Sosio-Economic Impacts of Human Trafficking in Ethiopia the Case of Bati Town, Oromo Administration Zone, Amhara Regional State

SOSIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN ETHIOPIA THE CASE OF BATI TOWN, OROMO ADMINISTRATION ZONE, AMHARA REGIONAL STATE

M.A Thesis

Wegayehu Tufa

October 2014

Haramaya

SOCIO- ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING:IN ETHIOPIA THE CASE OF BATI TOWN OROMO ADMNSTRATIVE ZONE, AMHARA REGIONAL STATE

A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SHOOL OF GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES, COLLEG OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES

HARAMAYA UNIVERSITY

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES (SPECIALIZATION URBAN AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLANNING)

Wegayehu Tufa

October 2014 Haramaya

SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES

HARAMAYA UNIVERSITY

As thesis research advisor, I hereby certify that I have read and evaluated this thesis prepped under my guidance by Wegayehu Tufa entitled ‘‘SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING: IN ETHIOPIA THE CASE OF BATA TOWN, OROMO ADMINSTIRATIVE ZONE, AMHARA REGIONAL STATE’’ I recommends that it be submitted at fulfilling the thesis requirement.

Awol Akmel (Ph.D) ------Major Advisor Signature Date As members of the board of examiners of the M.A Thesis open defense examination we certify that we have read and evaluated the thesis is prepared by Wegayehu Tufa and examined the candidate. We recommended that the thesis be accepted as fulfilling the thesis requirements for the degree of master of art in Geography and Environmental Studies (Specialization Urban and Regional Development Planning).

Dr. R.U. Reddy ______

Chairperson Signature Date

Dr. Tegeny Sishaw ______

Internal Examiner Signature Date

Dr. Epherm G/ Mariy ______

External Examiner Signature Date

Final approval and acceptance of the thesis is contingent up on the submission of the final copy of the thesis to Council of Graduate Studies (SGS) through the department or School Graduate Council (DGC)

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DEDICATION

This study is dedicated to all victims of Human Trafficking and in memory of mother Kebbebush Bekele without her dedication I would not have been where I am today. She is the sign of strength for me.

STATEMENT OF AUTHOR

First, I declared that this thesis is my work and that all sources of materials used for this thesis have been duly acknowledged. This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for M.A degree at the Haramaya University and deposited at the university library I really declare that this thesis is not submitted to any other institution for the award of any academic degree, diploma, or certificate.

Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission provided that accurate acknowledgement of the source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in the whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the dean of the School of Graduate Studies when in his or her judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instance, however, permission must be from the author.

Name: WegayehuTufaNegash

Signature: ------

Place: Haramaya University, Haramaya

Date of Submission: October 2014

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

The author was born in June 1983 in Adama Town, Adama Special Zone, and Oromia Regional State. He attended elementary and junior education at Adama numbers 2 Primary School then he pursued Secondary School at Adama Hawas Technical and Vocational School. Then in the year 2002 he joined Adama Teachers College and completed the Diploma program in Geography following his graduation from October, 2005 he served as a primary school Teacher in Bati Woreda. In June 2006, he joined at Haramaya University the summer program and in September, 2010 graduate with a B.Ed degree in Geography and Environmental Studies. Since October 2010, he served as primary school supervisor at Bati woreda.

He joined the School of Graduate Studies of Haramaya University in 2012 to pursue M.A studies in Geography and Environmental Studies with specialization Urban and Regional Development Planning.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This thesis is the outcome of the joint effort of quite a number of individual and institution so I would like to thank the following people who in many ways contributed to this piece of work. I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to my major advisor Dr. AwolAkmel for his limitless effort, encouragement, professionals stimulation productive comments and suggestions beginning from course time next research proposal preparation comments given during questionnaire preparation and also thesis preparation all his comments serves for me as the bases for this paper. Without his encouragements, guidance and professional expiries, the completion of this work may not have been possible.

My heartfelt gratitude is also to all members of the School of Geography and Environmental Studies for all cooperation and arrangements of the program on time and in assigning Advisor at Haramaya University to achieve the work of my thesis on time.

I would like to thank Dr.R.U. Reddy who led me during the first stage of research proposal preparation I thank him for his genuine comments and suggestion. I also thank Dr. Gutema Emane I get something from him about thesis preparation during course time.

I express my deepest thanks and appreciation to my wife Kebebush Abera for her encouragement; love and financial support from the begging up to the end of this thesis. I also extend my heartfelt gratitude to Teacher Seid Ali his encouragement direction and collaborate with me to translate verbal words of informants to English.

Next, I would like to extends gratefully acknowledge to all Administrative staff of Haramaya University For their contribution of the beginning of summer program at Haramaya University

I also thank my colleagues at work TigluAlemu, UmerHasen, Taddese,ShambelAdmasu, TirisitFantu, Seid Ali, Beletishachew Zewud and Asmera Lata. Sacrifice your knowledge and time for me to duplicates distributed and to collect the filled questionnaires. I also extended my thanks to staff of Bati Town administrative court Abebe, Mengistu, Adam, DereseBedilu, and Melaku. I would like to thanks again them for their unforgettable professional support.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

DEDICATION iv

STATEMENT OF AUTHOR v

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS viii

LIST OF TABLES xii

LIST OF FIGURS xiii

LIST OF TABLES IN THE APPENDECES xiv

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS xv

ABSTRACT xvi

1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. Background of the Study 1 1.2. Statement of the Problem 3 1.3. Objective of the Study 4 1.4. Research Questions 5 1.5. Significance of the Study 5 1.6. The Scope of the Study 5 1.7. Limitation of the Study 6 1.8. Organization of the Thesis 6 1.9. Definition of Key Terms 7

2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 8 2.1. The Concept of Human Trafficking 8 2.2. Human Trafficking Vs Human Smuggling 10 2.3. Historical development of human trafficking 12 2.4. Global Overview of Human Trafficking 13 2.5. Human Trafficking In Africa 14 2.6. Human Trafficking In and From Ethiopia 16

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TABLE OF CONTENE (Continued)

2.6.1. Internal trafficking 16 2.6.2. External trafficking 17 2.7. Human trafficking in Bati Town 17 2.8. Main actors of human trafficking in Bati Town 18 2.8.1. Brokers 18 2.8.2. Facilitators 19 2.8.3. The Traffickers 19 2.8.4. The Trafficked Person (Victims) 20 2.9. Causes of Human Trafficking 20 2.9.1. Push Factors 20 2.9.2. Pull factors 21 2.10. Impacts of Human Trafficking 22 2.10.1. Economic impacts of human trafficking 22 2.10.2. Societal impacts of human trafficking . 23 2.10.3. Health impacts of human trafficking 23

3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 23 3.1. Description of the Study area 24 3.1.1. Location 24 3.1.2. Socio-demographic conditions of the town. 26 3.1.3. Urban amenities and facilities 27 3.2. Research Design 29 3.3. Source of Data 29 3.4. Sample Size and Sampling Procedure 30 3.5. Instruments of Data Collection 31 3.5.1. Questionnaire 31 3.5.2. Interview 32 3.6. Methods of Data Analysis 32

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSTION 33 4.1. The socio-demographic characteristic of trafficked persons. 33

TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

4.1.1. Educational background of trafficked persons 33 4.1.2. Marital Status of migrants 34 4.1.3. Age at the time of Trafficking 35 4.2. Individual interest and decision maker in human trafficking 36 4.2.1. Individual interest towards trafficking 36 4.2.2. The dominate decision maker in Human trafficking 36 4.3. Reasons of Migration 38 4.3.1. Push Factors 38 4.3.2. Pull Factors 39 4.3.3. Other aggravated factors 41 4.4. The Major preference areas of migrants 42 4.5. Impacts of human trafficking 43 4.5.1. Economic Impacts of human trafficking 43 4.5.2. People’s experience and societal impacts of human trafficking 44 4.5.3. Personal experience and health impacts of human trafficking 47 4.5.4. Individual experience and difficulties that faced trafficked people 50 4.6. Urban facility and service condition of respondents 52 4.6.1. Housing condition of sample respondents 52 4.6.2. Ownership of housing settlement 53 4.6.3. Facility and service condition of sample respondents 54 4.7. Results of interview and data analysis of returners 55 4.7.1. Living and working condition 56 4.7.2. Ways of return to home land 59 4.7.3. Aftermath 60 4.8. Instruments and efforts to combat human trafficking 63 4.8.1. International instruments 63 4.8.2. Regional instruments 64 4.8.3. National instruments 64 5. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMEDATIONS 67

TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

5.1. Summary 67 5.2. Conclusion 69 5.3. Recommendations 70

6. REFERENCES 72

7. APPENDIX 78 7.1 Appendix I. Questionnaire for Returnees 79 7.2. Appendix II. Interview questions for returners 83 7.3. Appendix III Interview question for lawyers 84 7.4 Appendix IV Table: 4 Mean age at the time of trafficking 85 7.5 Appendix V Table11 mean amount of payment required for human trafficking process 85

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Sample Distribution ...... 30 Table 2 Educational backgrounds of trafficked people...... 34 Table 3 Age distribution at the time of trafficking ...... 35 Table 5 Individual interests towards trafficking ...... 36 Table 6 Dominant decision makers in human trafficking ...... 37 Table 7Reasons of Drive Factor...... 39 Table 8Factors that attract people to migrate to another place ...... 40 Table 9Reasons of other aggravated Factors ...... 41 Table 10Major destination areas ...... 42 Table 12 Sample of individual information about societal impact ...... 45 Table 13Social impacts of human trafficking ...... 46 Table 14 Livelihoods of returners ...... 47 Table 15 Individual experience in health problem ...... 48 Table 16 Health problems related with human trafficking ...... 49 Table 17 Individual experiences in difficulties ...... 50 Table 18Major difficulties faced trafficked people ...... 51 Table 19 Housing condition of respondent ...... 53 Table 20 Ownership of housing Units ...... 54 Table 21 Facilities and service condition ...... 55

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LIST OF FIGURS

Figure 1Elements of the Palermo Protocol’s definition of Trafficking Threat Error! Bookmark not defined. Figure 2Human trafficking Vs Smuggling 11 Figure 3 Map of the study area 25 Figure 4 Sample size and sampling procedure 30 Figure 5Sample of public tap water source in Bati Town 55

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LIST OF TABLES IN THE APPENDECES

Appendix Table Page Table 4 Mean ages at the time of trafficking ...... 35 Table 11 Amount of payment required for human trafficking process ...... 44

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ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

ANPPAAN Africa Network for the Prevention and protection Against Abuse and Neglect

BTAO Bati Town Administration Office

CECAATHB Council of Europe Convection on Action Against Trafficking in Human Being

HTEMDS: Human Trafficking in Ethiopia Modern Day Slavery ILO : International Labor Organization IOM: International Organization for Migration PCI: Project Concern International STDs: Sexual Transmitted Diseases UNCWDAE: United Nations Convection on the Women Discrimination Against All forms Elimination UNICEF: United Nations International Children’s Emergence Fund UNICJRI : United Nations International Crime and Justice Research Institution UNODC: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime UNPP : United Nations Palermo Protocol

SOCIO ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING: IN ETHIOPIA THE CASE OF BATI TOWN, OROMO ADMINSTRATIVE ZONE, AMHARA REGIONAL STATE

ABSTRACT

This study was aimed at analyzing the Socio economic impacts of human trafficking in Bati town Oromo Administrative Zone, Amhara regional State. With the specific objectives of identifying, the major causes of human trafficking, to identify the major facilitating factors and to examine the transit and the major destination areas. The investigator used descriptive type of research and the research design includes both qualitative and quantitative approaches. The data were collected from both primary and secondary data sources. The primary data for this study was collected from 232 household respondents by applying systematic sampling techniques using questionnaires and depth interview attend with five Saudi Arabia returners and with six lawyers. The study applied both qualitative and quantitative methods of data analysis to interpret the result of the study. A large number of women and children suffer from different types of inhuman abuses and exploitation because of human trafficking. Existing studies indicated that trafficking is a prevalent and steadily increasing practice in the study area. The Push factors include family characteristics having large family size intermingle with disintegration of families are the major driving factors related with individual characteristic wishes better living standard that encourage trafficking as pushing factors. On the other hand economic disparity between the origin and destination areas, resulted variation of job opportunity between the origins and the destinations the presence of job opportunity in the destinations that attract people to migrate. In addition to this, absences of real labor travel agencies intermingle with the legal process it takes time and the increasing number of false promise maker in the town the main aggravated factors the issue of trafficking in the town. According to the finding lack of livelihood opportunity citizens engage in urban informal sectors and the level of unemployment rate is increased health condition of the community become risk citizens who highly affected became drug addicted they were hopeless the finding also show that even after return, the victims experience further difficulties due to community expectation. The study also showed the role of informal groups and false promise makers. Generally the study concluded the problem of trafficking are related with economic issue every stakeholders those who have responsibility with the issue they come up with job opportunities for citizens and to make people more aware the risk and consequences of trafficking. Finally, the result of information instructed from this study valuable for organization and institution working on trafficking and countering human trafficking. Key Words: Human trafficking, Migration, Socio-economy, Victims, False promise makers

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of the Study

Human trafficking is the slavery of our time, exactly 200 years ago; Britain and United Stated formally outlawed the Transatlantic Slave Trade. Today nothing has changed many countries are affected by peoples who migrate out of despair and it is easy for human traffickers to transform dream in to a market (Lagon, 2009). International organizations issued reports on the problem with figures that are often unreliable given the opaque manner of data collection. The United Nations estimated that at least 12 million people worldwide are victims of trafficking and that half of all victims of forced labor are women and girls (UNICJRI, 2004). It is globally Human Trafficking the second largest criminal enterprise in the 21stcenture a 9 billion US $ industry (TIP, 2010). Women who have been trafficked for the purpose of sexual exploitation a significant higher rate of HIV and STDs, tuberculoses and permanent damage to their reproductive systems,

In east Africa both cross border and internal trafficking of women and children being trafficking into armed conflict where it is reported that over 20 000 of them have been victims. All the countries in the region have been identified as source, transit points or destination for women and children trafficked within and across these countries or to other regions of the world such as Europe, Middle East and South Africa. Children often worked for long hours without payment and were sometimes forced to work in very hostile condition (ANPPAAN, 2005). Generally lack of vocational and economic opportunity for the youth, inaccessible education opportunity, traditional migration of adults with in the frame work of economic activity, high demand of cheap labor in the informal economic sector this and other related factors that encourage African children trafficking (UNICEF, 2001)

Ethiopia is a source country for men, women, and children subjected to trafficking in persons, specifically conditions of forced labor and forced prostitution. Girls from Ethiopia’s rural areas are forced into domestic servitude and, less frequently, commercial sexual exploitation while boys are subjected to forced labor in traditional weaving, agriculture, herding, and street

vending. Small numbers of Ethiopian girls are forced into domestic servitude outside of Ethiopia, primarily in Djibouti and Sudan, while Ethiopian boys are subjected to forced labor in Djibouti as shop assistants and errand boys. Women from all parts of Ethiopia are subjected to involuntary domestic servitude throughout the Middle East and in Sudan, and many transit Djibouti, Egypt, Libya, Somalia, or Yemen as they migrate to labor destinations. Ethiopian women in the Middle East face severe abuses, including physical and sexual assault, denial of salary, sleep deprivation, confinement, incarceration, and murder. Many are driven to despair and mental illness, some commit suicide. (Gebiriel, 2011). On the other hand in Ethiopia due to cultural attitude are seen as the natural provider of domestic services including cooking, cleaning, caretaking and that increase vulnerability of women to trafficking (Kebede, 2002).

Belayneh.T and Tekele. A., (2000) suggested trafficked people have no right to negotiate on condition of their employment, and in case of such negotiations it is often done between the agent trafficked and the employer.

Trafficked women and children are living in prostitution, number of student drop out and unemployment rate increasing in the study area due to human trafficking. Imaginary information made by illegal agents, poor educational background of emigrants as well as peer and parents pressure are more facilitating factors for large number of people trafficked people (Seid.A, 2013).Bati town not only the origin of migrants but also it serves as transitional zone. Trafficking in person for labor purposes the case of Ethiopia identified eight from as very high and high incidence areas, among this area Bati town the most exposed and affected by human trafficking (ILO, 2006).

The investigator is interested to choose this topic is the perceptions of the community about the impact of human trafficking limited rather than they have positive attitude about the issue. Related, with the investigator observe the number of informal groups increased in the study area that encourage trafficking so the investigator try to identify problems associated with human trafficking and to show the impacts to the local community scientifically.

1.2. Statement of the Problem

Trafficking in person shall mean the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction of fraud, of deception, of the abused of power or a position of vulnerability or of giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person for the purpose of exploitation of the prostitution of other or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labor or serviced slavery or practices similar to slavery servitude or the removal of organs (Europol, 2005).

It is difficult to measures accurately the social economic impacts of trafficking. because, of it’s the criminal nature and underground nature of trafficking, due to different data collection methodologies used by researchers, lack of legislation and inadequate national definition, lack of political will inexperience in dealing with the issue, corruption, victims inability or unwillingness to cooperative, all make it difficult to determine the scale and impact, (Aronowitz, 2009)

Trafficking represents lost opportunities domestically including an irretrievable loss of human resources and future productivity. It also results in huge loss of remittance to development countries, because trafficked person often have to pay off debt they incur for being trafficked in addition to the forgone benefits in terms of remittance and human capital, there are other human and social costs to development attributable to trafficking. The direct impact on the family and community left behind cannot be easily quantified. (US Department of State, 2011)

Trafficking undermines extended family ties and in many cases, the absence of women leads to the breakdown of families and neglect of children and the aged (Danilova, 2010). Victims who return to home land and communities often find themselves stigmatizes and shunned and are more likely to become involved in substance abuse and criminal activity (US Department of State, 2004) Generally expected to obey societal rules and norms, are usually in favor of the male sex. These societal rules and norms include forced or arranged marriage, lack of access to urban facilities, denial ownership of property, highly unbalanced responsibility to look after the

families and the like. For these various reasons citizens in gagged in migration better alternatives for them. (Kabeer, 1996)

Ethiopia like other developing countries highly affected by human trafficking attitudes towards migration, poor education attainment, and the number of trafficker and illegal agencies increased in country citizens more exposed to human trafficking. According to Belayneh and Tekle, (2000) women who migrated to the Middle East cannot understand Arabic language and written as a result do not have any right to complain when condition are breached by their employers as they are not cognizant of the terms agreed up on.

Many researches that have been done on the issue related with human trafficking focused on different Geographical area with different perspective. People in different area having different socio cultural condition in this regarded the causes and the impacts of trafficking depending up on the specific characteristics of limited geographical area. Coverage of Human trafficking analysis of Enewaq program by Epherm Beshah, 2008 with the objective to asses and analyze from a journalistic point of view how the FM 97.1 Radio program covers the issue of human trafficking. On the other hand, the research is done by Gebiriel, 2012 on the root causes and solutions to human trafficking in Ethiopia with the general objective identifying the causes and to recommend solution to prevent human trafficking. Both of them excluding about the impacts trafficking as a result attempt to contribute in bringing the above stated gap this particular study aims to assessing the socio, economic impacts of human trafficking with the general objective to identify the socio economic problems related with human trafficking.

1.3. Objective of the Study

The main purpose of this study identifies the socio-economic problems associated with human trafficking expansion Bati town. More specific objectives of the study are given as follow: 1. To explore the major cause of human trafficking

2. To identify the major facilitating factors.

3. To investigate the socio-economic impacts of trafficking victims.

4. To identify major destination areas.

5. To give possible recommendations to reduce the problem.

1.4. Research Questions

Based on the objective of the research the study comes up with answering the following basic question. 1. What are the driving and attractive factors that encourage people to migrate? 2. What factors is that facilitating trafficking? 3. What are the socio-economic challenges of victims of trafficking? 4. Where are the major distention areas? 5. How to prevent and tackle the problems faced on trafficked person?

1.5. Significance of the Study

The information generated from this study would be providing valuable information for concerned Government and non-government bodies about the seriousness of the problems faced by survivors of trafficking. It also contribute to creating awareness and share lighter information on the social and psychological challenges victims are facing stakeholders might also be encourage to develop intervention programs to address victim’s needs. The study also provides base line information for further research work and stakeholders who might be interested in conducting research at a large scale on the area of psychosocial wellbeing of victims. Finally, the research result can be replicable to other areas having similar problems.

1.6. The Scope of the Study

This study was conducted in Bati town Oromiya administrative zone in Amhara regional state in four purposively targeted selected kebeles. Due to limited time and resource availability, it has impossible to cover the all geographical areas and population. In this kebeles until November 30, 2013 1998 Saudi Arabia returnees come back to their home land and registered with in these

essential representatives to take from the total members of returnees for generating primary data on different variable as a result the studies carried on 243 samples of respondents have been conducted for this study.

1.7. Limitation of the Study

In conducting this study, the researcher has faced with some limitations. The major limitations includes the silence trend of victims of trafficking or hidden share their familiar information not only victims but also some responsible person not willing to cooperate with me and lack of well- organized and current data that showing the full picture of the trafficking patters in the study area. In addition to this the investigator has also faced with other limitations include the difficulty to access some documents that are not simply disclosed for me, particularly the documents and records of trafficking victims in the Bati town Administrative police office and Court. To fill above gap the investigator has made of effort to establish a good interaction with victim, their friends and family members to make them more comfortable and confident to course about their trafficking experiences.

1.8. Organization of the Thesis

Generally, this research organized into five chapters. Chapter One is an introductory part that provides the underlying principles of the study, which specially encompassed background of the study, statement of the study, objective of the study, research questions, significance of the study, scope of the study, limitation of the study and definition of key terms. In chapter two deals with the literature review including the concept of trafficking and smuggling, push and pull factors, patterns of trafficking at global, Africa and Ethiopia level, it also discussed the major actors of trafficking as well as the expected impacts human trafficking. The third chapter will come with the general background of the study area, which includes Geographical location, topography, demographic character sties and the socio economic condition of Bati town. In addition to this it includes research design, source of data sample size and methods of data collection and analysis. The fourth chapter in compasses background of the respondents and

explains result extracted from the sample and discussed about instruments that to counter human trafficking. Finally, the fifth chapter presents the Summary, conclusion and recommendations.

1.9. Definition of Key Terms

Human trafficking: it is the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of person, by means of threat or use of force or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. (UNPP, 2000)

Human migration is the movement by people from one place to another with the intention of settling temporarily or permanently in the new location. The movement is typically over long distances and from one country to another, but internal migration is also possible. Migration may be individuals, family units or in large groups. (National Geographic, 2009 )

Vulnerability: Concept, which encompasses exposure to risk or threat of economic, health, social or cultural sexual and institutional in nature. (UNPP, 2000)

2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1. The Concept of Human Trafficking

Trafficking comes in many different form of criminal activity it is dynamic adaptable and constantly cleaning. According to Kempadoo and Dooezema (1998) no unanimously accepted definition of human trafficking exists even if several definitions are obligated and adopted by government, non government organization (NGOs) and regional bodies the researcher has assessed some of the definitions forwarded by government and NGOs including the definition the United Nations Assembly of 1997. Figure: 1 Elements of the Palermo Protocol’s definition of Trafficking Threat

Threat Forced labor Coercion or services Recruitment Abduction

Slavery or Transportation practice similar

By Fraud For the to slavery Transfer Means purpose of

of Deception exploitation a minimum Harboring Servitude Abuse of a position of Receipt of Removal vulnerability Persons of organ

Giving and receiving Exploitation of payment of benefits of to prostitution or achieve consent of a other forms of person having control sexual over another person exploitation Source: IOM, 2004

Kompadoo and Doezema have confirmed that the absence of a clear and precise definition has resulted in Government and NGOs adopting strategies and polices that are not coordinated globally to direct to the same vulnerable population. For the purpose of this study, the investigator used the definition on the human trafficking, which is provided by the UN protocol to prevent suppresses and pains trafficking in persons. The UN protocol on trafficking in person usually referred to as” Palermo Protocol” Defines human trafficking in article 3 as follows:

Trafficking in person shall mean the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons. By means of the threat or use of force or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation, of the prostitution of other or forms of sexual exploitation forced labor or services slavery servitude or the removal of organs (UN, 2000a)

The Figure one also illustrates how the trafficking process is so intricate and how the victims fall prey to the traffickers through deception, coercion and other means through which is shows the process and helps the reader to understand human trafficking in the context of the study. Moreover, the UN protocol definition harmonize with the trafficking elements as recruitment, transportation and exploitation that are present in the process of trafficking and criminalizes the different activities that are present in the process of trafficking of persons, without requiring the three elements present and connected. The UN protocol definition also clearly states in sub paragraph (a) of Article 3 on the consent of victims that the intended exploitation has been used (UN, 2000b)

The elements of that are identified in the UN definition clearly shows what trafficking includes its purpose, its scope, issue of the consent of victims and the vulnerable groups for trafficking which is highly explanatory in nature and helpful to understand. However, according to Doezema (2001), it criticizes the little aid offer by the UN Palermo Protocol (2000), the study conducted by Endeshaw al, (2006) has identified Six elements that includes the process, the consent of the victims, the propose of trafficking, where and how trafficking occurs and emphasis of the vulnerability of women and children.

As Belayneh, (2003) the UN protocol definition does not specify for the existence of trafficking during crossing international boundaries as it is anticipated to supplement the UN convention against transitional organized crime, and intended to address the problem of human trafficking across border. Consequently, the above study shows that there is no perfection in defining human trafficking other than focusing on moderately acceptable elements of trafficking. An identical definition appears in Article 4(a). The Council of Europe Convection on Action Against Trafficking in Human Beings (2005) from this description we can see that human trafficking consists of three parts: an action, a means and a purpose. An action including the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of person. must be carried out by a means that is the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion of abduction, of fraud, of deception of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of giving or receiving of payments or benefit’s to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person) for the purpose of exploitation. All three components must be present for trafficking in person to occur.

2.2. Human Trafficking Vs Human Smuggling

An important distinction must be drawn between human trafficking and human smuggling. The 2000 UN Protocol against the smuggling of migrants by land, Sea and Air defines the Smuggling of migrants as: The procurement, in order to obtain, directly or indirectly a financial or other material benefit, of the illegal entry of a person in to a state party of which the person is not a national or a permanent residents (IOM, 2009)

By comparing this latter definition with the definition of human trafficking provided by the separate UN protocol on that phenomenon one can identify a number of distinguishing elements. First, while trafficking necessities the treat of or use force coercion or deception against victims, Smuggling does not migrants who have been smuggled have voluntarily consented to their smuggling, while victims of trafficking have not or, if they have initially consented the consent has been rendered meaningless given the abusive coercive or deceptive action of the trafficker. Secondly, while human smuggling is characterized by an individual’s illegal entry in to the state, victims of trafficking can enter in to the state both legally and illegally. For Example, a person may enter the state legally and independently, under a legitimate work permit, but latter fall

victim to exploitation, within the meaning of the state. Thirdly, while, smuggling necessities the crossing of international borders, trafficking can take place both across international borders, and within the state. There is a general misconception that human trafficking and the smuggling of persons and illegal immigration are the same issue.

Trafficking is a crime, which infringes the fundamental rights of persons, while smuggling is a violation of legislation protecting the borders. In the case of illegal migration facilitated by a smuggler there is an argument between the two usually ends when the former enters the territory the receiving state. In the case of trafficker, illicit means such as coercion, deception or abuse of a position of vulnerability are used at a certain stage of the trafficking process. In addition, the transfer of the person is carried out for the purpose of further exploitation, which normally starts in the country of destination (IOM, 2009).There is a distinct difference between trafficking and smuggling the practices can be interlinked. May start out as a process of smuggling can end up as one of trafficking for example, a person smuggled in to a country may be unable to pay for the cost of smuggling and end up being exploited in the same manner as a victim of trafficking Figure 1Human trafficking Vs Smuggling

Source: National Action Plan 2009- 2012

2.3. Historical development of human trafficking

Marie Kalp,et al.,(as cited in Endashaw et al.2006) stated that acknowledgment of the problem dates back to the Paris Conference on trafficking in 1895. The conference on trafficking was followed by the convention against “White Slavery” (1904), the International convection for the suppression of white slave trafficking (1910) the convection for the suppression of trafficking women and children (1921), and the UN convection for the suppression of person and the UN convection for the suppression of trafficking exploitation of prostitution of other, (1949).

Doezema, (2001) the reappearance of slavery, now a day’s called trafficking as a political issue for human right activities, feminist and other at national and international levels can be dated back to the beginning of the 1980s. Feingold indicated that news headlines make trafficking seems like recent phenomenon. However, he has stated that: the coerced movement of people across borders is as old as the lows of supply and demand. What is new is the volume of the traffic and he realization that we have done little to stem the stride. We must look beyond our row emotion if we are ever to stop those who trade in human lives (Feingold, 2005)

A Research finding indicated that during the Beijing Conference of 1995, the issue of human trafficking was not a serious concern for Africa and the problem was considered as a phenomenon existing mainly among that of the Latin America and Asians people. The above finding also stated that it took almost human trafficking is prevalent in the content and most west and East Africa countries have been found to be source, transit and destination for women and children trafficking. The study further shows that although there are no exact figures and date on the number of trafficking people in the continent. There are indicators to show the trend is increasing in an alarming rate (Bezabih, 2008)

The study done by UNICEF’s Innocent Research Center (cited in Agrinet, 2004)shows that in fifty three countries eighty nine percent of Africa countries are affected by trafficking flows to and from other countries with in Africa. Middle East countries such as Bahrain, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates are the main destinations for Women and Young has trafficked from East Africa for domestic labor. There is wide scale trafficking of Young’s especially from

Ethiopia to the gulf in Lebanon alone there are an estimated 20,000 to 25,000 Ethiopian domestic workers a significant number of whom are trafficking (Pearson,2003).

The study by Pearson (2003) also shows women trafficking to the Middle East countries for domestic work might go through illegal or legal agencies are usually familiarized to agents through friends or family. The study indicates that migrant domestic worker were often about the working conditions, the type of jobs they were to perform and on the size of their salaries. In addition to this the trafficking peoples are often forced to work an average of eighteen hours a day with no break their wages are denied or lower than what was offered, and they are exposed to rape, mistreatment and confinement.

In one of the first studies of the trafficking phenomenon in South Africa, published by Cape Town based NGO, Molo (cited in martens et al, 2003) indicated that victims trafficked in to South Africa continent and over sea. A research finding indicate that looking in to the situation in Ethiopia it is not surprising that long history f prostitution, slavery and bonded labor in the country have contributed to a tolerant attitude towards trafficking women and children (Endashawetal, 2006).

2.4. Global Overview of Human Trafficking

According to Laczko, (2005) an estimated of 600,000 to 800,000 men and women and minor are trafficked across global borders every year. The report also added that the figures quoted above do not include millions who are victims of trafficking within their nations. All East African countries have been recognized as source transit and destination. The study also shows that trafficking occur both international and across borders to other countries in the East and southern Africa and Trans continentally to Europe and the Middle East.

Endeshaw (2006) revealed that trafficking is not a new phenomenon, but it has recently reemerged globally. Global March show that trafficking of persons leaves no country untouched and the widespread global nature of the practice is on the rise. The author listed Ethiopia among countries affected by the practice (Allais, 2004)Trafficking of person has evolved in to one of the

most tragic feature of contemporary global migration and the situation of victims is described as follows. Victims of trafficking are exposed to physical and psychological violence and abused, denied labor right. Are illegal before the law and are often found in a forced and unwanted relationship or dependency with their traffickers. (IOM, 2003)

The US Department of State (2006), trafficking of humans spawns an estimated of S9.5billion income annually to traffickers and is closely connected to crimes such as drug trafficking, document falsification and human smuggling, where organized crime thrives, the rule of law are undermined. A study indicate that though trafficking affects hundreds of thousands of people of every year, getting accurate figure that for persons trafficked in is not easy to obtain and estimate(Endeshaw, 2006). In addition to UN (2000), these difficulties may be attributing to the complexity of the problem the ambivalence of decision makers and a lack of resources to ensure adequate legislation to permit vigorous strategic intervention for the fight against trafficking. Due to these and other related reasons, there are no accurate statistics on the extent of the problem and estimates are unreliable.

2.5. Human Trafficking In Africa

Trafficking in person has been a reported problem in Africa for several years. Research indicates that factors that may be facilitating human traffic in Africa develop profiles of both traffickers and their victims exploiting the activities, means and proposes of trafficking in the continent. A review of existing literature indicates that individual characteristics such as gender, socio economic status education, employment and personal aspiration may be related to an individual’s lively of being trafficked. The first evidenced of UN employment came not from statistical data but from reports about the appearance in various towns of people who obviously has no jobs. They came in increasing numbers, and lived in shantytowns in desperation and poverty. Street children as beggary who simply work on the stretch but are without families or homes are increasing in number in substandard Africa major cites irregular migration as well as trafficking young boy’s and girl’s was stimulated and indemnified by worsening youth unemployment and rapidly deteriorating socio economic condition and poverty(Annan, 2006)

Sometimes the livelihood trafficking victims are seeking for their own benefit and sometimes it is to increase his income of the family through remittances or a flat fee up on recruit meant. Women and children in particular may be warring to provide income for their families (Kamala et a., 2005).Especially in the case of children, it could be to benefit an adult relative. Parents may inadvertently facilitate the trafficking of their own children when their own means of livelihood fail having the perception that sending their children away would be a better way to ensure that their children’s need are not met (ILO, 2001)

Some research result suggest however, that people’s hope for a better life does not necessarily mean wanting a perfect life: “almost 80 percent of the girls interviewed do not necessarily want to get rich, rather they want to gain access to a good life “(Kamala, E.etal, 2001). Particularly for women, migration may be perceived as a way to access greater freedom (Pearson, 2003). Poverty it often mentioned as a causes of trafficking. For example, there have been reports of positive correlation between the improvements of parents and their livelihood to believe the promises made by traffickers. (Frog, 2004)

The research reviewed focuses primarily on how the economic environment in people’s home communities contributes to their vulnerability to trafficking. However, there is some mention of other community or environmental characteristics that may be important. This includes the lack of protected services for children trading to escape an abusive home, employer, or early marriage (Masudi, 2001). The vulnerability of working and abusive home, employer may be compounded by the fed and sometimes inability to reform home or to access support after migrating. Young people also mention lack of recreational and social opportunities in rural communities, particularly in comparison with urban communities, as something that makes migration an attractive alternative. (ILO, 2008)

According to (Pearson, 2003), lack of education opportunities however is more widely cited factor. Primary education provides some protection; once Children are no longer legally required to go to school, they may become vulnerable to recruitment in to commercial sexual exploitation.

2.6. Human Trafficking In and From Ethiopia

2.6.1. Internal trafficking

Internal trafficking is all about the movement f labor from one place to another, especially from rural to urban areas within the same national boundary. It is a common phenomenon in Ethiopia these days. It is also serious and significant. The issue of trafficking with in national borders has raised serious concerns; however, ironically has received little attention (Agrinet, 2004). Although exact figures are difficult to find studies suggest that large numbers of women and children are brought from rural to urban areas, deceived or forced by traffickers for differ purposes. The major intent of in country is the engagement mostly of women and children, in domestic works, industry and prostitution (Yoseph et al, 2006). According to US Department of State report (2008) Rural Ethiopian children and adults are trafficked to urban areas for domestic servitude and less frequently, for commercial sexual, exploitation and forced labor such as in street vending, begging traditional weaving or agriculture situations of dept bondage have been reported (US Department of State,2008)

The study of Yoseph et al (2006) suggests poverty and limited access to social services are among the major “push” factors while the demand for domestic workers, the prevalence of prostitution and a demand for cheap labor in urban areas are major pull factors. Internal trafficking victims suffer from labor exploitation physical and emotional abuse as well as sexual abuse. Relatives, friends, acquaintances of the victims or the victim’s family as well as illegal employment agents, bar and restaurant owners and long range vehicle drivers are the usual traffickers in the internal trafficking process (IOM, 2006) trafficking in these vulnerable sections of society, with in the national border has kept on growing. All indications show that it is getting worse. Therefore, it needs to be addressed in integrated manner. For example, a campaign has to be launched at local and regional level to raise awareness (US, Department of State, 2008)

2.6.2. External trafficking

The major elements in external trafficking are the engagement of victims as housemaids mostly in the Middle East. The main destination for female migrants from Ethiopia is countries in the Middle East (IOM, 2003). Lack of accurate information is among the major factors that contribute to aggravate the problem. According to Imebet, 2003 a large number of them leave the country for Arab countries through traffickers misinformed about the working and living condition at countries of destination. Most vulnerable to such trafficking are women between the age of eighteen and twenty-four particularly high school dropout (Yoseph, et al 2006)

Local brokers in collaboration with facilitators, who can be neighbors, relatives or friends of the victims, play the major role in the trafficking process. Receiving agents (relatives of original trafficker owners of travel agencies and owners of import and export business) are also involved in the process at destination areas (Beyene, 2005). Although many or most the victims are obsessively engaged as maids, trafficked women are often exposed to wide ranging forms of abuse and exploitation in the country of destination including confinement, refusal of salary, denial of rest and leaves, sexual harassment and rape, emotional abuse, imprisonment and beatings(IOM, 2007) this can amount to no more than Slavery. Even though reports of trafficking to Arab countries came to the public’s attention more than two decades ago it is not reported as much as what it deserves (Imebet, 2003)

2.7. Human trafficking in Bati Town

Bati is one of the town in the Amhare Region that has been experiencing large numbers of peoples of the town trafficked in to outside of Ethiopia, primarily in Djibouti and then Middle East. Trafficked people from the town especially boys are subjected to forced labor in Djibouti as shop assistants and errand boys on the other hand Women like other parts of the country subjected to involuntary domestic servitude in destination area. Migrants in the Middle East and Djibouti face severe abuses, including physical and sexual assault, denial of salary, sleep deprivation, confinement, incarceration and murder. Many are driven to despair and mental

illness when back to the town, some commit suicide in destination and some women are exploited in the sex trade after back to their home land especially people whom trafficked from the surrounded rural kebeles and towns.(Bati Town Government Office Annual Report,2011)

Trafficking has an impact on the individuals it victimizes in all areas of their lives. Economic exploitation and abusive working and living condition unlike most other violent crime, trafficking usually involved prolonged and repeated trauma, (Vayrynen.R, 2003). A document describes victims back to the town with short and long-term physical injuries, disabilities and deaths. It also causes in the town breakdown of families because of inability to tolerate the behavior of returners. According to Barath, 2004 the behavior of trafficking victims can be find it difficult to comprehend what has happened to them, or to discuss it with or explain it to others, they become ungrateful. As a result victims has been shown to have a significant and ongoing impact on their lives, including in the trauma experienced by the individual victim as well as the possibility of physical rejection by family and/or community.

2.8. Main actors of human trafficking in Bati Town

In the town, there are different groups to attending and achieving trafficking process with different responsibilities. Due to low level of coordination among stakeholders and lack of attention towards the problem, the number of these informal groups increased day today. Discussed one by one as follows;

2.8.1. Brokers

Local brokers called “Delalas”, who operate at the community level, are usually known to the victim and her family; often recruit potential victims for trafficking. Typically the brokers either a returnee from the country of destination or has relatives there. Brokers usually use facilitators for recruitment and do not directly contact victims and their families. According to the report of Bati town Government and Communication Office annual report of, 2013 to avoid notoriety and detection by authorities, local brokers do not have established or official place of work. They work from rented houses, neighborhood cafes or hotel rooms. In addition to this to avoid being

identified, brokers also move from place to place-in large towns work through multiple facilitators even they do not know the real names and addresses of the brokers.

2.8.2. Facilitators

Facilitators are typically neighbors or other persons known to the victims. This can also included close relatives and family members. The main tasks of facilitators in the recruitment process are to seek out potential victims, convince victims and their families of the benefits of working abroad and arrange a meeting with the broker. As Afework and Habte (2011) facilitators present as concerned individuals, they actually receive commissions from brokers for each successfully trafficked women and child. Working through facilitators benefits the brokers in many ways. Since the facilitators are known and trusted by the potential victims, there is a better chance of engaging the victims while at the same time reducing suspicion of active recruitment. The arrangement also makes it easier for the broker in communities where he or she is not known. Additionally, the brokers are not held responsible for the victim’s exploitation in the eyes of the community. (Agrinet, 2004) victims may not hold the broker responsible; since the involvement of a facilitator gives the impression that the victim or her family came to the broker seeking assistance. The facilitators are often considered blameless and seen as a good intentioned neighbor or relative.

2.8.3. The Traffickers

The traffickers locally called “Askoblays” the one who traffics a human being for the purpose of exploitation or in other words, the intermediary in the trafficking chain of between the supply and the demand can be embodied in a long chain of different people. Owners of shops bar and cafeteria, travel agencies, Ethio-Djibouty merchants and individuals are the main actors in this group (BTGCO, 2013). Traffickers do not always operate in this in groups, some of them engage in an individual. These people can play different roles in different situation. For instance, an individual could be a shopkeeper or cafeteria owner who takes receipt of trafficked persons. In this role, he is responsible for paying recruiters, agents or other intermediaries for the people he takes receipt of. They could then want to recovery this cost through exploiting the victims. They

would also have to ensure that the victim brings in enough money not only to cover his costs, but also to make a profit for them. In order to achieve this group not end until the victim’s returner to their homeland (IOM, 2003).

2.8.4. The Trafficked Person (Victims)

Broadly, poverty, lack of information, gender imbalance and a high level of demand for cheap labor as well as sex workers put certain demographic groups at higher risk of being trafficked. According to the report of BTGCO, 2013 women and children happen to be the main component of this group. In Bati persons who fall prey to trafficking are male and female those migrate the surrounding rural kebeles to the town sex workers, students and ordinary women and girls living a normal life in their homes. They are either forcibly agree to be taken across the border on false Promises of employment. All trafficked person are victims of trafficking process they are forced labor, working at the margins of the formal economic with irregular employment or migration status.

2.9. Causes of Human Trafficking

The root cause of trafficking is complex and often interrelated, poverty, lack of education, weak governance, instability, lack of effective protection against discrimination and exploitation are some example: it is considered to understand that each country present its own specific factors or a combination of multiple factors that are unique to each situation. Because of the difference of the causes the impacts different from place to place the cause generally grouped in to “Push Factors” and “Pull Factors”. The following are some of the major pushing and pulling factors that trafficking in Ethiopia.

2.9.1. Push Factors

The report of human right watch, 2007 women and young girls in other parts of the world for example Indonesia, Philippines and Srilanka experience various forms of gender based violence and gender inequality, including discrimination in economic activity the report also shows this

gender inequality profoundly inferences their access to education and employment and drives many to migrate to survive.

Poverty often mentioned as a “cause” of trafficking but poverty may be a major aggravated factors. Being orphaned may also result in displacement as children migrate to live wire extended family members and cope with less adult protection against exploitation including by those meant to care for them dream of both parents is linked to more intense poverty, increased pressure on children to work and dropping from school this lead to trafficking. (Adepoju, 2005) Community characteristics contributes to their vulnerability to trafficking, lack of education opportunity, lack of protection services for children & trying to escape an abusive home early marriage.(UNICEF,2003).Young people also mention lack of recreational and social opportunities in urban commoners as something that makes migration an attractive alternative.

2.9.2. Pull factors

Much of the research argues that trafficked labor is attractive to employers as compared to less or non-exploitive forms of labor because it is cheap, compliant and because of this profitable. Trafficked people perceive themselves as having an irregular immigration status they usually also come from different culture context (i.e. different languages customs attitudes etc) which makes then more dependent. On the other hand, study state that large numbers of people have been deceived by false promise of traffickers of attractive jobs, towering salaries as well as promises of marriage and comfortable life and this numbers among the major pulling factors for trafficking. (Kebede, 2002) Jobs it requires low educational background and other amount of human power the other pulls factors of trafficked labor. Because of this reason on Ethiopia urban and rural linkage are strong which may facilitate less formal forms of trafficking for domestic bound internal trafficking for the domestic sex industry has also been identified in Ethiopia. (Lidet, 2006)

Distance marriage in some amount of it contribute as pull factor, this is particularly the case with the demined for as “wives” (Pearson, 2003). It is also possible that traditionally sanctioned forms

of forced marriage that involve a girl or women having to migrate to join her new husbands lewd be considered forms of trafficking

2.10. Impacts of Human Trafficking

As Bezabin, (2008) when an individual fauns prey to a traffickers the consequences for the person are extremely serious during the process of trafficking. A victims basic human rights are violated they may be beaten raped and threatened in addition to this when the victims fall under the control of the traffickers they are mostly too scared to seek help and often do not know where to go for assistance. Sometimes, victims who do escape traffickers are victimizing by automotives who expel them back home due to their irregular traveling status instead of grating to them the protection they deserve. Even after they came out of the proves of victimization, the physical and psychological wellbeing more over; studies further indicated that one of the recurrent consequences of human trafficking is stigmatization and victims are often ashamed of what they have been forced to do on the other hand study shows that trafficking victims are rejected by families and local communities and depend on other assistance (PCI, 2010).

2.10.1. Economic impacts of human trafficking

Trafficking represents lost opportunities domestically including an irretrievable loss of human resource and future productivity and trafficked people are often in demands in the recipient country, primarily to fill gaps in the employment structure that needs cheap, irregular labor. (Vayrynen.R, 2003).On the other hand there economic impacts on destination countries costs include the costs of anti-trafficking measures for example the US government has provided approximately US $ 325 billion (US department of the state, 2011). The lack of remittances from trafficked victims could imply a loss to development (Danilova, Traitor and Laczko, 2010). Economic impact not end with the process of trafficking but also it continue because the trafficker back to their home land with victim they spend so many money for treatment. On the other hand, there economic impacts on destination countries, costs include the cost of anti- trafficking measures. For example US government approximately US $ 447 million foreign

assistance to Non-Governmental Organization, Internal Organization and other government to compact and help eliminate human trafficking since 2001 (Danailova-Trainer and Laczko 2010).

2.10.2. Societal impacts of human trafficking.

In addition to the foregone benefits in terms of remittances and human capital, there are others human and social costs to development attributable to trafficking the direct impact on the family and community left behind cannot be easily quantified but nevertheless should not be ignored trafficking undermines extended family tries and in many cases the forced absence of woman use to the breakdown of families and neglect of children and the aged (Danailova-Trainor and Laczoko, 2010). The involvement of criminal groups on migration means that smuggling leads to trafficking and thus to victimization and the violation of human right (Vayrynen. R, 2003).Children trafficking in to forced labor or sexual exploitation have their development as a person irreparably damaged, survivals often suffer multiple traumas.

2.10.3. Health impacts of human trafficking

There are significant health impacts for victims while both they are being transported and when they have reached their destination. Perilous journey expose trafficked victims to injury and even death, while overcrowded and unsanitary condition shortage of food and water increase the risk of spreading infection disease (Todres, 2011) Trafficked person experience, physical, sexual and emotional violence at the hands of traffickers, pimps employers and others. They also exposed to various work place wealth and environmental hazards. Individual trafficked for sex industry also; experience increased the risk of contracting HIV and other Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs). Frequently denied the choice to use condoms, sex trafficking victims can introduce HIV to the broader population (Pearson.E, 2005) Trucking routes served by protrusion rings along trucking routs can cause HIV/AIDS and other STDs to be spread even more widely including across international borders. Health effects are not limited only to those trafficking for sexual exploitation but also it extends the origin the destination areas (Todres, 2011)

3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This section will describe the research sites and participants, data collection instruments, and methodology adapted in the sampling and data analysis

3.1. Description of the Study area

3.1.1. Location

Bati is a town in north central Ethiopia located in the Oromo administrative Zone of the Amhara region. The town is far from the capital city of Ethiopia 417km from the industry town of Kombolcha about 41km in North East direction and near to Djibouti’s Ghelaelo province and this town has latitude and longitude of 11011’ North and 4001’East with an elevation of 1502 meters above sea level. It is the largest town in Bati Woreda the Town since 1943 municipal administer, from 2007 with five rural Kebeles and four town Kebeles begin town administrative (BTGCO, 2013)

Based on the figures from the Central Statistical Agency (CSA, 2007) Bati has an estimated total population of 24,754 of who 11975 are men and 12,779 are women. Bati similar to other Ethiopian towns all religion and ethnic group live together peacefully. The oromo ethnic group predominantly 92%, in habitants the town followd by Amhara 7% and other 1%. The major spoken language includes Oromiffa, Amharic and Afarinya. Large numbers of the inhabitants of the town are Muslim about 95%, followed by Orthodox Christians 3% and others 2%. The two ethnic groups in the town Oromo 80% Amhara 15% and other ethnic group contain 5% (BTGCO, 2013). The topography of Bati is 28% valley 20% mountains and 42% up and down. Almost the town is bounded by Bati zuria woreda and in the west bounded by Kalu Woreda. Climatic condition of the town is annual average temperature is 270c up to 300c and having shortage of rain it is tropical wood land (kola) sorghum and groundnut dominate crops and the most dominant vegetation are acacia, grass and Jatrova.

Figure 2 Map of the study area

Source: GIS Data Ethio-GIS 2004 and CSA 2007

3.1.2. Socio-demographic conditions of the town.

Ethiopia has one of the highest urbanization growth rates in the developing world. The countries urban population was growing at 4.8 percent per annual between the 1995 and 2000. The urban population in Ethiopia in 1984, the first census period, was 4.3 million forming 11 percent of the total population (CSA, 2007). Available data also indicate that in the next 25 years (1994-2020), nearly 30 percent of Ethiopia’s population will live in cities. This kind of urban population growth will inevitably call for huge investments in housing, urban infrastructure, water and electricity supply, sanitation systems and environmental protection programs and programs to alleviate poverty and unemployment in the cities (CSA, 2007).

Male population is lightly higher (50.5%) than female population (49.5%) at the national level. But the total palpation of Bati town11,975 people about (40.22%) is male and 12,779 female the average age distribution is about 9660 (38.99%) under 15 years is not too high. In contrast the town has a large proportion of population aged between 15 and 64 years that on average 14,001 (56.52), this not only the result of low urban fertility but also large number of migrants from the surrounding rural areas. Within economic perspective active population, 80.24 percent is of the population employed but the employed rate shows variation between two-sex male greater than female. The unemployment rate of the town 19.8% it is high in contrast with the regional unemployment rate 14.3% this related with large number of trafficked people comes to the town for searching job and transfer to outside the country to this end being unemployed leads to grater trafficking vulnerability (CSA,2007). The current trend of demographic condition will become change because of often a shortage of low cost and domestic labor in the study area to fill this need large number of female became the town; this may facilitate less formal forms of trafficking for domestic labor.

Due to the proximity of Djibouti the socio-economic condition of the town is highly interrelated with Djibouti the people of the town immigrate to Djibouti for searching jobs and use as transition to the Middle East. On the other hand related with weather condition during summer season about 5,000 up to 7000 Djiboutian come to the town every year this resulted pressure on to getting urban amenities and facilities. (BTGCO, 2010)

3.1.3. Urban amenities and facilities

3.1.3.1. Housing conditions

According to Bati Town Administrative Office, 2010 the number of housing holds in the town is 4499 with this about 2365 or 52.57% constricted before 20 years and more years. The majority of this house currently located in the centre of the town, highly crowded and shanty houses the reaming 2134 or 47.43% houses constructed after 20 years. When compared to the previous census year the result is shows great variation. The implications of this data about 47% housing units were built within two decade. From this, we can understand that house construction in the town shows some delaying. In addition to this, about 600 people with 24 housing associations organized and registered in this year. The average numbers of person’s per-room 4.9 this number higher than the regional average for urban areas, 3.5 (CSA, 2007).Therefore, the shortage of house in the town is seriousness problem than most urban areas of the region.

When we see the number of houses with regard to housing tenure, most houses of the town has use for renting purpose 2323 or 51.64 percent. In other word majority of the population are live in rented houses. Most of the rented houses are for private resident purpose. Only 48.36 percent or 2176 houses are occupied by the owner of the houses the majority of these houses located in the marginal area of the town. Absence house development program in the town it has own impact on healthy growth of the town, the materials and the technology issued in the construction of hoses is one of the factors considered in the evaluation of housing conditions. About 94% and 96 percent of the housing units in Bati have wood and mud wall and corrugated iron sheet roofs (CSA, 2007).

In addition to poor physical conditions, substantial number housing units in the town lack of adequate supply of basic facilities and amenities. For instance, in 2007, about 918 housing units do not have toilet facilities at all; either private or shared and 597 housing without kitchen, either private or shared and 86.99 percent of the housing units has a traditional type of kitchen outside their house or made up of plastic house. Which about 90 percent of them got water from public

tap which found the surrounding of their home and most of the housing do not have own bathing facility. The shortage of several facilities will have sanitation problem for the town (CSA, 2007).

3.1.3.2. Electric and water services

Related with the expansion of the town integrated with life style change of people the percentage of housing units with electric meter (both private and shared) has increased from time to time and now it reaches to 95.55% (CSA, 2007). This implies that the majority of the residents of the town have access to electric as a source of lighting. Therefore, the population pressure per electric meter is not a serious problem of the town currently.

According to the report of Bati Town Government and communication office 61.9 percent of the town’s housing units has access to clean water (Bati town government and communication office, 2013). The total number of water meters cube in the town will become increase according to the report when. Bati Gerba water project when completed the accessibility rise in 80 percent.

3.1.3.3. Education and Health Facilities

The Education coverage of the constitute one the strength points of Bati Town. In the town, there is one private and one public kindergarten school one first cycle primary school, seven elementary and junior school one high school and TVET. Education coverage of the town is improved from time to time. When we become to health facilities vice versa of education there is only one public health center this health center served not only Bati town but also the surrounding Bati Zuria woreda and Afar region people. Because of limited health, facilities in the town the people of the town go to Dese town for further health treatment.

3.1.3.4. Major Economic activity

Secondary and tertiary economic activities are the major economic activities of the town there are 15 small scale industries are found and there is no any government and private large scale

industries this is it has own socio-economy impact of the town. Private investors own the majority small-scale industries. Trade and services is the most dominate tertiary economic activity most of the inhabitants are engaged in this economic activity (Bati town Administrative Office, 2013).

3.2. Research Design

As the main purpose of the study is to examine and explore the socio economic impacts of human trafficking in Bati town Amhara regional State. To obtain appropriate information the investigator used descriptive type of research this designed helps to for describing the existing situation, narrating facts, characteristics and investigating phenomena. The study design includes both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Primary and secondary data sources using this study. The key informants’ samples were selected using a combination of purposive and systematic sampling technique applied. In the quantitative method of data interpretation statistical techniques are employed to interpret and analyze the informant responses’ and other statistical techniques like percentages, frequency, mean and tables are used to explain the existing situation and qualitative methodologies used to explore the feelings, understandings and experience of informants simply using narration and content analyses.

3.3. Source of Data

Based on the study objectives the researcher used both Primary and secondary data sources. The primary data were collected from the original study area from the sample respondents through questionnaires and interview. Both primary and secondary sources were used to conduct this research. Primary data sources were collected using the qualitative data collection instruments of in depth interview and questionnaires’ from 237 migrants and returnees who were come back with victims and collected from six lawyers. These methods were very helpful to triangulate the finding with different data sources. Whereas the secondary data were collected from previous records to describe, the general situation of human trafficking these includes Reports, Publication news and other documented materials from government, and NGOs.

3.4. Sample Size and Sampling Procedure

Sample size and the sample selection process procedures should assure the representativeness of the total population. Consideration to this study used four stage-sampling procedures in the first stage for the purpose of this study Bati town selected purposively within seven woredas because of the town is a source transition and destination area for victims of trafficking. In the second stage within nine-total kebeles four kebeles selected purposively due this kebele located geographically in the center of the town the main actors of trafficking reside in this area and the presence of returnees’ document in the third stage applied Quota sampling technique based on the total number of Saudi Arabia returnees of each kebele. Finally, using systematic sampling technique 243 respondents were selected for this study. The total number of sample size determined by applied simplified formula provided by Yemane, 1967 n= N when n= is the sample size n=1998 1+ n (E) 2 N = is the total returnees 1+1998 (0.06)2 E= is have perception (Margin error) n= 243

Table 1: Sample Distribution

Kebeles Total population Total number of Sample size Percentage Returners distribution (%) M F T 01 2124 2367 4491 464 56 23.04 02 3131 3713 6844 561 68 27.98 03 2488 2887 5375 474 58 23.86 04 4232 3812 8044 499 61 25.10 Total 11975 12779 24754 1998 243 100

Source: Bate Town Government and Communication Office, 2014

Figure 3 Sample size and sampling procedure

Bati town total nine kebeles

Keble 1 Kebele 3 Kebele 4 Purposively selected Kebele 2

Number of Number of Number of Number of returnees, returnees, returnees, returnees, 464 561 474 499

Quota sampling 56 68 58 61

Total sample size 243 Systematic sampling th technique (Multiple of 8 )

3.5. Instruments of Data Collection

The instruments employed to gather the necessary data for this study were questionnaire and interview and document analysis. According to Cohen and Manion, (1994), use of the combination of different methods is suggested as having advantages of correcting some of the deficiencies of any one source of data; therefore, the data gathering processes considers the above-mentioned instruments.

3.5.1. Questionnaire

Questionnaires were one of the instruments developed based on the research to collect relevant and reliable information from the respondents to answer the basic question raised in the introduction part. The investigator used questionnaires in this study were intended to collect information by made close and open-ended format questionnaires were prepared and distributed

to the selected 232 sample household respondents. The closed ended format questions were enabling the respondents to select one among listed alternatives based on their feeling. On the other hand, open-ended questions were give opportunity to the informants to express their interests feelings and attitudes issues related with human trafficking. To avoid language barriers between the enumerators and the respondents the investigator constructed the questionnaire in both local Amharic and Afan Oromo and translated in to English during data analysis.

3.5.2. Interview

The investigator has chosen to use in depth interviews, which are highly appropriate to address research questions. To this end, an open-ended interview guideline was prepared to address questions that make sense to informants and simply respond to their own words. For this interview five candidate were selected recently returned from Saudi to Ethiopia in addition to this for cross cheek and about the instruments which counter trafficking interview attend with six lower.

3.6. Methods of Data Analysis

Based on the nature of the topic and collected data the investigator used both qualitative and quantitative methods of data analysis to interpret the finding of the study. Data gathered through interview researcher has tried to explore the feelings; understanding and experience of interview participants through in-depth interview analyzed and transcribed using qualitative techniques in the form of narration and content analysis to determine that it satisfies the researcher questions and the general purpose of this study. On the other hand, data gathered in questionnaires were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The important descriptive statistics such as mean, frequency percentage were computed to analyzed the collected data.

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSTION

This part of the thesis describing result extracted from the sample respondent through questionnaire and interviews. The whole this part is broadly categorized in to three sections. The first section focused on data analysis gathered through questionnaires and interview under this there are five subs categorize. These includes the socio demographic characteristics of trafficked people, decision maker in human trafficking, reason of migration, the major destination area of migrates and the last section discussed with the socio-economic impacts of human trafficking. The second broad category explains the result of interviews getting from the returners, under this there are five subsection these includes, in the first section, explain working condition particularly in the destination area the second section focus on ways of return to home land, the 3rd section socio-economic condition of returner and the last section of this category how to handle the problem face in the study area. The third broad category discussed issue related with legal instrument particularly emphasized on international and domestic instruments that encountered human trafficking.

4.1. The socio-demographic characteristic of trafficked persons.

4.1.1. Educational background of trafficked persons

As educational achievement is concerned almost all of the respondents not walk far the survey indicated that, the educational background of trafficked people from Bati town it consists 46.55% started or completed their primary education. Data from Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs also shows that of the Migrants of the year 2012, more than 85% are students who either dropped or quitted schools at primary level (MOLSA, 2012). The implication of this data was the majority of trafficked people are children because most of the time primly school age is less than 18. On the other hand, the combination of illiterate, read, and writes shared 44.83%. Generally, people with low educational background are more vulnerable to the trafficker and more exposed the risk of victims.

Table 2 Educational backgrounds of trafficked people

Educational background of Frequency Percent Valid percent Cumulative trafficked people percent Illiterate 53 22.84483 22.84483 22.84483 Read and write 51 21.98276 21.98276 44.82759 Valid Elementary 108 46.55172 46.55172 91.37931 High school 20 8.62069 8.62069 100 Total 232 100 100

Source: Field Survey, 2014

4.1.2. Marital Status of migrants

The present survey data of Table 3 show that there is no big variation among different marital status. The vulnerability of human trafficking with marital perspective almost similar, we understand from this trafficking affects all social groups but Divorce people more vulnerable than the other this the result of unhappy marriage on the other hand forced in to marriages early or child marriage may migrate to escape their husbands especially children’s and women’s. Married people it consists 27.58 % this may be association between having a large family and children being trafficked on the other the vulnerability unmarried people it consists 27.15% related with individual interest peer and family pressure.(See, Table 3). The vulnerability of trafficking the desperation that results from limited access to social service; unemployment and the disintegration of the traditional family and other social structural, in addition to these early marriage victims were made more venerable to human trafficking (Alemtsehay, 2009).

Table 3 Age distribution at the time of trafficking

Marital status of trafficked Frequency Percent Valid percent Cumulative people percent Married 64 27.58 27.58 27.58 Unmarried 63 27.15 27.15 54.74 Valid Widowed 39 16.81 16.81 71.55 Divorce 66 28.44 28.44 100 Total 232 100 100

Source: Field Survey, 2014

4.1.3. Age at the time of Trafficking

In Ethiopia 8 to 24 years of age appear to more vulnerable to trafficking especially internal trafficking. Traffickers mostly target those who are less powerful (Bezabin. T, 2008).The result of questionnaires indicated that 125 respondents (53.87%) between the age 15 and 18 and those are more venerable to misguide and miss informed age group. One sixty (1/6) or 15.9% percent of respondent trafficked at age between19-22. On the other hand mean average age is 22.54 there is inverse relationship between age and level of vulnerability generally age is the most determinant factor at the time of trafficking Table 4Mean ages at the time of trafficking

Age at the time Frequency Percent Valid percent Cumulativ Class mid- fx of trafficking (f) e point percent (x) 15-18 125 53.87 53.87931 53.87931 16.5 2062 19-22 37 15.94 15.94828 69.2759 20.5 758.5 Valid 23-26 30 12.93 12.93103 82.75862 24.5 735 27-30 24 10.34 10.34483 93.10345 28.5 684 31-35 16 6.86 6.86655 100 32.5 520 Total 232 100 100% ∑fx4767 Source: Field Survey 2014

Since x = mean, f= frequency, x= Class midpoint ∑ = the sum of

X= ∑ f1X1/Ef1 X= 4767/232 X=20.54= Mean Age at the time of Trafficking

4.2. Individual interest and decision maker in human trafficking

4.2.1. Individual interest towards trafficking

The survey result in table 5 indicated that 208 (89.65%) respondents they did not have any interested to go outside from their homeland. This implies that the interference of the third person is a major factor. An insignificant number of respondents 24 (10.34%) they have interest to leave from the study area.

Table 5 Individual interests towards trafficking

Individual interest towards trafficking Frequency Percent Yes 24 10.34 Valid No 208 89.65 Total 232 100.00

Source: Field Survey 2014

4.2.2. The dominate decision maker in Human trafficking

Most of the research argues that the decision of human trafficking is generally made by relatives, friends and family play a major role in internal trafficking, on the other hand for international boundaries the role of brokers and illegal employment agents have aggravated role to decide individual in human trafficking (Eshetu, 2003). The following table shows that 34.91% and 34.05% of the migrants (trafficked persons) have left their homeland due to the active

involvement of peer and family pressure respectively. The remaining 11.20 and 9.48 percent the decision was made by broker and relatives respectively.

Table 6 Dominant decision makers in human trafficking

Decision maker Frequency Percent Relatives 22 9.48 Peer pressure 79 34.05 Valid Family pressure 81 34.91 Broker 26 11.20 Total 208 89.65 Missing system 24 10.34 Total 232 100

Source: Field Survey, 2014

Not only the result of questionnaire but also the statement of interview respondents confirmed that due to the role of other people the victims decision to migrated abroad for further refer the following verbal words of informants.

“ ….. the promise given by the broker has influenced me to decide to go outside in shorter period of time ” (Informant, 1)

“My cousin has promised me that I will work as baby sister in Saudi ” (Informant, 2)

“… the broker has persuaded me how my life will be changed if I work in the Middle East countries and I thought it is an opportunity that should not be missed” (Informant, 3)

“The broker has promised me that I will work as a waitress one of the big hotels in Saudi” (Informant, 4)

“The broker has told my husband that he will get me a good job with better monthly payment” (Informant, 5)

The verbal words of women indicated that the false promises of brokers of attractive jobs have influenced them to decide to work in Arab countries. The women in informant 1 and 4 have indicated that both were influenced by the attractive words of the broker. Informant 2 and 3 mentioned that beside their own interest of migrating, relatives, women they know and friends who are working outside Ethiopia have encouraged them to decide up on migrating to Arab Nation. Informant 5 stated that her husband and his friend had significant role in her decision on working in the Middle East Nations.

4.3. Reasons of Migration

Studies show that human trafficking a large number Ethiopian who migrates to the Middle East countries are victims of trafficking (Agrinet, 2004) Expecting better opportunities, limited access to services in the rural area of the country are the major push factor, on the other hand deceived by false promises of traffickers of attractive jobs, towering salaries as well as promises of marriage and comfortable life among the major pulling factor for trafficking (Kebede, 2002)

4.3.1. Push Factors

The findings shows that 96 (41.30%) respondents confirmed that due to family characteristics people of Bati town migrated from their country among family characteristics includes families disintegrated either through death or divorce are viewed to be more at risk for trafficking. Adopoju (2005) strength this idea death of both parents is linked to more intense poverty, increased pressure on children to work and dropping from school due to inability to get basic needs. Another family characteristic to increase venerability to trafficking is a large family size. Having a large family linked with children’s economic participation, adults in large families may be unable to meet the family’s basic needs alone and thus may require their children to work.

38.36 % of respondents confirmed that due to Individual interest people migrated from their homeland. This related with for own benefit and sometimes wishes to increase the income of the family through remittance. (Refer table 7) Community characteristics contributed to peoples venerability to trafficking it consists 20.25% this includes, lack of protective service for children

trying to escape an a abusive home, employer or early marriage, lack of recreational and social opportunities in the communities, that makes migration an attractive alternative. According to the verbal words of informants 3, 4 and 5 when they face financial problem and low-income generating activities of their family reasons to migrate abroad.

“so, I was supporting my parents since my child hood by serving roasted beans on the street and attending school at the evening class then, I realized this will not change my life and decide to work abroad to improve my life,, (Informant, 1) “I have decided to work abroad because; I want to support my mother who works on the house of wealth people” (Informant, 3)

“Unable to pay my college fee as my parents did not have financial capacity to support me. I drop out my education. I had no choice and I decided to work in the Middle East” (Informant, 4)

Table 7 Reasons of Drive Factor

Reasons of drive factor Frequency Percent Personal characteristic 89 38.36207 Family characteristic 96 41.37931 Community characteristic 47 20.25862 Total 232 100

Source: Field Survey, 2014

4.3.2. Pull Factors

Economic disparities between regions also lead to more general migration flows, as countries that are more affluent draw up on the potential workforce of poorer countries as a source of labor (Berhanu 2002). The survey results in table 8 show that out of 232 respondent 89.65 percent people of Bati town migrate because of attracted labor demand in place of destination. Trafficked

labor is attractive to employers as compared to less or non-exploitive forms of labor because it is cheap, compliant and profitable (Kebede, 2002).Economic growth tends to result in increased demand for cheap migrant labor related with this improvements of infrastructure, ways of communication and trends associated with a rapidly globalizing world like increasingly open borders, better transport and increased overlay migration flows (Arouowitz, 2009). On the other hand with of high standard of living and expansion commercial sex in destination countries accounts 7.32 and 3.01 percent respectively.

“Since I have completed 10th grade, I could not find a job and then I decided to go to one of the Arab countries to improve my life and support my parents” (Informant, 2)

“my husband and I had no income after we were return from Djibouti since 1998/2006 I have tried to get a job but did not find any life became difficult for me and my family as a result I decided to migrant to middle east and improve my family’s life” (Informant, 5)

We examine the above verbal words of interviewers because of job opportunity in the destination area and victims as well as families expectation for improving their life and support their family they were thought of migrating and mentioned these as major factors for leaving from their hometown.

Table 8Factors that attract people to migrate to another place

Pull Factors that attract migrants Frequency Percent Higher standard of living 17 7.32759 Valid Labor demand 208 89.65517 Expansion of sex industry 7 3.01724 Total 232 100

Source: Field Survey 2014

4.3.3. Other aggravated factors

Not much is known about the recruitment method used by owners and operators of travel agencies. There are 400 travel agencies registered with in the country among this only 6 (six) agencies they did according to their licensed, the remaining 349 they engaged in illegal migration in the name of legality and they have strong relationship with local brokers and facilitators at the initial stages (MLSA, 2013).As shown in table 9(39.65%) respondents prefer illegal migration due to absence of real legal travel agencies in Bati town and the surrounding Zonal towns. Absences of real travel agencies are in a position to make the business of human trafficking in person from Ethiopia more efficient, organized and widespread (Alemtsehai, 2009). The remaining 34.91% confirmed the process of legal requirement a major factor contributed people engage in illegal migration. In addition to this 19.32% of respondents confirmed that interested in illegal migration because of no requirement of legal documents. Most trafficked people are unable to present legal documents like birth certificate, education certificate passport and other documents to escape from this people prefer illegal migration. (Adopoju, 2005)

Table 9Reasons of other aggravated Factors

Reason of other aggravated factors Frequencies Percents Absence of legal agencies 92 39.65 Legal process takes time 81 34.91 Valid No need of legal documents 46 19.32 It is cheap 13 5.6 Total 232 100

Sources: Field Survey, 2014

4.4. The Major preference areas of migrants

The national surveys shows that the Middle East is popular destination for Ethiopian women and children due to its geographical proximity, high demand for domestic workers, large number of Ethiopian community living there and also traveling under the pretext of annual religious pilgrimages (Kebede,2002). Similarly the results of this survey show that about 99or 42.67% of respondent, Saudi Arabia is the major preferable destination for Bati town migrants, this is related with the highest role of local brokers and travel agencies coordinate extensively religious pilgrimages especially during the period just before the religious ceremony to send victims. Another 21.98 % confirmed that popular destination is Djibouti because of large number of Ethiopian community living in there it takes as aggravated factors. According to Belayneh and Tekle, 2000 Djibouti not only destination but also the major route to reach the Middle East it surveys as transitional Zone. The remaining 17.24 percentage, 9.48% and 8.62% of respondent preferred Beirut, Lebanon and Yemen as destination respectively.

Table 10Major destination areas

Major destination countries of Migrants Frequency Percent Djibouti 51 21.98276 Yemen 20 8.62069 Valid Lebanon 22 9.48276 Saudi Arabia 99 42.67241 Beirut 40 17.24138 Total 232 100

Source: Field Survey, 2014

4.5. Impacts of human trafficking

The human and social consequences of trafficking are compelling from physical abuse and torture of victims to the psychological and emotional trauma to the economic and political implications of unabated crime; the impact on individuals and society is clearly destructive and unacceptable. Human trafficking has all impact on the individuals it victimizes in all areas of their lives. Every stage of the trafficking process can involve physical, sexual and psychological abuse and violence, deprivation and torture, the forced use of substances, manipulation, economic exploitation and abusive working and living condition. Unlike most other violent crime, trafficking usually involves prolonged and repeated trauma (Kebede, 2002).

4.5.1. Economic Impacts of human trafficking

Today trafficking in person as illegal all over the world and as a result we do not have accurate statics on the amount required trafficking process United Nation Office on, Drugs and Crime (UNODC), 2006 has profit that human trafficking operators estimated profits are between US $ 7- 10 billion annually and victims of trafficking they loss this amount of coast. It is clearly shown in table 11, that (76) or 34.38 % of respondent confirmed that victims of trafficking required payments 15,001 Birr up to 20,000 Birr for trafficking process per person and 33.93 % Between 10,001Birr and 15, 000 birr traffickers to get this amount of bring victims to destination area next to this 15.51% of respondents confirmed that those peoples of Bati town they were pay 20,001 Birr up to 25,000 Birr for trafficking process this is the highest payment when comparing the other. To this end on average returners of Bati town they pay 15,079 Ethiopian birr pay for attending trafficking process per person equal to 753 US $ refer table 11

Table 11 Amount of payment required for human trafficking process

Amount of financial loss due to Frequency (f) Valid percent Class fx human trafficking in birr mid point (x) 5000 Birr –10,000 Birr 34 15.38 7,500 25500 10,001birr-15,000 Birr 75 33.93 12200.5 937537.5 15,001birr-20,000 Birr 76 34.38 17500.5 330038 20,001Birr-25000 Birr 36 16.28 22,500.5 810018 Missing System 11 4.97 - - Total 232 100 ∑fx3332593.5

Sources: Field Survey 2014

4.5.2. People’s experience and societal impacts of human trafficking

Trafficked victims are stripped of their human rights; people are subject to all manner of human rights violations, not least of all the rights to life, liberty and freedom from slavery. Trafficked children are deprived of the right to grow up in a protective environment, and to be free from sexual exploitation and abuse less considered are the rights to adequate healthcare, education, a decent work environment, and freedom from discrimination, to name a few (Todres 2006).

Since x = mean, f= frequency, x= Class midpoint ∑ = the sum of

Since x = ∑ f1x1= 3332593.5 x = 15,079 Mean lose birr per person

∑ f1 221 According to Annan, etal, 2006 victims are kept in very poor conditions with substandard clothing and food, unhygienic living Conditions and no provision for health care. They also physically and sexually abused by their employers.

4.5.2.1. People’s experience towards societal impacts

As indicated in table 12 large number of proportions that is 209 (90.08 %) of respondents having awareness about the socio-economic impacts of human trafficking in the town where as the remaining respondent 23 (9.91 %) they didn`t have any information about the impacts of trafficking

Table 12 Sample of individual information about societal impact

Having information about societal impacts Frequency Percent

Valid Yes 209 90.08 No 23 9.91

Total 232 100

Source: Filed Survey 2014

4.5.2.2. Societal impacts of trafficking

Human trafficking is the possession or trading of humans for the purpose of engaging them in slavery and prostitution through the means of force and coercion (Adopoju, 2005). The impact of trafficking on communities has not been stematically documented in the town, but some of the expected impacts of trafficking on the communities are real in this finding. As shown table 13 19.82 % respondents confirmed that unemployment was the first problem of the town, this related with victims until to get the chance to work aboard they did not engaged the presence of job opportunity in the study area in addition to this when thy back to home absences of marketable skill and knowledge they did not active competent. The second largest group of respondents 19.32% confirmed that the societal experience in the town due to the increasing commercial sex. Especially victims of Women come to the surrounding rural kebeles and from

neighboring woreda they did not back to their original area stay with commercial sex in the town as a means of livelihood.

Another point to be noted here 17.24% respondents that the victims were deprive education opportunities and they loss all human rights from the beginning to until returned this leading to deterioration in public safety. Loss of human resources from source communities result reduction in Economic development due to fewer productive workers to care for children and the elderly it accounts 18.53 % of respondents. Finally delinquency and crime by victims who have been negatively affected by their experience, low education and skill intermingle with high unemployment leading to introduce drug abuse this was created favorable condition for criminal activities. According to Oucho, 2006 human trafficking that encourage organized crime networks and increase in other types of trafficking including; trafficking in drugs, weapons and stolen goods with in this trafficker uses Young is as instruments as a result children that developed delinquent behavior.

Table 13 Social impacts of human trafficking

Social impacts of human trafficking Frequency Valid percent Loss of human resource and assets 43 20.57 Education of children’s education opportunity 40 19.13 Delinquency and crime by victims 35 16.74 Increasing unemployment 46 22.009 Increasing commercial sex 45 21.53 Total 209 100 Missing system 23 - total 232 -

Source: Field Survey 2014

4.5.2.3. Livelihood of Returners

The selection of different forms of employment and the choice among different income generating activities and livelihood strategies is determined by the characteristics of the labor market, economy and individual characteristics that is related to education and skill (Chambers, 1995). As it is clearly seen in table 14 large numbers of returners, 34.91% engaged in the urban informal sector this is related with poorly educated with limited marketable skill and integrated with negative attitudes for jobs that are available. The second largest proportion of migrants 30.6% became family dependent when back to their homeland. Another point noted is that about 21.55% of respondents confirmed victims participated in daily wage labor; on the other hand, an insignificant number of migrants are engaged in government employee who had better educational attainment. (Refer table 14)

Table 14 Livelihoods of returners

Livelihood of Returners Frequency Valid percent Join urban informal sector 81 34.91 Government employee 12 5.17 Merchant 18 7.75 Daily wage laborer 5 21.55 Family dependent 71 30.60 Total 232 100

Source: Field Survey, 2014

4.5.3. Personal experience and health impacts of human trafficking

4.5.3.1. Personal experience

Respondents in this sample were all asked a series of questions regarding their personal experience about human trafficking incidents. As it seen in table 15, with the exception of 33

respondents 85.77percents in our sample having individual health experience because of human trafficking incidents.

Table 15 Individual experience in health problem

Personal experience in health frequency percent Valid percent Cumulative percent problem Yes 199 85.77 85.77 85.77 Valid No 33 14.22 14.22 100 Total 232 100 100

Source: Field Survey, 2014

4.5.3.2. Health impacts due to human trafficking

Human trafficking may affect the health and future life opportunities of migrants. It relate to case where underground migration put victims at risk of death, starvation, suffocation, accidents and other harmful condition. The report of Belayneh, and Tekle, (2000) refers to sixty seven deceased (bodies) of migrants coming from Arab countries between 1997 and 1999 which can be attributed because of the underground nature of migration, the report also strength most of the woman died from unnatural causes. Even with reports on the death of Ethiopian workers abroad keep increasing, the number of Ethiopian traveling abroad looking for employment also has increased because of human trafficking.

Trafficked person asked in our survey about health symptoms they suffered according to the data large proportion, 59.79 % or 119 respondents confirmed that they come up with STDs due to their involvement in human trafficking this the result of forced in to commercial sex work and abuse occurs in almost all stage of trafficking process. Mostly trafficked persons are poorly educated, their awareness about STDs is limited this increase their vulnerability. On the other hand, especially women who have trafficked in to sex trade often may not have access to or are

not allowed to use condoms or other methods of birth control and may only have irregular gynecological examination. Such women face to the risk of unwanted pregnancies and miscarriages. The physically immature bodies of young girls are extremely vulnerable to injuries such injuries increase the risk of infection in STDs (Adopoju, 2005).

The Other 39 respondents (19.59%) infected by malaria, which is related with mode of transport majority of migrants from Bati to travel through arid area of Afar region and Djibouti. Most of the time people travel in lorry and b y foot absence of basic needs and lack of medical services it increase the risk of infected in malaria especially during transition. Some of the respondents 15.50 % they face mental health problem this is the result of physical abuse and beatings, sexual abuse and rape in destination area anxiety, mistreatment, lack of good medical service when return to their homeland all this leads to sever mental or emotional health consequences. The other insignificant proportion 5.02 % responded they observed loss of body parts or became physical disability.

Table 16 Health problems related with human trafficking

health problem related with human trafficking Frequency Valid Percent Malaria 39 19.59 Valid STDs 119 59.79 Mental healthy 31 15.507 Loss of body parts 10 5.025 Total 199 100 Missing System 33 Total 232

Source: Field Survey, 2014

4.5.4. Individual experience and difficulties that faced trafficked people

The act of trafficking and the attendant human rights violations can have very serious consequences for the victims. It is very difficult to assess the real size of human trafficking and its impacts because the crime takes place underground, and often not identified or misidentified.

4.5.4.1. Individual Experience in Difficulties

As it is seen in table 17 majorities (89.65 %) of, respondents have faced difficulties during every stage of trafficking process. The challenges occurred in almost all stations in which the victims find themselves including their living space and working areas, the remains 10.34% of respondents did not faced any challenges

Table 17 Individual experiences in difficulties

Individual Experience in difficulties Frequency Valid percent Yes 208 89.65 No 24 10.34 Total 232 100

Source: Field Survey 2014

4.5.4.2. Difficulties of faced trafficked people

All the victims of trafficking face extensive exploitation and abuse during the different stages of trafficking. The most prevalent forms of exploitation and abuse experienced by Ethiopian woman and children are emotional, physical and sexual in nature (Bezabiy, 2008).As shown Table 18, 35.77 % peoples those who trafficked from the town they work exploitative working conditions. This includes migrants obligate to work without rest and continuously. Victims who trafficked in the Middle East face labor exploitation. They begin from 5 AM in the morning up to 1 PM at nights work the whole week (Alemtsehay, 2009). The other important result shows that 13.36 % of respondents they were face challenges related with to gate of social services

especially during transit and destination area any basic needs (shelter, medical care, clothing) this increase the risk of health problem due leading to illnesses and finally those people became passive participant in the socio -economic activities in the town. On the other hand 15.51 percents of migrants stay without any job this begins from the origin (Bati) town up to destination area. According to Bati Town Government and Communication Office (2013) annual report about 50% - 75% of trafficked people they stay 3 to 6 months in the town with domestic work without any payment in the house of transistors. The finding also confirmed that labor exploitation begins in the town. With the absence of daily consume it consist 13.36 percent of respondents finally 11.63 % of respondents the other expected difficulties trafficking victims faced frequently beaten, raped and threaten. When concluded from this due this difficulties citizen has become disability, they develop filling of loveless, physically and psychological affected they became hopeless, when back to their homeland whit drug addicted (Refer table 18)

Table 18 Major difficulties faced trafficked people

Difficulties Face trafficked people during every stage of Frequency Valid percent trafficking process Lack of social service 31 14.90 Beat, rape and threaten 27 12.98 Valid Stay without any job 36 17.30 Absence of daily consume 31 14.90 Over work 83 39.90 Total 208 100 Missing system 24 Total 232

Source: Field Survey, 2014

4.6. Urban facility and service condition of respondents

4.6.1. Housing condition of sample respondents

Housing is one of the necessities of life and is part of household assets. It serves as an indicator of Socio-Economic status and position in the society. There are different elements of housing that shows socio-economic wellbeing. These include housing tenure; number of people per room the availabilities of different services and amenities and construction materials of the house etc. Studies have shown that housing characteristics do reflect community difference and reveal factor that contribute most to an urban center perceived quality of life (Heffley and Lopez, 2002). Besides the presence of house serves as collateral for poor households to access credit and loan

Home ownership contributes to the wellbeing, happiness of families and intensifies upward social mobility and wealth accumulation. According to UNICEF (2009) households with home ownership was found to be higher in less urbanized (smaller urban centers) of Ethiopia than highly urbanized centers of the country like Addis Ababa. How every for the urban poor, home ownership is a serious problem in both smaller and larger urban centers. The finding of this study revealed that the majority of samples respondents (60.34 %) are lived in rented houses this implies that victims and their family obligated to paid additional cost for housing to salivate these problem victims and their families engaged in income generating as a result take trafficking as a means of solving the problem. The majority of the houses are poor constructed and physically deteriorated and lack basic services like kitchen and toilet. The reaming 22.41 percent of respondents live in dependent house either their family house or their relative’s houses. Small number of respondent they live their own houses.

Table 19 Housing condition of respondent

Housing Condition of respondents Frequency Valid percent Own 40 17.24 Rent 140 60.34 Dependent 52 22.41 Total 232 100

Source: Field Survey 2014

4.6.2. Ownership of housing settlement

According to UN (2009) housing units are classified as under occupied, adequately occupied and overcrowded depending on the number of person per room accordingly, Housing units with one or more rooms occupied on average by one person and less per room is classified as under occupied. Housing units with one or more rooms occupied on Average by (1+) one up to two point four (2.4) classified as adequately occupied. The 3rd category of housing units with one or more rooms occupied on Average by 2.5 or more persons per room classifies as overcrowded. As table 20 shows that about 56.42 percent of household respondents, they live in kebeles houses due the price and freedom more preferable than individual one. With this regard, about 43.51 percent informants mentioned that they live in individual rented houses. Respondent mentioned that their economic inability to build their own house as well as lack ability to rent quality and non-crowded house forces them to stay in the current house.

Table 20 Ownership of housing Units

Housing Ownership Frequency Valid percent Kebele 79 56.42 Individual 61 43.51 Valid Total 140 100 Missing system 92 Total 232

Source: Field Survey, 2014

4.6.3. Facility and service condition of sample respondents

Due to different reasons, people do not have equal access and ownership to social facilities and services. By taking this fact in to account this study presents the facility and social service availability of trafficked persons.

Clean water: is one of the essential elements of life. Currently in Ethiopia, considerable efforts have been made on the provision of safe dirking water for all. Based on the data obtained from Bati town Administrative on water resource development office the accessibility of pure water in the town is about 61.9%. This figure after a few months may be changed because according to the office the coverage rises until 80% when Gerba Bati water project completed. According to the data shows in the Table 21 large number of respondents (67.67%) has obtain their drinking water from communal or pubic tap 16.81 % acquired their drinking water from other household 6.82 % have obtained private tap water the remaining 8.62 percent have obtained other sources . It is clear that processing of food or other income generation activities requires much water, therefore the absence as well as shortage of water has a tremendous effect on the monthly income through limited income generating activities and result increase the degree of vulnerability to human trafficking.

Table 21 Facilities and service condition

Facility and service condition Frequency Valid percent Own meter 16 6.89 Public tap 157 67.67 Valid Other house hold 39 16.81 Other source 20 8.62 Total 232 100

Source: Field Survey, 2014

Figure 4 Sample of public tap water source in Bati Town

Source: Field Survey, 2004

4.7. Results of interview and data analysis of returners

The translated interviews with the five women and field notes made during and after the interviews were used as raw materials for the process of identifying specific themes. Working from the overall research questions, significant units of meaning were identified and grouped in to five categories. Are categories were created in forms of the major aspects of explored in this

study namely, reason for living and working condition, means of return, Aftermath and emotional as well as socio economic experience. The above assigned categories will further be subdivided in to subcategories. It will be indicated what is included with in each subcategory and this will be followed by a descriptive account that reflects the data as well as verbal example

4.7.1. Living and working condition

Under this were identified and concerning the living and working condition of the returners based on points such that over work, with holding wages, restriction of movement, communication, denial of medical treatment and physical and emotional mistreatment.

4.7.1.1. Over work

All informants suggested that they were expected to work with a break and were forced to stay in the work environment until after midnight. They also had to get up early and were obligated to finish all the house works without break. Informant 1 expressed she was serving her employers day and night without a break. Informant 2 mentioned that she was forced by her agent to serve two employers living in different locations and she said that had no rest at all. On the other hand, Informant 3 mentions that her right hand started numb, she became disability. According Informant 4 she was expected to do was enormous and she had to stay overnight. Informant 5 stated that she was forced so work between 16-20 hours a day without a break and she indicated that her employer was taking her to work for her friend and relatives as well. For further refer the following verbal word of informants

Informant1“my employer has forced me to work the whole day and until 12 a.m after mid night and I was not allowed to take a break during the weekends or even in a month time.”

Informant 2 “….One agent forced me that I should work for the family my cousin used to work for in addition to the work I was already doing. Their house was a walking distance from my first employer’s house and I was expected to go and work every day.’’

Informant 3 “ I had no rest at all and after some time, my right hand started to get numb and I had difficulty washing clothes ….”

Informant 4“I was forced to work the entire house chores including cooking, making up beds, cleaning many bath rooms and washing cars every day. I had little time to sleep and rest.”

Informant 5 “…. I was working 16-20 hours a day and my employer takes me to her friends and relatives house so that I get to work for them during weekends”

4.7.1.2. Withholding, denial and reduction of wages

On the other hand, comments given by the women reflecting denial of their salary, working without payment, salary being withheld and partial reduction of salaries are included in this interview. All informants were told that employers with held their salaries as a means of keeping them working. As mentioned in Informant 1, 2 and 4 that though they regularly reminded their employers to give them their salaries, the employers refused to pay their wages. Informant 3 also indicated that she had worked for three years, but her employer paid for a year only and was not willing to pay the remaining. Informant 5 said that her employer had denied her five years wages her salary after withholding it for years

“After working day and night without rest and enough food for seven months they were not willing to pay my salary” (Informant, 1)

“I was exploited for a year and two months serving two employers for nothing” (Informant, 2)

˝ I didn1`t get what I expected. No money, no improvement’’ (Informant, 3)

“I had never imagined this will happen to me. I had a plan to continue my education, but now every things inverse I have wasted almost three years for anything’s” (Informant, 4)

“… when I asked my employer to pay my salary, she always says: “I will give you all your money when you are back to your country.” (Informant, 5)

4.7.1.3. Restriction of movement, food deprivation and denial of medical treatment

According to five migrants reported that employers restricted their movement and forced them to remain confined in the house of employers. They were not allowed to communicate with their families as well as other peoples. Both Informant l and 4 said that their employers denied them adequate food and medical treatment and they experienced health problems, in addition to this participants told that they were denied medical treatment when they sick and in some cases health treatment was delayed until they collapsed. Based on the report of Informants 1, 4 and 5 they did not get medical treatment on time. Informant 3 stated that her health treatment was greatly delayed. The woman in case l said her employers did not give her any medical assistance until she experienced a loss of weight. For further explanation to take the following verbal, report of Informant, 5

“I had pain in my head and was unable to pick up things from the ground. I had no medical treatment and not enough food to eat. After that, they took me to the agent for the second time, the agent who placed me to my employer without getting me medical treatment. But the new employer have seen that I am bleeding and took me back to the agent and explained that I need medication before being hired. Imagine! It has been three days without food and then the Ethiopian agent came and tried to convince me that my employers behavior would improve and gave me a tablet without prescribed by a physical and was getting weaker day after day” (Informant, 5)

4.7.1.4. Physical and emotional mistreatment

As comments given by women they were beaten insulted and experienced being shouted at or had been pressured to work harder by employers or family members of the employers. According to report of Informant 2 said, her employer had frequently shouted at her and pressured her to work harder. Informant 3 said she was repeatedly exposed to sexual harassment by her employer. Informant 4 reported that she was beaten by her employer. For further refers the following verbal words of informants.

“My employer expected me to work until midnight and sometimes even later than that. When everything is not done perfectly, she shouts at me and pushes me to work harder, the employer thinks that I am like a machine that can work 24 hours”(Informant, 2)

“Everything is difficult for me. My mare employer used to frequently come to when I sleep in the mid of the night and ask me to have sex with him. He would try to persuaded me and constantly disturbed me by saying if you have sex with me, you can call and meet your family and I will pay additional salary’ but I refused to have sex with him” (Informant, 3) “… I was beaten by my employer almost every day … I was humanly inability of taking any more of the beating” (Informant, 4)

4.7.2. Ways of return to home land

4.7.2.1. Awareness of being deceived

This entire interview participant reported that at some point they had realized that they were deceived when they say that their working and living condition were not what they had been led to expect. Ways of deceived varies from one informant to the other. Informant 1 knows that the broker had deceived her when she saw her workload and living condition. Informant 2 recognized that something was wrong for two employers and her employers refused to pay her wage. Informant 3 indicated that realized the role of false promise maker when something had gone wrong at the destination area. Informant 4 realized that something was wrong direction when the agent refused to acknowledge the problem she had with her employer informant 5 mentioned that she had been deceived because her working hours was extended to more than 8 hours a day and her salary had been reduced from 5000 to 2000 Ethiopian Birr this equal to US $ 250 to $100 refer the following interview word of informants

“I was faced completely different from what I have expected. I now understand that the trafficker was running after his own advantage and did not care about me “(Informant, 1)

“The broker in Ethiopia had promised me that I will be working eight hours a day which was not true. But, I was working 18 -20 hours a day and my employer took me to her friends and relatives hours to work for them during weekends then I realized the promises given by the broker were not true.”(Informant, 5)

4.7.2.2. Ways of tolerates and resolves problems

As comments given by returner women reflecting the ways and means that were utilized to resolve their problems. Asking the agents to send them home, begging employers to give their salaries, asking for help from employers to contact family members and looking for help from Ethiopian embassy as Informant 1 mentioned that she was confused with the condition she found herself in she said that had not been able to look for help as she had no contact address of any humanitarian organization. Informant 2 explained that she asked her employer to help her in calling her family living in Bati. She said that asked her family to send her an air tickets. Informant 4 as a chance to get a call from her parents at the time the agent had refused to send her home and she said she asked her parent over the phone to send her an air ticket and had asked the broker in Bati for help

4.7.3. Aftermath

In this section discussed aftermath experiences of the interview participants especially issues concerning physical emotional healthy, socio economic condition, response of their family as well as the response of the community

4.7.3.1. Physical and psychosocial health

All the women suggested that they had experienced physically and emotional healthy problem due to bad travel condition in every stage of trafficking, due to overwork and emotional mistreatment in the destination as well as in the origin country refer the following verbal words of informants

“But what I faced was completely different from what I have expected. I have lost everything my money, my physical and mental health and I feel disappointed then my families took to local religious leader for spiritual treatment……’’ (Informant, 1)

“I was also think about my cousin started fearing that I might get sick like her” (Informant, 2) “I don`t think I am in a good condition emotionally because of the high stress I had to go through” (Informant, 3)

“I was socially isolated and I lost about three years without anything’’ (Informant, 4)

“I fell happiness, I lost my health, my money, my moral and I fell very inferior and shameful” (Informant, 5)

When we see the above verbal words informant 1 indicated she was mentally disturbed and her parents took to local religious leaders (Sheki) because of to get spiritual treatment and she also was worried about what her community would say about her mental disturbance. Informant 2, 3, 4 and 5 described that they had face serious injury and required regular medical follow-up but all are agreed they did not get emotional support

4.7.3.2. Responses of families and communities

In this section discussed comments related to the challenges, which participants faced from families and the local communities are included.All women agreed that their family members and the communities did not understand the challenges they had experienced in every stage of trafficking process. Financial and improvement of living standard expectations of parent’s, family members and communities had become an additional burden to them. According to Informant 1 indicated that she tried to explain about the suffering she has passed through but her family encourage if she has continued working. Similarly, Informant 2 described her family neighbors were expecting money from her and she said they did not understand the challenges she has gone through. She also worried about the attitudes of some families member as well as

the communities based on certain assumptions they has about what some migrants had been doing in the Arab countries people believed that she had been engaged in prostitution and she was concerned that this may affect her social interaction. Informant 3 mentioned that her parents had passed away which exposed her to mach grief. She said her sister and the surrounding people were expecting money from her. Informant 4 explained that her parents conflict and displeased with her. Informant 5 stated that her husband had rejected her when he became aware of her condition at arrival.

4.7.3.3. Handing aftermath

In this subcategory included comments reflecting to the type of problems faced upon return include dealing with laying charges in court against a broker, dept payment family and neighbors expectations and problems related to mistreatment by family members as well as looking for a new means of living are included. Refer the following verbal words

“When I returned home very sick and mentally disturbed I was worried about the facing of communities towards my sickness as my neighbors started talking about my mental disturbance ant this causes me more stress some time later, I felt better and began thinking about what I can do for May survival and support my parents.” (Informant, 1)

“Everything was frustrating. My parents and the people in my neighborhood were expecting money from me and they had no idea of what kind of challenges I went through.” (Informant, 2)

“I was very sad because when I arrived in Bole international Airport I heard my mother has passed away imagine the reason was my going to abroad. Even now I don`t know what to do for my living” (Informant, 3)

‘‘When I returned to my home land, I went to court and brought an action against the broker, But the broker started trying to persuaded and send mediator to my parents to stop the case by giving them some money’’ (Informant, 4)

‘‘I was send all the money to my husband to raise my children But when I arrived home sick my husband has got angry and said to me get out of my house and I don’t know who you are ’’(Informant, 5)

As seen it the above verbal words all the women expressed worries further about their means of living of living and expectation of families and neighbors Informants, 3 and 4 mentioned they were worried about the dept they had to pay that was responsible to cover travel expense and family expectations that they would return with a lot of money . Informant 1 said she had thought of asking the broker to give her money back however, she said she later dropped the idea as she did not have his full name address or any evidence showing that she had given him the money

4.8. Instruments and efforts to combat human trafficking

4.8.1. International instruments

Ethiopia has ratified many of basic human right convection and instruments on the right of women and children. UN Convection, the ILO and regional instruments ratified by Ethiopia that directly deal with trafficking problem including they Exploitation of the prostitution of others 1949 (No.97). The UN Convection on the Elimination of all forms Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW, 1979), the UN Convection On the Right of Children (CRC), 1989, and ILO convection No.105, 1957 on the Abolition of Forced Labor. In addition to this Ethiopia has yet most recent and compressive Global instruments, which is the UN protocol to prevent, suppress and punish trafficking in person, especially of women and children |(2000a) as well as its parent Convection Against Transnational Organization Crime. The major UN and ILO instruments relevant to the issue of trafficking in women and children not ratified by Ethiopian are; The Migrant for Employment Convection (revised), 1949 (No.97); Migrant workers (supplementary provisions) convection, 1975 (No.143), the convention on the promotion of Equality of opportunity and treatment migrant, workers, 1975; the UN International Convection on the Rights of Migrant workers and their Families, 1990.

According to the interview report all lower agreed that citizens they lose all the right stated in the above instruments. These includes, working safety and health this work for all migrant workers whether they are in legal or illegal status.

4.8.2. Regional instruments

At regional level, Africa leaders have committed themselves to a number of human rights instruments since the Charter of Africa Union (AU) as in place. The Africa Character on Human and Peoples rights was adopted in 1981 and came in to Force in has been ratified by more than Forty African State as thus becoming the most widely accepted regional and political rights as is found in other regional and international instruments. Under article2 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples Right on the Rights of Women (ACHPR), the equality women with that of men are clearly granted under the non-discrimination clues. Though trafficking in person is not explicitly mentioned, the charter, under article condemns all forms of exploitation and degradation particularly slavery, slave trader, torture, cruel, inhuman or degrading punishment and treatment. Given the multi face challenges that trafficked women and children face, trafficking in person can easily argue that women and children are protected under this charter from any forms of exploitation including human trafficking.

The protocol to the African Character on Human and people’s rights on the Rights of Women in Africa was adopted on the July 11, 2003 by head of States Government of Africa Union (AU). The protocol came in to effect as of October, 2005. The adoption of protocol was pushed by widespread sentiments that Africa women continued to suffer human rights violations simply because they were women the existing guarantees for the protection of their rights were felt to be inadequate. Recognizes and guarantees a wide spectrum of women’s civil and political rights as well as economic social and cultural rights.

4.8.3. National instruments

As it has been indicated in the previous section, Ethiopia is a country highly affected by in country and external human trafficking. The existing policy framework does not include a

comprehensive of the Federal Democratic of Ethiopia, according to this Constitution article 32 guarantees the right of every citizens of Ethiopia to move and reside within the country to leave the country whenever the individual wishes and to return to his country. Article 36 (d) strictly prohibits exploitive Children, while under Article 35(4), laws, customs and practices that oppress or cause bodily or mental harm to Women are prohibited. Apart from these, the Constitution has specifically addressed the issue of trafficking under article 18(2), which reads as follows: ''No one shall be held in slavery or servitude. Trafficking of human beings for whatever purpose is prohibited'' FDRE, 1995

Interviewer confirmed that the wording of these articles makes it clear that trafficking in persons for whatever purpose is prohibited and this is considered as huge advancement from the penal code, 1957

The criminal code of the FDRE, 2005; the criminal code does not include a single and clear definition of trafficking only articles 597 and 635 of the criminal code deal with trafficking of women and children.

Article 597 (1) Whoever by violence, threat deceit fraud, kidnapping or by the giving of money or other advantage to the person having control over a women or a child, recruits, receives, hides, transports, exports or imports a women or a minor for the purpose of forced labor, is punishable with rigorous imprisonment from five to twenty years and fine not exceeding fifty thousand birr.

Article 597 (2) Whoever carries off, transport or conducts whether by land, by sea or by air, the victims mentioned in sub-article(1), with the purpose of stated there in, or conducts or aids such traffics, is liable to the penalty prescribed under sub-article (1) above (CCFDRE,2005)

Article 635 Whoever, for gain, or to gratify the passions of another: (a) traffics in women or minors, whether by seducing them, by enticing them or by procuring them or otherwise including them to engage in prostitution, even with their consent. (CCFDRE, 2005)

The private employment Agency Proclamation, 1998 according to proclamation No.104/1998 defines the right and responsibilities of private employment agencies in their role of facilitating offers of application for domestic that although the private employment agency proclamation No.104/1998 does not openly define trafficking, One of its objectives is combating labor

trafficking which flourishes Ethiopia and results in the violation of the rights safety and dignity of Ethiopians employed abroad.

The proclamation attempts to protect the rights and dignity of Ethiopians where they can participate in the employment services as individual and as private entities. According to the criminal Code of FDRE, 2005 article 599 (1) shows a situation where trafficking is undertaken for the purpose of slavery, even in a disguised from of forced labor and a association or band is formed to engage in slave trade, no matter what forms, such band or association shall be punishable with a fine not exceeding one hundred thousand birr and its closure shall be ordered.

5. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMEDATIONS

5.1. Summary

In this chapter, the information that extracted from the questionnaires and interviews evaluated based on the research questions and the general objective the research it shows the socio- economic impacts of human trafficking in Bait town. Hence the major factors that expose victims for trafficking , identify which social class victims of trafficking and examine the process and its effect on the socio-economic and emotional will being of victims will be summarized:

 The investigation show that which social class vulnerable to human trafficking according to the finding the study large number of trafficked people is young in age at the time of trafficking. The majority of migrants their age between 15 and 18 this age group is more venerable. In relation with this, lower levels of education attainment the other aggravated factor of vulnerability. In line with the result of survey indicate that there no big difference between different marital status and divorce people more vulnerable than the other.

 The result of this study shows that the major pulling and pushing factors that causes of trafficking under this the major pushing factors that related with the family and personal on characteristics of victims’ Families disintegration linked to more intense poverty this increased pressure on members of family to generate income and this leading to trafficking. On the other hand individual interest people trafficked from the town that related own benefit and sometimes it is to increase the income of family thoroughly remittance absence of job opportunity low level of income in the origin integrated with economic disparities between the origin and destination area are the major pulling factor.

 The study further indicated that the role of false promise maker draws attractive picture of life in the destination area has influenced victims to decide. It also shows that victims influenced by own friends, relative or other members of family. So the result of our survey confirmed that most victims in our sample met their traffickers on their own or through

family members and friends of large number of victims were trafficked by the own nearest persons.

 The majority victims’ of trafficking showed that they were interested in trafficking because of the processes not complicated no legal document required like birth certificate, educational document and other identification card in addition to this absence of real legal travel agencies in the study area facility more favorable condition for the major actors of trafficking.

 The major destination area of migrants identified in this survey Middle East countries the major destination area especially Saudi Arabia the first preferable country. Djibouti the second preferable nation for victims of trafficking. Once at their destination the victims in our survey were subjected to very poor conditions, the majority did not receive the salaries they were promised by the broker and agents.

 On the other hand the finding come up with impacts of trafficking, loss of human resources from the study area led to reduction in economic development and result of children’s opportunities for education and healthy due to development of trafficked of children this resulted deterioration of public safety in the town in addition to this on average victims loose cost for trafficking process about 15,079 Ethiopia Birr this equal to US $ 840.

 Due to low education background, victims back to home-engaged urban informal sector the first alternatives for lively hood resulted drug abused houses and commercial sex increasing in the town. Another point mentioned here victims emotionally and psychologically affected they engaged in criminal activities.

 Condition of inhuman treatment observed in the study the loose Human right, their movement restricted or determined by the employer, most victims worked excessive hours per day .Women participated in the interview confirmed that they had been there attended by employs and had experience deprivation food denial and without holding salaries and this another burdens for victims as well as their families

 The income generating and livelihood strategies of returner will be discussed after return except 71 respondents the reaming 161 questionnaires respondents they take measures to engages in economic. Among this large number of respondent join in urban informal sector insignificant number when have well education attainment became government employee

 Trafficking also affect, the health and the future life opportunities of migrants’ large number victims come up with STDs and resulted additional cost for treatment.

5.2. Conclusion

 Firstly, the finding confirms that human trafficking is in fact occurring in Bati town. A number of factors; such as lack of opportunities, limited income, community and family characteristics are the common reason to trafficking. Moreover, the domination of false promises by broker, which draws an attractive image of life in the destination areas, and absence of legal labor travel agencies, take as aggravated factor that exposed victims to trafficking. In addition to this family members, friends and relative had played a significant role in the decision making process.

 Once at their destination, the victims’ in our survey subjected to very poor conditions. The study found that the experiences of the victims due to heavy workloads, long working hours, serving more than one family, restriction of movement, deprivation of basic needs reduction and denial of salaries, and sexual harassment had exposed the victims to physical, social, emotional , health and economic problem.

 The study also shows that there is no any formal agreement and there is no direct contact between victims’ and employer. It also shows that the chine of informal groups especially brokers select target groups through contact with families, friends, relatives or other the nearest person of the victims  It concluded that human trafficking cause loss of human resources, social demographic imbalance, denial children access to education and negative effect on labor market it also

related with criminal activates number of informal economy activity increase it also reason for community breakdown

5.3. Recommendations

Based on the findings of this study, the following Issues are recommended in order to improve the life condition of victims of trafficking and to minimize the Scio-economic impacts of human trafficking.

 As it is mainly problem is related to economic issues that expose to trafficking. The local administration especially sensitive area administrator collaboration with concerned civil societies needs to come up with workable ways of opening up job opportunities for citizens

 To make people more aware the risk and consequences of trafficking including empowering potential migrants to make informed decision on migration issues, information campaign should be conducted within the communities

 Get involved , participate in an anti-trafficking movement in our area get involved is its activities and campaigns example (hold events distributed posters leaflet etc) in our neighborhood and in school

 As the National and Regional level improving international and inter regional cooperation and coordination particularly in relation developing information exchange and operational cooperation between law enforce agencies needs to be strengthened

 The support and protection of victims is a critical element in the fight against trafficking to increase their willingness to cooperate with authorities and as a necessary means of rehabilitation

 Increase the educational attainment levels of girls and boys by developing strategy to keep children in school longer. In our sample, a higher percentage of victims of trafficking had lower levels of education and a lower percentage had higher levels of education

 By Appling effective and efficiency urban management ensure birth registration and effective identify registration system. Lack of documentation embellishing identify may facilitate trafficking , particularly interested trafficking

 Strength the capacity of labor regulation system to identify and address exploitative labor including the use of trafficked labor and strength multi-lateral cooperation with destination nations.

 The government should organize the returners and arrange them with various small scale streams by providing credits and giving advises with regard to how to manage their income properly and to engage themselves in various formal sectors like micro-credit associations

 Increase the effectiveness of the law enforcement and judicial system through training implementing anti-corruption measures and improving the skill of law enforcement officials in order to reduce crime and improve over all security

 Private sector can also play a very important role further prevent human trafficking. Corporate with the local administrator and can create job opportunities for trafficking victims’ as well as vulnerable groups and financial support the other organization activities to protect victims.

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7. APPENDIX

Haramaya University School of graduate studies College of social sciences and humanities Department of Geography and environmental studies

7.1 Appendix I. Questionnaire for Returnees MA Thesis topic socio economic Impacts of human Trafficking: in Ethiopia the case of Bati Town, in Oromo administrative Zone, Amhara regional state. Dear informant all information will be treated as strictly confidential and for academic purpose only First, I would like to thank you for your willingness and cooperation to complete this questionnaire. I assure you that any response you provided to this questionnaire well be kept strictly and confidentially and please put a tick mark about your personal felling Part I Socio –Demographic Characteristics of Trafficked Persons Q1 what is level of your education attainment 1. Illiterate 2. Read and write 3.Elmentery (1-8) D. High school (9-12 Q2. Which social class is more vulnerable to trafficking with related to marital status? 1. Married 2. Unmarried 3.Windowed 4.Divorce Q3 which age group is the dominate trafficked person in your area 1.15-18 2.19-22 3. 23-26 4. 27-30 5.31-35 Part II Questions Related with Decision maker in human trafficking process

Q4 Before trafficked did you interested to go outside from your hometown

1. Yes 2. No

Q5 IF you say for Q no 4 who is the dominant decision maker when you trafficked?

1. Relative 2. Peer pressure 3.Family Pressure 4. Broker

Part III Questions Related with Reasons of trafficking

Q6 Which drive factor people away from their home country?

1. Personal characteristic 2. Family characteristic 3. Community Characteristics

Q 7 Which attractive factor that attracts people to migrate to abroad

1. Wish higher standard of living 2.labor demand 3.expansion of sex Industry

Part IV Questions related with aggravated factor in human trafficking

Q8. Why people participate in illegal migration

1. Absence of legal agencies. 2. The process of legal; takes time

3. No need of any legal documents 4. It is cheap

Part V Questions related with the major destination of migrants

Q9 where is the major detonation for victims of trafficking

1. Djibouti 2.Yemen 3.Lebanon 4. Saudi Arabia E Beirut

Part VI Questions related with Impacts of human traffic

Q10. How much is required the payment for trafficking process

1. 5,000 Birr – 10,000Birr 2. 10, 001 Birr- 15,000 Birr

3. 15,001 Birr-20,000 Birr 4. 20, 001 -25,000 Birr 5. I did not have any information

Q11. Did you think there is any Socio Economic impact on your local area due to human trafficking?

1. Yes 2. No Q12. If you say yes for Q No 11 which Scio economic impacts of human trafficking affect the town? 1. Loss of human resources and assets 2. Reduction of children’s education opportunity 3. Delinquency and crime by victims 4. Increasing unemployment

Q13. In your personal experience, did you have any health problem experience related with trafficking? 1.Yes 2. No

Q 14.If you say Yes for Q no 13 what type of health problem meet you

1. Malaria 2. STDS 3.Mental Health 4. Loss part of the body

Q15. Do you think any Challenges faced trafficked people?

1.Yes 2. No

Q16. If you say yes for Q no 15 what are the major difficulties of trafficked people during trafficking process

1. Lack of social service 2.Beat, Rape and threaten3. Stay without any job

4. Absence of daily Consume 5.Over work

Part VII Questions related with current livelihood

Q17. After return to their home what is the live livelihood of trafficked people?

1. Join urban informal sector 4. Daily wage laborer

2. Government employee 5. Family dependent

3. Merchant

Part VII Questions related with social services

Q 18.The housing condition you live it is

1. Own 2. Rent 3. Dependent

Q19.If you say rent for Q No 20 the ownership of housing settlement

1. Kebele2. Individual

Q20.Whatare the regular and the most accessible source of water for your household?

1. Own meter 2. Public taps 3. Other hose hold 4. Other source

Part XI Questions related with possible suggestion

Q21.In your persons experience how to explain the preface of trafficked person ______

Q 22. How to solve or prevent impacts of house trafficking from the town

______

Thank you for cooperation!

Haramaya University

School of Graduate studies

College of social sciences and Humanities

Department of Geography and environment studies

7.2. Appendix II. Interview questions for returners

MA Thesis Topic Scio-Economic Impacts of human trafficking: in Ethiopia the case of Bati Town, Oromo Administrative Zone, Amhara regional state Part two Interview Questions for who returns to their home land

I General personal Information

• Could you tell me your name, age which kebele are from

• What is your education back ground marital status and employment statues before trafficked and your current status

• Tell me about family situation are they living together? what do you stay about their

Interview of the trafficking process and its impacts

• Who introduce you to outside your village and for which purpose • Where were you trafficked • When did you leave your country how many years say there • Tell me about your experience at work place • Tell me the role of other people in your decision • Tell me about your work experience • Tell me about your relationship with yours employers • How did the local community react • Did you tell some kind of stigmatization from people

Haramaya University

School of Graduate studies

College of social sciences and humanities

Department of Geography & environmental studies

7.3. Appendix III Interview question for lawyers MA Thesis Topic Socio Economic Impacts of human trafficking: In Ethiopia the case of Bati Town, Oromo Administrative Zone, Amhara Regional State

Part 3 Interview Questions for lawyers

• Could you tell me your name , Educational background and employment status

• How many years serve in this provision

• What is your experience working issue related with human trafficking can you give some example in the profile of trafficked person

• In your personal experience how to explain the profile of trafficked person

• Could you describe the process the visions are going through? before during and After

• What sort of challenges do victims face related to legal condition

• How to explain Ethiopia legal instrument address human Trafficking Is there is any antiquity

• How to the people collaborate with justice stockholders to present human trafficking

7.4 Appendix IV Table: 4 Mean age at the time of trafficking

Age at the time Frequency Percent Valid percent Cumulativ Class mid fx of trafficking (f) e point percent (x) 15-18 125 53.87 53.87931 53.87931 16.5 2062 19-22 37 15.94 15.94828 69.2759 20.5 758.5 23-26 30 12.93 12.93103 82.75862 24.5 735 27-30 24 10.34 10.34483 93.10345 28.5 684 31-35 16 6.86 6.86655 100 32.5 520 Total 232 100 100% ∑fx4767 Since x = mean, f= frequency, x= Class midpoint ∑ = the sum of

X= ∑ f1X1/Ef1 X= 4767/232 X=20.54= Mean Age at the time of Trafficking 7.5 Appendix V Table: 11 mean amount of payment required for human trafficking process Amount of financial loss due to Freque Percen Valid Cumula Class fx human trafficking in birr ncy (f) t percent tive midpoint percent (x) 5000 Birr –10,000 Birr 34 14.65 14.65 14.65 7,500 25500 10,001birr-15,000 Birr 75 32.32 32.39 46.98 12200.5 937537.5 Vali 15,001birr-20,000 Birr 76 32.75 32.75 79.74 17500.5 330038 d 20,001Birr-25000 Birr 36 15.51 15.51 95.25 22,500.5 810018 Missing System 11 4.74 4.74 100 - -

232 100 100 ∑fx3332593 Total .

Since x = mean, f= frequency, x= Class midpoint ∑ = the sum of

Since x = Ef1x1 = 3332593.5 x = 15,079 Mean lose birr per person

Ef1 221