To Infinity and Beyond: 3-D Printing for Outer Space

AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY

bullemerginge ceramicstin & glass technology AUGUST 2018

To infinity and beyond: 3-D printing for outer space

Fly ash—new refractory raw material? | Recycling refractories | ACerS Annual Meeting and MS&T preview When it Comes to Heat, We Sweat the Details!

Your firing needs are unique. Our laboratory can run So why use an “off the tests to help identify your shelf” kiln in your process? process boundaries. Through our toll firing At Harrop, we get it. facility, we can help That’s why, for nearly to further define the a century, we’ve been equipment/processing putting in the hard work combination that works to design and service best for your material. custom kilns. Is it harder And if you are not to do things this way? ready for a new kiln, we Yes. Is the extra effort can toll fire your material worth it? You bet! to help meet your production needs. At Harrop, we don’t stop there. If you Does your current aren’t sure what you kiln company need, we can help. sweat the details?

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Harrop Ad Sweat the Details Full Size final.indd 1 4/10/18 3:59 PM contents August • Vol. 97 No.6

feature articles departments International Rhine Ceramic Round Table Letter to the editor...... 3 14 The first International Rhine Ceramic Round Table was News & Trends ...... 4 organized to better address younger researchers’ needs Spotlight...... 7 as well as share ideas and initiatives to promote ceramic science and technology internationally. Ceramics in Energy...... 16

by Sanjay Mathur and Thomas Fischer Research Briefs...... 17 Ceramics in the Environment . . . 20

To infinity and beyond: Outer space columns 23 applications of 3-D ceramics printed via ink jet methods IMFORMED insights ...... 21 Colonizing the moon or Mars will require small, func- Mineral recycling is evolving fast tional ceramic components. Additive manufacturing using by Mike O’Driscoll “local” soils may be an efficient way to get them there. Deciphering the Discipline . . . 48 by David Crenshaw, Patrick Cigno, Phillip Kurtis, Gerry Wynick, Xingwu Wang, Ryan Jeffrey, Carol Glass binder for radioactive waste

cover story Craig, Sam Deriso, and Jim Royston immobilization by Levi Gardner High-performance refractory ceramics of 29 percolated mullite from waste materials An Australian university–industry partnership produced thermal shock resistant monolithic refractories by incorporating high-silica content fly ash. meetings

by Pramod Koshy, Sandor Alex Koszo, Erik Severin, and Charles Christopher Sorrell MS&T18...... 38 Ceramic Business and Leadership Summit ...... 42 Meet the editors of the Journal of the Clay 2018 recap ...... 43 35 American Ceramic Society Cements 2018 recap ...... 44 CERAMIC PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT AND COMMERCIALIZATION Improvements to the ACerS journal submission process and an expanded editorial staff have streamlined the experi- JULY/AUGUST 2018

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ence for authors, resulting in a quicker timeline from submis-

VOLUME 15 ISSUE 4 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED GLASS SCIENCE sion to publication. OL 7 V O 1 N Applied MARCH 2016 Glass INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF resources

OL 7 3 V O SCIENCE 1 AppliedSCIENCE Glass ...... N MARCH 2016 11 Calendar...... 44 ISSUE THEME: GENERAL GLASS SCIENCE 27 by Jonathon Foreman On the Anomalously Strong Dependence of the Acoustic Velocity of Alumina on Temperature in ISSUE THEME Aluminosilicate Glass Optical Fibers—Part I: Material Modeling and Experimental3+ -Doped ValidationSodium Lutetium P. D. Dragic, S. W. Martin, A. Ballato, and J. Ballato General Glass 41 On the Anomalously Strong Dependence of the Acoustic Velocity of Alumina on Temperature Science in Aluminosilicate Glass Optical Fibers—Part II: Acoustic Properties of Alumina and Silica 59 Topical Focus: Polymorphs, and Approximations of the Glassy State ...... A. Ballato, P. D. Dragic, S. W. Martin, and J. Ballato 69

Optical Properties of Transparent Glass–Ceramics Containing Er IJAGS — VOLUME 7 Classified Advertising. . . . . 45 Bioceramics for Healthcare Fluoride Nanocrystals ...... M. J. Pascual, C. Garrido, A. Durán, A. Miguel, L. Pascual, A. de Pablos-Martín, J. Fernández, O 31 P MAS NMR ...... -La . . 2. . 3. 80 and R. Balda 2 2 -TiO O 3 -SiO Materials, Techniques, and Conservation of Historic Stained Glass “Grisailles” .2 ...... 88 T. Pradell, G. Molina, S. Murcia, R. Ibáñez, C. Liu, J. Molera, and A. J. Shortland Iridescence in Ancient Glass: A Morphological and Chemical Investigation ...... 94

| M. Emami, S. Nekouei, H. Ahmadi, C. Pritzel, and R. Trettin ISSUE 1 Structural Features of LiPON Glasses Determined by 1D and 2D ...... 104 N. Mascaraque, on Crystallization,A. Durán, F. Muñoz, Microstructure, and G. Tricot and Properties of MgO-Al . 2 O 3 | PP 1–128 Display Ad Index...... 47 Effects of La 118 Glass–ceramics ...... H.-J. Wang, B.-T. Li, H.-X. Lin, W. Chen, and L. Luo High-Strength Frosted Glass by Ion Exchange of Float Glass with a Potassium Water Glass Film. . . . . M. Patschger, C. Bocker, and C. Rüssel Mechanical Properties of Photomultiplier Tube Glasses for Neutrino Detection R. Dongol, K. Chambliss, S. K. Sundaram, and M. V. Diwan Crack and Shock Propagation Through the Interlayer in Soda Lime Glass Under Detonation Loading J. H. Choi and D. K. Kim 24-02-2016 17:58:31 Effects of Ion Exchange on the Mechanical Properties of Basaltic Glass Fibers ...... K. L. Kuzmin, E. S. Zhukovskaya, S. I. Gutnikov, Y. V. Pavlov, and B. I. Lazoryak

2016 Correction to the June-July 2018 ACerS Bulletin New products was erroneously omitted from the print issue. It appears on page 44 of the ijag_7_1_oc.indd 1 electronic version.

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 1 AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY bulletin online Editorial and Production www.ceramics.org Eileen De Guire, Editor ph: 614-794-5828 fx: 614-794-5815 [email protected] August 2018 • Vol. 97 No.6 Faye Oney, Assistant Editor Tess Speakman, Graphic Designer Editorial Advisory Board Fei Chen, Wuhan University of Technology, China Thomas Fischer, University of Cologne, Germany Kang Lee, NASA Glenn Research Center http://bit.ly/acerstwitter http://bit.ly/acerslink http://bit.ly/acersgplus http://bit.ly/acersfb http://bit.ly/acersrss Klaus-Markus Peters, Fireline Inc. Gurpreet Singh, Chair, Kansas State University Chunlei Wan, Tsinghua University, China Eileen De Guire, Staff Liaison, The American Ceramic Society As seen on Ceramic Tech Today... Customer Service/Circulation ph: 866-721-3322 fx: 240-396-5637 Watch these 3-D printed [email protected] Advertising Sales magnetic devices change National Sales shape and perform tricks Mona Thiel, National Sales Director [email protected] Researchers at MIT have fabricated small flex- ph: 614-794-5834 fx: 614-794-5822 ible magnetic structures using a 3-D printer Europe and ink fused with magnetic particles. The Richard Rozelaar structures could be used to remotely control [email protected] biomedical devices for drug delivery or for ph: 44-(0)-20-7834-7676 fx: 44-(0)-20-7973-0076 pumping blood, among other functions. Executive Staff Charles Spahr, Executive Director and Publisher [email protected] Eileen De Guire, Director of Communications & Marketing [email protected] Marcus Fish, Development Director Ceramic and Glass Industry Foundation [email protected] read more at www.ceramics.org/roughness Michael Johnson, Director of Finance and Operations [email protected] Sue LaBute, Human Resources Manager & Exec. Assistant [email protected] Mark Mecklenborg, Director of Membership, Meetings & Technical Publications As seen in the June/July 2018 ACerS Bulletin... [email protected] Kevin Thompson, Director, Membership [email protected] Extreme durability in Officers ancient Roman concretes Michael Alexander, President Sylvia Johnson, President-Elect By revealing the secrets hidden within ancient William Lee, Past President Roman structures, cementitious materials sci- Daniel Lease, Treasurer ence is opening new opportunities to develop Charles Spahr, Secretary concrete formulations with improved durability Board of Directors and service life to aid ailing infrastructures and Manoj Choudhary, Director 2015–2018 address materials encapsulation needs. Doreen Edwards, Director 2016–2019 Kevin Fox, Director 2017–2020 Dana Goski, Director 2016–2019 Martin Harmer, Director 2015–2018 Lynnette Madsen, Director 2016–2019 Sanjay Mathur, Director 2017–2020 Martha Mecartney, Director 2017–2020 Gregory Rohrer, Director 2015–2018 David Johnson Jr., Parliamentarian read more at www.ceramics.org/romanconcretes

American Ceramic Society Bulletin covers news and activities of the Society and its members, includes items of interest to the ceramics community, and provides the most current information concerning all aspects of ceramic technology, including R&D, manufacturing, engineering, and marketing. The American Ceramic Society is not responsible for the accuracy of information in the editorial, articles, and advertising sections of this publication. Readers should independently evaluate the accuracy of any statement in the editorial, articles, and advertising sections of this publication. American Ceramic Society Bulletin (ISSN No. 0002-7812). ©2018. Printed in the United States of America. ACerS Bulletin is published monthly, except for February, July, and November, as a “dual-media” magazine in print and electronic formats (www.ceramics.org). Editorial and Subscription Offices: 550 Polaris Parkway, Suite 510, Westerville, OH 43082-7045. Subscription included with The American Ceramic Society membership. Nonmember print subscription rates, including online access: United States and Canada, 1 year $135; international, 1 year $150.* Rates include shipping charges. International Remail Service is standard outside of the United States and Canada. *International nonmembers also may elect to receive an electronic-only, email delivery subscription for $100. Single issues, January–October/November: member $6 per issue; nonmember $15 per issue. December issue (ceramicSOURCE): member $20, nonmember $40. Postage/handling for single issues: United States and Canada, $3 per item; United States and Canada Expedited (UPS 2nd day air), $8 per item; International Standard, $6 per item. POSTMASTER: Please send address changes to American Ceramic Society Bulletin, 550 Polaris Parkway, Suite 510, Westerville, OH 43082-7045. Periodical postage paid at Westerville, Ohio, and additional mailing offices. Allow six weeks for address changes. ACSBA7, Vol. 97, No. 6, pp 1– 48. All feature articles are covered in Current Contents.

2 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 6 The great glass science debate of the last century letter to the editor

Rustum C. Roy Dear Editor, viewpoint supported in part by This month, under the direction of John C. Mauro and sponsor- theories of amorphous phase ship by The American Ceramic Society, The Pennsylvania State separation and homogenous University hosted the 20th University Conference on Glass Science. crystal nucleation. He further argued that glass formation th th Announcement of the 20 conference brought to mind the 6 in this is more of a kinetic than struc- series, also held at Penn State in 1981, when a historic debate on the ture-based phenomenon as set forth atomic structure of glass took place between two of the foremost and in the Zachariasen model. highly respected materials scientists of that time—the late Rustum C. Roy and Alfred R. Cooper. In the end, the debate seemed to result in an amicable draw between the two internationally renowned scientists. That so many of us The conference theme of the 1981 Penn State meeting was “Glass remember this moment to this day speaks to a belief that we had wit- microstructure: surface and bulk.” At Cooper’s suggestion, the nessed a seminal moment in the history of glass science. opening session was dedicated to William H. Zachariasen, who had authored fifty years earlier arguably one of the most profound sci- The enduring and perhaps greater entific contributions in glass science, “The Atomic Arrangement in meaning of this debate is in realizing Glass.” Intensely debated over its meaning and validity compared to it was but one chapter in the ongo- other structural models, it gave rise to the random network theory ing development of theory related (RNT) of glass structure. Cooper presented the keynote address of to the structure, properties, pro- this session, “W.H. Zachariasen—The melody lingers on.” cessing, and application of glass. Therein lies the origin of the debate. Shortly after the start of We should also be mindful that Cooper’s presentation, Roy entered the conference room. At the end while there are many desired out- of Cooper’s presentation, the usual polite questions were raised and comes of science as a discipline, answered with corresponding politeness. Breaking with standard pre- by far the greatest is developing sentation protocol, Roy then joined Cooper on the presentation stage theory for what can be observed, and proclaimed he fully agreed that the “Zachariasen melody lingers measured, and validated. That is, the on; the only trouble—it is off key.” Game on! Given the worldwide essence of science is to predict. To obtain a professional standing of Cooper and Roy, it was a time for assistant full understanding of glass structure theory, pred- Alfred R. Cooper professors to listen, learn, and remain silent. ications should involve both characterization and property measurements, which, in turn, support processing and appli- Multiple overhead transparencies supported respective points and cations. Further, new theories are built on past successes. Thus, with counterpoints, beliefs and counter-beliefs, conclusions and counter-con- its emphasis on chemical bonding, localized structure and ion size, the clusions, either for or against the validity of the Zachariasen model. RNT gave rise to development of the band and ligand field theories of Cooper fully embraced the model, which he believed gave signif- glass and the strengthening of glass by ion exchange. Similarly, structur- icant insight into the properties of glass and glass formation, not al information obtained through advanced characterization methods, only in oxide systems but also metallic systems. Ostensibly opposed including computer simulations, are readily interpreted in terms of the to what he believed was an over-embracement of the Zachariasen localized structure described by Zachariasen and later expanded by G.N. model, Roy argued several objections could be raised including the Greaves with his “modified random network theory” for glass structure. existence of inherent thermodynamic driving forces in glass-form- This structure-based approach coupled with the kinetic theory of glass ing systems, which give rise to more ordered atomic structures—a formation promoted by Roy and developed by D.R. Uhlmann and others, has proved very useful in exploring new glass-forming systems. Roy and Cooper inspired ACerS award lectures at MS&T Collectively, both considerations have paved the way for a greater The intellectual rigor of these two protagonists lives on in awards in understanding of the properties of glass for the making of glass for their memory: ACerS Frontiers of Science and Society— specific applications. Rustum Roy Lecture and the Glass and Optical Materials Division A presentation by Adrian C. Wright at the May Glass and Optical Alfred R. Cooper Scholars Award. Materials Division meeting in San Antonio entitled “Oxide glass structure: Toward a working hypothesis for the 21st century,” and the planned Coming full-circle to glass this year, David Morse, chief technology program for next year’s International Congress on Glass (Boston, officer at Corning, will deliver the Rustum Roy Lecture titled, “Imag- June 9–14, 2019) forecasts there will be further refinements of vari- ination and innovation in the land of machines.” (Tuesday, Oct. 16, ous theories related to structure and glass formation in general. 1–2 p.m.). To receive an expanded version of this note giving a history of the Tanguy Rouxel, University of Rennes 1 (France) will deliver the University Conferences on Glass Science also held at MS&T, Alfred Alfred R. Cooper Distinguished Lecture during the Cooper Award University, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , and Lehigh University, Session (Tuesday, Oct. 16, 2–4:30 p.m.) A student will be award- contact the authors. ed the Alfred R. Cooper Scholars award and will give a talk at the same session. Sincerely, L. David Pye, Carlo G. Pantano, Delbert E. Day, Minoru Tomozawa, ACerS 120th Annual Meeting and MS&T18 are in Columbus, Ohio, Himanshu Jain, Richard K. Brow, John C. Mauro, and October 14–18, 2018. www.matscitech.org. ■ Adrian C.Wright

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 3 news & trends

A workout for your glass—Nanoparticle coating commercially available systems, making the potential opportu- makes glass stronger, boosts impact resistance nities quite attractive. MetaShield is, not surprisingly, mum on the details of the A company called MetaShield (St. George, Utah) has devel- materials that make up their patent-pending coating. But oped a nanoparticle-based coating that significantly enhances according to its website, the coating is a silica-based formula the impact resistance of glass. Such strength-boosting coatings containing functional nanoparticles, which can be tailored to could be useful in glass’s many applications, including automo- give the coating specific properties for a particular application. bile windows, mobile devices, windows, medical equipment, The company recently reported that results from indepen- glass containers, eyeglasses, and more. dent testing of its MetaShieldGLASS coating reveal it signifi- “Our unique coating, the result of several years of develop- cantly enhances the impact resistance of both untempered and ment using the combined work of theoretical physicists, chem- tempered aluminosilicate glass. ists, and engineers, adds only a negligible size and weight,” The lab, InterTek, measured impact resistance—following Jacob Schliesser, materials chemist at MetaShield, says in a standards developed by Asahi Glass to more accurately assess MetaShield press release. “Because it is transparent, thin, and thin cover glass—by dropping a weighted ball from a specified simple to apply, MetaShieldGLASS can be easily integrated height onto a test sample of glass. By testing many samples into existing manufacturing processes.” (here, n = 30) and measuring at what drop height each sample The transparent MetaShieldGLASS coating—applied via breaks. These drop-ball tests provide a relative measure of the spray, dip, or flood coating and then cured with UV light—can average kinetic energy required to break each glass sample type. be applied in just five minutes, the company says, and requires The testing examined two kinds of glass: 0.55-mm thick no fancy, specialized equipment. It is designed for use with untempered aluminosilicate glass, and 0.55-mm thick tempered aluminosilicate glass—better known as Corning’s Gorilla Glass 3. These dynamic impact tests showed that a MetaShield coating of just 0.09 mm is enough to significantly increase impact resistance of both untempered aluminosilicate glass and Gorilla Glass 3. Overall, MetaShield reports that its coating improves the break resistance of untempered glass by 83% in blunt impacts and 100% in sharp impact. For Gorilla Glass 3, the coating improves the break resistance by 222% in blunt impact and 150% in sharp impact. You can download the full independent testing report at www.bit.ly/MetaShieldreport. MetaShield originally started working on coatings several years ago to increase the efficiency of solar panels, and actually developed a coating that could boost the efficiency of triple junc- tion solar cells by 1%, which is a rather significant boost. Credit: Lauren Robson Photography; Flickr CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 MetaShield’s nanoparticle-based coating enhances the impact resistance of glass in products such as car windshields, mobile devices, eyeglasses, and many more.

4 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 6 Then, two and a half years ago, the Glass Science garnered nearly 50% more The data further demonstrates that company found the coatings’ effects on citations than it had in 2016 ACerS publications have enduring qual- glass—almost by accident, he says. And • ACerS Bulletin also moved up three ity. All long-term metrics including cited because of the widespread applications spots in the category half-life (the mid-point “age” of the cited and potential with glass, MetaShield has grown and diversified its coatings’ potential applications. “Something is happening in advanced materials right now—things are starting to percolate,” Ben-Dayan says. “For many years, physical objects like automobiles remained largely the same. But now they’re changing. We’re creating things that are much better, thanks to all discoveries with advanced materials. And MetaShield is part of that. To be continued.” n

ACerS journals increase impact—5 highlights from Cupric Oxide Clarivate’s latest Journal Impact Blue and Red Glazes and Factor report Glass Ferrites The recently released 2018 Journal Impact Factor (JIF) report from Clarivate shows the increasing influence of the American Ceramic Society’s journals Copper Granules and Bulletin in the field of ceramic science and engineering. Iron Spot Brick According to Clarivate, the Impact Factor is a journal-level metric and represents the average number of times a journal’s articles were cited in a given year Cuprous Oxide for articles published during the previ- ous two years. The 2018 report contains Blue Glass and Glaze journal articles that were cited in 2017. The most important highlights from this year’s report include: • All ACerS publications have higher Zinc Oxide impact factors than last year • The International Journal of Applied For Ferrite, Brick, Fibre Glass Ceramic Technology moved up three spots in the category ranking and has returned to the top 10 of the category • The Journal of the American Ceramic Society continues to be the most cited journal in the category, with nearly www.chemet.com [email protected] 42,000 citations in 2017 • The International Journal of Applied

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 5 news & trends

release. The energy is also stored and used for electricity when needed. The DOE has already selected three organizations that will compete in its Generation 3 CSP

program over a two- Credit: Sandia Labs, National Solar Thermal Test Facility; Flickr CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 year period to build The U.S. Department of Energy is spending $106 million to fund a thermal energy solar energy projects plus small business R&D to advance the system to “efficiently DOE’s mission. receive solar heat and deliver it to a work- Innovation Research and Small Business Credit: Wiley Wiley Credit: ing fluid at greater than 700°C tempera- Technology Transfer programs, accord- ture while incorporating thermal energy ing to a recent news release. The storage.” The finalist will get an additional 219 grants are earmarked for Phase I JACerS continues to be the most cited $25 million over the next three years to research and development. journal in its category in the Journal Impact Factor report. design and build a test facility for next gen- Phase I grants will give small busi- eration CSP technology. nesses the opportunity to participate and articles) and 5-year impact factor all Eight other organizations will split compete in research and innovation to increased as well. In addition, all publi- nearly $14 million in additional fund- advance the DOE’s mission. Although cations had higher “immediacy index” ing to develop technology that supports the grants are only for a period of 6–12 values. This item measures citations the DOE’s goal of an integrated testing months, the median award amount is in 2017 of articles published in 2017. site. In addition, DOE is awarding $10 $150,000, according to the release. In other words, not only do ACerS million to seven national lab partners to If successful, Phase I grant recipients publications have lasting influence, but support this initiative. would be able to participate in Phase II they continue to publish highly relevant To learn more about the proj- in 2019, the next level in the competi- articles that are getting noticed earlier. ect and awardees, visit www.bit.ly/ tion. With a median award amount of It is important to note that ACerS DOECSPfunding. $1,000,000 and up to a two-year dura- made many significant changes to its tion, Phase II grant recipients will be journal publishing scheduling in late Small business research and able to further develop their research 2017. Due to the highly lagging nature development grants into actual prototypes and procedures. of the JIF, these changes did not affect The DOE also is awarding $34 mil- To see the list of eight specific grants the 2017 impact factors. We expect to lion in grants to 183 businesses in from the respective DOE offices, visit see large improvements this time next 41 states through its Small Business www.bit.ly/DOESBgrants. n year when the 2019 report is issued—and even bigger changes in 2020. n Business news Corning opens world’s largest LCD glass Dynamic Glass expands to Austin with Berry US DOE funds $106 million in substrate facility in China (www.corning. Glass acquisition (www.usglassmag.com) new energy projects com) … Kyocera develops new coating …AR glass targets broader field of view The federal government recently technology and base material to improve (www.osa-opn.org) …US bank backs first announced funding for two initiatives of steel machining (www.kyocera.com) float manufacturing plant in Nigeria www.( the Department of Energy within a week ... Electric vehicles: Australia’s Kidman glass-international.com) … Micromeritics of each other. Resources will supply lithium to Tesla Instrument Corp. acquires Freeman (www.roskill.com) … Growing panes: will Technology (www.micromeritics.com) High-temperature concentrating smart glass stimulate mineral demand? … S˛ is˛ ecam Group acquires its second flat solar power technology (www.indmin.com) … Buehler obtains glass manufacturing facility in Italy (www. The DOE is awarding $72 million for ISO certification for Vickers and Knoop usglassmag.com) … ZEISS unveils next projects that focus on high-temperature reference hardness testing blocks (www. generation of ophthalmic laser VISULAS concentrating solar power (CSP) systems. buehler.com) … Goodfellow offers new green at World Ophthalmology Congress CSP is a technology that uses mirrors to line of additive manufacturing materials and (www.zeiss.com) n reflect sunlight for collection and conver- services (www.goodfellowusa.com) … sion into heat, according to a DOE press

6 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 6 acers spotlight

Society and Division news

Welcome new corporate partners! Please support our corporate partners, who can be found ACerS is pleased to welcome Imerys Aluminates as the on the Corporate Partner roster page on ACerS website at newest Diamond Corporate Partner, and Almatis Premium www.bit.ly/CPRoster. n Alumina and Harbison Walker International as the two newest Sapphire Corporate Partners ACerS names 2018–2019 Board and Division Diamond Corporate Partners officers The new slate of ACerS officers is official. There were no contested offices and no write-in candidates, automatically making all nominees "elected." ACerS rules eliminate the need Sapphire Corporate Partners to prepare a ballot or hold an election when only one name is submitted for each office. The new term will begin October 18, 2018, at the conclusion of MS&T. (Biographies of the President-elect and Board of Directors appeared in the June/ ACerS Corporate Partnership program offers member com- July ACerS Bulletin.) panies the benefits of individual membership plus marketing and educational opportunities for company employees. ACerS Board of Directors To learn how your company can gain exposure to a global To serve a one-year term from October 18, 2018 to October 3, 2019 audience through the Corporate Partnership program, contact President—Sylvia Johnson Kevin Thompson, membership director, at (614) 794-5894 or President-elect—Tatsuki Ohji [email protected]. Parliamentarian—Stephen Freiman

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 7 acers spotlight

Society and Division news (continued)

To serve a two-year term from October 18, Basic Science Division Education and Professional 2018 to October 8, 2020 Chair: Paul Salvador Development Council Treasurer—Stephen Houseman Chair-elect: John Blendell Co-chair: Marissa Reigel Vice chair: Kristen Brosnan Co-chair: Janet Callahan Secretary: Yiquan Wu To serve three-year terms from October 18, Electronics Division 2018 to October 21, 2021 Bioceramics Division Chair: Rick Ubic Mario Affatigato Chair: Steven Jung Chair-elect: Jon lhlefeld John Kieffer Chair-elect: Roger Narayan Vice chair: Alp Sehirlioglu Jingyang Wang Vice chair: Julian Jones Secretary: Claire Xiong DIVISION AND CLASS OFFICERS Secretary: Ashutosh Goel Secretary-elect: Jenny Andrew Trustee: Steven Tidrow Art, Archaeology, and Cements Division Conservation Science Division Chair: David Corr Engineering Ceramics Division Chair: Blythe McCarthy Chair-elect: Denise Silva Chair: Manabu Fukushima Vice chair: Patricia Marie McGuiggan Secretary: Shiho Kawashima Chair-elect: Surojit Gupta Secretary: Glenn Gates Trustee: Maria Juenger Vice chair/Treasurer: Valerie Wiesner Treasurer: Marie Jackson Secretary: Hisayuki Suematsu Trustee: Ed Fuller Trustee: Michael Halbig Glass & Optical Materials Division Chair: Liping Huang Chair-elect: Jincheng Du Vice chair: John Mauro Secretary: Sabyasachi Sen Manufacturing Division Chair: Keith DeCarlo Chair-elect: Matthew Creedon Vice chair: Steven Jung Secretary: TBD Nuclear & Environmental Technology Division Division chair: Cory Trivelpiece Vice chair: Phil Edmondson Secretary: Kyle Brinkman Advisor: Kevin Fox Refractory Ceramics Division (term begins March 2018) Chair: Simon Leiderman Vice chair: Ashley Hampton Secretary: Steven Ashlock Trustee: Louis J. Trostel, Jr. Structural Clay Products Division Reimanis climbs Mount Kilimanjaro, affirms ACerS membership (term begins March 2018) ACerS Fellow Ivar Reimanis recently climbed to the summit of Mount Chair: Luke Odenthal Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, Africa, after reaching the summit of Mount Denali in Chair-elect: Mike Walker 2016. “ACerS provides great opportunities for career growth accomplished through Vice chair: Jed Lee activities like leadership and volunteer opportunities,” he says, [and] “creates oppor- Secretary: Holly Rohrer n tunities to stay in touch with the younger materials generation. It also gives me a Trustee: John Dowdle good excuse to climb mountains!” n

8 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 6 ENGINEERED SOLUTIONS FOR POWDER COMPACTION

Society and Division news (continued) Gasbarre | PTX-Pentronix | Simac

GASBARRE ELECTRIC PRESSES Names in the news Precision & Efficiency with Callahan named engineering dean at Michigan Tech a Light Footprint Janet Callahan was named dean of Michigan Technological University’s College of Engineering. She was previously chair and professor of the Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering at Boise State University. Callahan serves on ACerS Education and HYDRAULIC PRESSES Simple to Complex Parts, Callahan Professional Development Council. n Intuitive & Flexible Setup Myers presented with lifetime achievement award Marquis Who’s Who presented Ronald E. Myers with the Albert Nelson Marquis MONOSTATIC AND Lifetime Achievement Award. The award rec- DENSOMATIC ISOSTATIC PRESSES ognizes individuals for outstanding achieve- Featuring Dry Bag Pressing ments, leadership qualities, career successes, and noteworthy accomplishments. As principal Myers 590 Division Street | DuBois, PA 15801 and owner of Myers Consulting Services, 814.371.3015 | [email protected] Myers provides technical expertise to a variety of chemistry www.gasbarre.com and materials science industries. n

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American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 9 acers spotlight

Society and Division news (continued)

Biomaterials for healthcare subject of workshop Do you qualify for Emeritus member status? If you will be at least 65 years old by December 31, 2018 and will have 35 years of continuous membership in ACerS, you are eligible for Emeritus status. Emeritus members enjoy waived membership dues and reduced meeting registration rates. To verify eligibility, contact Erica Zimmerman at ezimmer- [email protected]. n Credit: Nandita Keshavan Attendees at the New Materials for Healthcare: Ideas Generation Workshop learned In memoriam of the many challenges and research opportunities in a variety of healthcare fields. Thomas Place The Indian Institute of Science faced by practicing clinicians involving Edward A. Starkey (Bangalore) and Tata Steel New Materials biomaterials. Attendees heard presenta- Marvin Tetenbaum Business (Jharkhand) hosted a workshop, tions from experts in orthopedics, den- Clarence E. Vance “New Materials for Healthcare: Ideas tistry, neurosurgery, ear, nose and throat, Dongming Zhu Generation Workshop” at Hotel Oberoi, and urology, which highlighted much- Bangalore, India, on May 6, 2018. The needed solutions and the magnitude of Some detailed obituaries can also be found on the ACerS website, purpose was to understand challenges research opportunities. n www.ceramics.org/in-memoriam.

ACerS board approves three chair; Emanuel Ionescu, secretary; new Sections and Thomas Fischer, treasurer. The new Germany Chapter serves ACerS ACerS Board of Directors approved members in or near cities of Cologne, Awards and deadlines three petitions to establish new Sections Bonn, Aachen, Dusseldorf, and at its May 2018 meeting. The newly- Dortmund, and joins other interna- Upcoming nomination deadlines approved Sections include: Central Ohio tional chapters in Canada, India, Italy, Section, Washington DC/Maryland/ and the United Kingdom. n August 15, 2018 Northern Virginia Section, and Dayton/ Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky Engineering Ceramics Division secre- Section. For more information, con- ACerS offers special MS&T reg- tary: Nominees will be presented for tact the Section leaders listed on the approval at the ECD annual business istration for Distinguished Life, meeting at MS&T18 and included on U.S. Section page of ACerS website. Senior, and Emeritus members Interested in helping to establish a new ACerS spring 2019 division officer ACerS Section in your area? Contact ACerS offers complimentary ballot. Submit nominations, including Belinda Raines, outreach manager at MS&T18 registration for Distinguished a short description of the candidate’s qualifications to Soshu Kirihara, ECD [email protected]. n Life Members and reduced registration for Senior and Emeritus members. nominating committee chair, Osaka These special offers are only available University, [email protected], ACerS establishes new interna- through ACerS and are not offered on Mrityunjay Singh, Ohio Aerospace tional chapter in Germany the MS&T registration site. Download Institute, [email protected], or ACerS Board of Directors approved registration forms at www.bit.ly/ Lisa M. Rueschhoff, Air Force Research establishment of an international chap- SpecialMSTRates and submit to Erica Laboratory, [email protected] ter in Germany. Officers are Sanjay Zimmerman at ezimmerman@ceramics. For more information, visit www.ceram- n Mathur, chair; Yakup Gönüllü, vice org by August 15, 2018. n ics.org/divisions.

10 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 6 Awards and deadlines (continued)

August 30, 2018 2019 Class of Society Fellows recognizes Students and outreach members who have made outstanding contributions to the ceramic arts or sci- 2nd place: ences through productive scholarship Congratulations to 2018 GOMD or conspicuous achievement in the student poster winners! Michael Kindle, Washington State University industry or by outstanding service to The Glass & Optical Materials Synthesis and characterization of modified the Society. Nominees shall be persons Division awarded best student poster vanadium glass cathodes of good reputation who have reached prizes to the following winners at its th their 35 birthday and who have been annual meeting in May. Special thanks 3rd place: continuous members of the Society to Corning Inc. for sponsoring the Junjie Zhao, Zhejiang University and for at least five years. Visit www.bit.ly/ annual contest. University of North Texas SocietyFellowsAward to download the Phase separation in SiO -Al O -BaO-BaF Graduate Student Posters 2 2 3 2 nomination form. n oxyfluoride glasses from molecular dynam- st September 1, 2018 1 place: ics simulations Hongshen Liu, Pennsylvania State Varshneya Frontiers of Glass Lectures: University The Frontiers of Glass Science and the Frontiers of Glass Technology lectures Effects of surface initial condition on aqueous encourage scientific and technical dia- corrosion of glass logue in glass topics of significance that define new horizons, highlight new research concepts, or demonstrate potential to develop products and processes for the benefit of humankind. Both will A world leader in bioactive and be presented at the GOMD meeting in May 2019 in Boston, Mass. Submit nominations to Erica Zimmerman, ezim- custom glass solutions [email protected]. For more details visit www.bit.ly/VarshneyaLectures. n

January 15, 2019 Mo-Sci offers a wide variety of custom glass solutions ACerS and Morgan Advanced Materials and will work with you to create tailored glass present the Global Distinguished materials to match your application. Doctoral Dissertation Award which recognizes a distinguished doctoral disserta- Contact us today to discuss your tion in the ceramics and glass discipline. next project. Nominees must have been members of mo-sci.com/contact the Global Graduate Researcher Network (GGRN) and have completed a doctoral dissertation as well as all other graduation requirements set by their institution for a doctoral degree within 12 months prior to application deadline.

The award consists of a $1,000 nono- @moscicorp rarium, certificate, and complimentary MS&T registration, and will be presented @MoSciCorp www.mo-sci.com • 573.364.2338 at the awards banquet at ACerS Annual linkedin.com/company/moscicorp Meeting at MS&T. n ISO 9001:2008 • AS9100C

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 11 acers spotlight

Students and outreach (continued)

Undergraduate Student Posters the student’s home institution but could be from a project per- 1st place: formed as part of a co-op experience, a summer internship, or Research Experience for Undergraduates project. James Brigham Clawson, Brigham Young University First, second, and third place prizes are awarded in amounts Multicomponent glass surface hydroxyl groups by temperature-resolved of $250, $150, and $100, respectively. Winners will be ToF-SIMS: Viability and challenges announced at the student awards ceremony at MS&T18. 2nd place: To enter, submit your name, title of poster, and an abstract Taylor Mehmen, Coe College of no more than 100 words to Yolanda Natividad at ynativi- An anomaly in the glass transition widths of mixed alkali lithium [email protected] before September 24, 2018. cesium borate glasses Submissions will be displayed at MS&T18 in the exhibit 3rd place: hall on Tuesday, October 16 and Wednesday, October 17 during regular expo hall hours. n Yue Zhai, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Residual stress field around sharp indent n Ceramographic competition and Roland B. Snow Students—Present your research at MS&T18 Award undergraduate student poster contest The Roland B. Snow award promotes use of microscopy and microanalysis as tools in the scientific investigation of The undergraduate student poster contest allows students to ceramic materials and is presented to Best of Show winner of present their undergraduate research experiences and improve the Ceramographic Exhibit & Competition at MS&T18. communication skills. Entries must be the work of an undergraduate and completed during the student’s undergraduate The Best of Show winner will be announced at the Sosman education. Work presented does not have to be performed at Lecture and the Basic Science Division business meeting and will receive $1,500 and a commemorative glass piece. Digital posters can be printed by the Basic Science Division at no charge. They also can be mailed to the organizer by October 5, 2018, or brought to the exhibit area at the venue on October 14, noon–5 p.m. For more information visit www.bit.ly/ RBSAward2018. n industries Advanced Screening | Toll Manufacturing | Expert Solutions Grad students: Advance your career with GGRN Build an international network of peers and contacts within the ceramic and glass community by joining ACerS Global ELCAN’S HI-SIFTER Graduate Researcher Network. GGRN is an ACerS member- The Latest Breakthrough in ship that addresses professional and career development needs of graduate-level research students who have a primary interest Advanced Screening Technology. in ceramics and glass science. GGRN members receive all ACerS individual member benefits plus special events at meetings and free webinars on targeted topics relevant to the ceramic and glass graduate stu- 3 100% Polished Stainless dent community. Steel Construction Membership is only $30 per year. Visit www.ceramics.org/ 3 No Organic Contact Parts ggrn to learn how GGRN can help further your career or con- 3 FDA Compliant tact Yolanda Natividad, ACerS member engagement manager, 3 Aerospace/Biomedical n 3 Quick Change Mesh at [email protected] 3 Inert Gas Capabilities 3 Explosion Proof Motor Recent grads—Stay connected to your peers through special ACerS memberships Mechanically Separate under 10 Micron ACerS offers a one-year Associate Membership at no charge for recent graduates who have completed their termi- nal degree. Start receiving immediate member benefits in the (914) 381-7500 20 Marbledale Rd. Tuckahoe, NY 10707 www.ElcanIndustries.com

12 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 6 R R Starbar and Moly-D elements are made in the U.S.A. with a focus on providing Students and outreach (continued) the highest quality heating elements world’s premier membership organization for ceramics and glass and service to the global market. professionals by visiting www.ceramics.org/associate. ACerS Young Professionals Network is designed for members who have completed their degree and are between 25–40 years old. Visit www.ceramics.org/ypn or contact Yolanda Natividad at [email protected]. n

I2 R -- Over 50 years of service and reliability I Squared R Element Co., Inc. Akron, NY Phone: (716)542-5511 Fax: (716)542-2100 CGIF participates in USA’s largest science festival 196453 - 2017 Email: [email protected] CGIF staff members and volunteers participated in the 2018 USA Science & Engineering Festival in Washington, D.C., April 6–8. The festival was www.isquaredrelement.com an exciting opportunity for STEM teachers, students, and families to visit CGIF’s exhibit to learn about ceramic and glass science through fun, inter- active demonstrations. More than 370,000 people attended the festival. Special thanks to those who volunteered their time to demonstrate science lessons and inspire young people to learn more about glass and ceramic science and materials: Babak Ashourirad, Victoria Blair, Yomery Espinal, Russell Maier, Carlie Moorehead, Taylor Shoulders, Miriam Silton, and James Wollmershauser. n HWI and CGIF sponsor teacher workshop HarbisonWalker International is partnering with the CGIF and ACerS to provide a free Materials Science Workshop for Teachers on Wednesday, August 1, 2018, 9:00 a.m.–3 p.m. at HWI’s Advanced Technology & Research Center, 1001 Pittsburgh-McKeesport Boulevard, West Mifflin, Pa. The workshop will help 7th–12th-grade teachers bring materials science education into their classrooms through the CGIF’s Materials Science Classroom Kit. The kit makes materials science concepts relevant, interesting, and fun for young adults. The hands-on demonstrations and labs are a proven way of getting students interested in subject matter they will need to know as they prepare to enter the high-tech workforce of today. Each workshop participant will receive a Materials Science Classroom Kit and “The Magic of Ceramics” book ($250 value), sponsored by HWI. For registration information see www.bit.ly/MSTWorkshop2018. n

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 13 ACer-quarter-pg-2018-v1.indd 1 3/5/18 3:51 PM International Rhine Ceramic Round Table Credit: Mathur, University of Cologne Group photo of Round Table attendees: Kwang-Ho Kim (Busan National University, Korea), Taejin Hwang (KITECH, Korea), Eduard Saiz Gutierrez (ACerS UK Chapter), Witold Gulbinski (Technical University, Koszalin, Poland), Joachim Heym (president, German Ceramic Society), Uwe Schulz (DLR, Cologne), Thomas Fischer (University of Cologne, Germany), Bruce Koel (Princeton University, USA), Tatsuki Ohji (president-elect, ACerS & AIST Japan), Monica Ferraris (ACerS Chapter, Italy), Alexander Michaelis, (Fraunhofer IKTS, Germany), Sanjay Mathur (organizer, University of Cologne, Germany), Mrityunjay Singh (past president, ACerS), Moritz von Witzleben (president, ECerS), Yogendra Mishra (CAU, Kiel), Mustafa Uergen (Istanbul Technical University, Turkey), Girish Kale (University of Leeds, UK), Hidehiro Kamiya (Tokyo University of Agriculture & Technology, Japan).

ith the aim of catalyzing a dia- logue among professional ceram- By Sanjay Mathur and Thomas Fischer W ic societies through both formal and familiar channels, the first International Rhine Ceramic Round Table was organized on July 7th, 2017 at the University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. Discussions targeted promoting international collaboration to better address the educational and professional needs of younger researchers in ceramic science and engineering. The need for new ideas and thinking was unanimously endorsed by the representatives of The American Ceramic Society (ACerS), the European Ceramic Society (ECerS), German Ceramic Society (DKG), German Materials Society (DGM), Credit: Mathur, University of Cologne Moritz von Witzleben (president, ECerS; left) explains as well as representatives from ACerS chap- European ceramic societies’ international strategy; ters in Britain (Imperial College London) Witold Gulbinski (right).

14 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 6 ECerS president, Moritz von International Rhine Ceramic Witzleben, says the European Ceramic Society is interested in "creating more synergies through mutually benefiting Round Table partnerships that would reward the members of the global ceramics community for their engagement." This Round Table, with globally acclaimed professional voices, initi- ated an important discussion on the most critical challenges of science and technology of functional materials and ceramics. More importantly, this expert group underlined the role of professional societies in enabling open innovation and global collaboration for

Credit: Mathur, University of Cologne augmenting professional recognition Mrityunjay Singh (past president, ACerS; center) highlights ACerS international strategy to and visibility of the field. Alexander Michaelis, (vice president, German Ceramic Society; left) and Joachim Heym All panel members and attendees president, German Ceramic Society; right) agreed to maintain a more thorough and Italy (Politechnico di tion (e.g., jointly organized symposia and continuous exchange and sup- or endorsement of sponsorships), and ported the agenda “act locally, connect Torino), who were invited how to address the pressing need of globally” with the aim of increasing to the Round Table to internationalization and diversity. the value proposition for members and catering to the pressing needs of diver- discuss, share, and coordi- Attracting young scientists early in their careers and keeping them sity and internationalization. nate ideas and initiatives actively engaged with professional For more information, contact Sanjay societies is a major issue faced by all Mathur at [email protected]. on promoting ceramic sci- n societies. Members expect more global- ence and technology at an ized perspectives, while maintaining international and interdis- national and regional activities with ciplinary level. This Round the motto “think global and act local.” Participants emphasized the need to Table was embedded in identify and jointly promote ceramic the 6th Advanced Materials science and technology apart from academic and industrial requirements, to Challenges for Alternative reach out to the interested public, as Energy Solutions well as schools and other educational Workshop and Summer institutions to raise awareness of the impact of ceramics in daily life. School at the University of Participants discussed how new initia- Cologne, Germany. tives such as the international chapters Officers and members of represented of ACerS jointly recognized by European professional societies and organizations and/or national organizations and vice- addressed several crucial topics: how versa could serve as nodal points for to enhance collaboration among the bringing together academia and industry professional societies to offer a unique and in promoting young scientists. The value proposition to members and local host, Sanjay Mathur, says “more active collaboration among profes-

volunteers, how to harness the poten- Credit: Mathur, University of Cologne tial existing with individual societies sional societies and formalization of such Sanjay Mathur (University of Cologne; through active cooperation without cooperative relationships could bring front) explains the importance of serving diluting the impact of ongoing efforts, excellent leverage in terms of both inter- the different needs and demands of current how to increase visibility of different national partnerships and more value to and future members and connecting the global ceramic community. societies through intersociety coopera- the members of the individual societies.”

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 15 ceramics in

energy Custom Designed Vacuum Furnaces for: ‘Pickled’ electrolyte improves Li-ion batteries • CVD SiC Etch & RTP rings • CVD/CVI systems for CMC components Despite ample research, increasing energy storage capacity for • Sintering, Debind, Annealing longer lasting, higher performing lithium-ion batteries—a critical issue for electric vehicles technology—remains elusive. Researchers at the U.S. Department of Energy’s Argonne National Laboratory recently discovered that a performance- Unsurpassed thermal and enhancing additive mixed into a lithium-ion battery’s electrolyte deposition uniformity can suppress its decomposition. Each system custom designed to High-voltage cathode materials promote degradation of suit your specific requirements the electrolyte over time with charge and discharge cycles. Laboratory to Production Researchers used the additive trimethylsilyl phosphite (TMSPi), Exceptional automated control systems providing improved to modify “the cathode surface by forming a protective layer that product quality, consistency stalls the electrolyte decomposition,” according to an Argonne and monitoring National Laboratory news release. Worldwide commissioning, The scientists observed that a chemical derivative of TMPSi— training and service

PF2OSiMe3—slowly formed when salt in the electrolyte reacted with the TMSPi and protected the cathode. They recognized the chemi- 100 Billerica Ave, cal process was similar to cucumbers fermenting in brine, that is, www.tevtechllc.com Billerica, MA 01862 the same chemical process that goes into making dill pickles. Tel. (978) 667-4557 Fax. (978) 667-4554 According to senior materials scientist Daniel Abraham, this [email protected] process decreases the electrical resistance that typically happens during battery charge-discharge cycling and allows for quicker charges and discharges. The PF2OSiMe3 also reduces transition metal loss that occurs in the cathode as well as the parasitic oxi- dation currents during prolonged cell cycling, according to the team’s paper. “Battery performance actually improves as the TMPSi electrolyte additive ages,” Abraham explains in the release. “Key to success in this study was the identification of the origin of these beneficial effects.” Laboratory Furnaces & Ovens “Now that we better understand the mechanism for the cath- • Horizontal & Vertical Tube Furnaces, ode-protective action by the phosphite,” Abraham adds, “we can Single and Multi-Zone be more systematic in finding new ways of achieving and improv- ing this pickling of the electrolyte additive.” • Box Furnaces & Ovens For more, read “Chemical “pickling” of phosphite additives • Temperatures up to 1700°C mitigates impedance rise in Li ion batteries” in The Journal of Physical Chemistry (DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b02056). n • Made in the U.S.A. • Available within Two Weeks

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(F); red, oxygen (O); and structure above oxygen, SiMe3.

16 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 6 research briefs

Enable precise, consistent, reliable performance in temperature-critical environments. Credit: Purdue University/Jaehun Cho A Purdue University team demonstrated plastic deformation of flash-sintered, nanograin YSZ. Ductile YSZ with flash-sintering Much of the buzz about flash sintering relates to rapid densification at low sintering temperatures. A research team at Purdue University (West Lafayette, Ind.) recently reported on an investigation into the mechanical properties of flash- sintered yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ). Using an in situ, high- advanced-energy.com temperature nanomechanical testing technique, they observed YSZ micropillars exhibiting plastic deformation similar to metal deformation. Flash sintering involves applying an electric field during heat treatment and densifies YSZ within a few seconds. The team used nanoscale powders, and because densification occurs so fast, the nanograin structure persists into the sintered material. The team built micropillars and subjected them to micro- compression tests in an SEM at temperatures ranging from room temperature to 600°C. At room temperature samples sustained giant strain of 8% owing to strain-induced martens- itic transformation toughening. However, once cracks nucleate, failure is inevitable and catastrophic. However, at 400°C, flash-sintered YSZ micropillars undergo a brittle-to-ductile transformation, which enables plastic deformation due to dislocation creep. According to the paper, “The enhanced plasticity at elevated temperatures arises from the transition from phase transformation toughening to dislocation creep, as the dominant inelastic deformation mechanism due to the existence of a high density of dislocations… and/or early initiation of grain boundary sliding of ultra-fine grains.” The work has urgent practical applications. “YSZ is a very typical thermal barrier coating—it basically protects a metal core from heat,” sayes Haiyan Wang, Purdue’s Basil S. Turner Professor of Engineering in the release. “But it tends to suffer from a lot of fractures when an engine heats up and cools down due to residual stresses.” Instead, says Jaehun Cho, a graduate research assistant in materials engineering, “These dislocations will move under compression or tension, such that the material doesn’t fail.” A comforting thought from the window seat at 30,000 feet.

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 17 research briefs

The open access paper, published in Nature Communications, is “High temperature deformability of ductile flash-sintered ceramics via in-situ compression” (DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018- 04333-2). n

Two materials, one component with 3-D printing Advanced Ceramics Suppliers: Additive manufacturing, or 3-D printing, has come a long way since the 1980s. Advances in technology have lowered bar- Learn about emerging riers to entry and opened up opportunities for manufacturers opportunities and in a variety of industries and applications. However, most 3-D components have been single-material discover how to take structures. advantage of them In new research, scientists from Washington State Univer- sity have 3-D-printed a structure with two different materials. Led by Herman and Brita Lindholm Endowed Chair Professor in the School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering and Amit Bandyopadhyay, the research team printed a ceramic and Visit metal structure as well as a bimetallic tube that is magnetic at one end and nonmagnetic at the other, according to a Wash- matmat.ch/acers ington State University news release. “This is a step towards the next level of manufacturing and the next generation of design, validation, optimization, and manufacturing using 3-D printing,” Bandyopadhyay says in the release. “You could be joining two very strong materials together, but their connection will only be as strong as their adhesive.” “Multimaterial, additive manufacturing helps get rid of the weak point,” he says. The team used a nickel-chromium alloy (Inconel 718) and copper to make their sample component—in this case, an object Your Valuable Partner In Material Science! that could be used in rockets or airplane engines. Using laser

Tubing Boat Sapphire engineering net shaping (LENS), they 3-D laser-printed the two Sapphire Plate Sample Tubing Pan materials together, resulting in a final object containing critical properties of both materials: The high-temperature tolerance of Powder Alumina Alumina Crucible Sample Pan Sapphire Substrates nickel-chromium and the thermal conductivity of copper. Alumina Powder & Parts • Sapphire Products Bandyopadhyay mentions that they are securing patents for their process. “At present, there are a couple of U.S. patents that Powder Wool Crucible Tubing Custom are pending based on our technology,” he writes in an email.

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Http://www.advaluetech.com Credit: Washington State University Multimaterial samples printed by Washington State University Tel: 1-520-514-1100, Fax: 1-520-747-4024 Email: [email protected] researchers. Multimaterial 3-D printed designs can eliminate 3158 S. Chrysler Ave., Tucson, AZ 85713, U.S.A the need for adhesives and allow for greater design variety and specificity.

18 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 6 Their research could have huge implications for additive manufacturing and could very well replace welding and other materials joining technologies. “Applications are very broad,” Bandyopadhyay says in his email. “Today, we use welding or brazing to make multi-materials parts. Our approach shows how to avoid such joining technologies and use a one-step process to make multi-material parts.” The paper, published in Additive Manufacturing, is “Addi- tive manufacturing of Inconel 718—Copper alloy bimetallic structure using laser engineered net shaping (LENS™)” (DOI: 10.1016/j.addma.2018.02.007). n

Shaping fused silica with ‘Glassomer’ Credit: Markus Breig, KIT Glassomer can be milled, turned, lasered or processed in CNC machines—just like a conventional polymer

Bastian Rapp and his research team at the NeptunLab inter- disciplinary research group of KIT’s Institute of Microstructure Technology created a hybrid material by mixing glass with liquid polymer to fabricate a solid, machinable nanocomposite. Called (what else?) “Glassomer,” the new material offers the strength of glass while behaving like a polymer. “It has always been a big challenge to combine highly pure quartz glass and its excellent properties with a simple structur- ing technology,” Rapp says in a KIT news release. The researchers mixed 40 nm quartz glass particles with a liquid polymer, forming a consistency similar to sponge cake, according to the news release. Heat treatment and light exposure results in a 60/40 ratio of glass and polymer composite. Glassomer can be processed in machines “just like a conventional polymer” the release states, enabling smaller, more intricate and detailed structures to be produced. Rapp’s team fabricated small nuts, bolts, and diffractive optical elements. “Our process is suited for mass production,” Rapp adds in the release. “Production and use of quartz glass are much cheaper, more sustainable, and more energy-efficient than those of a special polymer.” For more see “Glassomer—Processing Fused Silica Glass Like a Polymer” in Advanced Materials (DOI: 10.1002/ adma.201707100). n

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 19

ceramics in the environment

Vitrification process turns radioactive waste into durable glass for safe disposal Safe storage and disposal of nuclear waste is an ongoing con- cern for nuclear power, but also at nuclear research and production facilities.

— For example the Hanford Nuclear Site (Columbia River region, REGISTER TODAY AT: Wash.) was established in 1943 as part of the Manhattan Project www.am-ceramics.dkg.de to produce plutonium. Plutonium production ceased in the 1980, — and now 56 million gallons of radioactive waste reside in 177 underground tanks. Researchers at the Department of Energy’s Pacific Northwest National Laboratory have been working on vitrification processing for disposing of the low-level radioactive waste in those under- The key event for additive manufacturing of ground tanks. high-performance ceramics that gives you the Vitrification of radioactive waste into glass showed promise opportunity to connect with 3D-printing with simulated waste. PNNL researchers demonstrated vitrifica- professionals from all over the world. tion of three gallons of actual tank waste—an important first step toward disposing of the plutonium waste. “This was the first time low-activity Hanford tank waste has been vitrified in a continuous process, very similar to the treatment process that will be used at Hanford, rather than as a single batch,” glass scientist with DOE’s Office of River Protection Albert Kruger says in a PNNL news release. “The experience from this test will help us as we prepare for full-scale operations.” The researchers melted liquid waste with silica and glass-forming materials in a melter at 2,100°F and produced 20 pounds of glass in 20 hours. “This successful test confirms the science and engineering approach,” Will Eaton, PNNL lead for the vitrification demon- stration, says in the release. “Seeing actual Hanford low-activity waste being converted to glass is really exciting. It ties together 20 years of work from the design and construction of the Waste Treatment Plant to the research and testing that has supported that effort.” The researchers plan to conduct another vitrification test later this year, using waste from another tank on the premises. Their test is part of a larger effort at Hanford to send low-activity waste from tank farms directly to a vitrification facility through a system cur- Credit: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory rently under construc- Scientists melt radioactive waste into tion, called Direct glass in a test platform at PNNL designed Feed Low-Activity to mimic Direct Feed Low-Activity Waste Waste (DFLAW). n system being constructed at Hanford.

20 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 6 IMFORMED insights Mike O’Driscoll A snapshot of ceramic and glass raw material markets and trends from a non-metallic minerals industry expert. Director, IMFORMED

Mineral recycling is evolving fast

up to 50% of all minerals consumed in Europe are recycled along with the steel, glass, paper, plastic, and concrete they are used in. He concluded: “Industrial minerals consumption would increase by 50% in the absence of functional recycling. Recycling should be sustainable.”

Refractory recycling Credit: “Building a refractory recycling business One of the fastest evolving sectors packaged ready for customer delivery. Of through the use of PDCA/SDCA methodol- of the ceramic raw materials industry is particular interest was the state-of-the-art ogy” by Mario López, recycling special- that of recycling minerals, or sourcing analytical laboratory at Hunsborn as well ist, RHI Magnesita, outlined Brazilian “secondary raw materials.” as the operational LIBS unit at Siegen. environmental policy and regulations The primary drivers of environmental and South American refractory recycling pressure and scarcity of certain mineral “Circularity without sustainability rates, before detailing the methodology resources is reshaping the traditional is stillborn” involved in creating a sound refractory mineral supply chain. Instead of having a Proceedings were opened by the key- recycling system. mineral deposit as the main source, trad- note “The role of industrial minerals in the The results spoke for themselves, ers and consumers are now considering circular economy” by Roger Doome, secre- with vastly increased recycling volumes securing specific industrial waste streams tary general, IMA-Europe, Belgium. and 2017 targets either hit or exceeded. to be carefully processed in order to Doome explained how the circular- The 2018 action plan includes projects reclaim a range of mineral products. ity of the industrial mineral sector on developing supply and production This trend has created the pursuit was driven by resource optimization, chains for mag-carbon recycling in Brazil of new alliances between waste produc- functional recycling, and recovery of and mag-spinel recycling in Argentina. ers and recyclers, as well as supporting secondary raw materials. In Brazil, total spent refractories are increasing development and marketing However, he stressed that “Industrial estimated at 50,000 tpa. In 2016, RHI of processing and sorting technology to mineral recycling and re-use alone will not Magnesita recycled 15,500 tonnes. Since facilitate successful recycling. be sufficient to meet the demand for raw the beginning of the project in 2016, IMFORMED’s Mineral Recycling materials. Circularity without sustainability some 50,000 tonnes of spent MgO Forum has taken the spotlight to this is stillborn.” refractories have been recycled, equiva- fast growing industry since 2016. This Doome went on to detail industrial lent to 98,000 tonnes of magnesite ore year’s conference took place in Cologne minerals use in certain sectors with and 3,500 litres of fuel. March 15-16, 2018, where international a view to future recycling, such as in In “RHI Magnesita refractory recycling: delegates networked and discussed the lat- renewable energy, mobile phones, and The past and the future” Michael Postmann, est trends and developments in recycling transport highlighting the EU Raw RHI Magnesita recycled refractory consumption steel waste, refractories, foundry chromite Materials Initiative and the 2018 mea- Approx. 100,000 tpa sand, salt, phosphorus, and fly ash. sures for “An Ambitious EU Circular The conference was preceded by a Economy Package.” 7% Europe well-attended and quite exceptional Waste valorization examples includ- 13% one-day tour of recycling leader Horn ed limestone processing waste slurry India & Co. Group’s facilities at Weitefeld, (calcite, wollastonite, dolomite, and 14% 51% SAM Hunsborn, and Siegen. silicates) used as filter sand and kaolin Delegates were able to see first-hand waste used to make lightweight materi- China how steel and refractory waste was expert- als for construction. 15% NAM ly sorted (by both hand and laser based According to Doome, today the sensor system (LIBS)), crushed, sized, and industrial minerals sector estimates that Source: Michael Postmann, RHI Magnesita (2018) ©IMFORMED 2018 | imformed.com

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 21 IMFORMED insights (continued) recycling manager, RHI Magnesita, pre- products from recycled sented a very frank review of where the isostatic refractories, company is now and where it wants to be such as LS tubes. in refractory recycling. At present, RHI Magnesita possesses Foundry sand only limited crushing/drying capacity for reclamation recycling material at various plant sites, Another important and there is no single plant with a sole area of recycling in the focus on refractory recycling. metallurgical indus- Postmann said: “Use of recycling mate- try is with foundry rial is limited due to quality and econom- sands. Chris Wilding, ics, and RHI Magnesita is using at present sales director, Omega around 100,000 tpa of recycling materials Foundry Machinery in its own products globally.” Ltd. provided an Looking ahead, Postmann said that excellent summary in RHI Magnesita aims to gain access and “Chromite sand reclama- participate in sourcing of alternative raw tion from foundry waste.” Sorting with laser sensors materials, to open its product portfolio to Wilding started with an overview of Already familiar to those delegates on use more recycled materials, and develop the chromite sand market, underlining, the earlier Horn field trip, “Maximising new products for recycled materials. with a view to the enhanced value of value in recycling: Mining and metal appli- A very comprehensive review of recycling foundry sands, the rather stark cations by fast inline elemental analysis Sidenor’s strategy and activities was pre- outlook of a potential chrome ore deficit (LIBS)” by Dr. Christian Bohling, sented by David Maza, R&D – knowl- of up to one million tonnes in the short general manager, SECOPTA Analytics edge group leader, Sidenor in “Refractory to medium term, driven by burgeoning GmbH, provided the science and devel- waste valorisation under Sidenor steel plant stainless steel demand. opment behind this state-of-the-art laser strategy” This was illustrated by some With increased interest in recycling sensor sorting system. superb images and a memorable video chromite foundry sands for obvious rea- Bohling introduced the basics of clip of a spent refractory wreck-out of a sons, Wilding explained that for foundry Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy steel ladle. sands to be recycled, a good separation (LIBS), an innovative universal elemen- Maza reviewed the last five years of process is required to give >98% purity tal analysis technique. the company’s efforts in refractory waste in the final product. “For fast inline measurements with- management, demonstrating how best Omega’s process uses a combination out sample preparation, LIBS is much practices were consolidated in 2014-15, of medium and high intensity drum mag- more precise than other process mea- the ISOVAL (isostatic refractory valori- nets, plus a density separator. Up to 99% surement techniques like XRF or neu- sation, eg. nozzles, stoppers, LS tubes) purity of chromite sand is achieved with trons,” Bohling said. project of 2015-16, to the pursuit of this system, and the sand can be re-used LIBS is extremely fast, achieving >350 excellence in recycling by 2017. in the foundry from 50% up to 75%. The measurements/second, and can be used Today, Sidenor is using emergency separated silica sand can also be reused. under harsh industrial environmental ladles totally lined with recycled bricks Wilding commented that the chro- conditions for sorting primary and sec- and manufacturing higher value added mite becomes more magnetic as it is ondary raw materials, such as refractory reused, so it is eventu- bricks at Horn’s Siegen facility. ally removed by the ferrite magnet. About the author Of significance Mike O’Driscoll is director of for future potential IMFORMED and has over 30 years’ “resources” of chromite experience in the industrial minerals busi- foundry sand, Wilding ness. IMFORMED provides conferences said: “We can also start and market research for the industrial looking at recovering minerals industry. The latest trends and previously dumped chro- developments in Chinese & East Asian mite/silica sand deposits refractory and abrasive mineral supply in landfill sites.” He and demand will be discussed at China revealed that Omega Refractory & Abrasive Minerals Forum was already involved in 2018, Shanghai, September 10-12, 2018. conducting such work at For details see imformed.com or contact a site in Turkey. [email protected]. n

22 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 6 (a) bulletin cover story To infinity and beyond: Outer space applications of 3-D ceramics printed

(b) via ink jet methods

By David Crenshaw, Patrick Cigno, Phillip Kurtis, Gerry Wynick, Xingwu Wang, Ryan Jeffrey, Carol Craig, Sam Deriso, and Jim Royston

Credit: NASA inders have been used in 3-D Bceramic printing processes since the 1980s. For example, a 3-D printing process developed by Yoo et al.1 selectively prints latex binder after a layer of submi- cron alumina powder is spread evenly on Figure 1. (a) NASA’s Resource Prospector prototype utility vehicle in the rock yard of NASA Johnson Space Center. (b) Resource a flat “table.” Binders also may be useful Prospector can drill into the ground to collect soil samples. materials for printing 3-D ceramics on the moon and Mars using available materials, Colonizing the moon or Mars will require small, functional ceramic because adhesive materials are already rou- components. Additive manufacturing using “local” soils may be an tinely used by astronauts.2 efficient way to get them there. To achieve in situ resource utilization goals for space exploration missions, new techniques are needed to allow afford- able and sustainable human exploration to deep-space desti- Table 1. Weight percentages of oxides for lunar and Martian soils nations. For many manufacturing processes on earth, printed Oxide Average Apollo 15 lunar soil Average Pathfinder Martian soil green bodies can be heat-treated in furnaces. However, for in (weight%) (APXS data) (weight%) situ manufacturing processes on the moon or Mars, selective SiO 46.61 42.3 2 laser or light sintering of 3-D parts may be more feasible than

TiO2 1.36 1.0 heat treatment in a furnace. Another important consideration is the ability to use materials present at the destination for Al2O3 17.18 8.0 FeO 11.62 20.1 necessary exploration and survival functions. In 2020, NASA will send a utility vehicle called MgO 10.46 8.7 “Resource Prospector” to the moon, where it will “drill” CaO 11.64 6.5 into the ground and collect soils (Figure 1).3 This expedition Na2O 0.46 1.1 will provide useful information about the compositions of K O 0.20 0.6 lunar (regolith) soils, although some information is already 2 known from past missions. For average Apollo 15 soils P O 0.19 1.0 2 5 with grain sizes of <1 mm, Table 1 shows tabulated weight MnO 0.16 0.5 percentages of metal oxides.4–5 In addition, a NASA reference publication documents grain sizes of lunar soils.6 For example, Cr2O3 0.25 0.3 SO 6.8 Figure 2 plots weight percentage as a function of sieve size for 3 soil sample No. 75080, showing that approximately 91% of Additional Cl content: 0.6 grains have sizes of <1 mm. For Martian soils, weight percent-

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 23 Capsule summary

TO INFINITY AND BEYOND SHIP MACHINES, NOT SOILS WILL IT WORK? Establishing exploratory bases on the moon or Shipping components to outer space destina- Because of low gravity, binders will be essential, Mars will require small, functional ceramic com- tions is expensive and limits inventory on site. but how will they behave? How will 3-D-printed ponents such as radiation detectors, humidity Additive manufacturing with “local” soils allows parts respond to the harsh radiation environ- sensors, and chemical sniffers. Eventually, larger custom building of parts as needed. ments of outer space? An experiment scheduled structural components will be needed to build for the International Space Station* plans to human-worthy habitats. answer some of these questions.

* ISS operates in low earth orbit. ages of compositions can be derived from als, which we are currently preparing for alpha-particle X-ray spectrometer (APXS) future printing and analysis studies. techniques, as illustrated in Table 1.7 Due to the extreme environment of Ink jetting simulant soils space, materials used in space applica- We used two commercially available tions must be carefully designed and ink jet printers—ExOne binder jetting tested for their specific application. For machines Innovent and M-Flex—to com- example, adjusting fabrication condi- pare material batches and techniques tions can vary the porosity of samples. and to fabricate samples for radiation Further, mixing alumina with frit or damage experiments aboard a scheduled coating alumina with glazing materials outer space flight. Our working theory forms additional glass phases, add- is that the binders will be used to 3-D ing another dimension of control and print in space, as they are more suitable variability to these materials. Exposing in low gravity or low atmosphere manu- alumina to radiation similar to that of facturing environments. outer space will reduce its bulk electri- Although both printers are based on Credit: David Crenshaw 8 Figure 3. 3-D-printed ceramic object, with cal resistivity, while exposing glasses to the same technology principles, the end an outer diameter of 5 cm, and height radiation creates bubbles.9–11 uses are different. As far as this study is ~ of ~3 cm. Before considering 3-D printing concerned, Innovent is used for small ceramics from lunar or Martian simu- sample sizes and limited number of ~100 µm. Maximum dimensions for  lant soils, we conducted binder jetting samples, while M-Flex is used for large Innovent printed objects are 16 cm  experiments with aluminum oxide, sili- sample sizes and more samples. When 6.5 cm 6.5 cm, while those for M-Flex   con oxide, calcium oxide, and sodium 3-D printers are sent on outer space mis- are 40 cm 25 cm 25 cm. ExOne oxide materials. For these experiments, sions, smaller printers will be favored uses a “solvent-based” binder that we we focused on alumina-based materials because of their substantially lower ship- used to print various objects. because of their potential of use in small ping costs compared to larger printers. We printed various shapes, includ- functional devices.8–13 However, lunar The printers can print one layer in ing discs, washers, bars, and simple or Martian soils are silica-based materi- 0.5–1.0 min, with a layer thickness of sculptures. Figure 3 shows a cylindrical- shaped object with different sized holes (outer diameter = 5 cm; height = 3 cm), Weight vs. Sieve size ~ ~ which can be used for humidity sensors and chemical sniffers. We prepared two batches of printing materials with different porosity distributions and glass phases in grain boundaries: batch A has a uniform porosity distribution, while batch B has

Weight % Weight denser sample surfaces than interiors. In terms of glass phases between alumina grain boundaries, batch A has relatively uniform distributions throughout, while batch B has more surface distributions than interior distributions. Sieve size (micrometer) These differences may be useful for

Credit: J. C. Graf and Xingwu Wang radiation damage testing. First, glass Figure 2. Weight percentages and sieve sizes for lunar soil No. 75080 (data from bubbles created by radiation on the sur- J. C. Graf, “Lunar Soils Grain Size Catalog”).

24 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 6 Table 2. Frit composition Oxide frit Composition CaO 19.51%

Na2O 10.14%

Al2O3 2.00%

B2O3 22.79%

SiO2 45.56%

Table 3. Heating profile Step Holding temperature Holding time Binder curing 185°C 8 hours Binder burnout 300°C 2 hours 400°C 3 hours

Firing temperature 1,500°C 1 hour Figure 4. Scanning electron micrograph of a fracture surface of a batch A sample, prepared for testing the effects of outer space radiation. faces of samples will be more apparent allowed to cool to room temperature. lift-off from earth; and to create different for samples from batch B than batch A. To prepare batch B, we used the same glass phase distributions to obtain differ- Second, reductions in resistivity caused fused alumina as batch A to print 3-D ent radiation damage signatures, includ- by radiation will be more apparent for objects, which were then dip-coated with ing creation of bubbles in glass phases batch A than batch B. clear glaze materials (56% boric acid, and reductions in resistivity. We prepared batch A from precursor 3.44% soda ash, 8.94% whiting, 13.41% The processing method for both materials composed of 80 wt% fused alu- batches is relatively cheaper and easier flint, and 17.88% EPK kaolin; SiO2, mina (25 µm, Electro Abrasives) and than other methods, such as hot isostatic B2O3, Al2O3, MgO, CaO, and Fe2O3). 20 wt% calcia-borosilicate frits (400 Objects were heat-treated at a maximum pressing or melt infiltration. Our goal mesh, Ferro 3134). Table 2 lists tabu- temperature of 1,500 C. was to achieve appropriate surface or lated frit compositions. Table 3 shows The role of glaze was two-fold: to cre- bulk porosity to allow testing in outer the heating profile, with a heating rate ate a denser surface than interior, so that space while guaranteeing sample integ- of 5°C/min for each step. After the last samples can withstand vibration during rity during lift-off. step, the furnace was turned off and Credit: Gerry Wynick Credit: Gerry Wynick Figure 5. Higher magnification of a scanning electron micro- Figure 6. Higher magnification scanning electron micrograph graph charge contrast image showing a glassy phase (A), of batch A sample showing the area within the rectangle in which will be monitored for the effects of radiation exposure, Figure 5. and a representative alumina grain (B) in a batch A sample. The area inside the rectangle is enlarged in Figure 6.

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 25 Outer space applications of 3-D ceramics printed via ink jet methods To infinity and beyond: (a)

sizes than those batch A. Viewing a similar surface with larger magnification CPS

keV Credit: Gerry Wynick

Credit: Gerry Wynick Figure 9a. Scanning electron micrograph Figure 7. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy spectrum of 3-D-printed batch A sam- of top view of a batch B sample. Scale (b) ple, showing Al, Si, Na, and O signatures. bar represents 1 mm. c/s Credit: Gerry Wynick Figure 9b. Higher magnification scanning electron micrograph of top view of a batch B sample. Scale bar represents (c) 500 µm.

Binding energy (eV) Credit: Jim Thiebaud Figure 8. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectrum of batch A sample, showing Al, Si, Na, Ca, O, and C signatures.

Analysis of printed materials the rectangle is shown at still higher mag- For batch A, the average porosity nification in Figure 6. Because this area is is 0.28±0.02, with a mass density of expected to experience the most change 2.56±0.06 g/cm2. For batch B with- per unit volume due to radiation damage, out dip coatings, the average porosity we will monitor this area closely during is 0.46±0.02, with a mass density of in-flight testing.9–11 1.34±0.03 g/cm2.14 Therefore, these Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy porous materials could have space applica- (EDS) of batch A detected Al, Si, Na, and tions such as radiation detectors, humid- O signatures (Figure 7). X-ray photoelec- Credit: Gerry Wynick ity sensors, and chemical sniffers.8–13 tron spectroscopy (XPS) of the same sample Figure 9c. Higher magnification scanning electron micrograph of top view of a batch B Scanning electron microscopy images revealed Al, Si, Na, Ca, O, and C signa- sample. Scale bar represents 100 µm. of batch A samples show the baseline con- tures (Figure 8).15 The carbon signature dition of the 3-D-printed structure prior may be mainly due to sample handling and to testing in space. Figure 4 shows the possibly related to residual carbon from more clearly reveals glassy phases among typical pore size and distribution. A high- organic binder materials that require more polycrystalline phases (Figure 9b,c). er magnification charge contrast image in extensive heat treatment processes, such as In-flight testing in outer space Figure 5 illustrates a glassy phase (labeled longer furnace holding times. Other signa- A) that will be monitored for the effects tures are all related to precursor materials. These 3-D-printed samples will be of radiation exposure and a representative For batch B, an SEM (top-view) image exposed to outer space environments alumina grain (labeled B). The area inside in Figure 9a shows much larger pore for six months aboard the Japanese

26 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 6 (a) (b) Credit: Ryan Jeffrey and Carol Craig

Figure 10. A dozen 3-D-printed samples will be assembled in holders and placed in a Craig-X flight test platform (a), which will be mounted inside of the NanoRacks External Platform (b) located on the back side of the Japanese External Module – Exposed Facility.

External Module – Exposed Facility we will compare the electrical resistivity ensure that the samples can survive (JEM-EF). A dozen samples will be of 3-D-printed alumina samples with or launch and flight conditions. assembled in holders and placed in without radiation exposure. Earlier stud- While there is no published cost a Craig-X flight test platform (Figure ies indicate that radiation can perma- of payloads to the moon or Mars in 10), which will be mounted inside the nently reduce alumina resistivity.8 Thus, the public domain, the cost to the NanoRacks external platform located radiation detection may be achievable International Space Station (ISS) pro- on the back side of the JEM-EF. through resistivity measurements and/ vides a reference. Currently, cargo ship- The tentative launch date for this or analysis of bubble formations in glass ping cost to the ISS is estimated to be mission is late 2018 or early 2019. After phases. Importantly, resistivity is used as $20k–$60k per kilogram, with a future- 16 being launched into outer space, samples a signature in designs for sensors, detec- targeted goal of ~$2k per kilogram. will be exposed to outer space environ- tors, and sniffers. Thus, if raw materials for missions to ments for six months. During that peri- Many factors should be considered the moon or Mars can be obtained on od, certain satellite environments can be for outer space experiments, including: site, shipping costs could be substan- obtained via the National Oceanic and packaging for ceramic samples, changes tially reduced. Further, beyond small Atmospheric Administration websites. in temperatures and humidity, and vibra- devices such as radiation detectors, In six months, cumulative radiation tions during rocket launch. Therefore, humidity sensors, and chemical sniffers, exposure amounts can reach approximate- we will assess sample sets via three tests. large amounts of raw materials will be ly several joules to several hundred joules. The first set of samples will be wrapped needed for human habitats based on Assuming the mass of a glass phase is with Gore-Tex fabric with pore sizes of ceramics.17 <1 mg, the radiation exposure or dosage ~10 µm and will be examined by “drop will exceed several million Gy, which can tests.” The second set will be tested on Future missions cause radiation damage to glasses as dis- a mechanical shaking table with varying Binders connecting metal oxides pro- closed in earlier studies.10–11 This damage, amplitudes, velocities, and accelerations. vide a material solution to explore the known as radiolytic bubble formation, The third set will be placed in a “envi- possibilities of future 3-D printing endeav- can be divided by three different sources: ronmental chamber” with temperatures ors in lunar and Martian missions. As an gamma, ion, and electron irradiation.9 varying between –250°C and 300°C, and early step towards these possibilities, this After six months of exposure to outer humidity varied between 100% and 0%. preliminary work included three parts: space during flight, the 3-D-printed Samples that pass these three tests • Studying lunar/Martian soils that objects will be reexamined via SEM. will be used as prototypes for humid- may contain various metal oxides and Once we separate damage in the samples ity and gas sensing applications.12–13 small particle sizes; due to electron beams in SEM, we will Additionally, preflight testing will be • Fabricating alumina-based 3-D be able to establish damage to the mate- used to purposely select better samples ceramic samples via binder jet printing rials due to outer space radiation. Then for outer space flight experiments and technologies; and

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 27 To infinity and beyond: Outer space applications of 3-D ceramics printed via ink jet methods

• Exploring opportunities to test these Alastair Cormack, professor William Induced Conductivity in Ceramics Insulators for Thermionic Systems,” p. 1147–1152, Space Nuclear samples in an outer space experiment. Carty, Jim Thiebaud, Jennifer Zheng, Power and Propulsion: Eleventh Symposium, AIP Conference As a next step, we are conducting addi- Elizabeth Walsh, Kyle Silbstein, and Proceedings, 301 (1994). tional experiments to fabricate and char- Avery Sandler (Alfred University). 9W.J. Weber, R.C. Ewing, C.A. Angell, G.W. Arnold, A.N. Cormack, J.M. Delaye, D.L. Griscom, L.W. Hobbs, A. acterize samples for testing. Further, we Navrotsky, D.L. Price, A.M. Stoneham, M.C. Weinberg, are using mathematical models to study References “Radiation Effects in Glasses Used for Immobilization of High-Level Waste and Plutonium Disposition,” J. Mater. the economic impacts of 3-D-printed 1J. Yoo, M.J. Cima, S. Khanuja, E.M. Sachs, “Structural Res., 12, 1946–1978 (1997). ceramics for space exploration missions. Ceramic Components by 3D Printing,” p. 40–50 in Solid Freeform Fabrications Proceedings, ed. by H. L. Marcus 10J.F. DeNatale, D.G. Howitt, “Radiation Damages in a et al., Austin, TX (1993). Accessed on January 28, Nuclear Waste Glass,” Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull., 61, 582–584 About the authors 2018. www.researchgate.net/profile/David_Bourell/ (1982). publication/277848732_Solid_Freeform_Fabrication_ David Crenshaw, Patrick Cigno, 11D.G. Howitt, H.W. Chan, J.F. DeNatale, J.P. Symposium_Proceedings_Held_in_Austin_Texas_on_ Heuer, “Mechanism for the Radiolytically Induced Phillip Kurtis, Gerry Wynick, and August_9-11_1993/links/588b4a36a6fdcca09485ebd3/ Decomposition of Soda-Silicate Glasses,” J. Am. Ceram. Solid-Freeform-Fabrication-Symposium-Proceedings-Held- Soc., 74, 1145–1147 (1991). Xingwu Wang are with Alfred University in-Austin-Texas-on-August-9-11-1993.pdf 12Y. Kim, B. Jung, H. Lee, H. Kim, K. Lee, H. Park, (Alfred, N.Y.). Ryan Jeffrey and Carol 2 www.octanecreative.com/ducttape/NASA. Accessed on “Capacitive Humidity Sensor Design based on Anodic Craig are with Craig Technologies January 28, 2018. Aluminum Oxide,” Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 141, (Cape Canaveral, Fla.). Sam Deriso and 3www.nasa.gov/resource-prospector. Accessed on January 441–446 (2001). Jim Royston are with L2 Aerospace 28, 2018. 13C. Wang, L. Yin, L. Zhang, D. Xiang, R. Gao, “Metal (Melbourne, Fla.). Contact Wang at 4J. Lindsay, “Lunar Stratigraphy and Sedimentology,” Oxide Gas Sensors: Sensitivity and Influencing Factors,” p. 237, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co., Amsterdam, Sensors, 10, 2088–2106 (2010). [email protected]. Netherlands (1976). 14Data obtained by J. Zheng and E. Walsh. 5 S. R. Taylor, “Lunar Science: A Post-Apollo View,” p. 62, 15Data obtained by J. Thiebaud. 64, 234, Pergamon, New York (1975). Acknowledgements 16 6 S. Kramer, D. Mosher, “Here’s how much money it actu- The authors thank the following per- J. C. Graf, “Lunar Soils Grain Size Catalog,” p. 414, ally costs to launch stuff into space,” Tech Insider, July 20, NASA Reference Publication 1265 (1993). sonnel in various organizations for their 2016. www.businessinsider.com/spacex-rocket-cargo-price- 7J. Bruckner, G. Dreibus, R. Rieder, H. Wanke, “Refined by-weight-2016-6#does-this-sound-ridiculously-expensive-10 help and support: Nick Studley, Linda data of Alpha Proton X-ray Spectrometer analyses of soils 17Alfred University recently conducted a preliminary/ Crum, Jesse Blacker, and Gabe Doman and rocks at the Mars Pathfinder site: Implications for sur- conceptual design for Mars’ habitat, sponsored by “NASA (ExOne); Mike Hall (MARS Habitat); face chemistry,” J. Geophy. Res. 108 (12), 8094 (2003). Mars Base Eagle Project,” Wings of Eagles, Horseheads, 8 n and provost Rick Stephens, dean W.Y. Wu, C. Patuwathavithane, R.H. Zee, “Radiation N.Y.

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28 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 6 High-performance refractory ceramics Fly ash production and disposal of percolated ith the exponential increase Win energy consumption owing to rapid industrial growth, there has mullite from been an associated significant increase in waste materials production from thermal power stations. In coal-powered stations, waste materials large volumes of coal combustion products (CCPs) are produced, including fly ash, bottom ash, and cenospheres. Fly ash is the fine fraction transported by flue gases and collected in electrostatic precipitators; bottom ash is the larger particulate ash that settles at the bottom of the boiler; and By Pramod Koshy, Sandor Alex Koszo, Erik Severin, and Charles Christopher Sorrell cenospheres are hollow fly ash particles. Fly ash is the major component of CCPs and comprises ~80-90% of the ~600 mT of global CCPs that were produced annually in 2013.1,2 Owing to the large volumes produced, coal ash is considered as the world’s fifth largest raw material resource. Despite the large volume of fly ash produced, only ~16% are utilised with the major applications being pozzolanic additions to cementitious products and geo- polymers, and as filler for land reclamation. Other research in the conversion of fly ash to zeolites and as a glass-ceramic An Australian university–industry partnership produced ther- precursor is underway.2-4 A major factor limiting the increased mal shock resistant monolithic refractories with refractoriness utilization of fly ash is variability in composition, which results from differences in the characteristics of thermal coal >1,500oC by incorporating high-silica content fly ash. blends used in power stations. Unused fly ash generally is stored in silos at power stations or fly ash slurries are pumped to collection ponds. These storage methods represent significant potential environmental and economic issues owing to the potential for leaching of toxic elements from the fly ash as well as the costs of storage and water and soil remediation.1

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 29 Capsule summary

TONS OF FLY ASH COSTLY REFRACTORY RAW MATERIALS WIN–WIN SOLUTION Coal-fired power plants generate hundreds of Because there are no commercially viable depos- High-silica fly ash promotes extensive growth millions of tons of fly ash annually. The cement its of mullite, relatively expensive raw materials of single-crystal mullite needles and a mono- industry uses approximately 16%, with the rest are used to make aluminosilicate refractories. lithic network of percolated mullite. The resulting entering waste streams. refractories are dense, dimensionally stable at temperature, and thermal shock resistant.

cate refractories. Mullite-based refractories

(25-75 wt%Al2O3) are manufactured conventionally by heating at 1,500°– 1,600°C for sintered products or 8,9 ~1,800°C for fused-cast products. Although the pyrometric cone equivalents (PCEs) of alumina-based refractories

(>75 wt% Al2O3) are high, it is common for the hot faces in long-term service to exhibit shrinkage and creep at lower tem- Diffraction angle (2u) Credit: Koshy, et al. peratures owing to softening of the glass Figure 1. (a) Scanning electron micrograph of Class F fly ash, (b) X-ray powder diffrac- phase that facilitates densification. tion pattern of a typical Class F fly ash sample (Q – Quartz, M – Mullite) Mullite is an attractive phase for refrac- These have led to the dumping of fly ash largely from lignite and subbituminous tory applications owing to its high melting in water sources, particularly in develop- coals, Class F fly ashes result from point (~1,850°C), high flexural strengths ing countries. anthracite and bituminous coals. Typical at high temperatures (300-400 MPa to As shown in Figure 1(a), fly ash is compositions of a range of Class F 1,200°C), low thermal expansion coeffi- –6 –1 comprised of spherical particles, with fly ashes from Australia and China are cient (~5.3 x 10 °C ), stability in both typical particle size average 30 µm and given in Table 1. oxidizing and reducing atmospheres, ~ 9 in the range 1–200 µm. Particles appear and generally good chemical stability. grey to black in color, depending on the Fly ash for refractories unburnt or partially burnt carbon con- The global refractories market is worth What is a pyrometric cone tent. Sphere minerology is a matrix of more than US$29 billion annually, equivalent? high-SiO2 glass with embedded needles with China, USA, and Japan the major 6 PCE is a measure of the refractoriness of of mullite (3Al2O3∙2SiO2) and a-quartz producers. The most important system grains. Hematite and other trace phases for refractories manufacture is alumina– materials in the 1,500–1,800°C range. A 2 cone of test material is placed near a se- also may be present. The two main silica (Al2O3–SiO2), the phase diagram types of fly ash are Class C and Class F. and associated characteristics of which ries of known PCE cones. The PCE cone Class C fly ash compositions have Al O are shown in Figure 2. As there are no 2 3 that matches the behaviour of the test + SiO2 + Fe2O3 of 50 wt % or less, while commercially viable deposits of the only the combined oxide content of Class atmospheric-pressure intermediate phase material at temperature is the pyrometric F fly ash is 70 wt% or less. Some Class in this system, mullite, various high-purity cone equivalent. ISO and ASTM both of- C fly ashes contain more than 10 wt% and relatively expensive raw materials are fer PCE standards. n CaO.5 While Class C fly ashes derive used to fabricate a range of aluminosili-

Table 1. Chemical analyses (wt%) of Class F fly ashes from Australia and China

Fly ash SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 Na2O K2O CaO MgO TiO2 LOI* Other A 74.4 18.5 1.3 0.0 0.5 0.1 0.2 1.3 2.2 1.5 B 33.8 31.3 2.5 0.1 0.4 1.6 0.4 1.3 25.0 3.6 C 63.0 27.3 4.5 0.0 1.0 0.9 0.6 1.7 0.6 0.4 D 38.0 35.5 3.2 0.0 0.4 2.9 0.4 0.4 16.6 2.6 E 65.6 25.7 0.9 0.2 2.6 0.5 0.3 1.1 2.8 0.3 F 52.2 34.6 5.1 0.3 1.2 3.2 0.9 1.2 0.8 0.5 G 66.3 23.7 5.0 0.2 1.1 1.1 0.8 0.9 0.5 0.4 H 52.1 27.0 5.8 0.3 1.5 4.0 0.9 1.1 6.1 1.2 *Loss on ignition

30 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 6 9 Mullite has an orthorhombic crystal ~1,200°C. It is structure and the Al2O3:SiO2 stoichiom- equally counter- etry ranges from 3:2 to 2:1, depending intuitive to use on the starting composition and pro- a composition 9 cessing conditions. The morphology of that is high-SiO2 mullite is either acicular or equiaxed, relative to mullite and these are a function of the as this would be

Al2O3:SiO2 ratio, sintering temperature, expected to subject glass softening range, and presence the refractory to of impurities. Mullite grain morphol- glass softening at ogy can be altered by the addition of the lower ranges of oxides, which can decrease (V, Fe, and temperatures. Mn) or increase (Al and Ti) the glass However, the viscosity.8,9. Reducing the glass viscos- key to achieving ity allows mullite to grow into needles, stable thermal while increasing viscosity results in pre- performance up to dominantly equiaxed mullite grains. ~1,600°C is the There is an established body of use of excess silica research on the fabrication of mullite as a diffusive and ceramics from fly ash. High-alumina fly deformable medium ash (>45 wt% Al2O3) has been sintered that facilitates the to produce mullite without additives extensive growth of at 1,600°C,10 although other work single-crystal mullite involved pretreatment with alkali fol- needles. During heat lowed by sintering at 1,500°–1,600°C.11 treatment, these Stoichiometric 3:2 mullite has been fab- needles establish ricated by compensating the fly ash com- continuous inter- position with high amounts of Al2O3, growths that exclude followed by sintering at 1,600°C.12 Most any intergranular researchers have targeted the stoichio- glass phase, thereby metric range of mullite compositions effecting true direct owing to the decrease in refractoriness bonding and estab- from the glass in the fly ash. lishing a completely monolithic network Percolated mullite: UNSW–Vecor of percolated mull- collaborative research ite. Any residual Credit: Kosley, et al. Research at UNSW Sydney in part- glass is located in Figure 2. Al2O3-SiO2 phase diagram along with different refractory nership with Vecor Pty. Ltd. (Rozelle, the triple points and classifications and raw materials (adapted from Ref. 7). Australia) on developing value-added so does not affect products from fly ash commenced in the thermal expansion or creep character- length increased significantly as did 2010. Vecor is a green technology com- istics.13 Consequently, these microstruc- the number of interfiber connections. pany that aims to maximize utilization tures uniquely exhibit the isotropic ther- More significantly, the ultimate mullite mal expansion and creep characteristics of fly ash and other coal-combustion content reached as high as ~95 vol%. products to minimize their environ- of single-crystal mullite compacts. mental impact. Collaborative work on Figure 3(a) shows a typical polished Percolated mullite products refractories from fly ash has demon- and etched microstructure of perco- Refractory shapes based on percolated strated outstanding thermal properties lated mullite and Figure 3(b) illustrates mullite have been manufactured from in these products, exhibiting long-term the long-term dimensional stability fly ash by Vecor in China. Vecor is an thermal stability at 1,500°C13 and short- of percolated mullite at 1,500°C. Australian company with production term stability to at least 1,600°C. It is Percolation in this highly dense facilities in China. The processing is counterintuitive to produce refractories microstructure is achieved by heat- conventional and includes semidry press- using vitreous raw materials, such as ing at this temperature for only ~2 h. ing, vibratory casting, and heat treat- fly ash, as it is well known that inter- Image analysis was used to quantify ment. Brick-sized products are heated granular glass is the near-universal the microstructural changes in the at >1500°C over a relatively short firing cause of deformation of aluminosilicate microstructures occurring during soak- cycle according to the intended end- refractories at temperatures of typically ing, and these data revealed that fiber use temperature. The products to date

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 31 High-performance refractory ceramics of percolated mullite from waste materials Credit: Koshy et al. Figure 3. (a) Polished and etched microstructure after sintering at 1,500°C for 24 h, (b) dimensional stability of sintered fly ash samples during heat treatment at 1,500°C for extended times. Samples were disc-shaped with sintered dimensions of ~20mm diameter and 5–613 have been categorized as High-Grade and Table 2. Typical properties of mullite-based products Medium-Grade, as dictated by the extent Properties Dense Insulating Vecor of mullite percolation and associated aluminosilicate aluminosilicate refractories refractories refractories high-temperature shrinkage. That is, the former is dimensionally stable upon Alumina content (wt%) 60 – 78 40 – 75 40 – 60 long-term heating at 1,500°C, but the Bulk density (kg/m3) 2,300 – 2,700 900 – 1,200 1,600 – 2,000 latter exhibits shrinkage upon heating at Apparent porosity (%) 10 – 20 50 – 60 5 – 30 1,250°C. These grades effectively demar- Cold compressive strength (MPa) 50 – 70 2 – 5 45 – 70 cate the targeted industrial and craft refractory capabilities, respectively. Flexural strength (MPa) 15 – 20 1 – 3 20 – 30 The notable unique feature of the Thermal conductivity/1,000°C (W/m∙K) 1.3 0.5 0.5 – 1.1 Vecor products is the achievement of full Thermal expansion/25°–1,000°C (°C–1) 5.0 – 6.0  10–6 4.5 – 5.5  10–6 4.5 – 5.5  10–6 or partial mullite percolation in the dense Refractoriness (°C) 1,770 – 1,810 1,580 – 1,800 ~1,800 and porous products, as shown in Figures 4(a) and 4(b), respectively. This distinct Thermal shock resistance Good (Japanese Standard JIS 2657-1995 Not available Not available (Survived >50 percolation of single-crystal fibers sets (25 mm H x 20 mm Ø) cycles) these products apart from conventional sintered mullite products, which invari- even fused-cast mullite products contain second unique feature of the Vecor dense ably contain a large proportion of glass- a significant proportion of residual glass product is the presence of uniformly bonded polycrystalline grains. Further, interposing the single-crystal grains. A distributed closed spherical pores, which Credit: Koshy, et al. Figure 4. SEM images of microstructures of (a) dense refractory product, (b) porous refractory product.

32 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 6 serve to decrease the thermal conductivity without diminishing impermeability or impacting significantly on strength.

Performance An outstanding characteristic of these percolated mullite microstructures is creep resistance as suggested by the thermal expansion, which is contrasted with those of other oxide refractories in Figure 5. It can be seen that there is no shrinkage up to the limitation of the instrument, which was 1,600°C. In principle, if slip does not cause deformation, the performance may extend as high as ~1,800°C. More broadly, some of the key differ- Credit: Koshy et al. ences between Vecor and conventional Figure 5. Thermal expansion behavior of commercial refractories in comparison to mullite-based refractory products are percolated mullite (adapted from14) summarized in Table 3. The use of siliceous waste materials to current funding through the Australian Aggregates fabricate high-performance materials Research Council Linkage Program (ARC- Another Vecor product variant is mull- is possible through the unique mecha- LP), and the characterization facilities at ite refractory aggregates, with Figure 6 nism of the percolation of single-crystal the Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, showing examples of sintered refractory mullite in fly ash to generate true direct UNSW Sydney, Australia. shapes fabricated using these aggregates. bonding in a monolithic ceramic. This Normally, shrinkages during firing and imparts unprecedented long-term dimen- About the authors use are minimized with the use of dead- sional stability during heating at 1,500°C Pramod Koshy is senior research burned aggregates. Percolated mullite and potentially as high as 1,800°C to a associate at UNSW Sydney, Australia; shows no permanent linear shrinkage, dense but thermal-shock-resistant oxide Sandor Alex Koszo is CEO of Vecor which suggests obvious applicability as an refractory. The products that are manu- Pty. Ltd., and Eric Severin is director aggregate. Refractory shapes comprised factured this way are characterized by of R&D, Vecor. Charles Christopher of these aggregates have been shown to a range of performance advantages but Sorrell is professor of ceramic engineer- exhibit outstanding thermal shock resis- they also benefit from environmental- ing at UNSW Sydney, Australia. Contact tance, in common with the same shapes and energy-savings advantages relative to Koshy at [email protected]. of dense products that have been trialled. similar products. References Summary Acknowledgements 1Ash Development Association of Australia, The present work introduces an alter- The authors acknowledge the long-term Coal Combustion Products Handbook, 2nd native approach to refractory design. financial support from Vecor Pty. Ltd., the Edition. Ward C., Heidrich C., Yeatman O. (Eds.). HBM Group, Port Kembla, Table 3. Summary of differences between Vecor and conventional mullite-based products Wollongong, Australia, 2014. Vecor Mullite Refractory Conventional Mullite-Based Refractory 2Ahmaruzzaman M., A review on the utiliza- Lower alumina content but higher mullite content Higher alumina content but lower mullite content tion of fly ash. Prog. Energ. Comb. Sci., (2010) 36 [3] 327-63. No cristobalite present Cristobalite present 3Yoon S.D., Yun Y.H., Waste glass and fly ash No shrinkage during long-term soaking at 1,500°C Finite shrinkage during long-term soaking at lower temperatures derived glass-ceramic. J. Mater. Sci., (2006) 41 No shrinkage during short-term heating at 1,600°C Finite shrinkage during short-term heating at 1,600°C [13] 4315-4319. 4 No permanent linear change Finite permanent linear change McCarthy M.J., Dhir R.K., Development of high volume fly ash cements for use in Microstructure of direct-bonded single-crystal mullite Microstructure of mixed direct- and glass-bonded polycrystalline concrete construction, Fuel (2005) 84 [11] mullite 1423-1432. Closed spherical pores / impermeable (dense) Mixture of closed and open pores / permeable 5ASTM C618-05, Standard Specification for Heat transfer by radiation through continuous porosity Heat transfer by radiation through continuous porosity present / Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural absent / no heat transfer by convection heat transfer by convection Pozzolan for Use in Concrete, 2005. Combined high-strength and low thermal conductivity Mutually exclusive high strength or low thermal conductivity

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 33 High-performance refractory ceramics of percolated mullite from waste materials Credit: Koshy et al. Figure 6. SEM images of microstructures of refractory shapes fabricated using Vecor mullite aggregates.

6http://unitecr2017.org/descargas/weo- VCH Verlag GmbH & Co., Weinheim, od, J. Alloys Comp., (2015) 623, 359-361. perspectives-to-consider-in-the-refractory- Germany, 2005. 12Jung J.S., Park H.C., Stevens R., Mullite industry.pdf. 10Jiangfeng C.H., Longyi S.H., Jing L.U., ceramics derived from coal fly ash, J. Mater. 7Plibrico Japan Company, Limited, Technology Synthesis of mullite from high-alumina fly Sci. Lett., (2001) 20 [12] 1089-1091. of Monolithic Refractories. Toppan Printing ash: A case from the Jungar power plant in 13Sorrell C.C., Koshy P., Koszo S., Percolated Company, Ltd., Tokyo, 1984. inner Mongolia, northern China, Acta Geol. Mullite and a Method of Forming Same. US 8Schneider H., Schreuer J., Hildmann B.. Sinica (Eng. Ed.), (2008) 82 [1] 99-104. Patent 9,527,775, 27 December 2016. 11 Structure and properties of mullite–A review, Lin B., Li S., Hou X., Li H., Preparation 14http://www.solar-cera.com/technology.html J. Europ. Ceram. Soc., (2008) 28 [2] 329-344. of high performance mullite ceramics from (accessed June 22, 2018) n 9Schneider H., Komarneni S., Mullite, Wiley- high-aluminum fly ash by an effective meth-

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34 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 6 Meet the editors of the Journal of the American Ceramic Society

By Jonathon Foreman

hange can be scary; change can be Cgood. The journals group of The American Ceramic Society has made significant changes over the past year to meet the needs of our authors, editors, reviewers, and audience. It is now easier to submit manuscripts to our journals, and the time from submission to citable article is great- ly reduced, while maintaining the high standards synonymous with the Journal of the American Ceramic Society, the International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology, and the International Journal of Applied Glass Science. What changed? We instituted major procedure changes for all our journals. We now accept, and even encourage, authors to submit original manuscripts as single documents with embedded images. This allows authors, editors, and referees to focus on the quality of the content and address the formatting of files, text, and images much later in the process. Our publishing partner, Wiley, has sped up article publication, which enhances article discovery. Accepted articles are posted, with citable DOIs to the journal websites within a week of acceptance. Furthermore, the indexable journal issues are now released months prior to their calendar dates. Our flagship JACerS also underwent a major transition, expanding from four to twelve editors plus the editor-in-chief, and most editors are ACerS Fellows. This quantum leap places greater expertise at the beginning of a streamlined peer-review process, leading to quicker decisions. The effects of the new structure are already visible with nearly twice as many decisions being made within six weeks of original submission, and 90% of all first decisions within 10 weeks.

So who are the editors? We’re glad you asked William G. (Bill) Fahrenholtz, JACerS editor-in-chief, is Curators’ Distinguished Professor of Ceramic Engineering at Missouri University of Science and Technology. He joined ACerS more than 30 years ago and previously chaired the ACerS Publications Committee. Fahrenholtz specializes in process-

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 35 Meet the editors of the Journal of the American Ceramic Society

ing, characterization, neering of atomic structure at N.C. State Lisa C. Klein is pro- and thermodynamic in conjunction with North Carolina fessor at Rutgers, analysis of ceram- Central University. Her research focuses The State University ics. His two main on the application of microscopy, dif- of New Jersey. She research areas are fraction, and spectroscopy techniques to earned a B.S. in currently ultra-high understand the role of material defects metallurgy and temperature ceramics on electrical and ionic transport in Ph.D. in ceramics and rare-earth based ceramic materials. She is passionate at Massachusetts Fahrenholtz coatings for corrosion about promoting a climate and infra- Klein Institute of protection. He has won several interna- structure to advance scholarly creativity, Technology. She has been a visiting tional awards including Academician diversity, and engagement. scientist at Sandia National of World Academy of Ceramics, and is Laboratory, Albuquerque, N.M.; proud of the excellent students he has José M. Ferreira, University of Grenoble, France; and had the pleasure to mentor along the way. associate professor Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel. While Fahrenholtz was a first generation with Habilitation at She received the Achievement Award college graduate, his sons are following in University of of the Society of Women Engineers for his footsteps, with one studying nuclear Aveiro (Portugal), "breakthrough contributions in sol-gel engineering at Missouri S&T. earned his Ph.D. science and engineering, particularly for colloidal pro- sol-gel applications in electrolytes, elec- Geoffrey Brennecka, cessing of silicon trochromics, membranes and nano- assistant professor at Ferreira carbide after finish- composites." She has been a JACerS the Colorado School ing secondary school at night while editor since 1998, has served on of Mines, specializes working in a ceramics factory. His cur- national and international advisory in processing and rent work in colloidal science includes boards, and is a Fellow of the Society integration of electri- both aqueous processing and direct of Glass Technology. cal ceramics. With consolidation techniques such as experience both in epoxy gel casting, which confers high John C. Mauro is Brennecka academia and nation- green strength to high aspect ratio professor of material laboratories, he is heavily involved in microcomponents. Ferreira is a Fellow als science and engi- both ACerS and Institute of Electrical of the European Ceramic Society. He neering at and Electronics Engineers. Since joining helped launch two startup companies Pennsylvania State ACerS in 1997, Brennecka has held aimed at commercializing his research University. Mauro many leadership roles including vice in the fields of bone graft materials earned dual B.S. president of Keramos, president of and tissue engineering. degrees in glass engi- National Institute of Ceramic Engineers, Mauro neering science and Electronics Division chair, and ACerS John Halloran is computer science, and his Ph.D. in Board of Directors. He promotes devel- professor emeritus, glass science, all from Alfred University. opment of the next generation of cera- materials science His expertise lies in fundamental and mists through his involvement with and engineering, applied glass science, statistical mechan- ACerS President’s Council of Student University of ics, computational and condensed mat- Advisors and the Education and Michigan. His ter physics, thermodynamics, and topol- Professional Development Council. research focused on ogy of disordered networks. Prior to ceramic process and Penn State, Mauro worked at Corning Elizabeth Dickey is Halloran structural properties, Inc., where he invented or coinvented North Carolina State along with topics such as additive man- several new glass compositions includ- University professor ufacturing and ceramic matrix compos- ing Gorilla Glass products. Mauro of materials science ites. Before joining Michigan, he was holds an adjunct faculty appointment at and engineering, with Ceramic Process Systems (Norton, Wuhan University of Technology and is director of graduate Mass.) and the faculties of Pennsylvania guest chair professor at Qilu University programs, and direc- State University and Case Western of Technology, both in China. tor of the Center for Reserve University. He cofounded Dickey Dielectrics and DDM Systems Inc. (Atlanta, Ga.), a Piezoelectrics. More recently, she devel- spin-off from research projects at oped and now directs a National Science University of Michigan and Georgia Foundation research traineeship pro- Tech on direct digital manufacturing gram on data enabled science and engi- for turbine components.

36 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 6 Joanna McKittrick is ences just in time to become a JACerS lighting (phosphors, QDs, ceramics), crys- professor of mechani- editor. After earning a Ph.D. in inorgan- tal chemistry, and sintering. His many cal and aerospace ic chemistry in 1986, he joined the Max- awards for scientific achievements include engineering and Planck-Institute for Metals Research as a the Prizes for Science and Technology by materials science and post-doctoral researcher, where he the Commendation for Science and Engineering program, worked with mentors Gerd Becker, Technology by the Minister of Education, University of Günter Petzow, Richard Brook, and Culture, Sports, Science and Technology California, San Fritz Aldinger. Riedel specializes in poly- of Japan. Besides many peer-reviewed arti- McKittrick Diego. McKittrick mer-derived ceramics and glasses, and cles, he authored the book “Nitride researches luminescent materials and bio- ultra-high pressure ceramic synthesis, Phosphors and Solid-State Lighting.” materials. Research coverage and images and has found a number of novel prece- from her work on biological and bioin- ramic materials and processing routes Yanchun Zhou, pro- spired structures, such as the sea horse resulting in ceramics with excellent func- fessor and deputy tail as a model for flexible armor, have tion and structural properties. Also an director of science been featured in over 100 media outlets. entrepreneur, he founded Ceramtrade, a and technology of Her work on luminescent materials has company that imports technical ceramics Advanced Functional involved developing phosphors for heads from China to Europe. Composite up displays, flat panel displays, and scintil- Laboratory at the lators for drug delivery systems. More Dwight Viehland is Aerospace Research Zhou recently, her work focuses on the synthe- Jack E. Cowling Institute of Materials sis and development of phosphors for Professor of and Processing Technology of China, LED-based solid-state lighting. Engineering in the holds a B.Sc. and M.S. in ceramics and Department of Ph.D. in metals. He researches design Tatsuki Ohji is fel- Materials Science and understanding of structural–proper- low scientist, and Engineering at ty relations of damage tolerant ceramics National Institute of Virginia Tech. He such as MAX and MAB phases for high- Viehland Advanced Industrial researches electrical, and ultra-high temperature applications. Science and magnetic, and structural properties of He discovered more than 15 new ternary Technology (AIST), oxides, publishing extensively on magne- carbides, nitrides, and borides. He brings Japan, specializing in toelectric materials, phase transforma- significant experience as a principal edi- mechanical proper- tions and domain structures in ferroelec- tor, editor-in-chief, associate editor, and Ohji ties of ceramics and trics, and epitaxial deposition of all editorial board member of 10 interna- ceramic composites. He has edited more oxide heterostructures. Viehland earned tional journals in materials research, than 40 ACerS conference volumes and his Ph.D. in solid state science at including IJACT. Zhou is Academician books, serves as associate editor for Pennsylvania State University under the of the World Academy of Ceramics and IJACT, and sits on editorial boards of guidance of Eric Cross, co-advised by of Asian-Pacific Academy of Materials. many international journals. Ohji is a Manfred Wuttig (UMD) after his under- Fellow of the American Association for graduate work at the University of Jonathon Foreman is managing editor of the Advancement of Science, ASM Missouri-Rolla. Outside interests include ACerS journals. Contact him a International, the Ceramic Society of paleo-archaic Clovis culture artifacts (the [email protected]. n Japan, and is Academician of the World first polycrystalline oxide technology)

Academy of Ceramics. Ohji is Society and numismatics. CERAMIC PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT AND COMMERCIALIZATION president-elect. Ohji says, “ACerS has given me a lot of great opportunities to Rong-Jun Xie is pro- JULY/AUGUST 2018 create strong heart-to-heart human net- fessor of the College VOLUME 15 ISSUE 4 work worldwide, which is now my most of Materials at INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF important and valuable treasure.” Xiamen University INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED GLASS SCIENCE

OL 7 V O 1 (China) and guest N Applied MARCH 2016 Glass Ralf Riedel researcher at INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OL 7 3 V O SCIENCE 1 AppliedSCIENCE Glass ...... N MARCH 2016 (Academic Prof. Dr. National Institute for 11 Topical Focus: ISSUE THEME: GENERAL GLASS SCIENCE 27 On the Anomalously Strong Dependence of the Acoustic Velocity of Alumina on Temperature in ISSUE THEME Dr. h.c.) ,Technische Materials Science,Aluminosilicate Glass Optical Fibers—Part I: Material Modeling and Experimental3+ -Doped ValidationSodium Lutetium Bioceramics for Healthcare P. D. Dragic, S. W. Martin, A. Ballato, and J. Ballato 41 General Glass On the Anomalously Strong Dependence of the Acoustic Velocity of Alumina on Temperature Science Xie 59 in Aluminosilicate Glass Optical Fibers—Part II: Acoustic Properties of Alumina and Silica Polymorphs, and Approximations of the Glassy State ...... Universität Japan. He earned A. Ballato,his P. D. Dragic, S. W. Martin, and J. Ballato 69

Optical Properties of Transparent Glass–Ceramics Containing Er IJAGS — VOLUME 7 Fluoride Nanocrystals ...... M. J. Pascual, C. Garrido, A. Durán, A. Miguel, L. Pascual, A. de Pablos-Martín, J. Fernández, O 31 P MAS NMR ...... -La . . 2. . 3. 80 and R. Balda -TiO 2 -SiO 2 2 O 3 Darmstadt Ph.D. in ceramics from Shanghai Materials, Techniques, and Conservation of Historic Stained Glass “Grisailles” ...... 88 T. Pradell, G. Molina, S. Murcia, R. Ibáñez, C. Liu, J. Molera, and A. J. Shortland Iridescence in Ancient Glass: A Morphological and Chemical Investigation ...... 94

| M. Emami, S. Nekouei, H. Ahmadi, C. Pritzel, and R. Trettin ISSUE 1 Structural Features of LiPON Glasses Determined by 1D and 2D ...... 104 N. Mascaraque, on Crystallization,A. Durán, F. Muñoz, Microstructure, and G. Tricot and Properties of MgO-Al . 2 O 3 | (Germany) stepped Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy PP 1–128 Effects of La 118 Glass–ceramics ...... H.-J. Wang, B.-T. Li, H.-X. Lin, W. Chen, and L. Luo High-Strength Frosted Glass by Ion Exchange of Float Glass with a Potassium Water Glass Film. . . . . down as dean of of Sciences. His areas of expertise include M. Patschger, C. Bocker, and C. Rüssel Mechanical Properties of Photomultiplier Tube Glasses for Neutrino Detection R. Dongol, K. Chambliss, S. K. Sundaram, and M. V. Diwan Crack and Shock Propagation Through the Interlayer in Soda Lime Glass Under Detonation Loading J. H. Choi and D. K. Kim 24-02-2016 17:58:31 Effects of Ion Exchange on the Mechanical Properties of Basaltic Glass Fibers ...... materials and geosci- luminescent materials and solid-state K. L. Kuzmin, E. S. Zhukovskaya, S. I. Gutnikov, Y. V. Pavlov, and B. I. Lazoryak

Riedel 2016

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 37

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YOUR EXPERIENCE INCLUDES: – ACerS award lectures – ACerS division-led business meetings – The 120th annual ACerS Membership – And more! Meeting – The ACerS Annual Honor and Awards Reception and Banquet

38 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 6 HOTEL INFORMATION RESERVATION DEADLINE: SEPTEMBER 15, 2018 For best availability and immediate confirmation, make your reservation online at www.matscitech.org. Rooms sell out quickly!

Hilton Columbus Downtown – ACerS HQ US $195 plus tax/night single or double Beware of Room Poachers! Unauthorized third-party companies have been contacting members to get them to reserve hotel rooms. This is a scam! You will NEVER receive a phone call directly from MS&T organizers or vendors on their behalf. Please use the links on www.matscitech.org to make a legitimate hotel room reservation. OCTOBER 14 – 18, 2018 | GREATER COLUMBUS CONVENTION CENTER | COLUMBUS, OHIO, USA U.S. Government Rate rooms are extremely limited; proof of federal government employment must be shown at check-in or higher rate will be charged. U.S. Gov- ernment rate is the prevailing government rate. Cancellation: Reservations cancelled less than 72 hours prior to noon of scheduled arrival date will be charged one night rate and tax.

Organizers: Sponsored by:

ACerS LECTURES AND AWARDS

MONDAY, OCT 15 TUESDAY, OCT 16 9 – 10 a.m. ACerS/EPDC Arthur L. Friedberg Ceramic 8 – 10:40 a.m. MS&T PLENARY SESSION Engineering Tutorial and Lecture ACerS Edward Orton Jr. Memorial Lecture – Jennifer A. Lewis, Harvard University, USA – Cato T. Laurencin, University Professor and Digital Assembly of Colloidal Suspensions, Van Dusen Distinguished Professor; Gels and Foams Director, The Raymond and Beverly Sackler 2 – 4:40 p.m. ACerS Richard M. Fulrath Award Session Center, The University of Connecticut, USA – Naoya Shibata, University of Tokyo, Japan Regenerative Engineering: Materials in Convergence Atomic-scale Understanding of Ceramic Interfaces by Advanced Electron Microscopy 1 – 2 p.m. ACerS Frontiers of Science and Society – – Yosuke Takahashi, Noritaki Co., Ltd., Japan Rustum Roy Lecture Development of Ceramics and Glass – David L. Morse, Corning Incorporated, USA Materials for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell and Imagination and Innovation in the Land Oxygen Permeable Membrane of Machines – Mark D. Waugh, Murata Electronics North 2 – 4:40 p.m. ACerS GOMD ALFRED R. COOPER AWARD America, Inc., USA SESSION Blending Cultures to Achieve Innovation Cooper Distinguished Lecture – Shinichiro Kawanda, Murata Manufactur- – Tanguy Rouxel, University of Rennes 1, LEARN WHAT’S GOING ON IN YOUR INDUSTRY. ing Co., Ltd., Japan France Potassium Sodium Niobate-based Multi- A Multiscale Approach to the Mechanical layer Piezoelectric Ceramics Co-fired with Properties of Glass Nickel Inner Electrodes VOICE YOUR OPINION. 2018 Alfred R. Cooper Young Scholar Award – John McCloy, Washington State Presentation University, USA – Ricardo F. Lancelotti, Federal University of Undividing the Discipline: Social Interfaces NETWORK WITH CERAMIC AND GLASS COLLEAGUES. São Carlos (UFSCar), Brazil is the Cooper in Ceramics Science and Engineering Young Scholar winner this year

WEDNESDAY, OCT 17 1 – 2 p.m. ACerS Basic Science Division Robert B. Sosman Lecture – Jürgen Rödel, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany Lead-Free Piezoceramics: From Local Structures to Application

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 39 OCTOBER 14 – 18, 2018 | GREATER COLUMBUS CONVENTION CENTER | COLUMBUS, OHIO, USA

STUDENT ACTIVITES

MATERIAL ADVANTAGE CHAPTER STUDENT MONITORS UNDERGRADUATE AND GRADUATE TRAVEL USD GRANTS Want to save money while attending STUDENT POSTER CONTESTS The Material Advantage Student Program MS&T? Students may partially defray For more information about competing in offers $500 travel grants to student chap- expenses by serving as session monitors. poster contests, contact Yolanda Natividad ters to support MS&T attendance. Travel Visit matscitech.org/students for more at [email protected]. Deadline for grants are awarded on a first come, first information. undergraduate poster abstracts is serve basis, so act early! Application dead- September 24, 2018. Visit matscitech.org/ line: October 7, 2018. students for more information.

SUNDAY, OCT 14 MONDAY, OCT 15 10 a.m. – Noon Material Advantage Chapter Officer Time TBD Ceramic Careers Mentoring Roundtable Workshop Noon – 5 p.m. ACerS Student Tour 1 – 3 p.m. Undergraduate Student Speaking Contest TUESDAY, OCT 16 3 – 4 p.m. So Many Choices, Yet So Little Time— Planning Your Next Move After Graduating 11:15 a.m. – 12:15 p.m. Ceramic Mug Drop Contest 7 – 9 p.m. Student Networking Mixer 12:30 – 1:30 p.m. Ceramic Disc Golf Contest 2 – 3 p.m Student Awards Ceremony VIEW ALL STUDENTS ACTIVITIES AT MATSCITECH.ORG/STUDENTS SPECIAL EVENTS

SUNDAY, OCT 14 TUESDAY, OCT 16 5 – 6 p.m. MS&T Women in Materials Science 7 a.m. – 6 p.m. ACerS Basic Science Division Ceramo- Reception graphic Exhibit and Competition 5 – 7 p.m. ACerS Keramos Reception 10 a.m. – 6 p.m. Exhibition Show Hours 5 – 7 p.m. PCSA Alumni Reception 11 a.m. – 1 p.m. General Poster Session with Presenters Noon – 2 p.m. MS&T Food Court MONDAY, OCT 15 1 – 6 p.m. General Poster Viewing 8 a.m. – 6 p.m. ACerS Basic Science Division Ceramo- 4 – 6 p.m. Exhibitor Networking Reception graphic Exhibit and Competition

th 1 – 2 p.m. ACerS 120 Annual Membership Meeting WEDNESDAY, OCT 17 5 – 6 p.m. NEW MS&T Partners’ Welcome Reception 7 a.m. – Noon ACerS Basic Science Division Ceramo- 6:45 – 7:30 p.m. ACerS Annual Honor and Awards graphic Exhibit and Competition Banquet Reception 9:30 a.m. – 2 p.m. General Poster Viewing 7:30 – 10 p.m. ACerS Annual Honor and Awards 9:30 a.m. – 2 p.m. Exhibition Show Hours Banquet Noon – 2 p.m. MS&T Food Court

40 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 6 WWW.MATSCITECH.ORG RESERVE YOUR SPACE TODAY AND EXHIBIT TO 3,000 ATTENDEES IN ONE LOCATION! EXHIBITION

RENTAL RATES $3,050 USD $100 USD per corner charge 10’ x 10’ booth includes: Visit our MS&T exhibitors! EXHIBITS DATES AND HOURS • (1) Complimentary full conference technical badge TUESDAY, OCTOBER 16, 2018 • Company listing in show directory Show hours: 10 a.m. – 6 p.m. • Unlimited exhibitor staff badges Exhibitor networking reception: 4 – 6 p.m. • Post-conference attendees list (emails not included) WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 17, 2018 Show hours: 9:30 a.m. – 2 p.m. Contact: Mona Thiel | Phone: 614-794-5834 | [email protected]

*Times are subject to change.

SHORT COURSES

SATURDAY, OCT 13 9 a.m. – 4:30 p.m. SUNDAY, OCT 14 9 a.m. – 2:30 p.m. SINTERING OF CERAMICS – Ricardo Castro, University of California, Davis

THURSDAY, OCT 18 8 a.m. – Noon INTRODUCTION TO MACHINE LEARNING FOR MATERIALS SCIENCE – Joshua Tappan and Bryce Meredig, Citrine Informatics, John Mauro, The Pennsylvania State University

9 a.m. – 4:30 p.m. THE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF FLASH SINTERING OF CERAMICS – Rishi Raj, University of Colorado Boulder

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 41 THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY’S 7TH CERAMIC BUSINESS AND LEADERSHIP SUMMIT OCTOBER 16 – 17, 2018 COLUMBUS, OHIO

HELD IN CONJUNCTION WITH MS&T18 ceramics.org/cbls2018 SUCCEEDING IN TODAY’S MANUFACTURING MARKETPLACE Join industry leaders for a leadership event focused on the latest trends and topics in today’s ceramic and glass markets from experts in the field. The th7 annual Ceramic Business and Leadership TENTATIVE SCHEDULE Summit is held in conjunction with MS&T18 in Columbus, Ohio. As Tuesday, October 16 a part of your registration, you will receive a pass to attend ACerS 1 – 2 p.m. Frontiers of Science and Society—Rustum Roy Frontiers of Science and Society–Rustum Roy Lecture on Tuesday, Lecture featuring David L. Morse, Chief October 16 from 1 – 2 p.m., featuring David L. Morse, chief tech- Technology Officer and Executive Vice President at nology officer and executive vice president at Corning Inc. Corning Inc. 4 – 6 p.m. Happy hour reception at the MS&T trade show CBLS SPEAKERS Wednesday, October 17 Federal Funding and Legislation Outlook for Advanced Ceramics 8:30 – 9 a.m. Continental breakfast Glen Mandigo 9 – 9:30 a.m. Introductions of all participants and overview by Executive Director, United States Advanced Ceramics Dana Goski, Vice President, Research & Develop- Association ment, Allied Mineral Products, Inc. 9:30 – 10:15 a.m. Federal Funding and Legislation Outlook for Ad- Emerging and Evolving Technologies that will vanced Ceramics Impact Manufacturing and their Economic Predictions 10:15 – 10:30 a.m. Break Jon Riley 10:30 – 11:15 a.m. Emerging and Evolving Technologies that will Senior Vice President of Technology, National Center for Impact Manufacturing and their Economic Manufacturing Sciences Predictions The Profit Equation: Five Key Numbers to Better 11:15 – 12:15 p.m. Case Study: Digital Transformation in the Ceramics Manage Your Business Industry: Using Simulation to Optimize Sintering Daniel J. Gisser Processes Business Advisor, AdviCoach 12:15 – 1:15 p.m. Lunch (included) 1:15 – 2:15 p.m. The Profit Equation: Five Key Numbers to Better Manage Your Business Innovative and Modern Ways to Hire and Retain Talent 2:15 – 2:45 p.m. Table discussions Jono Starr 2:45 – 3 p.m. Break President, StarrTrax Recruiting 3 – 3:45 p.m. Innovative and Modern Ways to Hire and Retain Talent Digital Transformation in the Ceramics Industry: 3:45 – 4:00 p.m. Human Resources Q&A Using Simulation to Optimize Sintering Processes Marc-Antoine Thermitus 4 – 4:30 p.m. Facilitated Discussions Senior Application Scientist, NETZSCH Instruments, NA 4:30 – 5:30 p.m. Networking reception

42 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 6 Technical meetings, networking, awards, brick plant tours ACerS SCPD chair John Dowdle and SW Section chair-elect David Ziegler highlight successful welcome attendees. brick meeting

ore than 90 attendees converged in Columbia, S.C., June 5–8 to take part in the combined Mmeeting of ACerS Structural Clay Products Division, ACerS Southwest Section, and Clemson University’s National Brick Research Center. A record number of 18 companies sponsored this year’s meeting.

The meeting kicked off with the NBRC Spring Executive CEO Michael Borden greets attendees at Carolina Ceramics. Committee meeting on Wednesday morning. NBRC director (Credit all images: ACerS) John Sanders, testing services manager, Mike Walker, and other NBRC Meridian Brick has a rich history and established commercial archi- staff provided members with updates on current research and other tectural line featuring unique colors and textures drawn from three activities at the Center. supporting mines on 900 acres. The site also employs a dual saw Attendees also heard from 12 industry experts on a wide range of to cut brick for its Authintic Brick line. topics, including energy to power a brick plant with the sun at Pal- Meeting attendees reconnected with old friends and built new metto Brick; results of an energy efficiency project at Meridian Brick’s relationships each evening at the suppliers’ mixer reception on Muskogee, Okla., plant; faster drying and firing considerations; and an Wednesday and at another reception mixer sponsored by Danser update on energy savings at the kiln. Other topics included advances Inc. preceding the awards banquet. in automation and robotics, thin brick processing and testing, tools to determine extrudability, advances in die technology, OSHA’s silica rule, During the banquet, ACerS president Mike Alexander presented John and an overview on clay brick standards. Sanders and Fred McMann with Global Ambassador Awards. John Dowdle received a certificate of appreciation for his service as SCPD Attendees also toured two brick plants—Carolina Ceramics and Meridian chair and Japa Castro received the SW Section Past Chair Award. Brick. Carolina Ceramics has the flexibility to produce a wide variety of Glenn Holladay received the SW Section Harry E. Ebright Award. sizes and colors using a combination of shale and kaolin raw materials and various additives. After the tour, Carolina Brick treated attendees to a To read more about the meeting, visit much-appreciated barbeque lunch. www.bit.ly/SCPD18wrapup. n

Attendees listen to a presentation about OSHA’s Attendees receive instructions from operations manager Jason Smith, before the start of the tour of Meridian Brick’s silica rule that went into effect on June 12. Plant 4 and its thin brick production facility. 43 Cements 2019 features latest cements research, workshops, and Della Roy Lecture

CerS Cements Division hosted its The evening poster session featured 30 Experts in cements research shared the latest findings 9th Advances in Cement-Based posters representing cements research. at the technical sessions. AMaterials meeting June 11–12 on The Elsevier-sponsored Della Roy reception Credit: Penn State College of Engineering the expansive Pennsylvania State University concluded Monday’s activities. campus in University Park. Highlights from Jan Olek, Reza Moini, Joseph Biernacki, the event included a student reception, and Ali Kazemian conducted a 3-D printing poster session, National Science Foundation workshop on Tuesday morning. Several ses- program update, Della Roy Lecture, and a sions throughout the day included talks on 3-D printing workshop. rheology and additive manufacturing, smart The poster session was another way for presenters to Monday’s program opened with keynote materials and computational materials show their research. speakers Kimberly Kurtis and Maria Juenger, science, alternative cementitious materials, (Credit: ACerS) Society, (2016) authored by Jeffrey Bullard who kicked off the day of concurrent tech- and durability and service-life modeling. The and George Scherer. nical sessions. During the Cements Division afternoon’s closing presentations featured business meeting, chair Matt D’Ambrosia David Lange’s session on “Quantifying the To view this year’s YouTube research video presented Division updates, including ACerS performance of nuclear power plant con- contest winners and the poster session win- supplemental funding and budget usage, crete structures affected by ASR” and Steve ners, visit www.bit.ly/cements18awards. and Division membership growth. Feldman’s talk, “Concrete as granular ﬂ uid.” Cements 2019, to be held at the University Jan Olek of Purdue University (Lafayette, Jeffrey Bullard received the Brunauer Best of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, will again Ind.) delivered the Della Roy Lecture, “Green Paper Award for his contribution to the 2017 provide exciting and thought-provoking concrete—The past, the present and the winning paper: “An ideal solid solution model topics. Check ACerS website and the Bulletin future,” to a packed auditorium. for C–S–H,” Journal of the American Ceramic for details in early 2019. ■

resources Calendar of events

August 2018 17–19 Advanced Ceramics and 8–12 ic-cmtp5: 5th Int’l Conference on Applications VII: New Frontiers in Competitive Materials and Technology th 13–17 20 University Conference Multifunctional Material Science and Processes – Hunguest Hotel Palota, on Glass – Ruth Pike Auditorium, Processing – Serbian Academy of Miskolc, Hungary; www.ic-cmtp5.eu Pennsylvania State University, Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, Serbia; University Park, Pa.; https://research. www.serbianceramicsociety.rs/index.htm 14–18 MS&T18, combined with matse.psu.edu/glass ACerS 120th Annual Meeting – Greater 26–27 61st Int’l Colloquium on Columbus Convention Center, 20–23 MCARE2018: Materials Refractories 2018 – Eurogress Aachen, Columbus, Ohio; www.matscitech.org Challenges in Alternative & Renewable Aachen, Germany; Energy – Sheraton Vancouver Wall http://bit.ly/CollqonRefr Dates in RED denote new entry in Centre Hotel, Vancouver, BC, Canada; this issue. www.ceramics.org/mcare2018 October 2018 Entries in BLUE denote ACerS September 2018 1–4 MMA 2018: 10th Int’l Conference events. of Microwave Materials and their denotes meetings that ACerS 10–12 China Refractory & Abrasive Applications – Nakanoshima Center, cosponsors, endorses, or other- Minerals Forum 2018 – Regal Int’l East Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; www. Asia Hotel, Shanghai, China; wise cooperates in organizing. Ceram jwri.osaka-u.ac.jp/~conf/MMA2018 an i ic c r S e o m ✯ ✯ ✯ c A i e

www.bit.ly/CRAMF2018 e t

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T T T

T SEAL  ✯ ✯ ✯  denotes Corporate partner F o u 99 nded 18 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 44 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 6 classified advertising

Career Opportunities

Custom Machining ACerS is Hiring… Five Modern CNC Routers Two Shifts a Day, Five Days a Week! Low Mass, High Temp. Products WRITER AND EDITOR Ours or Yours! Bulletin and Ceramic Tech Today Do you enjoy writing and communicating science as much as you love doing the science? Do your colleagues and peers seek your help with their manuscripts? If so, have you considered a career in science writing and publishing? P R O O F The American Ceramic Society is hiring a Science Writer/Managing Editor to of your advertisement for insertion in the report on trends in the field, attend Society events, plan editorial content, and manage magazine production. Experience with web-based publishing systems, issue FEBRUARY email vendors, and publishing processes are required. Free This full-time position is located in the ACerS headquarters office in Westerville, Samples! Contact Us Today! Ohio. Information on the position requirements and application process can be Tel: (845) 651-6600 If any changes or corrections are needed, please call or fax within 48 hours Email: [email protected] found on the ACerS Career Center at careers.ceramics.org Debbie Plummer—Advertising Assistant www.zircarceramics.com Phone (614) 794-5866 • Fax (614) 891-8960 Contract Machining Service Since 1980

The American Ceramic Society (ACerS) values and seeks diverse and inclusive participation • Utmost Confidentiality within the field of ceramic science and engineering. ACerS strives to promote involvement • Alumina to Zirconia and access to leadership opportunity regardless of race, ethnicity, gender, religion, age, sexual including MMC orientation, nationality, disability, appearance, geographic location, career path or academic level. • Exacting Tolerances • Complex shapes to slicing & dicing • Fast & reliable service Business Services QUALITY EXECUTIVE SEARCH, INC. Recruiting and Search Consultants Specializing in Ceramics JOE DRAPCHO custom finishing/machining 24549 Detroit Rd. • Westlake, Ohio 44145 (440) 899-5070 • Cell (440) 773-5937 www.qualityexec.com 160 Goddard Memorial Dr. Worcester, MA 01603 USA E-mail: [email protected] Tel:(508) 791-9549 • Fax:(508) 793-9814 • E-mail:[email protected] • Web site:www.PrematechAC.com Technical Ceramics German Quality and Innovation ADVERTISE 35 Years of Precision Ceramic Machining YOUR Rauschert Industries, Inc. (U.S.A.) 949.421.9804 • Custom forming of SERVICES HERE [email protected] technical ceramics • Protype, short-run and high-volume Contact Mona Thiel www.rauschert.com production quantities 614-794-5834 • Multiple C.N.C. Capabilities [email protected] www.ceramics.org/ AdvAnced Ph: 714-538-2524 | Fx: 714-538-2589 erAmic Email: [email protected] c ceramictechtoday www.advancedceramictech.com Technology

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American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 47 deciphering the discipline Levi Gardner A regular column offering the student perspective of the next generation of ceramic and glass Guest columnist scientists, organized by the ACerS Presidents Council of Student Advisors.

HCl Gas Glass binders for H+ Cl- Fission product FP+ radioactive waste cations (in chloride form) exchange with hydrogen from HY zeolite during Fission Products immobilization encapsulation, (Cs, K, Li, Na, Pr, Sr, Y) producing HCl gas This past December marked 75 years since the world’s first self-sustaining nucle- HY Zeolite ar chain reaction. From the Manhattan Project and marine propulsion to basel- Waste-loaded Binder Glass zeolites are bound oad electricity generation and radiation via sintering in a therapy, nuclear energy has proven to glassy matrix for be a truly transformational technology. long-term storage These diverse applications have resulted in an equally diverse set of waste streams. Two-Step Glass-Bonded Zeolite Synthesis Credit: Gardner These materials, with various chemical compositions and levels of radioactivity, HCl gas. This ion-exchanged zeolite, in waste form glasses. These findings point present real hazards and must be carefully powder form, must now be bound into to the potential of this system for use in managed to prevent contamination of sur- a monolithic product to prevent erosive binding fission product-loaded zeolites rounding environments. dispersion. This binding and densifica- in glass-bonded ceramic waste forms. In So how do we address the waste tion step is accomplished by mixing the as much as this two-step immobilization issues facing the United States and zeolite with glass frit and sintering to process was developed for chloride waste international stakeholders? produce a chemically durable waste form. from spent fuel reprocessing, it naturally A variety of technologies have been With both the zeolite and the binder shows future commercial potential for deployed to process and immobilize rem- matrix protecting against chemical attack, the disposal of waste from molten salt nant radioactive material. Waste forms are this glass-bonded zeolite composite is a reactors. This and many other advanced available in essentially every type of engi- true hierarchical waste form. nuclear technologies are at various phas- neering material including cements, poly- In addition to chemical durability, es of development globally.3 mers, metals, sorbents, and glass.1 Different a binder glass must possess a favorable In contrast to the narrow scope of my glass processing techniques can be particu- working temperature range to allow for work in waste immobilization research, larly effective in waste form production. successful waste form synthesis. Material the totality of multinational efforts in One technique, vitrification, involves densification is best achieved by con- waste management constitute a long list directly incorporating waste media into a trolling viscous flow of binder glasses. of accomplishments. These past successes glass forming melt and cooling it into an Processes that run too cold may produce foreshadow a future of increased environ- amorphous solid. Glass-ceramic composites segregated regions rich or lean in glass, mental remediation to preserve the health also show promising ability to dispose of a while runs that are too hot may cause of humankind and the environment. variety of wastes. Other wastes are isolated excess glass fluidity, leading to collapse into ceramic structures by ion exchange in zeolite structures. These processing References and bound in glassy matrices.2 My research complexities require an understanding 1M.S. Yim and K.L. Murty, “Materials Issues in Nuclear- involves characterizing novel binder glasses of glass viscosity, glass transition, and Waste Management,” JOM: The Journal of the Minerals, Metals & Materials Society, 52, 9 (26-29) 2000. for use in processing chloride-containing crystallization behavior. 2M.F. Simpson, M.N. Patterson, J. Lee, Y. Wang, J. Versey, waste from nuclear fuel reprocessing. One candidate glass family proposed and S. Phongikaroon, “Management of Salt Waste from The infographic shows the two-step for use in the binding process is bis- Electrochemical Processing of Used Nuclear Fuel,” Global process used to (1) reduce waste volume muth aluminoborosilicate. The physical 2013 (1043-1049) 2013. through dehalogenation and (2) immo- properties of these glasses have been 3V. Nian, “Global developments in advanced reactor technologies and international cooperation,” Energy Procedia, bilize the waste in a glassy matrix. In the studied at length. Results reveal lower 143 (605-610) 2017. first step, an ion exchange takes place working temperature ranges compared between the fission product cation and to more traditional glasses used in Levi Gardner is a Ph.D. candidate hydrogen in an ultrastable HY-zeolite waste forms such as alkali borosilicates. at the University of Utah. In his spare structure. The fission product is incorpo- Preliminary chemical durability results time, he enjoys camping and playing rated into the ceramic and the hydrogen also show bismuth aluminoborosilicates volleyball. n reacts with the free chloride, producing possess resistance comparable to other 48 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 6 Morgan Advanced Materials Global Centers of Excellence

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Seeking to collaborate How can we help you with needed materials solutions? Call us today at : +1 (855) 809 9571 calcium carbonate nanoparticles europium phosphors dielectrics catalog:americanelements.com palladium nanoparticles carbon nanoparticles liquids 1 1 zinc nanoparticles optoelectronics silicon nanoparticles2 2 H He 1.00794 4.002602 Hydrogen Helium

3 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9 2 10 2 1 2 99.999% ruthenium spheres copper nanoparticles3 4 5 6 7 8 rod Li Be B C N O F Ne 6.941 9.012182 10.811 12.0107 14.0067 15.9994 18.9984032 20.1797 Nd:YAGLithium Beryllium surface functionalized nanoparticles Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon solid 11 2 12 2 13 2 14 2 15 2 16 2 17 2 18 2 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar 22.98976928 24.305 26.9815386 28.0855 30.973762 32.065 35.453 39.948 yttriumSodium Magnesium iron nanoparticles silver nanoparticlesAluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon metals 19 2 20 2 21 2 22 2 23 2 24 2 25 2 26 2 27 2 28 2 29 2 30 2 31 2 32 2 33 2 34 2 35 2 36 2 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 10 11 13 13 14 15 16 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 K 1 Ca 2 Sc 2 Ti 2 V 2 Cr 1 Mn 2 Fe 2 Co 2 Ni 2 Cu 1 Zn 2 Ga 3 Ge 4 As 5 Se 6 Br 7 Kr 8 39.0983 40.078 44.955912 47.867 50.9415 51.9961 54.938045 55.845 58.933195 58.6934 63.546 65.38 69.723 72.64 74.9216 78.96 79.904 83.798 medicinePotassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton crystals 37 2 38 2 39 2 40 2 41 2 42 2 43 2 44 2 45 2 46 2 47 2 48 2 49 2 50 2 51 2 52 2 53 2 54 2 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 8 8 9 10 12 13 13 15 16 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 Rb 1 Sr 2 Y 2 Zr 2 Nb 1 Mo 1 Tc 2 Ru 1 Rh 1 Pd Ag 1 Cd 2 In 3 Sn 4 Sb 5 Te 6 I 7 Xe 8 rhodium85.4678 sponges87.62 88.90585 91.224 92.90638 95.96 (98.0) 101.07 102.9055 106.42 107.8682 112.411 114.818 118.71 121.76 127.6 126.90447 131.293 Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon cone site

55 2 56 2 57 2 72 2 73 2 74 2 75 2 76 2 77 2 78 2 79 2 80 2 81 2 82 2 83 2 84 2 85 2 86 2 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 8 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 Cs 1 Ba 2 La 2 Hf 2 Ta 2 W 2 Re 2 Os 2 Ir 2 Pt 1 Au 1 Hg 2 Tl 3 Pb 4 Bi 5 Po 6 At 7 Rn 8 vanadium 132.9054 137.327 138.90547 178.48 180.9488 183.84 186.207 190.23 192.217 195.084 196.966569 200.59 204.3833 207.2 208.9804 (209)electrochemistry(210) (222) Cesium Barium Lanthanum Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon

87 2 88 2 89 2 104 2 105 2 106 2 107 2 108 2 109 2 110 2 111 2 112 2 113 2 114 2 115 2 116 2 117 2 118 2 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 18 18 18 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 8 8 9 10 12 11 13 14 15 17 18 18 Uut 18 18 Uup 18 18 Uus 18 Uuo 18 tantalumFr 1 Ra 2 Ac 2 Rf 2 Db 2 Sg 2 Bh 2 Hs 2 Mt 2 Ds 1 Rg 1 Cn 2 3 Fl 4 5 Lv 6 7titanium8 (223) (226) (227) (267) (268) (271) (272) (270) (276) (281) (280) (285) (284) (289) (288) (293) (294) (294) Francium Radium Actinium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Ununtrium Flerovium Ununpentium Livermorium Ununseptium Ununoctium thin lm quantum dots aluminum nanoparticles nickel nanoparticles 58 2 59 2 60 2 61 2 62 2 63 2 64 2 65 2 66 2 67 2 68 2 69 2 70 2 71 2 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 25 27 28 29 30 31 32 32 9 8 8 8 8 8 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 Ce 2 Pr 2 Nd 2 Pm 2 Sm 2 Eu 2 Gd 2 Tb 2 Dy 2 Ho 2 Er 2 Tm 2 Yb 2 Lu 2 140.116 140.90765 144.242 (145) 150.36 151.964 157.25 158.92535 162.5 164.93032 167.259 168.93421 173.054 174.9668 diamond micropowderCerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium ceriumThulium Ytterbium polishingLutetium powder 90 2 91 2 92 2 93 2 94 2 95 2 96 2 97 2 98 2 99 2 100 2 101 2 102 2 103 2 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 18 20 21 22 24 25 25 27 28 29 30 31 32 32 10 9 9 9 8 8 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 Th 2 Pa 2 U 2 Np 2 Pu 2 Am 2 Cm 2 Bk 2 Cf 2 Es 2 Fm 2 Md 2 No 2 Lr 3 232.03806 231.03588 238.02891 (237) (244) (243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) (262) refractoryThorium metalsProtactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium macromolecules tungsten carbide single crystal silicon gadolinium wires nano gels erbium doped ber optics atomic layer deposition anti-ballistic ceramics nano ribbons TM nanodispersions advanced polymers Now Invent. ultra high purity materials alternative energy dielectrics europium phosphors platinum ink sputtering targets solar energy Experience the Next Generation of Material Science Catalogs LED lighting metamaterials As one of the world's rst and largest manufacturers and distributors of nanoparticles & cermet anode nanotubes, American Elements’ re-launch of its 20 year old Catalog is worth noting. silicon rods In it you will nd essentially every nanoscale metal & chemical that nature and current super alloys technology allow. In fact quite a few materials have no known application and have yet zirconium biosynthetics to be fully explored. CIGS laser nanofabrics iron ionic But that's the whole idea! photovoltaics American Elements opens up a world of possibilities so you can Now Invent! spintronics crystal growth rare earth www.americanelements.com gadolinium wire