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SOSIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN ETHIOPIA THE CASE OF BATI TOWN, OROMO ADMINISTRATION ZONE, AMHARA REGIONAL STATE M.A Thesis Wegayehu Tufa October 2014 Haramaya i SOCIO- ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING:IN ETHIOPIA THE CASE OF BATI TOWN OROMO ADMNSTRATIVE ZONE, AMHARA REGIONAL STATE A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SHOOL OF GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES, COLLEG OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES HARAMAYA UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES (SPECIALIZATION URBAN AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLANNING) By Wegayehu Tufa October 2014 Haramaya ii SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES HARAMAYA UNIVERSITY As thesis research advisor, I hereby certify that I have read and evaluated this thesis prepped under my guidance by Wegayehu Tufa entitled ‘‘SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING: IN ETHIOPIA THE CASE OF BATA TOWN, OROMO ADMINSTIRATIVE ZONE, AMHARA REGIONAL STATE’’ I recommends that it be submitted at fulfilling the thesis requirement. Awol Akmel (Ph.D) ------------------------ ------------------- Major Advisor Signature Date As members of the board of examiners of the M.A Thesis open defense examination we certify that we have read and evaluated the thesis is prepared by Wegayehu Tufa and examined the candidate. We recommended that the thesis be accepted as fulfilling the thesis requirements for the degree of master of art in Geography and Environmental Studies (Specialization Urban and Regional Development Planning). Dr. R.U. Reddy ______________ ______________ Chairperson Signature Date Dr. Tegeny Sishaw ________________ _______________ Internal Examiner Signature Date Dr. Epherm G/ Mariy ___________________ ________________ External Examiner Signature Date Final approval and acceptance of the thesis is contingent up on the submission of the final copy of the thesis to Council of Graduate Studies (SGS) through the department or School Graduate Council (DGC) iii DEDICATION This study is dedicated to all victims of Human Trafficking and in memory of mother Kebbebush Bekele without her dedication I would not have been where I am today. She is the sign of strength for me. iv STATEMENT OF AUTHOR First, I declared that this thesis is my work and that all sources of materials used for this thesis have been duly acknowledged. This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for M.A degree at the Haramaya University and deposited at the university library I really declare that this thesis is not submitted to any other institution for the award of any academic degree, diploma, or certificate. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission provided that accurate acknowledgement of the source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in the whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the dean of the School of Graduate Studies when in his or her judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instance, however, permission must be from the author. Name: WegayehuTufaNegash Signature: --------------------------- Place: Haramaya University, Haramaya Date of Submission: October 2014 v BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH The author was born in June 1983 in Adama Town, Adama Special Zone, and Oromia Regional State. He attended elementary and junior education at Adama numbers 2 Primary School then he pursued Secondary School at Adama Hawas Technical and Vocational School. Then in the year 2002 he joined Adama Teachers College and completed the Diploma program in Geography following his graduation from October, 2005 he served as a primary school Teacher in Bati Woreda. In June 2006, he joined at Haramaya University the summer program and in September, 2010 graduate with a B.Ed degree in Geography and Environmental Studies. Since October 2010, he served as primary school supervisor at Bati woreda. He joined the School of Graduate Studies of Haramaya University in 2012 to pursue M.A studies in Geography and Environmental Studies with specialization Urban and Regional Development Planning. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis is the outcome of the joint effort of quite a number of individual and institution so I would like to thank the following people who in many ways contributed to this piece of work. I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to my major advisor Dr. AwolAkmel for his limitless effort, encouragement, professionals stimulation productive comments and suggestions beginning from course time next research proposal preparation comments given during questionnaire preparation and also thesis preparation all his comments serves for me as the bases for this paper. Without his encouragements, guidance and professional expiries, the completion of this work may not have been possible. My heartfelt gratitude is also to all members of the School of Geography and Environmental Studies for all cooperation and arrangements of the program on time and in assigning Advisor at Haramaya University to achieve the work of my thesis on time. I would like to thank Dr.R.U. Reddy who led me during the first stage of research proposal preparation I thank him for his genuine comments and suggestion. I also thank Dr. Gutema Emane I get something from him about thesis preparation during course time. I express my deepest thanks and appreciation to my wife Kebebush Abera for her encouragement; love and financial support from the begging up to the end of this thesis. I also extend my heartfelt gratitude to Teacher Seid Ali his encouragement direction and collaborate with me to translate verbal words of informants to English. Next, I would like to extends gratefully acknowledge to all Administrative staff of Haramaya University For their contribution of the beginning of summer program at Haramaya University I also thank my colleagues at work TigluAlemu, UmerHasen, Taddese,ShambelAdmasu, TirisitFantu, Seid Ali, Beletishachew Zewud and Asmera Lata. Sacrifice your knowledge and time for me to duplicates distributed and to collect the filled questionnaires. I also extended my thanks to staff of Bati Town administrative court Abebe, Mengistu, Adam, DereseBedilu, and Melaku. I would like to thanks again them for their unforgettable professional support. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION iv STATEMENT OF AUTHOR v BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vii TABLE OF CONTENTS viii LIST OF TABLES xii LIST OF FIGURS xiii LIST OF TABLES IN THE APPENDECES xiv ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS xv ABSTRACT xvi 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. Background of the Study 1 1.2. Statement of the Problem 3 1.3. Objective of the Study 4 1.4. Research Questions 5 1.5. Significance of the Study 5 1.6. The Scope of the Study 5 1.7. Limitation of the Study 6 1.8. Organization of the Thesis 6 1.9. Definition of Key Terms 7 2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 8 2.1. The Concept of Human Trafficking 8 2.2. Human Trafficking Vs Human Smuggling 10 2.3. Historical development of human trafficking 12 2.4. Global Overview of Human Trafficking 13 2.5. Human Trafficking In Africa 14 2.6. Human Trafficking In and From Ethiopia 16 viii TABLE OF CONTENE (Continued) 2.6.1. Internal trafficking 16 2.6.2. External trafficking 17 2.7. Human trafficking in Bati Town 17 2.8. Main actors of human trafficking in Bati Town 18 2.8.1. Brokers 18 2.8.2. Facilitators 19 2.8.3. The Traffickers 19 2.8.4. The Trafficked Person (Victims) 20 2.9. Causes of Human Trafficking 20 2.9.1. Push Factors 20 2.9.2. Pull factors 21 2.10. Impacts of Human Trafficking 22 2.10.1. Economic impacts of human trafficking 22 2.10.2. Societal impacts of human trafficking . 23 2.10.3. Health impacts of human trafficking 23 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 23 3.1. Description of the Study area 24 3.1.1. Location 24 3.1.2. Socio-demographic conditions of the town. 26 3.1.3. Urban amenities and facilities 27 3.2. Research Design 29 3.3. Source of Data 29 3.4. Sample Size and Sampling Procedure 30 3.5. Instruments of Data Collection 31 3.5.1. Questionnaire 31 3.5.2. Interview 32 3.6. Methods of Data Analysis 32 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSTION 33 4.1. The socio-demographic characteristic of trafficked persons. 33 ix TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) 4.1.1. Educational background of trafficked persons 33 4.1.2. Marital Status of migrants 34 4.1.3. Age at the time of Trafficking 35 4.2. Individual interest and decision maker in human trafficking 36 4.2.1. Individual interest towards trafficking 36 4.2.2. The dominate decision maker in Human trafficking 36 4.3. Reasons of Migration 38 4.3.1. Push Factors 38 4.3.2. Pull Factors 39 4.3.3. Other aggravated factors 41 4.4. The Major preference areas of migrants 42 4.5. Impacts of human trafficking 43 4.5.1. Economic Impacts of human trafficking 43 4.5.2. People’s experience and societal impacts of human trafficking 44 4.5.3. Personal experience and health impacts of human trafficking 47 4.5.4. Individual experience and difficulties that faced trafficked people 50 4.6. Urban facility and service condition of respondents 52 4.6.1. Housing condition of sample respondents 52 4.6.2. Ownership of housing settlement 53 4.6.3. Facility and service condition of sample respondents 54 4.7. Results of interview and data analysis of returners 55 4.7.1. Living and working condition 56 4.7.2. Ways of return to home land 59 4.7.3. Aftermath 60 4.8. Instruments and efforts to combat human trafficking 63 4.8.1. International instruments 63 4.8.2. Regional instruments 64 4.8.3. National instruments 64 5.

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