US History I Marshfield Curriculum
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The Anaconda Plan Questions
Name: edHelper The Anaconda Plan The first shots of the Civil War were fired on April 12, 1861. Within a week, President Lincoln proclaimed a blockade of Southern ports. This was the key to the North's strategy to win the war. The South's livelihood depended on selling its cash crops, mostly cotton and tobacco. If all Southern ports were blocked, it would stop the South's income from its export of crops. It would also keep the South from importing products it needed, including war supplies, medicine, and household goods. The North knew that the South had few factories and couldn't manufacture its own supplies. General Winfield Scott was the commander of the Union Army. His plan to defeat the Confederacy had three main parts: 1) Blockade all Eastern and Southern ports in the Confederate States. 2) Divide the South by taking control of the Mississippi River. 3) Control the Tennessee Valley and march through Georgia to the coast. Scott's "Anaconda Plan", as the press called it, was not well received at the time. Newspapers named the plan after a South American constricting snake. The anaconda kills by surrounding its victim and slowly crushing the life out of it. Newspapers and the public wanted an aggressive plan that would bring a quick end to the war. Scott's plan would take time. It was thought to be too passive. The press said that Scott wanted "to squeeze the South to military death." It was thought that the blockade would be an impossible task for the North to carry out. -
Senators You Have to Know John C. Calhoun –
Senators You Have To Know John C. Calhoun – South Carolina / serving terms in the United States House of Representatives, United States Senate and as the seventh Vice President of the United States (1825–1832), as well as secretary of war and state. Democrats After 1830, his views evolved and he became a greater proponent of states' rights, limited government, nullification and free trade; as he saw these means as the only way to preserve the Union. He is best known for his intense and original defense of slavery as something positive, his distrust of majoritarianism, and for pointing the South toward secession from the Union. Nullification is a legal theory that a state has the right to nullify, or invalidate, any federal law which that state has deemed unconstitutional. The theory of nullification has never been legally upheld;[1] rather, the Supreme Court has rejected it. The theory of nullification is based on a view that the States formed the Union by an agreement (or "compact") among the States, and that as creators of the federal government, the States have the final authority to determine the limits of the power of that government. Under this, the compact theory, the States and not the federal courts are the ultimate interpreters of the extent of the federal government's power. The States therefore may reject, or nullify, federal laws that the States believe are beyond the federal government's constitutional powers. The related idea of interposition is a theory that a state has the right and the duty to "interpose" itself when the federal government enacts laws that the state believes to be unconstitutional. -
The Storycontinues
FLORIDA . The Story Continues CHAPTER 10, The Age of Jackson (1828–1840) PEOPLE Mid 1700s: The Miccosukee Creeks settle in Florida. e Lower Creek and Upper Creek Indians moved from Georgia and Alabama to Florida in the mid-1700s. e two groups lived in Florida, but had di erent languages. e Upper Creek Indians came to be known as the Seminoles. e Lower Creek Indians, who came to be known as the Miccosukee, settled in central Florida where they built log cabins and farmed on communal plantations. Together the Seminoles and Miccosukee fought against the United States in the Seminole Wars. EVENTS 1832: The Seminole Indians are forced to sign the Treaty of Payne’s Landing. e Indian Removal Act of 1830 stated that all Native Americans who lived east of the Missis- sippi River must move to a newly created Indian Territory, in what is now Oklahoma. Two years later, Florida’s Seminole Indians were forced to sign the Treaty of Payne’s Landing, in which they stated they would move west to the Indian Territory and give up all of their claims to land in Florida. PEOPLE 1837: Chief Coacoochee (circa 1809–1857) escapes from the United States prison at Fort Marion. Chief Coa- coochee, whose name means “wild cat,” was a Seminole leader Florida. .The Story Continues during the Second Seminole War. After being captured by American soldiers in 1837, Coacoochee and a few Seminole cellmates escaped. Coacoochee returned to lead his people in See Chapter 1 battle against the United States. As the Seminole War contin- ued, the Native Americans su ered hunger and starvation when they could not plant crops to feed their people. -
The Meaning of the Federalist Papers
English-Language Arts: Operational Lesson Title: The Meaning of the Federalist Papers Enduring Understanding: Equality is necessary for democracy to thrive. Essential Question: How did the constitutional system described in The Federalist Papers contribute to our national ideas about equality? Lesson Overview This two-part lesson explores the Federalist Papers. First, students engage in a discussion about how they get information about current issues. Next, they read a short history of the Federalist Papers and work in small groups to closely examine the text. Then, student pairs analyze primary source manuscripts concerning the Federalist Papers and relate these documents to what they have already learned. In an optional interactive activity, students now work in small groups to research a Federalist or Anti-Federalist and role-play this person in a classroom debate on the adoption of the Constitution. Extended writing and primary source activities follow that allow students to use their understanding of the history and significance of the Federalist Papers. Lesson Objectives Students will be able to: • Explain arguments for the necessity of a Constitution and a bill of rights. • Define democracy and republic and explain James Madison’s use of these terms. • Describe the political philosophy underpinning the Constitution as specified in the Federalist Papers using primary source examples. • Discuss and defend the ideas of the leading Federalists and Anti-Federalists on several issues in a classroom role-play debate. (Optional Activity) • Develop critical thinking, writing skills, and facility with textual evidence by examining the strengths of either Federalism or Anti-Federalism. (Optional/Extended Activities) • Use both research skills and creative writing techniques to draft a dialogue between two contemporary figures that reflects differences in Federalist and Anti-Federalist philosophies. -
Missouri Compromise (1820) • Compromise Sponsored by Henry Clay
Congressional Compromises and the Road to War The Great Triumvirate Henry Clay Daniel Webster John C. Calhoun representing the representing representing West the North the South John C. Calhoun •From South Carolina •Called “Cast-Iron Man” for his stubbornness and determination. •Owned slaves •Believed states were sovereign and could nullify or reject federal laws they believed were unconstitutional. Daniel Webster •From Massachusetts •Called “The Great Orator” •Did not own slaves Henry Clay •From Kentucky •Called “The Great Compromiser” •Owned slaves •Calmed sectional conflict through balanced legislation and compromises. Missouri Compromise (1820) • Compromise sponsored by Henry Clay. It allowed Missouri to enter the Union as a Slave State and Maine to enter as a Free State. The southern border of Missouri would determine if a territory could allow slavery or not. • Slavery was allowed in some new states while other states allowed freedom for African Americans. • Balanced political power between slave states and free states. Nullification Crisis (1832-1833) • South Carolina, led by Senator John C. Calhoun declared a high federal tariff to be null and avoid within its borders. • John C. Calhoun and others believed in Nullification, the idea that state governments have the right to reject federal laws they see as Unconstitutional. • The state of South Carolina threatened to secede or break off from the United States if the federal government, under President Andrew Jackson, tried to enforce the tariff in South Carolina. Andrew Jackson on Nullification “The laws of the United States, its Constitution…are the supreme law of the land.” “Look, for a moment, to the consequence. -
The Federalist Papers: # 10, # 51, and # 78 Federalist No. 10
1 The Federalist Papers: # 10, # 51, and # 78 Federalist No. 10 The Same Subject Continued: The Union as a Safeguard Against Domestic Faction and Insurrection From the New York Packet. Friday, November 23, 1787. Author: James Madison To the People of the State of New York: AMONG the numerous advantages promised by a well-constructed Union, none deserves to be more accurately developed than its tendency to break and control the violence of faction. The friend of popular governments never finds himself so much alarmed for their character and fate, as when he contemplates their propensity to this dangerous vice. He will not fail, therefore, to set a due value on any plan which, without violating the principles to which he is attached, provides a proper cure for it. The instability, injustice, and confusion introduced into the public councils, have, in truth, been the mortal diseases under which popular governments have everywhere perished; as they continue to be the favorite and fruitful topics from which the adversaries to liberty derive their most specious declamations. The valuable improvements made by the American constitutions on the popular models, both ancient and modern, cannot certainly be too much admired; but it would be an unwarrantable partiality, to contend that they have as effectually obviated the danger on this side, as was wished and expected. Complaints are everywhere heard from our most considerate and virtuous citizens, equally the friends of public and private faith, and of public and personal liberty, that our governments are too unstable, that the public good is disregarded in the conflicts of rival parties, and that measures are too often decided, not according to the rules of justice and the rights of the minor party, but by the superior force of an interested and overbearing majority. -
Calhoun Webster
CALHOUN WEBSTER : AND TWO VISIONS OF THE FEDERAL UNION SOUTH CAROLINA SENATOR JOHN C. CALHOUN SAW THE FEDERAL UNION AS A COMPACT OF STATES. MASSACHUSETTS SENATOR DANIEL WEBSTER SAW IT AS A NATION OF ONE PEOPLE. THEIR DIFFERING VISIONS LED TO HISTORIC DEBATES, BUT UNDERLYING THEM ALL WAS THE QUESTION OF SLAVERY. The intent of the writers of the Calhoun also pursued a career in Constitution was to create a politics. He was elected to the U.S. stronger central government than House of Representatives in 1810 and Library of Congress of Library existed under the old Articles of was the chief deputy of Speaker of John C. Calhoun (1782–1850), who served Confederation. During the ratifica- the House Henry Clay. Calhoun was as vice president, U.S. senator, and tion of the Constitution, many ex- a strong nationalist who pushed for member of Congress in his long political pressed fears the federal war against Britain in 1812. career, was the leading advocate for states’ rights. government would expand its pow- After the war, Calhoun sup- ers at the expense of the states. ported Henry Clay’s “American Sys- to the South, such a majority might The Bill of Rights, in the form of tem,” which called for Congress to someday vote to abolish slavery. 10 amendments, was added to the fund roads, canals, ports and other These developments changed Cal- Constitution to further limit the pow- national improvements. In 1816, he houn from a nationalist to an advo- ers of the federal government. The voted for a tariff (a tax on foreign cate for states’ rights. -
Mathew B. Brady Studio HABS No. DC-295 625 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW Washington Jj * Q District of Columbia \1 DC
Mathew B. Brady Studio HABS No. DC-295 625 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW Washington jj * Q District of Columbia \1 DC, WRITTEN HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE DATA Historic American Buildings Survey National Park Service Department of the Interior Washington, D.C. 20240 HISTORIC AMERICAN BUILDINGS SURVEY HABS No. DC-295 MATHEW B. BRADY STUDIO Location: 625 Pennsylvania Avenue, N. W., Square 460, Lot 802 (original Eastern 22 ft. of Lot 5). w^e Present Owner: National Savings and Trust Co., trustee. Present Occupant: The Fraternal Order of Police Present Use: Private restaurant and bar. Si oni fie :ance: This small Italianate commercial building is a fine example of pre-Civil War commercial Washington architecture. This building served as one of the first photographic studios in the City of Washington, being put to that use in 1850. From 1358-1831, it housed the National Photographic Art Gallery and the studio of the world renowned photographer Mathew B. Brady. Brady is remembered for his photo- graphs of the Civil War and the many portraits he took of famous personages of that era. PART I. HISTORICAL INFORMATION A. Phyical History: 1. Date of erection: It is not possible to pinpoint the exact date of construction for this building. The Corporation of Washington Tax Books record a significant increase in value of improvements from $3,800.00 in 1854 to $7,500.00 in 1855. Prior to 1854 the value of im- provements remains relatively constant as far back as the' mid-1830's, when the Tax Books are too unclear to interpret accurately. Stylistically, the two street facades represent different eras. -
Federalism 7/17/04 9:48 AM Page 14
04 014-016 Founders Federalism 7/17/04 9:48 AM Page 14 Federalism By the time the delegates to the Constitutional commercial use of the Potomac River, along with Convention had gathered in Philadelphia in 1787, his study of history, convinced him that a system the American people had been accustomed for based on state sovereignty was destined to fail. more than one hundred and fifty years to having Madison worked with other members of the most of their affairs managed first within the Virginia delegation on a plan for a basically colonies and then in independent states. It was not national, rather than confederal, system of surprising that the Articles of Confederation, the government. In addition to provisions for separate initial constitutional system for legislative, executive, and judicial “The United States of America,” branches, the “Virginia Plan” affirmed in its first article the would have empowered general “sovereignty, freedom Congress “to negative all laws and independence” of the states. passed by the several States, Beyond historical precedence, contravening in the opinion of the commitment to state the National Legislature the sovereignty drew support from articles of Union; and to call sixteenth- and seventeenth- forth the force of the Union century theorists such as Jean against any member of the Jacques Rousseau who argued Union failing to fulfill its duty that the habits and virtues under the articles thereof.” The needed by a self-governing Virginia Plan proposed a people can be cultivated only in national government that would small republics. In short, history be legally and functionally and theory seemed to be on the supreme over the states. -
Chapter 11: the Civil War, 1861-1865
The Civil War 1861–1865 Why It Matters The Civil War was a milestone in American history. The four-year-long struggle determined the nation’s future. With the North’s victory, slavery was abolished. During the war, the Northern economy grew stronger, while the Southern economy stagnated. Military innovations, including the expanded use of railroads and the telegraph, coupled with a general conscription, made the Civil War the first “modern” war. The Impact Today The outcome of this bloody war permanently changed the nation. • The Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery. • The power of the federal government was strengthened. The American Vision Video The Chapter 11 video, “Lincoln and the Civil War,” describes the hardships and struggles that Abraham Lincoln experienced as he led the nation in this time of crisis. 1862 • Confederate loss at Battle of Antietam 1861 halts Lee’s first invasion of the North • Fort Sumter fired upon 1863 • First Battle of Bull Run • Lincoln presents Emancipation Proclamation 1859 • Battle of Gettysburg • John Brown leads raid on federal ▲ arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia Lincoln ▲ 1861–1865 ▲ ▲ 1859 1861 1863 ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ 1861 1862 1863 • Russian serfs • Source of the Nile River • French troops 1859 emancipated by confirmed by John Hanning occupy Mexico • Work on the Suez Czar Alexander II Speke and James A. Grant City Canal begins in Egypt 348 Charge by Don Troiani, 1990, depicts the advance of the Eighth Pennsylvania Cavalry during the Battle of Chancellorsville. 1865 • Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse • Abraham Lincoln assassinated by John Wilkes Booth 1864 • Fall of Atlanta HISTORY • Sherman marches ▲ A. -
Mathew Brady Essay
Essential Civil War Curriculum | Carol M. Johnson, Matthew B. Brady | August 2015 Mathew B. Brady By Carol M. Johnson Mathew Brady is arguably one of the most important American photographers of the nineteenth century. His iconic photographs provide an in-depth view of the Civil War and the personalities involved, giving us a better understanding of the conflict. He was born circa 1823 to Andrew and Julia Brady, Irish emigrants who settled in Warren County, New York, located in the Adirondack Mountains. Very little documentation exists about his early life. Brady professed to have studied painting under the portrait artist William Page in Albany, New York, when he was in his teens. By 1839, Brady had moved to New York City. He may have worked as a clerk for the A. T. Stewart dry goods store before opening his own business. In 1843, Brady began manufacturing leather cases used to house miniature paintings and daguerreotypes, the earliest commercial form of photography. 1 In the spring of 1844, Brady opened his first daguerreian studio on lower Broadway, an area popular with photographers. When visitors entered his gallery, they were surrounded by samples of Brady’s work, especially portraits of the famous individuals who had sat for his camera. Those wishing to have their portrait made would ascend to the studio, one floor above the gallery. Brady hired an operator to work the camera, while he posed the sitters. Brady charged more for his portraits than most of his competitors, catering to the upper class. Artists, political figures, writers, actors, and actresses frequented his studio and often had at least two portraits made—one to keep for themselves and one to display in Brady’s gallery. -
Lincoln on Battlefield of Antietam, Maryland, Alexander Gardner
J. Paul Getty Museum Education Department Exploring Photographs Information and Questions for Teaching Lincoln on Battlefield of Antietam, Maryland, Alexander Gardner Lincoln on Battlefield of Antietam, Maryland Alexander Gardner American, Maryland, October 2, 1862 Albumen print 8 5/8 x 7 3/4 in. 84.XM.482.1 Twenty-six thousand soldiers were killed or wounded in the Battle of Antietam on September 17, 1862, after which Confederate General Robert E. Lee was forced to retreat to Virginia. Just two weeks after the victory, President and Commander- in-Chief Abraham Lincoln conferred with General McClernand (at the right) and Allan Pinkerton, Chief of the nascent Secret Service (on the left), who had organized espionage missions behind Confederate lines. Lincoln stands tall, front and center in his stovepipe hat, his erect and commanding posture emphasized by the tent pole that seems to be an extension of his spine. The other men stand slightly apart in deference to their leader. Both McClernand and Pinkerton have a hand tucked inside their coats, a conventional pose in portraiture. The reclining figure of the man at left in the background and the shirt hanging from the tree are a reminder that, although this is a formally posed picture, Lincoln's presence did not halt the camp's activity, and no attempts were made to isolate him from the ordinary circumstances surrounding the continuing military conflict. About the Artist Alexander Gardner (American, 1821–1882) As an idealistic young reporter and newspaper editor in Glasgow, Scotland, Alexander Gardner dreamed of forming a semi-socialistic colony somewhere in what he thought of as the unspoiled wilderness of America.