly) 71, 88–90 literature 29–30, 187 Landsbergis, Vytautas (1932–) 210 Lithuanian rogue units 126 language 5–9, 11–13, 17–18, 22, 24, Litvinov, Maxim (1876–1951) 113 26–8, 31, 42–7, 48, 57, 66, 80, 82, Locke, John (1632–1704) 16 100, 102, 105, 128, 141, 160, 166, London Pact 104 169, 196, 204, 212–13, 215, 221–2, London School of Economics 268 242, 248, 275, 277, 291, 297 Louis XIV, king of France 2012 language act 160 (1638–1715) 8 European Charter for Regional or loyalty oath 215 Minority Languages see Lublin Union 23, 43 minorities Luxemburg, Rosa (1871–1919) 46, and national language 12, 100, 246 77–8

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Maapäev 59, 65, 69 Адам Берна́рд Міцкевіч) Macedonia (1798–1855) 23 and Slavic Macedonians 94, 96, 137 Middle Ages 9, 16, 56, 132, 275 Machiavelli, Niccolò (1469–1527) 261, migrations 39–40, 132, 139, 142–3, 169, 293 172, 175, 180, 193, 221, 226, 257, Magocsi, Paul (1945–) 3, 22, 46, 48, 51, 262, 281–2, 288, 289, 292, 294 54, 72, 99, 120, 135, 140, 156 and emigration 23, 145 Makhno, Nestor (1888–1934) 71, 89 see also émigrés; immigration; Manzoni, Alessandro (1785–1873) refugees 100 Mihailov, Ivan or Vančo (1896–1990) Maoist ideas 156 101 Mare nostrum 107 Mihailović, Draža (1893–1946) 225 Maria Theresa Habsburg, Empress Miletić, Svetozar (1826–1901) 28 (1717–80) 5 Mill, John Stuart (1806–73) 179, 293 Markevych, Mykola (1804–60) 47 Milošević, Slobodan (1941–2006) 192, Marković, Svetozar (1846–75) 28 199, 227, 231, 264 marriage 285 Milosz, Czeslaw (or Česlovas Milošas; and mixed marriages 169, 191, Чэслаў Мі́лаш) (1911–2004) 23 198–9, 237, 285 Milton, John (1608–74) 16 Martin, Felix 240 Minić, Miloš (1914–2003) 227, 231 Marulić, Marko (or Marco Marulo) minimum size 78 (1450–1524) 26 minorities 25, 31, 38–9, 81, 82, 100, Marx, Karl (1818–83) 19, 80 107, 110, 114, 130, 133, 141–3, Marxists 41, 44, 55, 79-80 146, 153–4, 161, 164, 180, 186, Masaryk, Tomáš (1850–1937) 19, 196–7, 200, 202–4, 212, 215–17, 83–4, 100, 196, 248 220–22, 224, 237, 239, 248, 272, mass media 76, 262, 288 275, 278, 288, 296–7 Masurian Lakes, battle 58 European Charter for Regional or matryoshka doll 180 Minority Languages 275 Mazzini, Giuseppe (1805–72) 14–17, European Framework Convention 20, 29, 31–2, 63, 79, 104–5, 294 for Minority Rights 275 Mečiar, Vladimir (1942–) 199–200 and Hungarian minorities 119, 122, medicine 256, 260 164, 196 Megali Idea (or Great Idea) 93–4 Jewish minorities 237 Mein Kampf 107 Law on National Minorities Meinecke, Friedrich (1862–1954) 106 (Lithuanian) 222 Mejlis 59 and minority 67, 101, 118–19, 124, memorandum 18, 88 164, 197, 215, 217, 220–22, Lansing memorandum 83 234–5, 245, 277, 288, 297 London memorandum 138–9 minority language 160, 248, 275 Memorandum of Budapest 154, 159 minority policy 5 Merkel, Angela (1954–) 173–4, 254, minority rights 18, 102, 105, 120, 284, 286, 291, 295 122, 130, 148, 175 Meštrović, Ivan (1883–1962) 28 minority status 245 Metaxas, Ioannis (1871–1941) 121 and Russian minorities 153, 217, 220 Metelko, Fran or Franc Serafin Minsk Accords 163–4, 286 (1779–1860) 27 missile shield 161 métissages 141, 169, 280, 293 Mitrany, David (1888–1975) 258 Mickiewicz, Adam Bernard (or Mitterrand, François (1916–96) 148, Adomas Bernardas Mickevičius; 216

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mobility 3, 169–70, 172–3, 180, 191, suppressed nations 9, 78 194, 199, 204, 218, 222, 233, 250, titular nation 103 256–7, 260–61, 281, 286, 288 National Pact Declaration 93 and Erasmus program National 292 and mobile citizens 194 nationalism 17, 19, 22, 25, 30–32, 46–7, mobilization 38, 63, 92, 94, 110, 128, 85, 104, 106–7, 110, 142–3, 172, 147, 187, 192, 194, 198–9, 245, 179, 180–81, 191, 198, 207, 256, 266 215–16, 223, 225, 231, 261, 288–9 Moldavia economic nationalism 188 and Autonomous Socialist Soviet ethno-nationalism 25, 31, 130, 172, Republic of Moldavia 134 198, 264 Molotov, Vyacheslav (1890–1986) 113, Great Russian nationalism 78 145 neo-nationalism 164, 178, 189, 263, Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 114–15, 265, 275 124, 132, 145, 203, 208–9 and primordial nationalism 31, 81, Monnet, Jean (1888–1979) 258, 294 107, 204 monolingualism 262 Russification 24, 44, 47, 65, 143, Morris, Steven 221 205–6 Mountain Wreath, the 29 nationalization 118, 202 multiculturalism 191, 286–7, 293 see also re-nationalization multi-ethnic state 92, 231 nation-state 3, 12, 25, 30, 35, 38–9, 76, multilingualism 82, 204, 256, 261, 296 79, 100–101, 109, 130, 137, 147, multinational 4, 35–6, 55–6, 79–80, 169, 172, 177–83, 189, 190–91, 105, 119, 148, 157, 185–6, 194 202–3, 225–6, 244–6, 256, 258–61, Munich Conference or Pact 110, 263–5, 271, 276, 279, 280, 282, 112–13, 134, 198 285–6, 290–97 murders 133, 224, 282 Europe of nation-states 285 Mürzsteg, agreement of 50 nation-state political culture 246, Muslim 6, 44, 86, 102, 144, 231 256 Bosniaks 21, 28, 186, 216, 228–9, nation-state supremacy 246 231, 234–7, 252 nativization campaign 205 Bosnian Muslims 28 NATO 130, 143, 155, 159, 161, 198, Mussolini, Benito (1883–1945) 104, 204, 217–19, 223, 225, 228, 251, 109, 113, 121–2, 141 276, 285, 289 mutilated victory 104 Bucharest summit 159 mythology 13, 107, 207 military exercises 261 NATO expansion 161, 217, 289 Načertanije 29 Russia–NATO Council 219 Narodniks 19, 41, 56 “natural society” 24 nation and autonomous development Nazarbaev, Nursultan (1940–) 152 147 neo-authoritarian temptations 297 and civic nature 181, 229, 247, 264 neo-colonialist nostalgia 283 constituent nations 103, 238 neo-nationalism see nationalism ethnic dimension 38, 98, 133, 181, neo-nomadism see nomadism 229, 246–7, 264 networks 2, 20, 32, 42, 56, 64, 180, 193, ethnic state 109, 133, 147, 181 232, 244, 249, 261, 276, 278 national question 4, 42, 44, 80, 94, and transnational networks 172, 127, 143, 146–7, 212, 224, 276 233, 244 oppressed nations 68, 181 New Europe, magazine 82 “Soviet nation” 143 New Thinking 207

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Nicholas I, Emperor and Tsar Bosnia-Herzegovina 227, 231 (1796–1855) 15, 41, 47 and Russia 63 Nicholas II, Emperor and Tsar partitions (1868–1918) 44 Cyprus partition 269 Nin, magazine 252, 279 Czechoslovak partition 151, 187, NKVD 129, 133 196–200 Nobel Peace Prize 294 ethno/national separation 26–7, 36, nomadism 257, 260–62, 280, 288, 293 39, 40, 172, 190, 234, 246, 168, non-aggression pacts 109, 113–14 273, 280, 290 Non-Aligned Movement 186–7 internal partitions 149 non-citizens 221 Irish partition 1 normalcy 285 multilevel partition 176–7, 183, 187, 263, 267 Oberdan, Guglielmo (born Wilhelm Soviet Union collapse 36, 151, 160, Oberdank) (1858–82) 29, 56 181, 183, 215–16, 265 Obradović, Dositej (1739–1811) 27, Yugoslav partition 199, 232, 245, 294 29 Partnership for Peace Program 219 Obrenović, Mihailo Prince of Serbia parties (1823–68) 20 All-Ukrainian Union “Svoboda” obscurantism 81 178, 264 Oder–Neisse line 132 Ataka 264, 274 OHR see high representative Bildu coalition 274 Ohrid agreement 234 Croatian Democratic Community oligarchic republics 4 (HDZ-Hrvatska Demokratska oligarchies 12, 238 zajednica) 230, 231, 239, 242 OMON 211 Croatian Party of Rights 29 Orbán, Viktor (1963–) 174, 285, 294 Democratic Labor Party Orbin, Mavro (or Mauro Orbini) (Lithuanian) 210 (1563–1614) 26 Dutch Freedom Party 178 Orsini, Felice (1819–58) 16, 56 far-right parties 193, 280, 284, 292 OSCE 217–18, 220 Fidesz 175 Ostpolitik 143 Five Stars Movements (Movimento otherness 31, 130–31, 187, 193, 222, Cinque Stelle) 295 250, 264, 286 Greater Romania Party (Partidul and “Others” 39, 76, 175, 179, România Mare) 274 229–30, 237–8, 266 Greek National Union 111 Jobbik 178, 264 Paleckis, Justas (1899–1980) 117 Junt pel sì 178 Palestinians 281 Latvian Social-Democratic Union Panslavism 16 44 pan-Ukrainian Congress 70 Latvian Social-Democrat Workers’ Papacy 8, 15, 23 66 Paris peace conference 132 Law and Justice (Prawo i see also Paris Peace Treaty 36 Sprawiedliwość) 178, 274 parochialism 39, 271–2 League of Communist of Yugoslavia partisans 26, 101, 126, 131 138, 225 185, 189 Greek partisans 136–7 previously Communist Party of and partisan movement 130–31, Yugoslavia 121, 186 136–7 National Front (France) 178, 264, partitioning 274

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New Flemish Alliance (N-VA – Petar II Petrović Njegoš, Vladika or Nieuw-Vlaamse Alliantie) 296 Prince-Bishop of Montenegro Northern League 178, 264, 274, 295 (1813–51) 29 Party of Democratic Action (SDA- Peter I the Great, Tsar and Emperor Stranka Demokratske Akcije) (1672–1725) 5, 11, 43 239, 242 Petliura, Symon (1879–1926) 71, 89–90 Party’s Central Committee 68, 148 Petöfi, Sandor (1823–49) 17 Pegida 178 Petro, Nikolai (1958–) 159 People’s Party-Movement for a Piast dynasty 132 Democratic Slovakia 199 Piłsudski, Józef General and first Polish Socialist Party 46 President of Poland (1867–1935) Popular Unity Candidacy (CUP) 178 23, 46, 75, 86–90, 92, 132–3, 203 Radical Party (of Serbia) 29 pipelines Scottish National Party 178 Nord Stream 182 Serbian Democratic Party (SDS – South Stream 182 Srpska Demokratska Stranka) Plato (428?–348? BC) 16 231, 239 plural monoculturalism 287, 293 Slovak People’s Party 101 Poland Social-Democracy of the Kingdom Congress Poland 86 of Poland and Lithuania 46 Kingdom of Poland 15, 24, 46, 66, United Kingdom Independence 69, 86 Party (UKIP) 178, 194, 267, 274 Rzeczpospolita 202–3 VMRO 101 policy Workers’ Social-Democratic Party assimilationist policies 181, 287 of Russia 77 budgetary policy 189, 254, 286, 295 see also Communist Party; League energy policy 191 of Communists foreign policy 55, 113, 132, 145, 186, patriarchalism 259, 292 211, 253 hierarchies 178 policy of appeasement 109, 113 and patriarchal relations 38 policy of divide et impera 64 reason 220 policy of inclusion 204 Patriarchate of Kyiv 277 policy of neutrality 5 and of Moscow 71, 277 revisionist policy 109 patriotism 14, 118, 130, 137, 175, 183, Polish plumber 250 225, 290 Polit-Desančić, Mihailo (1833–1920) and patriotic movements 130 20, 28, 79 peacemaking missions 50 “polonization” 8, 23, 46–7 peasantry 7, 13, 22, 24, 32, 41, 43, 71, see also aristocracy 129 Pond, Elisabeth (1937–) 249 and peasants 23–4, 41–3, 45, 48, 59, Poniatowski, Stanisław II August, 61, 65–6, 82, 89–90, 110, 118, King of Poland (1732–98) 11 129, 133, 204 Ponta, Victor (1972–) 273 People’s Democracies 138, 145–6 Popovici, Aurel (1863–1917) 55 percentage agreement 136–7 Popular Front 203, 210, 212, 214 Perestroika 143, 206, 208 and Rahvarinne 208 Pétain, Marshal Philippe (1856–1951) Sajūdis 208, 210 130 Tautasfronte 208 Petar I Petrović Njegoš, Vladika or post-Cold War 147, 169, 180, 182, 248, Prince-Bishop of Montenegro 265 (1748–1830) 27 Potsdam conference 132

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power sharing 294 referendums 78, 92–3, 189, 199, 213, Prague spring 197 216, 220, 225, 234, 241, 267–70, Prague, Slavic Congress of 17 272, 274–5, 290 Pribičević, Svetozar (1875–1936) 28 and 1905 referendum 1, 77 Pridnestrovie see Transnistria Baltic confirmation referendum 128 Princip, Gavrilo (1894–1918) 56 Bosnian-Herzegovinian referendum principality 4, 22, 49, 50, 277 199 Prometheus 88, 94 British referendum 166, 262–3, 268 and Intermarium (or Międzimorze) Catalan referendum 270–71 87–8 Crimean referendum 159–61, 272, Promethean project 23 278 Prometheus process 88 Cyprus referendum 269 Pucić, Medo (Orsatto Pozza) French and Dutch referendums 250 (1821–82) 27 Greek referendum 254 Pugo, Boris (1937–91) 211 Kosovo referendum 269 Pujol, Jordi i Soley (1930–) 270 Québec referendum 271 purity 31, 261, 266, Scottish referendum 266–7, 271, cultural purity 25 274–5 ethnic purity 290 Soviet referendums 183–4, 211, 279 Putin, Vladimir (1952–) 160–61, 219, refugees 74, 94, 139, 171, 173–5, 238, 278–9, 289 247, 253, 281–2, 284, 286, 291–2 Pyatakov, Georgy (1890–1937) 86 asylum seekers 174–5, 182, 191, 281, 284, 291, 294–5 Quadrangular cooperation 198 see also migrations quota system 103, 174–5, 215 Regat 22 regions 4, 15, 24, 27, 30–31, 36, 40, 43, racism 32, 101, 107, 130, 141, 193, 222, 46–8, 61, 74, 89, 93, 106, 114, 119, 265, 296 122, 124, 133–4, 139, 144, 159, and racial differences 32 164, 185–8, 190, 192, 198, 241, racial motivation 176 269–70, 274, 283 racial superiority 106 autonomous regions 55, 138, 149, Rački, Franjo (1828–94) 20 155, 157, 160, 164 Rada, Central 59, 70–71, 85, 160 and autonomous status 2, 21, 64–5, railroad, Berlin–Baghdad 52 67, 82, 157, 270, 274 Rajić, Jovan (1726–1801) 27 Croatian Communities 149 Rajoy, Mariano (1955–) 290 cultural regions 155 Rakovski, Georgi Sava (1821–67) 30 macroregional level 1, 3, 21, 75, 87 Rama, Edi (1964–) 273 Serb Autonomous Regions 149 Ramorino, Girolamo (1792–1849) 15 Reichskommissariat Ostland 119, 124 Ranke, Leopold von (1795–1886) Reid, T.R. 249 106 16, 19, 25, 33, 43, 179, 231, rationalism see enlightenment 259, 262, 265, 287, 291 Red Army 70–71, 73–4, 84, 89–90, 110, “autocephalous” Ukrainian 116, 118, 128–9, 131–3, 139, 277, Orthodox Church 71 283 Bosnian-Herzegovinian Catholic and Hungarian Red Army 98 Church 230, 239 and Red Army Faction 283 Catholic Church 11, 122 Red Biennium 90 Croatian Catholic Church 225, 297 Red Latvian Riflemen Division 73 Lithuanian Catholic Church 143 Reed, John (1887–1920) 70 Lutherans 23, 44

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Moscow Patriarchate 71 Orange revolution 278 multi-faith relations 257 Russian revolution 45–6, 66, 87 Muslims 6, 44, 231 singing revolution 208 Orthodox Church 44, 71, 193, 277, Socialist revolution 62, 66, 68, 78, 90 289 velvet revolution 197 Polish Catholic Church 23, 45 Rifkin, Jeremy (1945–) 18, 249, 293 predominant faith 256 rights Protestant believers 1 Charter of Fundamental Rights religious beliefs 178, 205, 257, 262, 249–50 296 citizenship rights 213–14, 248 religious education 102 civic rights 189 Serbian Orthodox Church 193 collective rights 10, 19, 79, 230, Rénan, Ernest (1823–92) 31–2 232–3, 236 re-nationalization 182, 226, 250, 253, economic rights 189 258, 296, 298 ethnic rights 236–7 see also nationalization human rights 9, 40, 154, 171, 173, Renner, Karl (1870–1950) 55, 80 175, 179, 205, 230, 233, 247, republics 256, 262, 297 autonomous republic 102, 157, 160 individual rights 8–10, 16, 18 constituent republics see nation LGBT rights 178, 220, 257, 285 and federation of republics and minority rights 18, 102, 105, 220, regions 185–8, 190, 192 222, 230, 248, 275 Soviet republics 85, 90, 92, 128, new civil rights 257, 285 153–4, 183, 206, 211, 216 right of citoyens 248 resentment 132–3, 137, 188, 213 right of self-determination 35, 64, respectability 259, 285 69, 84, 93–4, 109, 129, 155, 181, restoration 207, 210, 201, 276 and Vienna congress 4, 22–3, 27, 45 right to secession 78, 84 of independence 212, 214, 224 rights of citizens 4 of Polish–Lithuanian rights of the peoples of Russia 62, Commonwealth 15 67, 84 of Romanian unity 277 social and cultural rights 14, 38, 44, of sovereignty 174, 177, 259, 295 81 of state “purity” 266 women emancipation 37, 173, 257, revisionism 105–7, 193, 207, 224 285 revolutionary ethos 14, 21, 30 Risorgimento 100, 104 and revolutionary ideas 16, 19, 22, Ritter Vitezović, Pavao (1652–1713) 82 27 revolutions Roma population 64, 121–2, 124, 126, 1905 revolution 41, 45, 47–9 138, 142, 230, 237 American revolution 11 Romanian-ness 153 Bolshevik revolution 58, 67, 70, 145, 13, 24, 27, 31, 75, 81 187, 224 romantic leaders 13 color revolution 158, 289 romantic mainstream 9 February revolution 61, 67, 70, 81 and romantic reaction 7 French revolution 8, 10–12, 79 romantic spiritualism 14 Hungarian revolution 17–18, 50, 172 romantic vision/ideal 13, 20 industrial revolution 13 romantic works/poems 16, 29 Maidan revolution 105, 160, 278 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano October revolution 67, 79, 98, 102 (1882–1945) 128–9, 131

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Rousseau, Jean Jacques (1712–78) 13 Serenissima 26 Rupnik, Jacques (1950–) 185, 245 Seton-Watson, Robert William Russian speakers 160, 212, 214–15, 221 (1879–1951) 82, 101 and non-Russian speakers 44 sexual orientation 193, 297 Russian Whites 69 Shakhnazarov, Georgy (1924–2001) Russian World (Russkij mir) 289 211 Russification see nationalism Shevchenko, Taras (1814–61) 47 Rusyn population 64, 72, 197 Shoah 29, 130, 133, 142 see also Holocaust Saakashvili, Mikheil (1967–) 88 shock therapies 254 Šafařík, Pavel Jozef (1795–1861) 29 Shukheyvych, Roman (1907–50) 224 Saint Thomas of Aquinas (1225–74) 16 Shukrija/Shukriu, Ali (1919–2005) 189 Salò republic 2 Sich 110 samizdat 205 Sinatra, doctrine 171 sanctions 161, 279 Skoropads’kyi, Pavlo Hetman Santer Commission 219 (1873–1945) 71 Sarkozy Nicolas (1955–) 286 Slavoserbs 29 Schiller, Friedrich (1759–1805) 16 Smetona, Antanas first President of Schmitter, Philippe (1936–) 257, 265 Lithuania (1874–1944) 67, 75, school 7, 18, 25, 31, 44–5, 47, 79, 102, 116–17 106, 204, 208, 221, 237, 242, 265, Sniečkus, Antanas (1903–74) 205 289 social market economy see economy school for minorities (in Lithuania) socialism 74, 146, 149, 155, 198, 292 222 and national roads to socialism 145, school segregation 169 147 schools of thought 41 and socialism in one country 187 Transylvanian School 7 socialist federations 37, 148, 154–5, Ukrainian School of Polish Writers 180–81, 183, 222, 265, 269, 279, 47 294 secession 37, 62, 78–9, 82, 84, 161, and post-socialist federations 293 201–2, 203–4, 269–71 socialist ideas 22, 25, 42 secularization 5–7, 29, 238, 256–7, 265, socialist revolutionaries 61 282 society Security Council 155, 289 and autochthonous cultures see Sédan, battle of 20, 31 popular cultures Seimas 45–6, 59, 222 civil society 179, 193, 232–3, 252 Sejdić, Dervo 230, 237, 247 fluid society 295 Sejm 11 intercultural society 173, 232 Silent Sejm 12 natural society 14 self-determination 35, 37, 38, 39, 49, nomadic and métis society 283 52, 61–3, 66, 68–9, 72, 75–9, 82–5, post nation-state society 286, 295 88, 90, 93, 96, 98, 104–5, 109, 114, secret societies 16, 19, 21, 29, 49, 55, 127, 129–30, 148, 154, 161, 164, 106 182–3, 209, 280 severely divided 118, 153, 253, 297 see also right of self-determination Society of Estonian Literati 13 Sen, Amartya (1933–) 287 underground society 205 Serbian Society of Great Britain 83 solid bodies 33, 169, 176, 180 Serbian-ness 26, 29 solidarity 14, 19, 81, 175, 182, 192, 194, Serbo-Croatian cultural area 26 253, 283, 287 see also language (polycentric) financial solidarity 188

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Slavic solidarity 50 state continuity 201, 203–4, 212, 218, transversal solidarity 298 285 Solidarność 147 stateless people 220 Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr (1918–2008) Steed, Henry Wickham (1871–1956) 83 152, 206 Stiglitz, Joseph (1943–) 254 Sombart, Werner (1863–1941) 79 Stojadinović, Milan (1888–1961) 113 sovereignty 8, 49–50, 98, 105, 116, Štokavian 28–9 132–3, 145, 147, 154, 175, 178, Stribai (destruction battalions) 129 182, 190, 208–9, 211–12, 220, 226, Strossmayer, Josip Juraj (1815–1905) 245, 282, 284 20, 28, 79 and co-sovereignty 268 Sultan-Galiev, Mirsaid (1892–1940) 86 declaration of State sovereignty Supilo, Frano (1870–1917) 28, 52, 83 210 Supreme Council 213 full sovereignty 177–8, 260, 266 Surkov, Vladislav (1964–) 289 neo-sovereignty 274 surveillance 179, 296 return to sovereignty 177 syncretism 76, 172, 257, 261–2, 264, sovereignty restoration 174, 177, 285, 292–3, 297 259, 295 Syrian ceasefire 286 Sovetskaya Rossiya 208 Széchenyi, István Count (1791–1860) Soviet 17 RSFSR (Russian Socialist Federal Szekfű, Gyula (1883–1955) 106 Soviet Republic) 74, 84 Szeklers 119 Soviet fleet 153 szlachta 24, 41 Soviet in Kharkov 70, 85 Soviet Republic of Hungary 72 Tacitus, Publius Cornelius (58–117) 16 Soviet Republic of Slovakia 72 Talamoni, Jean-Guy 263 sovietization 117–18 Tannenberg, battle 58 Supreme Soviet 202, 209–13, 215 Taryba 67, 69 Soviet Army 127–8, 214 Tekelija, Sava (Thököly Száva) Soviet–Finnish war see Winter war (1761–1842) 27, 29 Spanish Minister of Defense 271 territory 4, 6, 11–12, 17, 22, 42, 49, Spartacist uprising 90 58–61, 66, 72–5, 77, 85, 92–3, 96, Spencer, Herbert (1820–1903) 25 102, 110, 114, 118, 121, 124, Spinelli, Altiero (1907–86) 40 131–2, 148, 192, 202, 214, 219, spiritualism see romanticism 228, 233–9, 241, 261, 267, 274, Springtime of the Peoples 79 284, 291 SS division 127, 130 soil and blood 193, 296 Waffen SS unit 127 territorial controversies 160, 202 Waffen SS-collaborator 224 territorial expansion 21, 55, 107, Stabilization and Association 113, 133 Agreement 242 see also regions Stalin, Ioseb Besarionis dze Jugashvili terrorism 219, 282–3, 286, 292 (1878–1953) 78, 80, 86, 92, 102–3, Daesh terrorists 130 114, 117, 128, 131–3, 136–8, 144, red and black terrorism 283 145, 215, 225 Red Army Faction (Rote Armee and Stalinist 2, 128, 138, 146, 186, Fraktion – RAF) 283 205 terrorist attacks 16, 193, 282, 286, stalinization 204 292, 294–5 Stalingrad, battle of 127 war against terrorism 219 Starčević, Ante (1823–96) 28 Teutonic Order 202

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theories 30 treaty of Versailles 37, 63, 75, 84, conspiracy theories 209 87–8, 90, 93, 96 liberalism 37, 84, 179, 232–3, 247, Trianon treaty 96 287 Union treaty 92, 102, monetarist vision 295 and new Union Treaty 152, 183, neo-Keynesian approach 254 211 neoliberalism 200, 254, 295 Trianon trauma 96, 106, 110, 134, 142 racist theories 264 and Gran Trianon Palace 96 social Darwinism 25, 32 Trieste, and free territory of 134, 138–9 Third World 147, 186 Tripartite Monarchy see Thorez, Maurice (1900–64) 117 Austro-Hungary time–space compression 1, 3–4, 261, Triple Entente 55, 93 265, 280, 296 Trotsky, Leon Davidovich Bronstein Tito, Josip Broz (1892–1980) 131, (1879–1940) 68, 90, 145 136–8, 148, 172, 236 Truman, Harry (1884–1972) 131 and Titoist 146 and Truman doctrine 137–8 Tkalac, Imbro (1824–1912) 20, 28, 79 Trumbić, Ante (1864–1938) 28 tolerance 5, 25, 43, 170, 251, 256, 282 Trump, Donald (1946–) 262 Tommaseo, Niccolò (1802–74) 20 Tucović, Dimitrije (1881–1914) 28 Tönisson, Jaan (1868–1941) 65 Tuđman, Franjo (1922–99) 227, 228 “tor” 293 Tukhachevsky, Mikhail (1893–1937) transitional period in Latvia 210 90 treaty Türr, István (1825–1908) 19 constitutional treaty 182, 249–50 tyrannicide 16, 56-57 Lisbon treaty 250, 268 Moscow peace treaty 73 Ukrainian Insurgent Army 133, 224 mutual assistance treaty 114, 116, Ukrainian People’s Republic 70 133 Ukrainian–EU Association Agreement Novo Ogaryovo treaty 183 160 Paris peace treaty 36, 132 Ukrainian-ness 278 Polish–Soviet peace treaty 92 Ukrainian–Polish war 72 Russian–Estonian peace treaty 73 UN see United Nations Russian–Finnish peace treaty 116 underground society see society Schengen treaty 173–4, 204, 260–61, unequal treatment 106, 230 273, 276, 281–4, 286, 291, unification 8–11, 17, 20, 25, 27–30, 56, 295–6 65, 72, 76, 83, 89, 110, 119, 121–2, Sévres, peace treaty of 92–4 133, 137, 181–2, 212, 226, 228, Soviet–Lithuanian peace treaty 74, 266, 272–4, 275–80 92 of Germany 4, 20, 37, 56, 79, 109, Stability treaty 254 148–9, 160, 181, 212, 275, 278 treaty of Brest-Litovsk 56–61, of Italy 4, 15, 20, 56, 79, 100, 105 67–72, 85, 94 re-unification of Europe 173, 250 treaty on Friendly Relations and Union Good-Neighborly Cooperation banking union 191, 258 221 Crown Union 212 treaty of Lausanne 36, 63, 94, 142 Dynastic Union 65, 77, 122 treaty of Rapallo 113–14 EU political union see European treaty of Rīga 63, 74, 218 Union treaty of Rome 63–98 Greek Union 36, 50 treaty of Tartu 218 Lublin Union 17, 23, 26, 43

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BIANCHINI PRINT (4-col).indd 347 30/08/2017 07:51 348 Liquid nationalism and state partitions in Europe

Mediterranean Union 223 Venice Commission 229, 240, 268 Monetary Union 249 vernacular 7, 13, 23, 26–8, 48, 81, 262 Norwegian–Swedish Union 1, 36, see also language 77, 268 Versailles order 107, 109 Personal Union 15 veto 189, 236, 240–41, 268, 272 and projected and implemented liberum veto 11 State Unions 15, 18, 20–22, 44, right of veto 11, 186 75, 86, 101, 106, 160, 178, 204, Vienna arbitration 110 234, 273, 277 and second Vienna arbitration 119, Union treaty see Treaty 134 see also Enosis; Eurasian Economic Vienna, Congress of 4, 8, 13, 15, 66 Union; European Union; Soviet Villeroy de Galhau, François (1959–) Union 259 United Christian League 116 violence 1, 16, 25–6, 39, 44–5, 73, 76, United Nations 155, 229, 233, 276 93, 100–101, 130, 141, 149, 152, UN General Assembly 269 154, 164, 180, 184–5, 194, 199, UN resolution 1244 243 204, 211–12, 238, 246, 263, 271, see Security Council 274, 276, 292–3 university 5, 191, 208, 220, 245, 261, visa facilitation regime 273 288 Visegrád group 198–200, 217, 284 Dorpat University 13 voivodeship 75 Humboldt University 245 Voltaire, François-Marie Arouet Tartu University 208, 220 (1694–1778) 5 University of Edinburgh 247 Vorontsova-Dashkova, Ekaterina University of St Petersburg 13 (1743–1810) 5 University of Vilnius 6, 23 Vrhovec, Josip (1926–2006) 190 University of Zagreb 20 Vukmanović-Tempo, Svetozar US Congress 83 (1912–2000) 146 USSR see Soviet Union Vyshinsky, Andrei (1883–1954) 117 Ustaša 29, 101, 107, 122, 130, 196, 225, 297 walls 171–6, 195, 257, 281, 292, 296 Uvarov, Sergey Count (1786–1855) Berlin wall 172 47 Chinese wall 176 Cold War walls 172 Vācietis, Jukums (1873–1938) 73 warlords 150, 228, 232, 245, 247 Vafiadis, General Markos (1906–92) Warsaw ghetto 126 137 Warsaw Pact 197, 216 Valencian Community 274 Washington agreement 228, 231, 234 values 10, 129, 175, 285, 292 Weidman, Jens (1968–) 259 and antifascist values 225 welfare 217, 246, 253–4, 263 civic values 248, 273, 285 welfare expenses 190 conservative values 289 welfare system 175, 190 cosmopolitan values see Western Europe 3, 37, 41, 79, 92, cosmopolitanism 113–14, 131, 164, 166, 181, 198, democratic values 8, 249, 282, 297 226, 244 EU values 175, 282 Western diplomats 232–3, 246 national/nation-state values 92, 191 Western penetration 219 sovereign values 250 Westphalia, peace of 8 traditional values 266 Westphalian principle 259 Valuev decree 47 and Sovereignty notion 260

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BIANCHINI PRINT (4-col).indd 348 30/08/2017 07:51 Index ­349

Wilson, Woodrow, US President Yeltsin, Boris (1931–2007) 152–3, (1856–1924) 72, 76–7, 81–4, 98, 210–11, 215–16, 219, 289 104, 248, 278 15 window system 218 16 Winter war 116, 132 Young Europe 15 “Continuation war” 119, 132 Young Germany 16 Soviet–Finnish War 116 16 Wójtowicz, Krzysztof 289 Young Poland 16 “Work Collectives” 210 Young Turks 16, 50, 52 World War I 25, 35–6, 46, 56, 57–8, 62, youth rebellion 206 72, 75, 76, 79, 88, 92, 96, 101, 105, Yudenich, Nikolai Russian General 107, 109, 141, 202, 224, 227, 285 (1861–1933) 73, 89 and post-World War I 100, 104, 118, Yugoslavia 131–2, 134, 141, 145, 181, 196, Federal Republic of 155, 157, 203, 247 131 World War II 2, 39, 121, 127, 134, 139, SFRY 231 148, 193, 196, 212, 220, 223–5, Socialist Yugoslavia 157, 190 285, 292, 294 Yugoslav dismemberment 149, 185, and post-World War II 36, 117, 187 130–31, 138, 142–3, 172, 178, Yugoslav partition 245 179, 202–3, 205, 248, 269, 295 10, 20, 28, 30, 56, 82, Wrangel, Pëtr Russian General 180 (1878–1928) 89 Yushenko, Viktor (1954–) 224

xenophobia 130, 193, 198, 296 “Zajedno do istine” 241 and rejection of otherness 31, 131, zero option 214–15 222, 250, 264 Zeus 88 Zhdanov, Andrei (1896–1948) 117 Yalta, conference of 131–2 Zhivkov, Todor (1911–98) 141 Yanukovych, Viktor (1950–) 155, 160 Žižek, Slavoj (1949–) 282

Stefano Bianchini - 9781786436610 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 10/05/2021 03:21:56PM via free access

BIANCHINI PRINT (4-col).indd 349 30/08/2017 07:51 Stefano Bianchini - 9781786436610 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 10/05/2021 03:21:56PM via free access

BIANCHINI PRINT (4-col).indd 350 30/08/2017 07:51