Trade Route S a History of Cargoes and Commerce Over Land and Sea
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TRADE ROUTE S A HISTORY OF CARGOES AND COMMERCE OVER LAND AND SEA EDITED BY PHILIP PARKER CONTENTS IN T R.O D U CT10 N by Philip Parker 8 Islamic Trade with Europe Before the Crusades Khodadad Rezakhani 97 CHAPTER. 1 The Growth ofTrading Emporia in Merovingian TRADE ROUTES IN THE ANCIENT WORLD 14 and Carolingian Europe Rory Naismith 100 Trade and the Champagne Fairs Rory Naismith 103 Introduction Philip Parker 14 TheVikingsintheWest Philip Parker 106 Prehistoric Pathways Seth Richardson 16 The Vikings in the East Philip Parker 108 Uruk and its World Seth Richardson 18 The Salt Trade in the Later Middle Ages Trade with the East Seth Richardson 22 Philip Parker 110 The Old Assyrian Trade Seth Richardson 25 Bruges, Flanders and the Europeanization of Egypt: Gateway to Africa Seth Richardson 27 Commerce David Ditchburn 112 The Mediterranean in the Late Bronze Age The Hanseatic League David Ditchburn 116 Seth Richardson 30 Trade Routes: Mediterranean Shipping Phoenician Trade Seth Richardson 34 David Abulafia 120 Age of Empires: Assyria, Babylon and Persia Pisan Trade Routes in the Mediterranean and Levant Seth Richardson 39 David Abulafia • 122 Venetian Trade Routes in the Mediterranean and CHAPTER 2 Levant David Abulafia 124 TRADE ROUTES IN CLASSICAL TIMES 42 Genoese Trade Routes in the Mediterranean and Levant David Abulafia 127 Introduction Philip Parker 42 Catalan Trade Routes in the Mediterranean Necessities and Luxuries in the Ancient David Abulafia 129 Mediterranean World Erietta Bissa 44 The Trade in Sugar, 1300-1550 David Abulafia 131 'Frogs Around a Pond': Trade Routes in the Islamic World — from the The Greeks and their Colonies Erietta Bissa 46 Fatimids to the Seljuks Khodadad Rezakhani 133 Colonization, Commodities and Conquest Trade in the Indian Ocean: the Dhow Erietta Bissa - 49 Khodadad Rezakhani 136 The Black Sea Grain Routes Erietta Bissa 51 Coffee: The Mocha Trade in the Islamic World The Frankincense Route from Arabia Felix Antony Wild 140 Erietta Bissa 54 The Pax Mongolica and the Polos George Lane 142 The Nabataeans Erietta Bissa. 56 The Black Death David Ditchburn 147 Rome and the Growth of Empire Erietta Bissa 58 Amalfi David Abulafia 149 Roads and Rivers Erietta Bissa 62 Fish Sauce and Wine Erietta Bissa 65 Grain Routes: Alexandria—Rome-Constantinople CHAPTER 4 Erietta Bissa 67 TRADE IN THE AGE OF DISCOVERY 152 The Amber Road Philip Parker 68 The Central Asian Silk Routes Jason Neelis 71 Introduction Philip Parker 152 Early South Asian Trade Networks Jason Neelis 11 Growth of the Portuguese Empire The Monsoon Trade to India and the Periploi Malyn Newitt 154 Raoul McLaughlin 79 Indian Ocean and Africa: Arab Trade Routes The Camel: A New Tool of Trade Khodadad Rezakhani 158 Khodadad Rezakhani 84 Southeast Asia and Maritime Trade George Lane 161 The Caravan Cities of the Middle East Chinese Trade under the Ming and Zheng He Khodadad Rezakhani . 86 George Lane 163 Trade Routes in the Americas Before Columbus CHAPTER 3 David Carballo 166 TRADE IN THE MIDDLE ACES 90 Old Meets New: Columbus's Discovery of the Americas Stephen Bourn 171 Introduction Philip Parker 90 The Treaty of Tordesillas: The World Divided The Growth of the Islamic Empire Stephen Sown 173 and its Effect on Trade Khodadad Rezakhani 92 Winds -The Key to Global Trade Stephen Bown 176 Trade Under the Ummayads and' Abbasid Caliphates From Conquistadores to Traders: Khodadad Rezakhani 94 Opportunities in the New World Stephen Bown 178 The Columbian Exchange Stephen Bown 180 CHAPTER 5 The New World Silver Trade: From Peru to Manila TRADE IN THE AGE OF EMPIRES 214 Stephen Bown 182 The Newfoundland Cod Trade and the Introduction Philip Parker 214 Discovery of North America Stephen Bown 184 Trade and the New Global Empires Illegal Trade in the Caribbean - John McAleer 216 Smugglers and Privateers Stephen Bown 187 Coffee in the Age of Empire Antony Wild 219 The Portuguese in the East Stephen Bown 190 The Cotton Trade: Chintzes and Calicoes Portugal, Macao and the China-Japan Trade Clayton Brown 222 Stephen Bown 194 Slavery and Sugar: The Transatlantic Trades ' Sugar and Spice: New Commodities, New Routes John McAleer 226 Stephen Bown 196 African Trade: Ivory and Gold John McAleer 231 Scurvy -The Plague of the Seas Stephen Bown 198 The China Tea Trade and the Tea Clipper The Dutch: The VOC and the Eastern Trade Routes Martin Wilcox 233 Stephen Bown • 199 From Sail to Steam Martin Wilcox 238 The Dutch West India Company Stephen Bown 204 Terms ofTrade:The Opium Wars Martin Wilcox 242 The East India Company Stephen Bown 207 The Great Canals: Suez, Panama and Erie The Dismemberment of the Portuguese Trading Martin Wilcox 245 Empire and the Freedom of the Seas The Fur Trade Stephen Bown 247 Stephen Bown 210 Industrialization and Trade Martin Wilcox 250 From Companies to Governments Stephen Bown 212 The Coal Trade Martin Wilcox 253 Copper Refining and South Wales Bob Dean 255 Transcontinental Trade and the Railways Martin Wilcox 258 Refrigeration and the Meat Trade Martin Wilcox 264 The First World War and Trade Christopher Godden 267 Deglobalization Between the Wars Christopher Godden 270 "reat Depression:Trade Seizes Up stopher Godden 214 I >TER 6 I DE IN THE MODERN WORLD 278 I roduction Philip Parker The Globalized World Hance Smith 280 Energy Hance Smith 282 Minerals Hance Smith 284 Grain Hance Smith 285 Living Resources and World Food Supplies Hance Smith 287 The Container Revolution Hance' Smith 289 People Hance Smith 293 The Risky World of Merchant Shipping Routes Hance Smith 294 Nodes and Regions Hance Smith 297 Railways and Roads Hance Smith 301 Air Routes and Airports Hance Smith 303 Epilogue by Philip Parker 304 Further Reading 305 Index 310 Picture Acknowledgements 320.