c. ·e c.

APRIL

THE RESTORATION OF WAKEFIELD By Ella Loraine Dorsey THE CATHOLIC CHURCH -- A RADIO ADDRESS By Rt. Rev. Augustus J. Schwertner, D.D. THE BLIND AND THE DEAF -- A MAY DAY THOUGHT By James E. Cummings EDUCATION IN THE BALTIMORE lARCHDIOCESE By Rev. John I. Barrett LEGISLATIVE REVIEW OF THE 71st CONGRESS By William F. Montavon

ADDITIONAL FEATURES The 71st Congress and the Immigration Problem-Cosmopolitan Audience of the Catholic Hour-Dr. Schmiedeler to Head N. C. W. C. Rural Life Bureau-Memorial to Father Serra Added to National Statuary HaU-Man1,lal of Religious Vacation cShools Now Ready for Distribution-Report of the Cleveland Meeting, Catholic Con­ ference on Industrial Problems-N. C. C. W. Completes Organization in Four South­ ern Dioceses-Mid-Winter Meeting of Executive Committee, N. C. C. M.-N. C. C. W. Activities in the Various Dioceses-Regular REVIEW Departments. 1 A 11- Year Program for Catholic Parent-Teacher Groups -- Part III

Subscription Price VOL. XIII, No. 4: Domestic-,t.OO per year April, 1931 Foreign-$1.25 per year 2 N. C. W. C. REVIEW April, 1931 N. -C. W. C. REVIEW OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE NATIONAL CATHOLIC WELFARE CONFERENCE

N. C. w. C. Administrative ((This organization (the N. C. Purpose of the N. C. W. C. Committee W. C.) is not only useful, but IN THE WORDS OF OUR HOLY FATHER: MOST REV. EDWARD J. HANNA, D.D. necessary. . . . We praise all "Since you (the Bishops) reside in Archbishop of San Francisco cities far apart and there are matters who in any way cooperate in this of a higher import demanding your Chairman great work/'-POPE PIUS XI. joint deliberation. . . . it is im­ perative that by taking counsel together RT. REV. THOMAS F. LILLIS, D.D. you all agree on one common aim and Bishop of Kansas City FACTS ABOUT THE ORGANIZATION with one united will strive for its attain­ Vice-Chairman ment by employing, as you now do, the HE National Catholic Welfare Conference was means which are adequate and adapted Chairman, Department of Social Action T organized in September, 1919. to present-day conditions." The N. C. W. C. is a common agency acting un­ -Pope Pius XI to the Bishops of the United RT. REV. PHILIP R. McDEVITT, D.D. der the authority of the Bishops to promote the States, August, 1927. Bishop of Harrisburg welfare of the Catholics of the country. IN THE WORDS OF OUR BISHOPS: Secretary It has for its incorpr- ted purposes "unifying, coordinating and organizI ry the Catholic people of "We have grouped together, under the United States in work~ of education, social wel­ the National Catholic Welfare Confer­ MOST REV. JOHN T. McNICHOLAS, fare, immigrant aid and other activities." ence, the various agencies by which O.P., S.T.M. It comprises six departments-ExEcUTIVE, EDU­ the cause of religion is furthered. Archbishop of Cincinnati CATION, PRESS, SOCIAL ACT. ON, LEGAL and LAY Each of these, continuing its own Chairman, Department of Education ORGANIZATIONS, including the National Councils of special work in its chosen field, will Catholic Men and Catholic Women. now derive additional support through general cooperation. RT. REV. JOSEPH SCHREMBS, D.D. The Conference is conducted by an Administra­ "The task assigned to each depart­ Bishop of Cleveland tive Committee composed of seven Archbishops ment is so laborious and yet so promis­ and Bishops. Chairman, Department of Lay ing of results, that we may surely ex­ Each department of the N. C. W. C. is adminis­ pect, with the Divine assistance and Organizations tered by an Episcopal Chairman. the loyal support of our clergy and Through the General ecretary, chief executive people, to promote more effectually RT. REV. HUGH C. BOYLE, D.D. officer of the Conference, the reports of the Depart­ the glory of God, the interests of His Bishop of Pittsburgh ments and information on the general work of the Church, and the welfare of our Chairman, Press Department headqnarter's staff are sent regularly to the mem­ Country." bers of the Administrative Committee. -From the 1919 Pastoral Letter of the The Administrative Bishops of the Conference re­ Archbishops and Bishops of the U. S. RT. REV. JOHN G. MURRAY, S.T.D. port annually upon their work to the Holy See. Bishop of Portland Annually at the general meeting of th , Bishops, Chairman, Legal Department detailed reports are submitted by the A ministra­ tive Bishops of the Conference and authorization Departmen and Bureaus secured for the work of the coming year. No official action is taken by any N. C. W. C. EXECUTIVE-Bur us maintained: Im­ Assistant Bishops department without authorization of its Episcopal migration, Publicity and Information, Chairman. Historical Records, Publications, Bus­ Administrative Committee No official action is taken in the name of the iness and Auditing. whole Conference without authorization and ap­ MOST REV. SAMUEL A. STRITCH, D.D. proval of the Administrative Committee. EDUCATION-Divisions: Statistics and Archbishop of Milwaukee It is not the policy of the N. C. W. C. to create Information, Teachers' Registration, RT. REV. EDWARD F. HOBAN, D.D. new organizations. Library. Bishop of Rockford It helps, unifies, and leaves to their own fields PREss-Serves the Catholic Press in those that already exist. the United States and abroad with RT. REV. JOHN F. NOLL, D.D. It aims to defend and to advance the welfare both Bishop of Fort Wayne regular news, feature, editorial and of the Catholic Church and of our beloved Country. pictorial services. RT. REV. EMMET M. WALSH, D.D. It seeks to inform the life of America of right fun­ Bishop of Charleston damental principles of religion and morality. SOCIAL ACTION-Covers the fields of It is a central clearing house of information re­ RT. REV. JOSEPH F. RUMMEL D.D. I nduslrial Relations, Citizenship, So­ garding activities of Catholic men and women. cial Work and Rural Welfare. Bishop of Omaha All that are helped may play their part in pro­ RT. REV. JOHN F. O'HERN, D.D. moting the good work and in maintaining the com­ LEGAL-SerVes as a clearing house of Bishop of Rochester mon agency, the National Catholic Welfare Con­ information on federal, state and feren(,e. local legislation. RT. REV. EDWIN V. O'HARA, D.D. The N. C. W. C. REVIEW records monthly Bishop of Great Falls the work of the Conference and its affiliated organi- LAY ORGANIZATIONs-Maintains a per- zations. It presents our common needs and oppor- manent representation in the inter- tunities. Its special articles are helpful to every ests of the Catholic laity. Functions · • t' d 'mi"d 1 through local units of some 3500 REV. JOHN J. BURKE, C.S.P., S.T.D. C a th 0 1IC orgaruza IOn an I IV! ua. societies affiliated with the N. C. General Secretary C.M.andN.C.C.W. n------..:..--I CHARLES A. McMAHON, Editor I--...:------11 PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE Publication Office NATIONAL CATHOLIC WELFARE CONFERENCE Editorial and Executive Office Industrial Building Entered 88 second-class matter at the post-office at Baltimore, Md., under the Act of 1312 Massachusetts Ave., N. W. March 3, 1879. All changes of address, renewals and subscriptions should be sent Baltimore, Md. direct to N. C. W. C. REVIEW, Industrial Building, Baltimore, Md., or 1312 Massa- Washington, D. C. chusetts Ave., N.W., WashingtOn, D. C.

The contents of the N. C. W. C. REVIEW are listed in the CATHOLIC PERIODICAL INDEX. April, 1931 N. C. W. C. REVIEW 3

AROUND THE CONFERENCE TABLE "Come now, ·that we may take counsel together."-2 Esdras, Chapter VI: 7.

WITH THIS MONTH'S inst.alment, the school would suffer serious depreciation. The the board are: the Rev. Thomas Bowdern, publication of the All-Year Program for plaintiff claimed that he had owned the school S.J., of St. Louis University; the Rev. Ed­ Catholic Parent-Teacher Groups i completed. site for many years; that property owner.s in mund J. Cannon, C.M., of De Paul; the Rev. Previous instalments the vicinity knew the intention of the parish John M. Cooper, of the Catholic University; All-Year Program were published in the to build the school; that the erection and the Rev. Daniel F. Cunningham; Brother ' for Catholic September, 1930, and maintenance of the school in the designated Bede Edward, F.S.,C., of St. Mary'S College, P.-T. Groups January, 1931, issues place would not be to the detriment but to California; the Rev. John J. Laux, of Coving­ of this magazine. the advantage of the public interest; and that ton, Kentucky; the Rev. P. Henry Matimore, These programs cover the months of the the refusal of a permit to build the school of Chicago; the Rev. William H. Russell, of school year from September to June, inclu­ was a violation of the rights of liberty and Columbia College; the Rev. Austin G. sive, and are intended to serve as guides both property. Schmidt, S.J., of Loyola University, Chicago; in the conduct of P.-T. meetings and in the Judge Norton, although not setting aside the Rev. John K. Sharp, of Brooklyn; and organization of interest and cooperation of the zoning ordinance as unconstitutional, did the Rev.· Maurice Sheehy. P.-T. groups. Each program is placed· un­ hold that in the case at bar the city council A foreword, expressing the reason for the der a patronage appropriate to the particular had acted unreasonably, arbitrarily and with publication of the Journal, is written by Dr. month and emphasizes a specific virtue to be discrimination in a manner not warranted by Corcoran, who states that "in issuing the striven for by those participating in the work. the police power, and therefore in violation first number of this Journal it is the hope of In addition to the emphasis given spiritual of constitutional rights. its sponsors that through the help rendered values, each program contains suggestions In concluding his opinion, Judge Norton by its contents there may be such evidence for works of practical Catholic action. The said: "Without going further into any of invigorated teaching of the ptinciples and whole series finds its inspiration in the En­ special features, I think it is sufficient to say laws of Revelation that the spirit of Christ cyclical of His Holiness, Pope Pius XI, on that in my opinion the contention of the plain­ may take firmer hold of the minds and hearts the "Christian Education of Youth," from tiff is sustained and that, so far as the loca­ of the rising generation and manifest its which pertinent excerpts are quoted on each tion of the school building in this particwar presence by a deeper loyalty to the ideal of monthly program for the consideration and instance is concerned, the ordinance is dis­ Christian life." guidance of all . nterested. crimatory and unreasonable and cannot be +++ It is hoped that this All-Year Program for sustained." THE NATIONAL Council of Catholic Catholic P.-T. Gro\lps will meet with a +++ Women is taking an active part in the widespread response. If there is sufficient de­ A NEW MONTHLY, to be published movement initiated by the International mand for the material, the N. C. W. C. RE­ throughout the school year in the inter­ Federation of Catholic VIEW instalments may 'e reprinted in est of better teaching of religion in Catholic Petition Alumnae for the canoni- pamphlet form. schools, has just appeared at Sainthood for zation of .Mother Eliza­ +++ Journal of De Paul University, Chicago. Mother Seton beth Seton, a resident of HE STATE OF OREGON, notorious in Religious The publication, which is en­ New York and Maryland, T modern educational and constitutional Education titled Journal of Religious In- and founder of the Sisters of Charity, a history because of its attempt to establish a struction, is stated to be the America's first native-born saint. This move­ primary school monopoly, has only one devoted exclusively to the teaching ment will culminate early in .July when repre­ Victory for furnished the annals of edu­ of Catholic religious instruction. Its editors sentatives of the Catholic clergy and laity in Archbishop cational law with another re- are Rev. Thomas C. Power, C.M., Dr. Ella­ all sections of the country make a pilgrimage Howard markable case. may Horan, and Sister Mary Ambrose, O.P. to Rome, sponsored by the International The city council of Port­ The February issue, the first of the publi­ Federation of Catholic Alumnae, with a peti­ land passed a zoning ordinance, which, pur­ cation, contains articles by the Rev. Maurice tion bearing the names of many thousands of posely or unwittingly, in effect prohibited the Sheehy of the Catholic University of America, Catholic women of the United States. proper expansion of the Catholic school sys­ the Rev. J. M. Wolfe, superintendent of At the ninth biennial convention of the In­ tem. The matter became a practical issue Catholic schools in Dubuque, the Rev. ternational Federation of Catholic Alumnae, when All Saints Parish, situated in the Laurel­ Daniel F. Cunningham, superintendent of held last year at Emmitsburg, representatives hurst section, was refused a permit to build Chicago Catholic schools, the Rev. George of the 80,000 convent-trained women who a school. Archbishop Howard brought suit Johnson, director, Department of Education, compose the organization passed a resolu­ to restrain the city council from enforcing N. C. W. C., the Rev. Leo D. Burns, assist­ tion to secure the signatures to the petition the ordinance. ant superintendent of Catholic schools in for Mothe~ Seton's canonization, and arrange The case was argued before Judge H. D. Philadelphia, Sister Mary Dolores, O.S.B., for their presentation at Rome. Norton, in Circuit Court, at Portland. The Sister Mary Ambrose, and Ellamay Horan. Recognizing the great work of Christian city contended that the location of the school An advisory board to the editors of the service and the inspiration which her life of near a traffic artery would necessitate extra journal is headed by the Rt. Rev. Bernard eminent sanctity has given to Catholics expense on the part of the city; that residents J. Sheil, Auxiliary Bishop of Chicago, as everywhere, the N. C. C. W. is circulating of the neighborhood feared damage to their honorary chairman, and the Very Rev. Dr. petitions among its affiliated organizations property at the hands of the school children; Francis V. Corcoran, C.M., president of De urging favorable consideration of the cause and that property adjacent to the propo ed Paul University, as chairman. Serving on of Mother Seton's canonization. ------+------4 N. C. W. C. REVIEW April, 1931 Legislative Review of the Seventy-first Congress By William F. Montavon We earnestly recommend to our readers a careful study of the accompanying legislative review of the 7ist Congress contributed by the director of the Legal Department, N. C. W. C., who discusses not only the most important legislation enacted by the Congress but calls attention to many legislative proposals which, failing of enactment into law during the session just ended, will undoubtedly be introduced in future Congresses. We urge our readers to keep informed with regard to the merits of all legislative proposals, local and federal, involving social and moral issues that affect us primarily as Catholics as well as legislative matters that concern us directly as citizens and tax­ payers.-THE EDITOR. .

HE CONGRESS, WHICH under for making a detniled survey of the work 1imitations imposed by the Consti­ of Congress. Some typical problems have T tution ceased to function at noon, been selected in the hope that their dis­ March 4, 1931, was, in several respects, cussion will lead to more comprehensive the most remarkable peace-time Congress study and confirm the respect we have for in our national history. the legislative body in whose hands we Sitting through one long special session have entrusted our national welfare. and two regular -sessions, taking time out only for the election of its successor, the ECONOMIC DISTRESS Seventy-first Congress was practically in THE Seventy-first Congress was elected continuous session. Wrestling with prob­ at a time when American agriculture lems of farm relief and tariff revision from was passing through a severe depression.

the start; confronted with rumblings of . THE NATION'S CAPITOL Surpluses piled up found no outlet in either impending economic disaster and clouds the home or the foreign market. Both of depression on the horizon; facing an economic catastrophe, parties had pledged themselves to enact relief legislation. in the security markets at first, but which, becoming uncon­ The majority party went into office accepting 3. popular man­ trollable, swept with devastation through industry and com­ date to readjust the tariff in the interest of agriculture and merce, driving millions of workmen and farmers to the verge to employ federal funds to help carry the crop surplus pend­ of starvation and the bread line; legislators, who had grown ing an improvement in the world markets. expert in problems of international relations, and programs Meeting in special session the Congress lost no time in of expansion, the offspring of prosperity, which some of them setting up a Federal Farm Board ith power and money to were beginning to believe was never to end, awakened to provide for carrying crop surpluse What the country had the fact that home problems and demands for retrenchment expected would be only a minor readjustment of import had arisen and could not. be deferred. . It is especially inter­ duties, soon developed into a wholesale revision of the esting that as the national character of the problems con­ Tariff Act. fronting the Congress became manifest, partisan advantage Congress did not foresee that a depression growing out of ceased to be a dominant motive for action in both houses. prolonged overproduction was to be followed by a drought An examination of relief measures proposed reveal a state which, even in normal years, would itself have been ruinous bordering on chaos. The proper role of the Federal Govern­ to the farmers. Tariff discussion was not concluded when ment in such a crisis had never been determined; the findings the rising tide of unemployment appeared ominous on the of the commission on economic cycles had not been reduced industrial horizon. A crash of the security markets an­ to a statute; the emergency found the nation unprepared; nounced that a major business depression was at hand. and the fact that we have muddled through thus far without more serious disaster justifies the hope that the experience, UNEMPLOYMENT STATISTICS paid for at so high a cost, will not go wholly unheeded. Congress is no less interesting in what it does than it is in ON)\ifarch 6, 1928, the United States Senate, in the fir t what it leaves undone. Critics, not familiar with the his­ session of the Seventieth Congress had passed Senate tory of legislation, denounce delays, and at the same time Resolution 147, directing the Secretary of Labor to "com­ complain of the rising flood of legislation which seems about pute the extent of unemployment," and to recommend a to engulf all liberty. The seemingly purposeless debates, method whereby "frequent periodic reports of the number the hearings and the discussions in the press, are a process, of unemployed and permanent statistics thereon may here­ without coordination perhaps but instinctive and. effective, after be made available." The Secretary reported on March whereby the true, the just and the right are to be separated 24, 1928, that "by the most careful computation methods from the false, the unjust and the wrong; whereby public available Commissioner Stewart finds that the actual num­ opinion is clarified; and when allowed to run its course un- ber now out of work is 1,874, 050." . trammelled that process is by history shown to have bene­ The inability of the Labor Department to supply accurate fited far more often than it has injured the nation. current statistics being apparent, as early as May, 1929, Opportunity does not exist in such a review as the present steps were begun in Congress to provide for the collection April, 1931 N. C. W. C. REVIEW . 5 of unemployment statistics. Senator Wagner introduced a of the Harding Commission on economic cycles was intro­ bill on January 6, 1930, which was speedily enacted providing duced providing for the "advanced planning and regulated for the monthly publication of "full and complete statistics construction of certain public works, for the stabilization of of the volume of and changes in employment" by the Bureau industry, and for the prevention of unemployment during of Labor Statistics. Thus the first practical step was taken the periods of business depression." This bill, meeting with to meet, effectively and constructively, the un,employment little opposition, was enacted. situation which has since become so grave: Under the provisions of this act a Federal Employment Stabilization Board will be established, composed of the A NATIONAL EMPLOYMENT SYSTEM Secretaries of the Treasury, Commerce, Agriculture, and NoT only were employment statistics lacking, but no Labor. The duty of this board will be to keep the President system of employment agencies, coordinated on a na­ constantly' advised of the trend of employment and business .tional scale, existed to cope with the emergency. To remedy activity and of the existence or approach of periods of de­ this defect, Senator Robert F. Wagner in the Senate and pression and unemployment. Whenever the President, thus Representative James M. Mead in the House, introduced advised, finds that there exists, or within ~ix months is likely identical bills, providing for the "establishment of a national to exist, a period of business depression and unemployment, employment system and for cooperation with the states in he will advise the Congress submitting estimates of appro­ the promotion of such system." priations to be expended during such period upon authorized Open hearings were conducted by the Senate Committee construction, permitting .the government to "avail itself of on Commerce and by the House Committee on the Judiciary. the opportunity for speedy, efficient and economical con­ While the bill had wide popular support and was approved struction. " by economists and organized labor, it was opposed on the At a meeting of the Catholic Industrial Conference at floor of the Senate as an improper interference with state Washington, the purpose of this Act was approved, but de­ governments and in the hearings by representatives of the mand was made that action be taken at once. The program National Association of Manufacturers and others. of construction began several years ago and I3,dditional ap­ The bill was passed by the Senate on May 13, 1930, was propriations made to stimulate and extend it were held by referred to the House Committee on the Judiciary which speakers at that Conference to be inadequate to meet the held an open hearing at which this and seven other bills for existing emergency and a proposal was advanced calling for th.e relief of unemploYlnent were discussed. an issue of bonds to finance additional public works to the Action on this bill lagged, however, and on February 13, amount of five thousand million dollars. President Hoover 1931 the Hoqse received a communication from the .Presi­ and the Secretary of the Treasury held that such a bond dent asking Congress to approve a supplemental estimate of issue would seriously depress the markets for securities; appropriation of $500,000 for the Employment Service al­ would lead to increased taxation and would defeat what is ready existing in the Department of Labor. This appropria­ now being done. It was pointed out in reply that the in­ tion was made. During the last days of the session the Wag­ terest charge on such a loan would probably not exceed the ner-Mead bill was also passed and sent to the President for amount of the tax reduction made a year ago. Certainly signature. As foreboded by the request for a supplemental the act we are discussing would authorize a bond issue to appropriation in favor of the existing service, the President meet this situation. Should existing conditions be unduly refused to sign and the Wagner-Mead bill was killed by a prolonged or grow wor e, resort may still be had to an ex­ pocket veto, on the grounds that it failed to meet effectively tended program of public works to be paid for during future and at once the existing emergency; would destroy agencies periods of prosperity. Such action would not only furnish already existing capable of providing relief; that no harm relief in distress, but would result in obligations to be met would result from postponement; and that in the meantime out of future surplus revenues and thus discour~ge the ten­ the Department of r;:;;;;;...... ;;:;.;; __ iDiiiiiiiiii;u;;;::;;;;,;;;;Uiiiii __;;;;;;;;,;;:a;:;:-;;;:---;-:-:;~-----:-::-:-==-:-:------=:-::-~--:-: · =----=:-:-~~ dency t.o prodigality Labor might by ex­ in public expenditures perimenting develop a which in the past has system that would be accompanied periods preferable to that pro­ of business prosperity. posed in the bill. SOME RESULTS ADVANCE PLANNING THUS first steps OF CONSTRUCTION have been taken IN an attempt to to meet emergencies round out national that may arise here­ legislatio:q for the re­ after. Provisions lief of economic dis­ have been made for tress, a bill embodying the collection of em­ the recommendation CHERRY BLOSSOM TIME IN WASHINGTON. D, C. ployment statistics; a 6 N. C. W. C. REVIEW April, 1931 board has been set up to col­ • in what proportion? On what lect business data and fore­ equitable basis shall such a cast, if possible, the approach fund be disbursed? These of depression; the principle and a host of other questions that public works, to be paid demand an answer. for in future periods of pros­ Realizing the difficult na­ perity, are to be undertaken ture of the general problem, as a chief source of relief in Congress refused to legislate periods of depression and a further than to authorize the system of employment ex­ appointment of a joint com­ changes, coordinated on a na­ mittee to study employment tional scale are to be developed. insurance from every angle, To lUe·L th xisting Cr11Ct' TrnADQUARTERS OF TITE PAN-AMBIt! during the recess, and pre- Washillgwn, D. (). gency m asur s of a transitory pare a bIll to be Introduc d nature have been adopted. A vast program of construction whcn th Seventy-second Congr ., onV(lne next Dec(lmb r. by the federal and state governme 5, by cities and by private corporations, has been stimul ted. In spite of all OLD AGE INSURANCE unemployment has gone on increasing and no one is prepared A T a time when the span of human life is being extended now to say that, in the summer of 1931 conditions will be by medical cience, the span of the employability of better or even as good as they were in the summer of 1930. laborers is being contracted. Workers who have passed the An emergency like this calls for deep and honest thinking. age of employability, out of employment, having accumulated Our economic system must face the charge that it has failed no reserves, have a right at least to subsistence and must to provide for an equitable distribution of the fruits of in­ be provided for. dustry. We must face the fact that the problems of eco­ Governments have taken t.he lead in providing old age nomics must in their solution take into account the principles relief. Systems of retirement are in existence in federal, of morality and justice, which lie at the foundation of human state, and municipal governments. Private corporations happiness and progress. have set up their own retirement plans. Reserves for this purpose are usually made up of contributions paid in varying EMPLOYMENT INSURANCE proportions by the employee and the employer. T HE fact that, during the first year of depression, iisburse- A bill introduced on May 22, 1929, which was not enacted, ments by corporations on account of interest and divi­ would have directed the Bureau of the Census to collect and dends remained almost stable, in some instances increased, publish "statistics concerning the need for old age pensions." and, in general, did not fall off as did disbursements on ac­ Such statistics are not collected. The duty of providing count of wages, has deeply impressed all who are earnestly endowments against old age, where no retirement provision studying measures to prevent the recurrence of distress. is operative, continues to be left largely to private insurance The attempt to secure from Congress an appropriation for companies. the direct relief of large numbers of farmers and workmen The American Association for Old Age Security is actively who in several sections were found to be in a condition bor­ engaged in promoting old age insurance legislation. On dering on famine; the demand for a more just distribution March 1, 1931, it was reported that four states had enacted of the fruits ~f industry; the condemnation of the dole; the old age insurance measures and in one state a measure ap­ quarrel between the American Red Cross and Congress­ proved by the legislature awaits the governor's signature. all lead logically to the conclusion that if business can ac­ Seventy old age pension measures have been introduced in cumulate reserves out of which interest and profits are paid the legislatures of thirty-two states meeting this year. through periods of depression, then business should be able Fifteen state .governors recommended such legislation in to accumulate reserves out of which a minimum wage can their recent annual messages. ,imilarly be paid in periods of unemployment. Congres a ting as the Legislature of the District of Bills, providing for and encouraging the establishment of Columbia had several old age pemiion bills before it. A bill insurance systems through which wage reserves might be introduced in both Houses provided for an Old Age Pension accumulated to be disbursed in periods of unemployment, Bureau in the Department of Labor and for federal aid to were introduced. It was found that in a small number of ((encourage and a sist the states in providing for pensions instances e~ployers had established insurance against un­ to the aged." employment. Old age penRlon statutes have not been tested in the courts. Wage insurance on a national scale, covering all industries, While the power of the legislature to tax the people to meet is not a simple undertaking. To be satisfactory, wage in­ emergencies and relieve specific distress is generally ad­ surance must not curtail the freedom of the workingman and mitted; it is not at all certain that state constitutions author­ especially it must not interfere with the mobility of labor. ize the disbursement of public revenues in pensions granted Who shall be the contributors to a wage reserve fund, and on the sole basis of age. April, 1931 N. C. W.' C. REVIEW 7

Neither the expediency nor the legality of federal inter­ MATERNITY AND INFANCY LEGISLATIQN vention in efforts made by the states to provide for old age FEDERAL legislation Qn maternity and infancy was en- pensions is clear. Insurance plans, modeled after retirement ,acted in November, 1921. The members who sponsQred plans already in use, locally administered) will probably in this legislation through their respective houses gave it their the end be found less burdensome than a unified national names and it has since been known as the Sheppard-Towner plan under federal control. Act. The advQcates Qf this legislation admitted in 1921 that EDUCATION "sQme of its provisions are necessarily experimental;" they THE appointment by the President, soon after his inau- expressed the belief that in a period of five years these ex­ guration, of a White House Conference on Education, perimental provisions could be adequately tested; and that had the effect of at least partially removing education as a the provisiQns found to be sound WQuid make so strong an subject of debate in the Federal Congress. Bills were intro­ appeal to the states, aDd state bureaus would be sufficiently cl\1l'Pcl i h III HOlt (\ , howpvpr, provlding for a Federal c­ organized, 0 that at he ('. piration of th fiv -y ar period partment of "Education, t.he head of which would be a Secre­ state funds and supervision would be able to carryon and tary in the Cabin t of the President. This Capper-Robsion further federal aid would be no long r requjred. Bill made no progress toward enactment and was not heard At the end of the five year period, however, the same pro­ of at all during the concluding session. ponents asked for the reenactment Qf the Sheppard-Towner Taking advantage of t.he demand for large appropriations Act in practically its original form. There was much oppo­ to relieve farmers, a bill was introduced for the support and sition. Medical associatiQns seemed to sense a' tendency encouragement of education in rural districts. It carried an tQward the socialization Qf their profession and Qbjected to. appropriation of $100,000,000.00. As an emergency measure, the invasiQn by lay persons of a field which they held to be­ it was objectionable because, if enacted, it would have set lQng exclusively to their profession. The advocates of de­ up standards in certain rural districts which, in normal times, centralizatiQn denounced federal aid as an unnecessary arid with only local support could not be maintained. As an ex­ dangerous invasiQn Qf state jurisdiction. pression of federal policy it was equally objectionable. It The prQPonents of an extension cut their original demand made no progress toward enactment. to two years and it was formally repQrted to Congress that A bill making additional grants from the federal treasury they had pledged themselves not to ask fQr further exten­ for, vocational education in the states made progress but died sion, if funds were apprQpriated to. continue for two years. during the rush days which marked the end of the session. The apprQpriation was made. At the expiration Qf the two. years the Newton Bill was in­ Among the laws enacted was a measure providing for re­ troduced to. extend the Sheppard-Towner Act. This bill duced car fare fQr school children in the District of Columbia. was defeated. As originally introduced by Congressman McLeod, at the time acting chairman Qf the House CQmmittee fQr the Dis­ Early in the Seventy-first Congress, a maternity and in­ trict of CQlumbia, this bill denied the privilege of reduced fancy bill which was much like the Sheppard-Towner Act car fare to schQQI children who. did nQt attend public schools. was introduced in the Senate and referred to the Senate Citizens Qf the District of Columbia challenged this as un­ Committee Qn Commerce. The Committee ignQred re­ fair discriminatiQn against a large number of school children. quests that a hearing be held and reported the bill favQrably. They had the support of the local press; were able to show It was passed by the Senate and in the HQuse of Represen­ that in cities having similar legislatiQn no such discrimina­ tatives was referred to the Committee on Interstate and tiQn is tQlerated, and the law as enacted grants the privilege Foreign Commerce to ~hich had already been referred a bill of reduced fares to all school children. intrQduced by Mr. Cooper of Ohio., providing for federal aid to the states nQt only for prQmoting the maternity and in­ The principle invQlved in this controversy is of far greater fancy work begun under the Act of 1921, but for promoting importance than the privilege around which the contrQversy the general health of the rural population Qf the United States. waged. The status of the parochial school under the cQnsti­ This Committee held an Qpen hearing lasting several days. tuti nR and lawR of th states is challenged by the advocates onsiderl1ble opposition developed. The legislo.tive counsel of s culariz d education, and it becomes important that no. of the American Medical Association app ared in opposition legi lation discriminating against the parochial school be tQgether with spokesmen for several patriotic QrganizatiQns. enacted. Members of both Houses Qf Congress opposed the bill as Free textbook bills are open to the criticism that by ex­ an unconstitutional invasiQn of jurisdiction belonging ,rightly tending a privilege Qnly to public school pupils, they unfairly to. the several states. discriminate against the other schoQI children. The Supreme In a communicatiQn to the CQmmittee, the General Secre­ Court Qf the United States recently upheld the statute of tary of the National Catholic Welfare Conference stated Louisiana providing free textbooks for parochial chQol that the Administrative CQmmittee of the Conference had children. CQntrQversy Qver t.his subject has arisen in several states. (Continued on page S9) 8 ~ N. C. W. C. REVIEW April, 1931 Restoration of Wakefield -- Birthplace of Washington By Ella Loraine Dorsey A n outstanding feature of the nationwide celebration of the 200th anniversary of the birth of George Washington, to be observed next year, will be the opening to the public on February 11, 1932, of "Wakefield," birthplace of Washington. Through the efforts of the Wake­ field National Memorial Association, the original house, built by Augustine Washington at Pope's Creek, Potomac River, Westmoreland County, Va., together with the furnishings thereof, has been restored as nearly as is humanly possible to the conditions of two centuries ago. The restomtion plans i'nclude also the development and beautification of the grounds and gardens-a project now well under way. The cost of the entire work will be approximately '465,000. Of this amount $295,000 has been raised through gifts and popular subscriptions, leaving $170,000 to be collected to carry out features not as yet provided for by the monies in hand or subscribed. It is hoped that this amount may be forthcoming during the next year in order to complete the plans of the Association for the full restoration of Wake­ field as described herein by Miss Dorsey in her most interesting article-THE EDITOR.

y AN ACT OF CONGRESS, Washing­ additional to protect the spot from hungry specu­ ton's birthplace at Wakefield, Virginia, lators who were trying to acquire adjacent sites B. has been designated as a national monu­ for the erection of booths, shooting boxes, pic­ ment and it will be ultimately administered by nic parks, etc. the National Park Service. That the house was a fit setting for a gently The restoration of the p.ome, the furnishing born and well-bred colonial family is proven by of the same and the developing and beautifying the inventories copied by the historian, Charles of the grounds, the garden and the graveyard A. Hoppin, from the county records in which are the work of the Wakefield National Memorial they were entered at the death of the owner­ Association of which Mrs. Harry Lee Rust, Sr., furniture, plate, china, books, coaches, stock, is the president. etc., the nine sets of bedroom furniture indicat­ The original house was built about 1717-1720 MRS. HARRY LEE RUST ing the size of the house and its general plan. by Augustine Washington, the father of the President, Wakefield National Memorial Association. The last has been laboriously and with the illustrious patriot. Augustine was the grandson utmost care traced and followed by excavation of the immigrant, Colonel John Washington, who came from of the foundations in 1926, under a permit from the Secre­ England and settled in Virginia in 1664, marrying Ann tary of War. On the foundations uncovered, Edward Pope, the daughter of Colonel Nathaniel Pope, thus estab­ W. Donn, Jr., F.A.I.A., an expei,t in the period of colonial lishing the American line of descendants. architecture to which the birthhouse belonged, ba ed his Augustine Washington married as his second wife JYIary plans. Ball, "the Rose of Epping Forest," and their first child was the great commander. THE old fig trees have stood guard and kept the site of the kitchen-garden; and the flowers, year after year, have THE actual sixty foot square on which the house stood cropped up here and there in faithful memory of that other was conveyed by the Washingtons to the State of Vir­ garden in which the little child played, uncon cious of the ginia and later to the Federal Government. The latter great destiny that was to be his. acquired about twelve acres, raising on it, on the exact The clay from which the material for the original house spot where stood the birth-room, a monument recording was drawn still exists and from it the clay for the bricks the facts. used in the pres­ The Associa- ent building has tion purchased been taken; it was the seventy acres worked by hand in surrounding this the old fashioned site and sufficient way, by the old land to enclose brickmaker, with the graves in its his colored assist­ protection. The ants, who, master grave acre was of his craft, has later ceded by the made brick for Washington heirs :NIl'. Rockefeller's to the Association restorations at and Mr. Rocke­ Williamsburg. feller, becoming The State of interested in the Virginia gave matter, secured $15,000 to the "WAKEFIELD"-BIRTHPLACE OF GEORGE WASHINGTON-AS RESTORED two hundred and The original house built by Augustine Washington, 1718-1920 (burned 1780), at Pope's Creek, Potomac River, Westmore­ project, $5,000 to land County, Va. Wakefield will be opened to the public with appropriate ceremonies on February 11. 1932-the year sixty-seven acres of the Bicentennial Celebration. be devoted to the ------

April, 1931 N. C. W. C. REVIEW 9

restoration of the of selfless service, ab­ graveyard. Perhaps solute devotion, and even more significant maintenance of ideals than the rebuilding one country can offer. of the house itself It is an invitation to was the repairing of our restless people, too the tomb, the gather­ often driven by the ing into its shelter of urge of material gain the thirty bodies, and and fruitless ambition, the final recommit­ to rest a while by the ment by the Episco­ tranquil river and pal Bishop of Wash­ bask in the serenity ington' assisted by the that broods over wood Rector of KIng George and stream, to recap­ parish, with the ritual ture a glimpse of the prescribeq by the family life that bur­ Church of England. geoned and bloomed The placing of the here, the unity of per­ table-stones, the cen­ GRAVEYARD OF THE WASHINGTONS FOR FIVE GENERATIONS sonal interest and na­ Restored as pictured above through the efforts of the Wakefield National Memorial Association. In the tral monument and r~stored gra.veyard are therem~ins of Colonel Jo~n Washingto?, his wife Ann PORe; his brother Lawrence; tional good, where the hlS sons MaJor Lawrenc~ Washmgton ~nd Capt~ln John Washmgton and his famIly; Augustine Washington the landscaping will (father of George Washmgton) and hIs first wife, Jane Butler; Augustine Washington 2d (half-brothe of homely virtues of con­ George) and his family. make ita place of tentment· and domes­ dignity and peace where the lesson of death becomes "transi­ tic duty proved that such families are the safety of the state tion in hope, progression in the life everlasting." and the guarantee of its honor and greatness. The home went up in flames in 1780, but its essence re­ THE Government, on January 23, 1930, gave an appro­ mained, and those who have toiled for Wakefield-every priation of $85,000-$30,000 to remove and reset the man, woman and school-child who has contributed-can monument that had stood on the birthspot, and $50,000 to well be grateful for their chance to show in faithful repro­ further the Association's great object. duction the place where Washington was born nearly two The permission to erect the house on its true site was hundred years ago. granted by the Secretary of War, April 30, 1930, since which SUPERINTENDENT'S SECTION, N. C. E. A., TO MEET IN time the work has gone steadily on towards its triumphant WASHINGTON, APRIL 8-9 finish. THE Superintendents Section of the National Catholic Educational The Act transferred government-owned lands from the Association will meet at the Catholic University of America in Washington, D. C., on April 8 and 9, 1931. The first day's program care of the \Var Department to that of the Interior Depart­ includes an address of welcome by Rt. Rev. James H. Ryan, D.D., ment. Therefore, when, on February 11, 1932, the Wake­ rector of the University; an address by the chairman, Rev. Richard J. field National ]Vlemorial Association presents to the Govern­ Quinlan, S. T.L., of Boston, chairman, Superintendents Section; and ment its gift of land, house, tomb and all holdings, this papers on the general topic "The Diocesan Administration of Schools" sacred spot will be in the perpetual care of the National as follows: "The Office of Diocesan Superintendents of Schools-Its Possibilities and Limitations," by Very Rev. Msgr. Joseph V. Park Service. Horace M. Albright, the administrative .l\IcClancy, LL.D., superintendent of schools; Brooklyn; "The Super­ head of this remarkable body, is already giving it his best intendent and the Problem of Supervision of Instruction," by Rev. constructive counsel and cooperation. In this he is seconded Francis J. Bredestege, A.M., Cincinnati, Ohio; "Diocesan Examina­ by the inspirational services of that custodian of the Wash­ tions-How Most Effectively Conducted and Evaluated?" by Rev. ington history, Charles Arthur Hoppin, and of Dr. Felix N. Pitt, A.M., Louisville, Ky.; "The Superintendent's Responsi­ bility for the Professional Advancement of His Teachers," by Very Charles W. Moore, the head of the Fine Arts Commission. Rev. Msgr. Francis J. Macelwane, Toledo, Ohio; and "The Importance The desire to rebuild and restore Wakefield has been cher­ of Diocesan School Records-What Records Should Be Kept? What ished by Mrs. Rust since that day in her childhood when Imormation Should Be Incorporated in the Superintendent's Annual he read Bishop Meade's account of his visit to the deserted Report?" by Rev. Paul E. Campbell, LL.D., Pittsburgh, Pa. ruin and the neglected grave acre. His prayer for its rescue The second day's program, following the same general topic, will include papers and discussion as follows: "The Relation of the Super­ and revival found echo in her heart, and in June of 1923, intendent to the Diocesan High School," by Rt. Rev. John J. Bonner, in her own home, she held the first meeting of the Associa­ S.T.D., Philadelphia, Pa.; "The Superintendent's Part in the Formu­ tion, declared its object, and began the organization of its lation ofthe Curriculum for the Catholic Elementary School," by Rev. work. John M. Wolfe, S.T.D., Ph.D., Dubuque, Iowa; "The Preparation of the Priest for the Office of Diocesan Superintendent of Schools," by This is not only the restoration of an historic spot, but it Rev. George Johnson, Ph.D., Catholic University of America; and is an effort to make the country share in the soul of the liThe Superintendent's Relations to Public Authorities and the Officials place, to realize that here began one of the noblest examples in the Public School System," by Rev. William R. Kelly of New York. 10 N. C. W. C. REVIEW A p1'il, 1931 Catholic Education in the Baltimore Archdiocese· By Rev. John I. Barrett, Ph.D. Archdiocesan Superintendent of Education OON AFTER HIS installation as Arch­ present time are: School Sisters of Notre Dame, bishop of Baltimore, the Most Reverend Sisters of the Third Order of Saint Francis, Sis­ S Michael J. Curley turned his attention ters of Mercy, Sisters of Charity, Sisters of the to the educational problems that were demand­ Holy Cross, Sisters of Saint Joseph, Sisters of ing his attention. He appointed one of his Notre Dame of Namur and the Felician Sisters. priests as superintendent of schools, at the same As a result of these sisters' labors, today the time freeing the priest from all other duties, so schools of this jurisdiction have a completed that he could give his entire time and attention course of study, which compares favorably with to the educational work. anyone in the country, whether Catholic or Catholic education had always been fostered public. Commendation has been given by pub- in the Archdiocese of Baltimore. Schools, aca­ REV. lic school officials as well as by Catholic edu- demies and colleges had long been in existence. JOHN I. BARREl - . Ph.D. cators. The good name of these institutions had become well known The worth of the Baltimore course of study can be seen in various parts of our country. Good work and satisfactory frorr the fact, that it has been adopted in many other places. results had been attained. And yet there was something Just to mention a few: The Diocese of Wilmington, Scran­ lacking. ton, Mobile, Richmond, Charleston, as well as individual During the pioneer days of Catholic education each school schools in all sections of the country, have asked and ob­ was forced to strike out for itself. Each was compelled to tained permission to use the Baltimore course. build up its own following. It .was easily seen that there was a need for more cohesion, more agreement, greater THIS course of study is detailed in every respect and as­ unity in the educational field. sures a wealth of material to aid the teacher in each sub­ His Grace decided that Baltimore would do its share of ject. Outstanding in the course is the section on the teaching the work. Each school was a separate unit, functioning for of religion. itself. Each teaching community was following out its own To further greater unity of action, there is a uniform record plan in the work of the classroom. The object of the Arch­ system in use ifl an our schools. In the office of the superin­ bishop was to unify all groups, all communities, so as to tendent there is a record card for each child in every school, establish a common ground on which all could work. which means that there are 49,481 cards for the elementary Thus his first direction was to draw up a new course of schools alone. This card gives the school history of the study, which would have to be used in all the schools, thus child. It gives the child's name, his address, his parents' bringing about uniformity of work. Properly to do this work names, his age, class, date of birth, date of entrance into the the heads of communities having five or more schools in their present school, the school last attended, the child's Baptism, charge, were asked to assign a sister as community supervisor. First Communion and Confirmation, the occupations of the parents and the last yearly rat­ THIS sister was to share with ing that the child received. the superintendent the re­ Good mechanics need fine tools sponsibility of organizing the BALTIMORE'S ARCHDIOCESA.N CA.THOLIC and hence there is an approved Catholic schools into a unified SCHOOL ASSOCIATION text book list in force in our whole. EXPRESSING his desire "to give our poorer children Catholic schools. This last is The supervisor was to be free every possible opportunity to receive a sound Chris­ kept up to date in method and to give her time to this work. tian education," Archbishop Curley recently launched in his archdiocese a Catholic School Association, the main content by periodical revision. She was to be a teacher of all purpose of which is to raise funds for the education of Every school must use only classes in the sense that it was Catholic youth and especially to extend the chance of those books that are found on her duty to assist every class­ Catholic higher education to a larger number of boys. this list. room in the schools taught by The annual membership in the association is $1.00 with To measure the work which is other SUbscriptions as follows: Special, $5.00; high school, her community, observe the work being done, semi-annual exami­ being done there, suggest, cor­ $10.00; sustaining, $25.00; scholarship, $50.00; life mem­ bership, $100.00. nations are given. These are rect, advise and demonstrate the The Archbishop promises to offer the Holy Sacrifice of based on t.he course of study. right methods in reaching the the Mass once a week during the rest of his life for all They are what is known as the desired goal. contributors and their intentions. new type examinations, appeal­ The communities with repre­ The Rev. C. Carroll Kerr. secretary to His Grace, is ing more to the judgment of the sentatives on this board at the treasurer of the association. child rather than to his memory, *Excerpts from a recent radio address. the kind of examination which

- April, 1931 N. C. W. C. REVIEW 11 most of us knew in our own school days. the benefits of a Catholic education to 1,352. These 179 To insure close contacts, there is a rule that the parish schools are giving that Catholic education about which priests must give instructions in the school in religion at Pope Pius XI writes. The teaching staff. of the elementary least once a week. This results in a better understanding schools is made up of 1,178 religious teachers and 57 lay between the priest and the child. Along with this regula­ teachers, a total of 1,235. tion, there are other rules and laws which apply to every Time would not permit me to go into greater detail about school. In this way, those in charge know that the same these figures. There is, however, one thought which I would program is being c~rried out in all sections of the archdiocese. like to place before every taxpayer within sound of my voice and it is this. Catholics in Maryland and the District of THE health of the children in the Catholic schools is Columbia are paying taxes on their property. looked after by a physician and nurse, both of whom visit In Baltimore, for every hundred dollars, our Catholic the school at least once a week. By this means, much remedial taxpayer is paying a little more than 63 cents for the support and preventive work is done, which aids in protecting all of the public schools. And this he does willingly as a re­ the children. sponsible citizen. The present city rate is $2.45 per $100. But enough about the organization of our schools. With N ow then eomes the thought. Suppose the children of the this administrative side before you, permit me to offer a Catholic schools in this city were to be turned over to the few figures. There is scarcely anyone in the State of Mary­ city for educational purposes, -how high would that -$2.45 land or the District of Columbia, be he Catholic or non­ tax rate climb? Catholic, who has not realized that progress in Catholic educational activity has been going on. The greater number THE national government has furnished statistics which of schools in all sections, the vast increase in attendance, the show the average cost of educating a child for the year good work being done, one and all, are testimonials to the 1930 in the elementary school to be $102.50. Taking this zeal and labor of our Archbishop. figure as a standard, do you realize that the Catholic Church, The census taken up during the present school year shows with its parochial schools in Baltimore, has saved the City that there are 49,481 children attending the elementary of Baltimore $2,959,995? schools in the Archdiocese of Baltimore. Compare that Using the same average for the Catholic children in the with the 30,000 enrolled in 1921 and you have some idea of counties of Maryland (these do not include the Eastern the growth of our Catholic' schools in the last ten years. Shore, as that belongs to the Diocese of Wilmington), there The City of Baltimore has 28,878 chHdren in its 56 Cath­ is a saving to the taxpayers of $931,212.50. olic schools. Washington has 8,641 children in 26 schools, In the District of Columbia the saving is $885,702.50. while other sections outside these two cities have 9,085 Taking into consideration the 2,877' children in our private children in 58 schools. and institutional schools, the Archdiocese of Baltimore is Our private schools, 25 in number, are educating 1,525 saving the taxpayers of Maryland and the District of Colum­ children, while the 14 institutional schools are offering bia $5,071,802.50.

REVISED STUDY CLUB OUTLINE ON N. C. C. M. REGISTERS PROTESTS OF AFFILIATED "EUCHARISTIC SACRIFICE" GROUPS VS. PASSAGE OF GILLETT BILL REVISED edition of "The Eucharistic Sacrifice," a study club A T THE HEARING on Senator Gillett's Bill to remove the restric- A outline on the Mass, has just been completed by t!?-e Liturgical tion on the Tariff Act, which now prohibits the importation into Press Collegeville Minn. The Rev. William Busch, professor of this country of contraceptive literature, articles and drugs, and to re­ Chur~h History in'St. Paul Seminary, has given the outline its present peal the prohibition against the dissemination of information through form after much practical experience in studying the Mass with several the mails concerning their use, the National Council of Catholic Men active study club groups. presented a very enlightening cross-section of Catholic public opinion The revised outline consists of four chapters and fifteen lessons. which it gathered from its affiliated societies. Chapter I is an introduction and includes the following lessons: "The Notwithstanding that only a brief time was allowed between the Catholic Liturgy" "The Double Purpose of Prayer," "The Missal," receipt of notice and the date set for th~ hearing, the N. C. C. M. head­ "High Mass and'Low Mass," and "The Main Divisions of the Mass." quarters office managed to get into the hands of representatives of Chapter II on "The Mass of the Catechumens" contains the following: approximately 1700 organizations affiliated with the national body "Mass of the Catechumens-In General," "Mass of the Catechu­ information from which they could gain a knowledge of the purpose mens-Giving Part," Mass of the Catechumens-Receiving Part." of the proposed amendment and base upon it the very forceful protests Chapter IlIon "The Mass of the Faithful" includes "The Mass of the against the bill, which they sent for use at the public hearing on Feb­ Faithful-In General" "The Sacrifice-Oblation-Part I: The Offer­ ruary 13th. tory" "The Sacrifice~Oblation-Part II: The Canon," "The Sacrifice The national office received more than 150 protests against this Ban~uet (Holy Communion)." Chapter IV treats "The Meaning of measure in the form of telegrams and resolutions. Hundreds more the Christian Sacrifice" under the following headings: ((Sacrifice, the were sent direct to Senator Gillett, chairman of the sub-committee. Supreme Act of Worship," "The Sacrifice of Christ the High-Priest of The protests showed that the members of these organizations look Mankind," and liThe Sacrifice of the Mystical Christ, The Church." to their Federal Government to uphold our country's traditional stand­ "The Eucharistic Sacrifice" outline is one of a series of liturgical ards of morality and protect all from the demoralizing influence which outlines which sell for fifteen cents each. would be certain to follow the enactment of such a law. · 12 N. C. W. C. REVIEW April, 1931 The Blind and the Deaf -- A Thought for May Day By James E. Cummings

lVIONG THE ~IANY important subjects discussed Catholic Educational Association: The Catholic Deaf-Mute at the recent White House Conference on Child Section and the Catholic Blind-Education Section. A Health and Protection was that of the physically The officers of the Blind-Education Section are: Reverend and mentally handicapped. The general committee ap­ Joseph M. Stadelmann, S.J., Xavier Free Publications So­ pointed to study this problem reported that there are from ciety for the Blind, 136 West 97th St., New York, N. Y., 3,000,000 to 5,000,000 children in the United States who are chairman, and Sister M. Richarda, O.P., Catholic Institute "handicapped" in the sense in which the term is here used­ for the Blind, 222nd Street and Eastchester Road, Bronx, i.e., children who are blind and partially seeing, deaf and New York, N. Y., secretary. Among the prominent mem­ hard of hearing, crippled, who are mentally deficient or dis­ bers of this section are: Sister M. Augustine, D. of W., and ordered, who are suffering from tuberculosis, parasitic or Sister M. Gertrude, D. of W., St. Charles Hospital, Port cardiac diseases. The needs of each of these groups were Jefferson, Long Island, N. Y.; Sist.er M. Stephanie and Sister carefully studied by sub-committees composed of specialists M. Winifred, St. Joseph's School for the Blind, Jersey City, in the care of handicapped children. N. J.; Sister M. Alma, O.P., and Sister M. Be~igna, O.P., An examination of the reports of these special committees tholic Institute for the Blind, New York, N. Y.; Sister M. shows that in the United States there are about 14,400 blind Eymard , and Sister Joseph Marie, St. Mary's Institute for children under 20 years of age. In addition the reports indi­ the Blind, Lansdale, Pa. cate that 18,212 deaf children are being educated in 64 public residential, 18 parochial and private, and 114 public THE Reverend Ferdinand A. Moeller, S.J., of St. Xavier day schools and classes for the deaf. University, Cincinnati, Ohio, is chairman of the Catholic Deaf-Mute Section and the Reverend Joseph E. O'Brien, THE Anlerican Child Health Association, in calling for the S.J., of St. Ignatius College, Chicago, Ill., is secretary of this annual observance of May Day-National Child Health section. Day urges that attention be Others who take an active given to the needs of the handi- part in promoting the interests capped child. The May Day PURPOSE OF AND SPECIAL GOALS of the deaf and hard of hearing program issued by the associa­ FOR MAY DAY, 1931 are: Reverend Daniel D. Hig­ tion contains the following state­ gins, C.S.S.R., St. Joseph's Col­ THE purpose and goals of the 1931 May Day program ment in behalf of those children are stated as follows: lege, Kirkwood, Mo.; the Rever­ who require special care: "The To challenge community responsibility and cooperation end Francis Seeger, S.J., diocesan handicapped child has a right in developing state and community programs of child director of the Deaf-Mutes of health and protection in accordance with the approved To as vigorous a body as human Toledo; Very Rev. M gr. H. J. standards. Waldhau, St. Rita School for skill can give him; To initiate definite programs for the year from May To an education that fits him to Day, 1931, to May Day, 1932. the Deaf, Cincinnati, Ohio; Sis­ be economically independent; To enlist the cooperation of governors of states in calling ter M. Borgia, St. Joseph's In­ To the protection of those who conferences on Child Health and Protection. stitute for Deaf-Mutes, St. Louis understand the nature of his To fulfill the aims of President Hoover's White House burdens; :Nl0.; Miss 11ary T. Garrity, Conference on Child Health and Protection as expressed Ephpheta School for the Deaf, To grow up in a world which does in the Children's Charter. not arbitrarily set him apart With regard to the above-mentioned charter, while few Chicago, Ill.; James F. Donnelly, from normal relationshlp." would disagree with the humanitarian appeal expressed in editor, The Catholic Deaf j\{ute, "\Vhile the importance of these its declarations, one cannot fail to note the over-emphasis Richmond Hill, N. Y.; and Rev. rights is recognized it should be placed upon society and society's obligations to the child P. S. Gilmore, chaplain, Le Cou­ rather than the primary rights and responsibilities of par­ teulx, St. ]vIary's Institution for added that more important is the ents, the dignity of the Christian home, the value of right of the child to learn the Christian education, and the necessity of safeguarding the the 1m proved Instruction of Deaf truths and receive the graces of spiritUal as well as the physical health of the child. Mutes. These and other de­ religion. The authority in these matters lies with parents. It has voted leaders are striving not been given to them by God, Whose vicars in a true sense only to make the blind and deaf Many trained workers in the they are. As Pope Pius XI has said in his Encyclical on field of Catholic education have the "Christian Education of Youth," with parents rests active members of society but long been striving for the spiri­ , "the proper upbringing of their children in a holy and also to bring to those so sorely tual and material betterment. of filial 'fear of God, the beginning of wisdom,' on which afflicted the truths of the Cath­ foundation alone all respect for authority can rest securely; handicapped children. Among olic Church. and without which, order, tranquility and prosperity, Catholics who always take an , the leaders in this high endeavor whether in the family or in society will be impossible."­ are the members of two import­ The Editor. active part in the observance of ant 'divisions of the National (Continued on page 16) April, 1931 N. C. W. C. REVIEW 13 "The Catholic Church" -- Excerpts from. a Radio Talk By Rt. Rev. August J. Schwertner, Bishop of Wichita On every third Sunday of the month there is delivered over the Hotel Lassen-Wichita Eagle Station KFH, Wichita, Kansas, a Catholic radio hour. This hour is sponsored by the Catholic Action Committee of the Wichita Knights of Columbus Council 691. The Committee is an organized group of Catholic laymen who plan and carryon Catholic lay activity under the supervision of the Rt. Rev. Bishop of the Wichita Diocese. The first radio program was given in October, 1930, and other radio houTs have followed regularly since that time. In the accompanying article we reprint excerpts from an address by Bishop Schwertner introducing the Wichita Catholic radio hour.

"THE FIRST AND ONLY purpose of certainty, for Christ said to His Church: 'He this service is to set forth in plain that heareth you, heareth me; and he that de­ and simple language for your thought­ spiseth you, despiseth me,' and 'Behold, I am ful consideration and study, the doctrines, with you all days, even to the consummation practices and history of the Catholic Church of the world.' At all times in her long history by those who know and are able to speak with and in all places, however, humble or remote, authority. The method to be followed will be she has preserved the unity of faith and explan~tory and not controversial. . . . doctrine. "In our age and country, there are today many earnest souls groping about in spiritual "B Y far the greatest ignorance of the Cath- darkness and doubt, seeking the light of truth olic Church, however, is in regard to her and the solution of religious problems; many religious practices and liturgy. Every year others there are who need comfort and conso­ thousands of non-Catholics attend our divine lation in the trials and hardships of life. There services of Holy Mass at funerals, weddings are many-perhaps well enough educated in RT. REV. AUGUSTUS J. and other functions; they witness the adminis­ other respects-whose knowledge of the Church SCHWERTNER, D.D. tration of the sacraments, the veneration of Bishop of Wichita is very limited and oftentimes erroneous. And the images and relics of Our Lord and of His finally there are many others whose only knowledge of the saints, the Way of the Cross and other ceremonies. Few of Church is derived from the false and malicious statements these thousands, however, know the beautiful and significant of her enemies. meaning underlying these ceremonies, many of which go "The prevalent ignorance about the Church, even among back to the days of Christ and His Apostles. wel1-mea~ng people, is often surprising. The accusations "The Church expresses those spiritual ideas and values and misrepresentations against the Church by her enemies which our bodily senses cannot perceive, in a tangible and are usually ridiculous and absurd. concrete form by her liturgy and cer~monies. . . . "There is also a vast amount of ignorance outside the "HOWEVER, in spite of all this ignorance and prejudice, Catholic Church regarding confession, indulgences, our re­ there is a large body of the American people who are ligious schools, convents, monasteries, our marriage laws, always eager to learn the truth about the Catholic Church the infallibility and primacy of the Pope, besides many and love fair play in all things. other Catholic doctrines and practices. The Catholic Church As the oldest and most widely spread Christian institu­ as many know her, is not the Catholic Church as she is. tion on earth, the Catholic Church is deserving of most care­ You wi1l agree with me, that it is not fair or reasonable to ful study. Her doctrines of salvation are founded on divine seek knowledge or information about the Catholic Church, revelation. In the beginning, it was she who collected the or about any other institution for that matter, from her various inspired writings, passed on their authenticity, in­ enemIes. terpreted them and during 1,500 years preserved them for future generations. Had it not been for the priests and monks "THE impartial and conscientious student of hlstory can­ of the early and middle ages, who transcribed and multi­ not ignore the important part the Church has played plied the Bible, few copies would have survived the ravages in the history of the world and of our own country.... of time. "In her long history, however, she also had much to 'suffer "Not only did she preserve the Bible, but she handed from persecution, defection, heresy and schism. But the down to our days the Apostolic traditions, the writings and gates of hell have not prevailed against her. She was founded commentaries of the Fathers of the Church on the Holy by Christ and will continue to the consummation of the world. criptures. She is not human, but divine. . . . "While many today are discarding divine revelation or "In the history of our country, the names and deeds of misinterpreting it according to their own private opinions, Catholic men and women are not difficult to find. The she clings to it with the same tenacity that has characterized earliest discoveries and explorations were made by her sons, her during the past nineteen centuries. Her doctrines today many of whom were Catholic priests. Many of our moun- are identical with the doctrines taught by Christ and his Apostles. When she teaches, she speaks with authority and (Continued on page 28) 14 N. C. W. C. REVIEW April, 1931 Cosmopolitan Audience of the Catholic Hour Interested Listeners Found in All Parts of the World OME HINT OF the cos­ synopsis of those conferences mopolitan character of the REV. DR. FRANCIS J. CONNELL, C.SS.R., profes- given out by Father Gillis and those of Monsignor Corrigan. S audience the Catholic Hour sor at the Redemptorist House of Studies in Esopus, I am very desirous of reading is interesting was given recently N. Y., will be one of the two speakers of the Catholic Hour from March 29 to and including April 19. He is to them and having them read by when, within a period of three deliver the address in the first period of the program. some friends of mine." days, letters from four hearers Rev. Dr. Louis Motry, professor of canon law at the This Mexican professor hears in England, Ireland, New Provi­ Catholic University of America, Washington, D. C., will the Catholic Hour by way of continue to answer questions until April 19. dence (one of the Bahamas) and Station WOAI, San Antonio, Mexico, arrived at the head­ Dr. Connell was heard in the Catholic Hour last August when he delivered the first address-"The Science of Saint- Texas. quarters of the National Coun­ hood"-of the series on the Founders of Religious Orders. cil of Catholic Men. These let- Rev. Michael J. Larkin of New Rochelle, N. Y., will give IRELAND speaks by the lips . ters, however, ecumenical as they a course of six addresses on "The Sacraments," following of a man in Ratoath, County were, did not fully represent the Dr. Connell's series. Rev. Dr. Francis L. Curran of Cathe­ Meath. His letter came to the extent to which these programs dral College, Brooklyn, will succeed Dr. Motry. National Council of Catholic are reaching the ears, if not also Men through short-wave Station the hearts, of the earth's inhabi- W2XAF, Schnectady, New York. tants. Before these particular messages were received, there "For some time my friends and I have had the pleasure of had come letters from Africa, Labrador, Newfoundland, the listening to your short-wave W2XAD and W2XAF, and last Island of Trinidad, Costa Rica, Bolivia and Argentina. night (February 22) we heard the last of the sermons by Right It so .happens that the first of these letters from distant · Rev. Msgr. Corrigan. You stated that his addresses could be hearers hailed from Argentina, some five thousand miles to had in booklet form on request and I should be very grateful for a copy.... the south and east of New York. The next arrival from "Both W2XAD and W2XAF come in splendidly without parts remote was an appreciation from an English Catholic fading or distortion. Not a word of the Catholic Hour last in West Nigeria, Africa. Finally, a party of sealers and night was missed by us." fishermen on the frozen shores of Labrador, nearly two The English commentator on the Catholic Hour lives in thousand miles north and east of New York, reported hav­ Southampton. His letter, like that of the Irish writer, was ing heard the "Hour," including addresses by Rev. John A. dated February 23, 1931. It states: McClorey, S.J., and Rev. James M. Gillis, C.S.P. lCI am writing to you thinking you would be pleased to know that I received at full loud-speaker strength your address TWO facts are revealed by this tremendous sweep of the on 'Christ and His Church' ," says this Englishman. "I got it radio. One of them is that man has devised a means of from Station WGY, Schenectady, New York, at 11:15 p. m. communicating Christ's gospel instantaneously to "every G.M.T., (Greenwich Time). "Last night it was as clear as if nation under the sun." The second of these facts is that in you, the speaker, were in the room. I hope to hear you again." all parts of the world-in the new and the old regions of it Nassau, New Providence, is foreign, but not far. An Eng­ alike-the Catholic Church has not only a name and a local lish Catholic there tells with what favor the Catholic Hour habitation but also faithful followers who acknowledge one is received in Nassau. Lord, one faith and one baptism, no matter how many miles of land or water divide them; no m4tter what be their differ­ "People in Nassau," he writes, lCget the Hour generally through Station WIOD, Miami, or Station WJAX, Jackson­ ences in race, color, language or culture. ville, Fla. It is possible to hear it also through Station WEAF, A professor in Morelia, Mexico, writes thus of the Cath­ New York. olic Hour: lCMy information and my judgment are that your programs are growing in popularity. Your selection of speakers is such "The series of conferences of Father Gillis were really in­ that people, having heard one, are eager to listen again. teresting and comprehensive. That fact accounts, I believe, for the interest." HThose sermons presented by Monsignor Corrigan, rector of St. Charles Borromeo Seminary in Philadelphia, are beauti­ ful and highly moral and religiously educative. His per­ THE stations which carry the music and addresses in the suasive and convincing arguments bring light to many souls Catholic Hour from the studio in New York City to the and strengthen the knowledge and doctrine of the faithful. farthest reaches of the world are those mentioned by the Likewise, the resolution of the objections sent to you by an­ Irish listener-W2XAD and W2XAF, which are associated other father is a most attractive and important feature of your with Station WGY of the General Electric Company, transmission by radio. Schenectady. Station W2XAF is used at night, when dark­ "While I take this opportunity of sending you my personal ness covers the greater part of the area between transmitter congratulations as well as those from many persons who gather in my house every Sunday evening to listen to this radio trans­ and receiver. mission, I would like you to be so kind as to send me the (Continued on page 16) April, 1931 N. C. W. C. REVIEW 15 Dr. Schmiedeler to Head N. C. W. C '. Rural Life Bureau HE REV. DR. Edgar Schmiedeler, ology, Beatty, Pa., where he received the de­ O.S.B., professor of sociology in St. gree S.T.L" in 1918, and taught for six years at T Benedict's College, Atchison, I{ans., has St. Benedict's before coming to the Catholic been appointed director of the Rural Life Bu­ University of America. reau, Department of Social Action, National Father Schmiedeler is a member of the Cath­ Catholic Welfare Conference, to succeed the olic Rural Life Conference Committee on the Right Rev. Edwin V. 0 'Hara, now Bishop of Parent Educator, and has taken part in the Great Falls, Mont. He will take up the duties programs of the Catholic Rural Life Conference of this office next August. and the Catholic Conference on Industrial Bishop O'Hara, who prior to his appointment Problems. to the See of Great Falls was director of the REV. DR. EDGAR For three years he held the chair of dogmatic N ..C. W. C. Rural Life Bureau, kindly consented SCHMIEDELER,O.S.B. theology in St. Benedict's Seminary, 1919-22, . Professor of sociology in St. to continue as acting director until August 1 Benedict's College, Atchison, and the following year he was assistant pastor Kansas, newly appointed di­ rector of the Rural Life Bu­ at Seneca, Kans., one of the old st and best or­ next. reau, Department of Social Father Schmiedeler will also do special work Action, National Catholic Wel- ganized rural parishes in Kansas. In the sum­ fare Conference. in the N. C. W. C. Department of Social Action mer of 1927, he took a post-graduate course m on family life in the United States. sociology at Harvard University. Father Schmiedeler took his post-graduate work at the Catholic University of America, from which he was graduated OWING to his influence and work a course in rural sociol­ with the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. His thesis was en- ogy has been conducted at St. Benedict's for the last ten titled "The Industrial Revolution and the Home," and was years. Father Schmiedeler collaborated last year with a comparative study of family life in the country, town, and Ernest R. Groves, research professor in social science at city. He is also the author of the recently published work, South Carolina University, in presenting the Catholic "An Introductory Study of the Family." family history for the year as a part of the research bulletin, A native of Kansas City, Kans., Father Schmiedeler at- American Journal of Sociology. tended parochial schools and St. Benedict's College. He At present Father Schmiedeler is engaged in editing a took his theology at St. Vincent's Graduate School of The- book of readings on the family. -----+,----- Mid -Winter Meeting of the Executive Committee, N. C. C. M. HE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE of the National Council of enterprise and must bear the cost of presenting the weekly programs. T Catholic Men held its mid-winter meeting in Washington, March For 1931, this expense is budgeted at· $40,000. This activity of the 3 and 4. The committee was brought together to review the work now National Council of Catholic Men alone, therefore, is in reality a busi­ being done and to plan new work to be undertaken by the National ness enterprise of very large proportions. Council of Catholic Men. The members of the committee come from Reports received from all parts of the country on the Catholic Hour widely separate places and to attend a meeting involves, for some of show that it has been well and favorably received and has won praise them withdrawal of several days from their own business. Those everywhere because it has been maintained at a high standard of dig­ prese~t at the meeting were: Walter T. Johnson, president, Kenton, nity and quality. Ohio; Dr. B. H. Swint, Charleston, W. Va.; Hon. Joseph A. Moynihan, The six permanent committees formed within the National Council Detroit, Michigan; Joseph M. Tally, Providence, R. 1.; Francis R. of Catholic Men have for their purposes (1) to assist in the development Lowther, St. Louis, Mo.; Admiral Wm. S. Benson, K.C.S.G., Wash­ of Catholic organizations; (2) to promote Catholic education; (3) to ington, D. C.; Thomas P. Flynn, Chicago, Illinois; Thomas R. Nolan, promote an interest in the Catholic press; (4) to study crime and dis­ Cleveland Ohio' and Charles F. Dolle, Washington, D. C. regard of law; (5) to study industrial problems and unemployment; The Right Reverend Joseph Schrembs, Bishop of Cleveland and and (6) to promote practical apologetics. Laymen prominent in the episcopal chairman of the Department of Lay Organizations, and the professions, business and industry throughout the country have ac­ Reverend John J. Burke, C.S.P., general secretary of the National cepted places on these committees. One of the present tasks of the Catholic Welfare Conference, also participated in the meeting. National Council of Catholic Men is to inaugurate the work of the com­ The board went thoroughly into all work in which the National mittees, to make it available to the affiliated organizations composing Council of Catholic Men is engaged. It considered the development of the membership of the National Council of Catholic Men and to Cath­ the plans for the work of the six permanent committees organized last olic laymen and societies generally. year to make studies in certain fields of Catholic lay activity and the The Executive Committee felt that the time is opportune to bring national broadcast sponsored by the National Council of Catholic Men, to the attention of the Catholic laity, with renewed emphasis! the or­ an undertaking of the utmost importance. This broadcast involves ganization and purposes of the N'ational Council of Catholic Men, its the use of more than half of the stations associated with the National accomplishments and the benefits it has to offer affiliated groups. The Broadcasting Company, a service for which, if :he N. C. C. M. had to headquarters office was instructed to take steps to bring to the atten­ pay for it, would alone require a yearly expendIture of about $500,000. tion of the Catholic laity of the United States the objectives of the Notwithstanding that these stations cooperate in the production of the National Council of Catholic Men and the service it seeks to render to Catholic Hour without charge for use of their facilities, the National all Catholic interests, and particularly to seek to increase the number Council of Catholic Men has the responsibility of conducting this great of affiliated organizations. ------+1------16 N. C. W. C. REVIEW April, 1931 Memorial to Father Serra Added to Statuary Hall N SUNDAY AFTERNOON tribute memorials of her two most March 1, 1931, the National distinguished citizens. It was stipu­ O Statuary Hall of the Capitol, lated, however, that they be persons Washington, D. C., was the scene of deceased and honored for their "his­ the unveiling of California's memorials toric renown or for distinguished civic to her two most distinguished sons. or military services, such as each state The statues, dedicated by the state's may deem worthy of this national com­ delegation, headed by U. S. Senator memoration." Up to the present time, Hiram W. Johnson, commemorated the 35 states have contributed 63 statues. Franciscan missionary, Padre Junipero Other Catholics represented by these Serra, "California's Apostle to the In- figures of bronze and marble include . dians," and Rev. Thomas Starr King, Father James lVlarquette, French Jesuit clergyman and author of Civil War missionary among the Indians, who, days. The impressive ceremonies were with Louis Joliet discovered the Mis­ the culmination of the work of the Cali­ sissippi River at Prairie du Chien, Wis­ fornia Commission on Representation consin, June 17, 1673. This tribute in National Statuary Hall, created by from Wisconsin, dedicated in 1895, re­ a legislative act of 1927. quired a special resolution of approval The invocation was given by the Rt. by Congress-Father Marquette being Rev. Thomas J. Shahan, D.D., rector neither a native nor a citizen of that emeritus of the Catholic University of state. America. Secretary of the Interior, Ray L. Wilbur, -representing President IN 1893, the State of Illinois, contri­ Apostle and pioneer, unveiled in t he National Statuary buted the bronze statue of General Hoover, formally accepted the memor­ Hall of the Capitol, Washington, D. C ., ~Iarch 1, 1931. ials in behalf of the Government. Miss James Shields, who served with distinc- Grace S. Stoermer, secretary of the Commission and promi­ tion in the Mexican War, with Union forces in the Civil War, nent Catholic, presided at the exercises. and at different times, as U. S. Senator from three states. In 1901, the State of lVlaryland similarly honored her illu - T HE bronze statue of Padre Serra was unveiled by Repre- trious son-the famous Catholic patriot, Charles Carroll of sentative Florence P. Kahn of California. Hon. Isadore Carrollton, champion of the independence of the Colonies, B. Dockweiler, K.S.G., noted Los Angeles attorney, deliv­ member of the Maryland Council of Safety, a delegate to the ered the dedicatory address on the Franciscan. Among the Continental Congress, and last surviving signer of the Decla­ many present were representatives of the Franciscan order ration of Independence. and delegates from the Spanish, Mexican and Italian em­ In that same year there was placed in Statuary Hall the bassies. first statue from West Virginia, that of John Edward Kenna, The origin of National Statuary Hall dates from an a.ct representative in Congress and U. S. senator from that state of Congress July 2, 1864, which authorized the conversion who died in 1893. While quite young, he served in the Con­ of t.he former hall of the U. S. House of Representatives into federate Army and at one time attended the old St. Vincent's a repository for statuary. Each state was invited to con- College at ",Theeling, West Vir~inia.-D. J. R . '1' THE BLIND AND THE DEAF-(Contimled from page 12) AUDIENCE OF CATHOLIC HOUR-(Continued from page 14) May Day-Child Health Day should this year consider especially the needs of those children who are deprived of ight and tho e who are tation W2XAD is most effective for daylight broadcasting. Station bereft of hearing. Examples of lay cooperation in behalf of the deaf W2..< -AF is u ed on Sundays during the Catholic Hour, but on the occa­ may be seen in the Ephpheta Auxiliary of Toledo and the Ephpheta sion of the recent epochal broadcast of His Holiness the Pope, Station Auxiliary that is conducted in Sandusky, Ohio. These auxiliaries W2XAD was employed. Reports from England announced that when under the leadership of Father Francis Seeger, S.J., are doing notable the British Broadcasting Company was unable to receive the signals work in furthering and promoting the spiritual and temporal welfare of Station HVJ, (at the Vatican) direct from Rome they re-broadcast of the Catholic deaf-mutes of Toledo and Sandusky. Similar efforts the signals of Station W2XAD. This station was also used on the after­ to assist the deaf and active interests in the education of the blind are noon of the same day to carry the voices of American speakers in the needed in all parts of the United States. Valuable assistance may be two-way conversations with enator Marconi and others in Rome. given by local groups to Catholic educators who are doing their utmost , tation W2XAF has been more successful than Station W2XAD in for the blind and the deaf-to help those who are so greatly handicapped getting distance, and it has been heard practically half-way round the to become faithful members of the Church and useful members of society. world. Perth, Australia, 12,000 miles from chenectady, re-broadcast Copies of the Children's Charter and additional suggestions for the Station W2XAF's signals in 1928 and Schenectady has frequently observance of J\'[ay Day, may be obtained by addressing the American carried on two-way conver ations 'with speakers in ydney and :.YIel­ Child Health Association, 450 eventh Avenue, Xew York City. bourne, Australia, and Wellington, ~ew Zealand. ------+------April, 1931 N. C. W. C. REVIEW 17

The Seventy-first Congress and the Immigration Problem

Immigration and Naturalization Legislation zen of the United States on the ground that bring her alien husband to this country out­ Passed During 3rd Session of he withdrew his intention to become a citi­ side the quota if the marriage took place 71 st Congress zen in order to secure discharge from military prior to June 1, 1928, while placing no such service, if such discharge took pl~ce after limitation in the case of the wives of Ameri­ THE BILLS on immigration and on OF November 11, 1918. This bill passed the citizenship that were considered during can men citizens. Senator Copeland made House on June 10, 1930, the Senate on June the three months of the last session of Con­ an unsuccessful attempt to have the June I, 25, and received the President's signatw'e on gress, only five of the former, none of them 1928 date extended to January 1, 1931 by February 11, 1931; .affecting large groups of aliens, and two of proposing an amendment to this effect to the H.R. 10672 (Cable) companion bill to S. bill under discussion). the latter, actually received approval. These 3878 (Gould), introduced during the second were: Immigration Bills: H.R. 3394 (Fish) session (March 12, 1930) in its original form introduced during the first session (May 25, proposed merely to repeal that part of Sec. 5 Important Immigration Bills Considered But 1929) amends Section 19 of the Act of 1917 and Sec. 6 of the Naturalization Law of June Which Failed to I;>ass by providing for the deportation of aliens 29, 1906 which requires the clerk of the court convicted in violation of the Harrison nar­ THE MOST IMPORTANT bills bearing to post notices of each petition for citizen­ cotic law. This bill passed the House on on immigration which were introduced ship. It passed the House in this form on July 3, 1930, the Senate on February 10, during the last session of Congress failed of January 5, 1931 but received three important 1931, and was signed by the President on enactment, three of them having been caught amendments in the Senate. The House dis­ in the Senate jam of March 3 and 4. Their February 18; agreeing, the bill went to Conference and was H.R. 3309 (Jenkins) introduced during the proposals were entirely concerned with either reported back to the respective houses on first session (May 24, 1929), provides extra suspending or further restricting immigra­ March 3. It was passed on tlie same date compensation for overtime service performed tion on the plea that the present unemploy­ and received the President's signature. by immigrant inspectors and other Immigra­ ment situation in this country called for such As passed, the bill, in addition to eliminat­ tion Service employes. It passed the House measures for the protection of the American ing the requirement of posting notices in on June 16, 1930, the Senate on February 26, workingman. naturalization proceedings, makes the fol­ 1931 and was signed by the President on Although the State Department is already, lowing changes in the naturalization law: through administrative procedure, reducing March 2; (1) It permits persons born in the United H.R. 9803 (Jenkins) introduced during the immigration to a minimum, and is in fact States who established permanent residence second session (February 12, 1930) amends leaning over backward in this respect by re­ in foreign country prior to January 1, 1917 the fourth proviso to Sec. 24 of the Act of fusing visas to persons who are neither likely and who became naturalized citizens of such 1917, by authorizing payment of the expense to become public charges nor coming to re­ country, but who have returned to the United of transporting the remains of inspectors or place laborers in this country, the N. C. W. C., States for permanent residence, to regain other employees of the I,mmigration Ser,vice, while feeling such legislation unnecessary, was American citizenship without compliance who die while in, or in tnmsit to, a foreign not actually opposed to it except on one very with the 5-year residence requirement. The country in the discharge of their official serious ground. This was that these bills, applicant instead needs only to wait six duties, to their former homes in this country with the partial exception of H.J.Res. 439 months after filing his declaration of inten­ for interment, and the ordinary and neces­ (Johnson), utterly failed to provide for the tion before applying for final papers. sary expenses of such interment, at their admission to this country of the wives and posts of duty or at home. This bill was (2) It permits a woman who married an minor unmarried children of legally admitted passed by the House on June 9, 1930 and being alien inelligible to citizenship to retain her and permanently resident aliens able to sup­ amended by the Senate was sent to Confer­ own American citizenship and provides that port them. The admission of such wives and ence on June 27. The Conference report was a woman who has lost citizenship by such a children, as previously pointed out in these agreed to by the Senate on February 16, marriage or by residence abroad after mar­ pages, would in no way affect the unemploy­ 1931 and by the House on February 20, re­ riage to an alien, may, if she has not ac­ ment situation, except possibly to improve ceiving the President's approval the follow­ quired any other nationality by affirmative it by increasing the number of consumers. ing day; act, become naturalized in the short manner H.R. 12037 (Porter) introduced during the already provided by Section 4, as amended, second session (April 30, 1930) provides pay­ of the Cable Act of September 22, 1922. S.J.Res. 207 and Companion Bill H.J.Res. ment to the Polish Government for costs in­ This privilege, however, is not extended to 439 to Suspend Immigration curred by mistaken identity of an alien de­ women whose American citizenship originated for Two Years ported to Poland. It passed the House Jan­ solely by reason of their marriage to citizens THE TWO BILLS at first brought for- uary 19, 1931, the Senate on February 10, of the United States or by reason of the ac­ ward as a gestme to offset the "depres­ and was signed by the President on February quisition of United States citizenship by their sion" were the Reed-Johnson bills (S.J.Res. 14; husbands. It likewise provides that a woman 207 introduced December 2 and H.,J.Res. S. 5743 (Copeland) introduced during the who was an American citizen at birth shall 439 introduced December 15) both of which third session (January 5, 1931) provides 24 not be denied naturalization by reason of proposed to suspend all general immigration hour quarantine inspection service in certain her race. for two years. Visitors, the non-quota classes ports of the United States. It passed the In other words, this part of the Act merely (with the exception of residents of the Wes­ Senate February 10, 1931, the House on renders belated justice and equality to the tern Hemisphere) and preference relatives of February 27, and was approved March 3. American woman citizen by removing the American citizens were exempt from the Naturalization Bills: H.R. 5627 (Langley) last discrimination which existed in the general suspension, and Mr. Johnson's bill in introduced during the second session (De­ statute relating to the citizenship and natur­ addition exempted the wives and minor un­ cember 2, 1929) provides that notwithstand­ alization of married women. (A discrimina­ married children of legally domiciled aliens ing any provision of law to the contrary, no tion still exists in the Immigration Law, which who had registered for visas before December alien shall be debarred from becoming a citi- only permits the American woman citizen to 11, 1930, providing for their admission within 18 N. C. W. C. REVIEW Ap1"l'Z, 1931

the quotas, which were, however, reduced l\tlr. Gibson and Mr. Cooke. Due, it is as­ April 8, 1930 but was kept from going to the 50%. sumed, to the fact that H.J.Res. 473, as well House for action at that time by a motion to Both these bills treated the Philippines as as its predecessors, treated the .Philippines as reconsider it made by Senator Gould of Maine a foreign country and suspended Filipino a foreign country and restricted immigration in behalf of Senator Bingham of Connecticut. immigration. of their nationals to continental United States The bill had for its object the prevention Hearings were held on S.J.Res. 207 on De­ to 500 each year for the two years covered by of alien seamen gaining illegal admission to cember IS, 16 and 18 before the Senate Im­ the bill, the House Rules Committee refused the United States. Its provisions were neces­ migration Committee at which several wel­ to grant a rule, and in consequence a new bill, sarily so drastic, however, that overwhelming fare organizations, including the N. C. W. C. identical with H.J.Res. 473, except for the opposition to it developed on the ground, Bureau, appeared to urge that provision be omission of the section relating to the Philip­ first, that it was impracticable, and second, made to admit wives and minor children of pines, was introduced by Mr. Jenkins on that it would evolve constant friction with resident aliens within the present quotas. February 12 and favorably reported to the other maritime powers. I ts proposals were Some of the organizations went on record as House on February 17. This new bill was in the main: opposing the bill in toto. The Philippine . H.J.Res. 500. (Another bill, H.J.Res. 504 1. That all alien seamen shall be examined Commissioners likewise appeared in opposi­ embodying the Filipino restriction, was like­ upon arrival to determine whether they are tion to that part of the bill which placed the wise reported on February 17 but got no bona fide seamen and do not belong to a race Philippines in the status of a foreign country farther). ineligible to cit.izenship unless, in the latter and included their nationals in the suspension case, they are employed on ships belonging to and were supported by Senator Bingham of countries of which they are natives. Connecticut, chairman of the Committee on H.J.Res. 500, Also a 90% Reduction of 2. That any alien found not to be a bona Territories and Insular Affairs, and by Brig. Quotas, But Omittin~ Men- fide seaman shall be regarded as an immigrant General Francis Lejau Parker, chief of the tion of Filipir .' and shall be deported as a passenger, on a vessel other than that by which brought, at Bureau of Insular Affairs of the \Var Depart­ THE REAL IMMIGRATION battle of the expense of the vessel by which brought, ment. the Session was waged around H.J.Res. the latter not to be granted clearance until On the third day of the hearing Secretary 500. such expenses are paid or payment satisfac­ of State Stimson, appearing before the Com­ Eleven member organizations of the Joint torily guaranteed. mittee, pointed out that enactment of the Conference on Immigration Legislation, of 3. That all vessels entering U. S. ports Act would destroy for the proposed two year which the N. C. W. C. Bureau of Immigra­ with crews of whom the majority had been period the entire policy of the National Ori­ tion was one, promptly dispatched a protest taken on at foreign ports, must, when depart­ gins provision since a greatly larger percent to all the members of the House (and later on ing from the 1). S., carry a crew of at least of relatives of American citizens are applying to all members of the Senate) voicing objec­ equal number (unless where death or hos­ from Southern and Eastern European coun­ tion to any legislation suspending or limiting pitalization is responsible for the absence), tries than are applying from Northern and immigration which would prevent or delay any such vessel failing to comply with this Western Europe. He stated that inasmuch the reunion of families. A telegram in the requirement to be refused clearance. as the immigration of this class of aliens name of these organizations was likewise ad­ The bill finally passed the Senate on Feb­ would not be suspended, the result would be dressed to the Speaker of the House. ruary 20, 1931 and was referred to the House to reverse the percentage of admissions which A rule (H.Res. 370) having been granted Committee on February 24. Hearings were now exists in favor of the northern races to for consideration of the bill, it was brough held on February 24 and February 25 at a very large percentage in favor of the south­ up in the House on February 28 where much which representatives of the State and Labor ern and eastern. This statement proved to acrimonius debate developed as a result of Departments, the U. S. Shipping Board and be a blow for Senator Reed (father of the Mr. Jenkins' motion to suspend the rules and the Transatlantic Steamship Conferences ap­ bill) who had two years before succeeded in pass the bill. In spite of the fact that there peared in opposition to the bill and the Presi­ having the National Origins plan adopted. were six or seven dissenting minority members, dent of the International Seamen's Union of Mr. Stimson then tentatively suggested that the proponents of the bill were determined to America in favor of it. Although the bill a better plan than that proposed by S.J.Res. have it pass without discussion. The excite­ was favorably reported with an amendment 207 might be to effect a strai.ght cross-wise ment and the tempers of both proponents on February 28, further action on it got cut of 90% of all immigration quotas and to and opponents finally rose to such a pitch crowded out in the closing days of Congress. restrict immigration from the countries of that it was decided at 7 :30 P. M. to adjourn the Western Hemisphere to 10% of the num­ until Monday, March 2. On the date, two­ ber of visas issued in each of these respective thirds of the votes having favored a suspen­ countries during the fiscal year ended June sion of the rules, the bill was passed. H.R. 16296 to Exclude Communists and 30, 1930. This proposal likewise received With Senator Reed determined to bring H.R. 17152 Regarding Deporta- the endorsement of the Secretary of Labor. the bill before the Senate for action its pas­ tion of Criminals sage in the upper House seemed assured. As TWO OTHER BILLS which had been a matter of fact, it was nothing but the given much consideration but which H.J.Res. 473 to Reduce Quotas 90% filibuster of Senator Thomas of Oklahoma, failed to pass were H.R. 16296 introduced by which began March 3 and only ended when ~1r. Bachmann on January 17 and H.R. A S A RESULT of Secretary Stimson's the Vice-President's gavel fell on March 4, 17152 introduced by Mr. Johnson on Feb­ suggestion, S.J.Res. 207 and H.J.Res. wbich prevented this. ruary 17, 1931. 439 were abandoned and a new bill intro­ The former provided for the exclusion and duced by Mr. Free as H.J.Res. 473 was expulsion of alien communists. It was favor­ drafted, incorporating the proposed 90% two ably reported on February 20. year immigration cut. S. 202 to Prevent Illegal Entry of Alien Seamen The later (which was a companion bill to This was reported to the House on January S. 6172 and was also favorably reported on 27 and the following day Mr. Johnson ap­ NEXT IN IMPORTANCE to H.J.Res. February 20) added to the classes of aliens plied (H.J.Res. 346) for a special rule per­ 500 was S. 202, introduced during the who may be deported at any time after mitting immediate consideration of the bill. first session (April 18, 1929) by Senator King entry: Minority reports were filed by Mr. Dickstein, of Utah. It was reported in the Senate on (Continued on page 91) April, 1931 N. C. W. C. REVIEW 19 N. C. C. W. Completes Organization in Four So·uthern Dioceses Mobile and Natchez Join Charleston and St. Augustine as New Units of National Organization

HE EXPANSION OF THE National Council of Catholic would not only injure but would tend in the direction of destroying Women through the organization of diocesan councils in four our system of schools. Fortunately, so far, the worst of these bills T southern dioceses since the Denver convention is indicative of have failed of passage. But the advocates of such legislation are well the increased understanding and appreciation of the aims and purposes organized and are extremely active and show every sign of continuing of that organization. The support of the Bishops and the cooperation on the struggle with constantly renewed efforts until they shall have at­ the part of the clergy and women of these dioceses are responsible for tained success. the splendid beginnings made in the Dioceses of Charleston, St. Au­ /lIn the face of attacks the Church cannot lie dormant and allow gustine, Mobile and Natchez. Tribute must be paid, too, to the un­ her enemies to rob her of her just right. Only by organized effort can the tiring efforts of Dr. Anne M. Nicholson, field secretary of the Council, Chtrrch protect herself against the thorough organization of those who for her outstanding work in connection with the preliminary work of are not sympathetic with her. She must raise her voice in protest. organization in each of these dioceses. If such protests, however,' come from small scattered groups throughout the country little attention is paid to them; but if the united protest IN THE DIOCESE OF MOBILE of the Catholic women of the country against some hostile measure is presented it will demand attention. Mass celebrated by Rt. Rev. Thomas J. Toolen, D.D., Bishop of "I feel that the grouping of the ladies' societies of the divcese and Mobile at the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, February their affiliation with the N. C. C. W. can be a sotrrce of great good both 24, offi~iallY 'opened the organization meeting of the Mobile Diocesan to the Chruch at large and to the individual societies and parishes, Council of Catholic Women with delegates in attendance from all because I feel that they will induct a certain spiritual life and activity sections of Alabama and northwest Florida. into the groups that affiliate with this organization." The morning session was consumed with discussion and adoption It was therefore not strrprising to find that over four hundred women of the constitution. Luncheon was served at the Battle House and the attemled the meeting on Sunday, October 15, which inaugurated the afternoon session was held at the auditorium. Mrs. Edward J. Grove, Diocesan Council. temporary president of the Mobile deanery, presided. At the direction of Bishop Gerow, the inaugtrration of the Council Bishop Toolen, in his address during the afternoon session, extended in Mississippi was placed in the hands of the Mississippi State Chapter a brief welcome to the delegates on behalf of the diocese and predicted of the International Federation of Catholic Alumnae to which much success for the council. He stated that the purpose of the organization of the recognition for what has already been accomplished is due. was to unite for the civic and moral welfare of the state and country, Miss Emma, E. Miazza is state chairman for the 1. F. C. A. and urged the disseInination of Catholic literattrre in order to eradicate Following the adoption of the constitution at the morning session, the erroneous ideas entertained by many regarding the Catholic religion. Rt. Rev. Msgr. Patrick O'Reilly, pastor of St. Peter's Church, Jackson, Dr. Nicholson outlined the functions of the diocesan committees spoke on "Catholic Activity" and the Rev. Geoffrey O'Connell, diocesan and made suggestions which, in her experience, had been helpful to director of the Propagation of the Faith Society, spoke on "Man's other groups. She urged team work and loyalty to leadership in the Duty to His Neighbor." new organization. Miss Miazza presided at the luncheon at which Miss Frances Dono­ Mrs. W. 1. Grubb or-Birmingham was appointed by Bishop Toolen van, former state chairm::m of the 1. F. C. A. in Mississippi and ap­ to serve as temporary president. pointed temporary president of Natchez Diocesan Council, outlined Other temporary officers are as follows: Deanery vice-presidents, the work of the organization and expressed appr~ciation to Dr. Nichol­ Mobile, Mrs. E. J. Grove; Montgomery, Mrs. E. J. Foley; Pensacola, son for her work in the diocese. Mrs. William A. Leonard; recording secretary, Miss Nanna Ebeltoft, His Lordship spoke on the various projects in which the Council Mobile; treasurer, Mrs. J. B. Jones, Pensacola; auditor, Mrs. Lucille Inight well interest itself. He mentioned the fostering of study clubs, Harper, Montgomery; chairman of publicity, Mrs. M. E. Hemy­ parent-teacher groups, vacation schools and Catholic instruction, Ruffin, Mobile; chairman of organization, Miss Armatine McGraw, sewing for missions and orphans, distribution of Catholic literature Mobile; chairman of activities, :Mrs. Hemy Stoutz, Mobile. and prolI).otion of retreats for women. The first annual convention is scheduled for April 27 to 29 and will An appeal to the Catholic women to take an active interest in the be held in Birmingham. schools of the parishes was made by Sister Annunciata, superior of Mrs. James Downey, member of the Board of Directors of the Na­ St. Joseph's Academy, Jackson, in a message to the laywomen of the tional Council of Catholic Women, who has been instrumental in in­ Church from the religious. teresting the women of the diocese in the work of the Council, attended In addition to Miss Donovan, temporary officers were named as the organization meeting, and many of the preliminary meetings. follows: District presidents: Mrs. S. J. Corso, BilQxi; Mrs. E. J. LaCoste, Bay St. Louis; Mrs. W. H. Wilson, Natchez; Mrs. B. D. Moore, IN THE DIOCESE OF NATCHEZ Hattiesburg; Mrs. Katie Alien, Meridian; Mrs. G. F. Maynard, Col­ umbus; Mrs. James Grasty, Greenville; Mrs. C. A. Francioli, Jack­ In February, the Right Rev. Richard O. Gerow, Bishop of Natchez, son; and Mrs. John Brunini, Vicksburg. sent out an appeal to the pastors in the diocese asking that they do all Miss Josephine Spengler of Jackson was cha.irman of the organiza­ in their power to aid in the organization of the National Council of tion meeting. Catholic Women in Mississippi. The following is quoted from his letter: ------+------/lIn these days when attacks upon the Church are numerous and from many sources we can meet these attacks only by presenting a Essay Contest in Leavenworth Diocese united front, for defense by small scattered groups is unavailing against The Leavenworth Diocesan Council of Catholic Women is again the organized efforts of those who are hostile to us. busily engaged in plans for an essay contest. Subject~ include "The "As an example of the attacks that the Church has to meet, I will Religious Vacation School Movement," "Study Clubs," and "Train­ mention one: There is a strong and well organized effort being made ing for Social Service." Material has been furnished by N. C. C. W. to pass federal legislation that will seriously affect our Catholic school headquarters for use in preparation of the papers. The winner of last system. From time to time bills have been presented to Congress that year's contest was presented with a trip to the Denver Convention. ------+------20 N. C. W. C. REVIEW April, 1931

Brief Reports of N.C.C.W. Activities inVarious Dioceses

Second Annual Convention of San Antonio Council recent quarterly meeting. Mexico, Spain and Italy were treated in papers given by Mrs. F. L. Grossman, Mrs. V. MacAdams, lVIrs. D. S. pONTIFICAL HIGH MASS at the Cathedral of San Fernando, Hanley, Mrs. J. P. Sinnott, Mrs. C. E. d' Arnoux, Mrs. Don Abernathy marked the opening of the second annual convention of the San and Mrs. William B. Philipps. Mrs. J. J. Conley told what Catholics Antonio Archdiocesan Council of Catholic Women in San Antonio, March 5 and 6. The convention, which was held in conjunction with are doing for unemployment. The luncheon program at which the Rev. John Daly, deanery the bicentennial celebration in honor of the founding of the missions, moderator, presided, was in the nature of a chi.d welfare program. Mrs. was an outstanding success. The delegates witnessed the pageant at the Mission Conception on M. B. McBride, diocesan chairman of the local parent-teacher group, reported on this work; Miss Margaret Donley, spoke on "Mental March 5 and attended the banquet which the Knights of Columbus tendered to His Eminence, Patrick Cardinal Hayes, of New York. Problems;" Dr. E. T. Hanley'S subject was "Health;" and Rev. Wil­ liam 0 Neill addressed the group on "The Spiritual Outlook." Miss The business sessions on Friday were given to reports of affiliated Hellen Collins reported the work of the Child Placement Bureau. organizations and Council officers. Mrs. Will Glover gave a very in­ Reports of officers and affiliated organizations indicated a very formative address on "Our Diocesan Council-What It Means." broad welfare program throughout the deanery. Mrs. Robert Moen of Mrs. John J. Wahl, who was re-elected president, was toastmistress at the luncheon. His Grace, the Most Reverend Arthur J. Drossaerts, Seattle is president of the deanery. Archbishop of San Antonio, gave the principal address. Other speakers Rev. R. E. Lucey Urges Study of Legislation were: Rev. J. S. Lockwood, whose subject was "Religious Vacation R.t . Robert E. Lucey of Long Beach, California, past president of Schools;" Mrs. C. B. Mendel, member of the Board of Directors of the National Council of Catholic Women, who spoke on "National Prob­ the California .State Conference of Social Workers, recently addressed the Seattle Diocesan Council of Catholic Women at an impromptu lems;" the Rev. Leo V. Murphy, S.S.J.; and Mrs. Louis Poth, state re­ gatheri Father Lucey stressed the importance of having trained gent of the Catholic Daughters of America. workers and outlined the manner in which the Council could aid The reports of committees, election of officers, appointment of stand­ through their parent-teacher associations. He urged study clubs ing committees and the meeting of the board of directors occupied the among Catholic women in order that they may keep abreast of the times. remaining hours. Mrs. A. J. LeBlanc, grand regent of the Catholic Daughters of Reviewing the necessity for correct social legislation he charged the women to watch state legislation carefully, themselves initiating legis­ America, who was general chairman of the convention, was elected lation which would be remedial. first vice-president. Other vice-presidents are: Mrs. James Costello, Mrs. Edward Roos, Mrs. F. Gutieriez, Mrs. W. McCulley; Mrs. A. V. Mrs. A. S. Clark Explains N. C. W. C. to Florida Guild Huth, and Mrs. James Waelder. Mrs. Hugh B. Rice was chosen lVlrs. R. S. Clark, recently appointed president of the St. Augustine treasurer; Mrs. William Glover, recording secretary; and :Miss Ada Diocesan Council of Catholic Women, gave a very illuminating address Moore, corresponding secretary. on the National Catholic Welfare Conference and the National Council of Catholic Women at a recent meeting in Sarasota, Florida, which Miss Hawks Addresses Buffalo Group inaugurated the St. Martha's Guild of that city. The Rev. Charles Attempts of feminists to enact legislation which would give women Elslander, pastor of Nt. Martha's Church, complimented Mrs. Clark on identical rights with men were vigorously condemned by Miss Mary her very clear and concise explanation of the work of these organiza­ Graham Hawks of Summit, N. J., president of the National Council of tions, and urged whole-hearted cooperation on the part of the local Catholic Women, in an address before the Catholic Women's Saturday women in diocesan and national activities. Afternoon Club in Buffalo on March 14. Mrs. Alma M. Bisbee was elected president of St. ~lartha's Guild. Miss Hawks in particular disapproved of the equal rights blanket amendment, characterizing it as a potential blow to all that woman Msgr. Vehr Tells Audience of 500 Need of Catholic Education had accomplished after years of long legislative fighting for pl:otection The interested and enthusiastic response of about five hundred of women in industry. She urged the concerted effort of all Catholic Catholic women who attended the meeting of the Cincinnati Archdiocesan women toward organization. Federation of Catholic Women, held recently in Hamilton, Ohio, was The meeting was held in the auditorium of D'Youville College and gratifying to the sponsors of that splendid organization and gave was the first of a series of lenten lectures to be given by nationally additional impetus to its plans for the future. known speakers. Miss Irene Dela- Mrs. R. K. LeBlond, president, hunt, president, presided. Miss Char- presided at the business session and lotte Meagher is lecture chairman. outlined the plans for late 'winter and spring. The Catholic Union and Times, official IN MEMORIAM organ of the Buffalo Diocese, charac­ The pupils of ~ otre Dame high terized Miss Hawks as "one of the THE National Council of Catholic Women records School served the luncheon at which best known Catholic women in Amer­ with deep regret the death of Mrs. W. J. Keogh of Mrs. John A. Wulftange, president of ca and president of the most influen­ Sioux Falls, South Dakota. Mrs. Keogh took an active the Hamilton region, presided. tial group of Catholic women in the part in the work of the Council from its organization in The Rt. Rev. Monsignor Urban J. United States." 1920. She was the first president of the Sioux Falls Dio- Vehr of St. Gregory's Seminary in cesan Council and an indefatigable worker for that or- Cincinnati and 1\1. O. Burns of Hamil­ International Problems Studied by ganization. For many years she was a familiar figure at ton were the principal speakers. Central Deanery Council of Seattle the national conventions-so much so that it will be The need of Catholic education and A discussion of the present day prob­ difficult to visualize one without her. of training in the home was the sub­ ject of ::VIon ignor Vehr's talk. Mr. lems in countries which have been stu­ God has seen fit to call her to Himself. The Council Burns, a prominent attorney, spoke died by the club groups affiliated with begs the prayers of all of its members for the happy, on the old age pension bill which wa the central deanery of the Seattle Dio­ eternal repose of her soul. cesan Council formed an unique and recently introduced in the Ohio State interesting part of the program of its Legislature.

• APTil, 1931 N. C. W. C. REVIEW 21

The invitation of Mrs. Katherine Beghardt to hold the ne:xt meeting manifested during the past few months and that all deaneries had COll­ in l\1arion was accepted. tributed toward its support. A splendid understanding of the necessity for such a center prevails and the report of Mrs. Claude E. Storey, Mrs. E. F. Brucker Heads N. C. C. W. Convention Program Committee executive secretary at Newman House, indicated a broader program :VIrs. E. F. Brucker, president of the Toledo Diocesan Council of among the Catholic students with a greater number using the club Catholic Women, has accepted the chairmanship of the Program Com­ rooms and attending religious discussions by the chaplain~ Rev. Justin mittee for the Eleventh Annual Convention of the National Council J. Butler, O.P. It was reported that many non-Catholic students also of Catholic Women, which will be held in Washington, D. C., October attend these discourses. - 4 to 7, 1931. Headquarters will be at the Mayflower Hotel. Mrs. M. B. McBride outlined the progress of the parent-teacher work The committee, which includes Mrs. Nora Cotter Brosnan and Mrs. and reported the formation of groups in a number of new parishes. Mrs. John J. Donohue of New York City; Miss Mary G. Hawks of Summit, Judson Benton spoke of the splendid work among the Filipinos carried N. J.; Mrs. William J. Hotz of Omaha, Miss Anna Dill Gamble of York, on by the diocesan committees. The widespread activity and influence Pa.; :Miss Elizabeth Barry and .Miss Alice Barry Reilly of Lancaster, of the study club movement was pointed out by Mrs. James Urquehart Pa.; Mrs. D. C. Stapleton, lVIiss Agnes G. Regan and Miss Margaret who is diocesan chairman for that project. The splendid work carried T. Lynch, all of Washington, D. C., met at national headquarters on on by the Committee on Religious Education was outlined by Miss March 21 and 22. Saidie Foye. Among the general topics selected for inclusion in the program were Deanery reports were presented by Mrs. R. A. Moen, Central "The Family" and itFederation." The Saturday preceding the conven­ Deanery; Mrs. Clyde Walton, Northern Deanery.., and Mrs. Jean tion will be given to discussion of organization. National committees Kenedy, Eastern Deanery. The reports of l\IIrs. R. G. Brown, Wes­ will also meet on that day. As plans mature, publicity will be given tern Deanery, and Mrs. J. Marshall Martin were read. them in the N. C. W. C. REVIEW. Mrs. John T. Welsh, president of the Seattle Diocesan Council, presided at the meeting. N. C. S. S. S. Planning Committee Discusses Raising of Endowment Fund Commemorating the thirty-fourth anniversary of the death of Dr. Jose Rizal, Filipino hero and patriot, the Yakima Filipino Club spon­ Following the meeting of the N. C. C. W. Convention Program Com­ sored ra memorial program recently in the K. of C. Hall at Yakima. mittee, the Planning Committee for the National Catholic School of This club is under the guidance of the Seattle Diocesan Council and is • ocial Service met and discussed plans for raising an endowment fund. part of its Americanization program. The Rev. Karl J. Alter, director of the school, presided at the meeting. The membership of this committee includes: Rev. John J. Burke, As a means'of stimulating interest in a recent meeting, the Yakima C.S.P.; Rev. Karl J. Alter; Rev. C. Hubert LeBlond, Cleveland; Rev. Council took advantage of unusual opportunities offered through the William J. Kerby: Washington, D. C.; David A. McCabe, Princeton, radio to announce the date, place, and program. Mrs. E. J. McGann, ~. J.; Miss Agnes G. Regan, Mrs. Henry Flather, :l\1rs. D. C. Stapleton, who gave the talk included also a brief explanation of the work of the Washington, D. C.; Mrs. Herbert Field Fisher, Hartford, Conn.; Mrs. National Council. Her efforts were rewarded by a record-breaking Leon C. Finck, Detroit, ~lichigan; l\1rs. Cecelia Casserly, New York attendance. City; l\1rs. Arthur Mullen, Omaha; Miss ::Ylary G. Hawks, Summit, A number of very excellent book reviews were given at the recent N. J.; Mrs. Edward C. Bailly, White Plains, ~. Y.; Miss Anna Dill meeting of the Catholic Council Study Club at Yakima. Mrs. A. J. Gamble, York, Pa.; Mr. and Mrs. John J. Donohue of New York City; Leimieux, the newly elected president, was hostess. Those who gave and :Miss Alice Barry Reilly of Lancaster, Pa. reviews were: Miss Maymie Ward, Mrs. Frank Houston, Mrs. J. Additional Names on N. C. C. W. National Committees Dalton and .Miss Hazel Mason, and lVIrs. Lester chwaegler. The following members have been added to National Committees Discussion of proposed legislation, national and state, featured the :::ince the Ii. t was published in the :Nlarch N. .' W. C. REVIEW: March meeting of the Tacoma Unit of the eattle Diocesan Council. Girls Welfare-YIrs. Emily McNamara, Archdiocese of San Antonio; Rev. Mark Wiechmann, O.S.B., spoke on the dangers in the trend of }\tIiss Ethel 1\lay Wright, Dioce 'e of Davenport; Immigration-Mrs. social legislation of the present day. The group went on record as op­ F. Gutterriez, Archdiocese of San Antonio; Mrs. Patrick J. Hurley, posed to the Cooper Maternity Bill and the Gillett Birth Control Bill. Diocese of Fall River; Mrs. A. J. Mulork.v, Diocese of Davenport; National Catholic School of Social Service-l\1rs. A. J. LeBlanc, Arch­ Mrs. Clyde Walton, president of the Northern Deanery of the diocese of San Antonio; Mrs. E. J. Walsh, Diocebe of Davenport; Seattle Diocesan Council, presided at the recent quarterly meeting. Industrial Problems-Mrs. J. J. Smith, Diocese of Davenport; Mrs. Reports of activities included parent-teacher associations, study clubs, "'ill Glover Archdiocese of San Antonio; Study Clubs-Miss Nora and rmal religious aid. The registration indicated that Arlington, Donohoe, Diocese of Davenport; Mrs. William. mall, Archdiocese of Anacortes, Bellingham, Everett, Sedro Woolley and Mt. Vernon were " an Antonio; Religious Education-Mrs. John Huston, Diocese of Da­ represented. Rev. J. F. Barrett and Rev. S. J. Carmody of Belling­ venport; :Mrs. W. 1\lcCully, A.rchdiocese of an Antonio; Mrs. Charles ham; Rev. Martin Duggan of Ferndale; Rev. GllStave Treunet of Ana­ Redman, Diocese of :Monterey-Fresno; Parent-Teacher Associations­ cortes; and Rev. 1\1. Murtagh of Sedro Woolley were in attendance. Mrs. Charles Linsenmeyer, Diocese of Davenport; Mis. Mittie Jones, The Ellensburg unit of the diocesan cou~cil held a meeting recently Archdiocese of • an Antonio. for the purpose of reviewing activities and of calling attention to new Seattle Diocese Reports Varied Activities members to the work of the diocesan council. Mrs. Clyde Suver pre- ided. Considerable time was devoted to discussion of problems, and Dioce an headquarters with an executive secretary have been es­ formation of plans for the expansion of activities. The Rev. Joseph tabli hed by the eattle Diocesan Council. Increased activity in the Luyten, dean of the Eastern Deanery, and Mrs. Harry A. LaBerge, variolls projects inaugurated by the Council and numerous demands member of the Board of Directors of the :N'ational Council of Catholic for information led to the appointment of Mrs. Robert M. Gebbie as Women, were the principal speakers. executive secretarY. Plans for the annual convention to be held in Bellingham early in May were discussed at a recent meeting of the The Young Ladies Institute Club of Seattle, under the direction of Council. Miss Patricia Kane, educational and recreational secretary, plans to Mrs. A. A. Schram, deanery chairman of the Newman activity, in increase activity in its employment department and solicit the coopera­ her report, declared that a more general cooperation for the mainte­ cooperation of Catholic business men in securing positions for unem­ nance of the Catholic center at the University of Washington had been ployed persons. 22 N. C. W. C. REVIEW April, 1931 All-Year Program for Catholic P. T. Groups NOTE-In the September, 1930, issue of the N. C. W. C. REVIEW there was published Part I of an All-Year Program for Catholic Parent-.Teacher Groups, prepared by Mrs. Henry J. Keyser, chairman of the P. T. Committee of the National Council of Catholic Women in cooperation with the Department of Education, National Catholic Welfare Conference. Mrs. Wm. J. Hotz, of Omaha, Nebr., has now succeeded Mrs. Keyser as chairman of the P.T. Committee of the N. C. C. W. The January, 1931, issue of the N. C. W. C. REVIEW carried Part II of the program covering the months of January, February and March. In this issue we present Part III of the All-Year Program, including suggestions for activities during the remaining months of the year, April, May and June. These programs are intended to serve as guides both in the actual conduct of the meetings and in the organiza­ tion of interest and cooperation in the work of members of P. T. groups. (See the September issue of this publication for suggestions with reference to organization, names and duties of permanent committees, etc.) The programs are naturally subject to 'such modifications and changes as may be deemed advisable in view of local conditions and re­ quirements. Each program emphasizes the religious and spiritual note fundamental to all endeavor bearing on the work of Catholic education. Part III - April, May and June

SPECIAL SUGGESTIONS FOR APRIL MEETING Mind pamphlet (America Press, New York); *Catechism of Catholic liThe whole history of Christianity and its institutions is noth­ Education; *Contribution of Catholic Education to American Life; Parent· ing else but the history of true civilization and progress up to the Teaf'her ABsociations in Catholic Schools (N. C. C. W.); "Ten Ways present day . ... What -of the founders of so many social and of vancing Catholic Education" by Charles N. Lischka, published charitable institutions, of the vast numbers of saintly educators, men in the August, 1930, issue of the N. C. W. C. REVIEW. and women, who have perpetuated and multiplied their life work, by leaving after them prolific institutions of Christian education, ·N. C. W. C. publications. in aid of families and for the inestimable advantage of nations? NOTE-The fact that Easter comes occasionally in March need not alter IISuch are the fruits of Christian education. Their price and the program as April is still Eastertime. value is derived from the supernatural virtue and life in Christ which Christian education forms and develops in man."~ENCY­ CLICAL OF POPE PIUS Xl ON IICHRISTIAN EDUCATION'OF YOUTH." SPECIAL SUGGESTIONS FOR MAY MEETING

Ii Disorderly inclinations then must be corrected, good tendencies Patronage; OUR RISEN LORD encouraged and regulated from tender childhood, and above all the During the month of April the Church is meditating upon the great mind must be enlightened and the will strengthened by supernatural event of the Resurrection, which is the pledge of Christ's victory over truth and by the means of grace, without which it is impossible to sin and death. Even nature expresses this great thought as it throws control evil impulses, impossible to attain to the full and complete off the dress of winter and puts on the lovely newness of spring. AB perfection of education intended by the Church, which Christ has members of the Mystical Body of Christ, the remembrance of this endowed so richly with divine doctrine and with the Sacraments, feast brings home to all of us the feeling of hope and assurance. Every­ the efficacious means of grace."-ENCYCLICAL OF POPE PIUS XI thing purely human dies and passes away but the Church is a divine ON "CHRISTIAN EDUCATION OF YOUTH." institution and will live on forever in spite of the powers of error and of evil that are arrayed against her. Patronage: OUR BLESSED LADY During this month we might well console ourselves with the thought that Catholic education in the United States is a living and constantly During the month of May we see all around us the beauties of nature growing force. Our sacrifices have not been in vain and our zeal has in the springtime. The face of the earth has been renewed and our been richly rewarded. Through the Catholic school the influence of thoughts naturally turn to youth and its great promise. But youth Clu.mt 18 kopt alivo in ow' national lifo, and cOill:loquolltly (,ho CAtholics likewi hn i clang r , p rti ularly in th changing civilization in of the United States, through their schools, are making a splendid con­ which we live. Fundamental principles and age old truths nre hard tribution to tho welfare of their country. pressed to make their influence felt when so many novelties and so much superficiality are abroad in the land.

Virtue: COURAGE IN THE CAUSE 01<' CHRIST The Church in her loving foresight places before our minds at this time of the year the beautiful picture of 1--1ary, the Mother of God. Topic She is the Queen of May and the Queen of Youth. Frequent medita· PERSEVERANCE IN OUR EDUCATIONAL EFFORTS tion on her personality and her vitues will serve to elevate our aspira­ tions and aid us to recapture for ourselves the best ideals of our own The necessity of constant expansion of Catholic schools. youth while it enlightens us as to the best ways of helping our chil­ The need of even greater sacrifice for the support of Catholic edu­ dren to discover their better selves and to be true to the principles cation. that are symbolized in our Blessed Mother. Pride in our Catholic schools and defense of their underlying prin­ ciples. A better understanding of the purpose of Catholic education and Virtue: PURITY cooperation with the clergy and religious in the task of translating this Topic purpose into action. Loyalty to the ideals of Catholic education and the conviction that SAFEGUARDING YOUTH they are bound to prevail. Stimulating young people to a healthful love of outdoor life. The obligation to know accurately the local needs of the Catholic The value of outdoor life- schools and ways of promoting their welfare. Ca) Membership in approved and well-directed organizations for outdoor life and recreation. BIBLIOGRAPHY (b) School and home gardens. *EncyclicaZ of Pope Pius XI on "Christian Education of Youth;" (c) General helpfulness at home-running errands, care of the OUT Faith in Catholic Education by Paul L. Blakely, S.J., in Catholic premises, pride in the attractiveness of the home. April, 1931 N. C. W. C. REVIEW 23

Ways and means of conducting May devotions in the home so as Provision of proper vacation reading for the children. to make them attractive to young people. C0.operation in summer plans to aid handicapped children-camps, Study of the Madonna in Art. vacatIOn schools, and other recreational problems. Ways and means of safeguarding the child against the evils of bad Necessity of providing for opportunity for Sunday Mass in all va- ~ompanions, dangerous literature, movies, etc. cation plans. . Necessity of full and close companionship and confidence between Necessity of taking care of children on vacations-Avoidance of parent and child. accidents and observance of "safety-first" practices at all times and Kindness to animals and care of pets. places. Cooperation in local plans for May Day-Child Health Day. BIBLIOGRAPHY BIBLIOGRAPHY Consecration of the Family to the Sacred Heart by M. D. Forrest, H1:S Mother by Grace Dargan (Macmillan Co., New York); Our M.S.C. (Paulist Press); *Encyclical of Pope Pius XI on "Christian Lady's Month by John J. Burke, C.S.P., S.T.D. (Paulist Press, New Education. of Youth;" *1930 Edition of the Directory of Catholic Col­ York); Mary, the Mother of Jesus by John Cardinal Newman (Paulist leg~s and Schools (for list of summer camps for boys and girls); *Play Press, New York); Innocence and Ignorance by M. S. Gillet, O.P. Fa'Lr by John M. Cooper; Developing Character in OUT Children (N. C. (Devin-Ada4", New York); *Encyclical of Pope Pius XI on "Christian C. W.); *A Catholic High School Library List by Agnes Collins· Pub- Education of Youth;" The Diffic~tlt Commandment by C. C. Martindale, lications of the National Safety Council, Washingto,n, D. C. ' S.J. (P. J. Kenedy & Sons, New York); The Education of Girls by Janet Erskine-Stuart (Longmans-Green, St. Paul, Minn.); Boy Guidance *N. C. W. C. publications. by Father Killian, O.M.Cap. (Benziger Bros., New York); *Health NOTE-This instalment concludes the All-Year (lO-month) program Through the School Day by Mary E. Spencer; *Health Education Bibli­ for P. T. groups. Criticisms and suggestions with regard ography by Mary E. Spencer; Sex Education and Training for Chastity to the monthly programs are invited. The Department of by Felix M. Kirsch, O.M.Cap. (Benziger Bros., New York); Religion Education, N. C. W. C., and the. N. C. C. W. would be pleased Outlines for Colleges-The Catholic Ideal of Life-Book by John M. 4, to receive opinions as to the value of printing this series in Cooper, Ph.D. (Catholic Educational Press, .Washington, D. C.); pamphlet form. Into Their Company-A Book for a Modern Girl on Love and Marriage (P. J. Kenedy & Sons, New York); Publications of the Audubon Society and publications on plants; radio talks on nature study, gardening and BIRTH CONTROL STAND OF FEDERAL COUNCIL OF flower culture. CHURCHES CONDEMNED THE Most ~everend Michael J. Curley, Archbishop of Baltimore, *N. C. W. C. publications. and the Right Reverend John J. Dunn, Auxiliary Bishop of the Archdiocese of New York, have made pointed comment on the action of SPECIAL SUGGESTIONS FOR JUNE MEETING the Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America which has IIParents therefore, and all who take their place in the work of officially approved as "valid and moral" the use of contraceptives by education, should be careful to make right use of the authority married persons. given them by God, whose mcars ,in a true sense they are. This Archbishop Curley's comment was: "It simply means that Protes­ authority is not given for their own advantage, but for the proper tantism, as represented by the 27 faiths allied with the Council is up-bringing of their children in a holy and filial 'fear of God, the morally bankrupt. It shows that Protestantism has yielded to the beginning of wisdom,' on which foundation alone all respect for demands of rna terialism and sex passion run riot." authority can rest securely; and without which, order, tranquility Bishop Dunn pointed out that lIthe essential.difference between the and prosperity, whether in the family or in ' society will be im­ Catholic teaching"-as set forth in the recent Encyclical of Our Holy possible."-ENCYCLICAL OF POPE PIUS XI ON "CHRISTIAN EDU­ Father-Hand that contained in the statement of the Federal Council is CATION OF YOUTH." that a~c~rding to the former, contraception is intrinsically wrong, wrong In Itself, and therefore can be justified by no set of circumstances Patronage: SACRED HEART OF JESUS whatsoever. 'rhp Holy lr'[lthAr hnA E>nc'om·ap;ed by rich imllllp;enC'f's the practioe of . IlI~ o~her words, the POl e S:tys, in eff ct, that if 1\ t.hing i wrong in consecrating the family to the Sacred Heart. The long summer vaca­ 1tself 1t 18 wrong and that is the end of it· tbe Council lays emphasis tion is n bout to hegin, d nrinp; which Hme the responsibility for the on circum tances stll'l'oundinp; th act. ' education of the children will rest entirely on the parents. Hence the (lAs a citizen of a country and a state that I love, I deprecate a pro­ great necossity of reminding ourselves of our intimate relations with nouncement lending aid and comfort to forces that will accelerate the our Blessed Saviour and of our duty of laboring constantly for the es­ downward trend in a population already in a virtual decline." tablishment of His Kingdom. .:.g~M"•• l of the Federal Council's stand on birth control was The Catholic school is making a brave attempt to interpret Christ also voiced by the Reverend Ignatius Cox, S.J., Reverend Dr. Fulton to the children by means of its curriculum, its textbooks, its discipline, J. Sheen, and Reverend Charles E. Ooughlin. . and its general spirit. During the summer months it is the obligation The Reverend Frederick H. Knubel, president of the U cited Luth­ of the parents to continue this work by means of the atmosphere of eran Church of America expressed his strong disapproval and remarked the home, the tasks that ru:e assigned to the children, and the well­ that "it is of prime significance that the present agitation for birth ordered routine of the day. . control occurs at a period notorious for looseness in sexual morality." The Catholic Physicians' Guild of the Bronx, New York, passed the Virtue: PARENTAL DIGNITY following resolution: "That the Committee on Marriage and the Home of the Federal Council of Churches of Christ in America in not con­ Topic demning contraceptive birth control, has offended against sound medi­ CARE OF CHILDREN DURING VACATION cine and sound morality." Assistance at Mass on Sunday and where possible at daily Mass. Dr. William Gerry Morgan, president of the American Medical Attendance at summer schools, extension schools and religious vaca­ Association said: ((If this social practice were to be universally indorsed tion schools. and adopted, it would open the door to unbridled dominance of the Cooperation with the monthly intentions of the League of the basest passions and give license to the most v.ridespread physical Sacred Heart. abuses." 24 N. C. W. C. REVIEW A p1'il, 1931 Unemployment Theme of Cleveland Industrial Conference Causes and Cure Discussed by Noted Speakers at Largely Attended Sessions

T THE CLOSING SESSION of the regional Washington, D. C., who spoke on the "Bishops' Program Catholic Conference on Industrial Problems in on Social Reconstruction." A Cleveland, March 9 and 10, the Rt. Rev. Professor Hagerty speaking on Pope Leo's Encyclical Joseph Schrembs, electrified an audience of leading said that "although nearly forty years have elapsed employers, labor officials, and representatives of local since this famous encyclical was given to the world, Catholic and social organizations with a strong plea for it would be difficult to discover a single phase of the organized labor, declaring against the "open shop" and labor movement of today not adequately covered in it. stating that "whatever improvement there has been in He continued: "We find labor unions rightly organized the condition of labor and in wages has been the result defended, collective bargaining approved, freedom of of organization." contract where the parties to the contract are unequal "Social justice," Bishop Schrembs said, "is the only vigorously assailed, the duty of the state to intervene basis for the lasting and permanent solution of present when necessary to protect the interests of labor sanc­ conditions. I am opposed to the lopen shop.' Its fun­ tioned, the importance of legislation urged governing the damental principle puts the employe at the mercy of RT. REV. length of the working day and the conditions of employ­ JOSEPH SCHREMBS the employer who too often will bargain for labor at its Bishop of Cleveland ment and especially legislation governing the employ­ lowest cost. If ever there comes the day when labor will Host to the regional meeting of ment of women and children, a.nd above all else a clean­ the Catholic Conference on In­ be disorganized, we shall again find men standing ready dustrial Problems and speaker cut statement of the obligations of employers to pay as at the closing dinner session. to sell their labor at any price that will be given." It Bishop Schrembs condemned a minimum a reputable family wage and the duty of the was at this point that Bishop Schrembs accredited or­ the "open shop" and advocated state to get it for him wherever possible-we find all joint boards of employers ann ganization with being the cause of the improvement in employes to work together in these in the famous Encyclical on Labor." solving unemployment and oth- labor's condition. er problems. FATHER MCGOWAN SPEAKS ON FAILURES OF IXDUSTRY J OINT BOARDS OF EMPLOYERS AND EMPLOYES URGED Father McGowan outlined the main points of the Bishops' Program "I would like to see," Bishop Schrembs continued, "joint boards of Social Reconstruction. The Bishops' Program, Father McGowan formed by employers and employes so that there could be mutual coun­ said, indicates one root failme of the present system, its paganism, and sel on what is the best plan for both. Therein lies a solution of unem­ it specifies three main defects. The root failure, he said, is that we do ployment and other conditions. With the specter of bolshevism rising, not act upon the principle "that religion and morals hold a rule over aye, 'with bolshevism feeding upon the unrest which in turn is fed by work, property and profits; that there are such things as fair profit.s, unfair relations between labor and capital, it is high time for captains fair interest, fair prices, fair wages and a fair working day." The of industry to adopt a program of readjustment of industrial relations three defects, he said, quoting the Bishops' Program, are "enormous along the lines of social justice such as will give the laborer an equitable inefficiency and waste in the production and distribution of commodi­ share of the fruits of his labor." ties, insufficient incomes for the great majority of wage earners and "The employer of today who is not concerned with the welfare of unnecessarily large incomes for a small minority of privileged capitalists. " his employes is doing more to create bolshevism than all the soap-box orators in the world who are preaching the pernicious and damnable Declaring that it is the root paganism of industry which has brought doctrine that out of the chaos of such unrest there is no other road on unemployment, Father McGowan quoted the Bishops' Program in than the bloody road of social anarchy. behalf of the justice of the living wage and the equity of the high wage. "Because we were and still are business pagans," he said, "we woultl liThe employe should be enabled to live in decent comfort, to own not and do not let the masses of the people buy a fair share of the goods his home, to provide for his family according to a high standard. There they did so much to produce. Consequently, the good could not be should be sufficient wage to permit cultural activities and to save for sold, plants were closed down, and millions were and are without work. his older years. The wife and mother should not be compelled through We were pagans and the punishment has come upon our heads." economic needs to go out of her home to work. Her duty is the making of her home and the rearing of her children. RETUR .~ TO CHRI TIAN INSTITUTIONS O~'LY RE::\IEDY "In order to look after that element of society which somehow never quite measures up to prevailing standards, we must provide in­ liThe fundamental remedy for this triple evil is la return t.o Chris­ surance against old age, sickness, accidents and unemployment, which tian life and Christian institutions,' just as the fundamental evil is the is one of the greatest causes of unrest. denial that justice and charity ought to rule economic life. Besides "There should be a maximum workday of not more than eight hours all the normal means of convincing people to live as Christians and and a minimum wage law. Any business which declares enormous mould their institutions to the Christian ideal, the Bishops' Program dividends ought to study seriously whether its employes are getting a recommends and urges two further means in detail. One is the organi­ fair share of the fruits of their production. This is not injecting Social­ zation of industry to decide upon justice and compel its observance, ism into business but stabilizing business and industry by the applica­ to establish peace, and to use unwastefully and efficiently the means tion of the principles of social justice." of production and distribution. This is the first and primary means. The other is legislation, important although supplementary to indus­ DR. HAGERTY SPEAKS ON POPE LEO's ENCYCLICAL trial organizations, to help attain the same end." Father McGowan described the Bishops' Program's advocacy of Bishop SchTembs spoke at the dinner meeting of the Conference, unionism, a federal labor board, minimum wage laws, social insurance presided over by Charles L. Corcoran, president of the Catholic Chari­ against sickness, invalidity, unemployment and old age, a nationally ties Corporation of Cleveland. Other speakers at the dinner meeting coordinated system of employment bureaus, city housing and child labor were Dr. James E. Hagerty of Ohio State University, president of the laws. He also told of its recommendations in behalf of the consumers

Catholic Conference on Industrial Problems, who spoke on II Pope and to break down the concentration of income and listed the consumers' Leo's Encyclical on the Condition of Labor," and the Rev. R. A. cooperative movement, anti-trust laws, the consideration of govern­ McGowan, assistant director, N. C. W. C. Social Action Department, ment competition. with recalcitrant monopolies, a fair return upon April, 1931 N. C. W. C. REVIEW 25

actual investment of public service companies, the exten­ other, the average time out of work before getting an­ sion of this principle with modifications to competitive other job was nearly six months; of how the older men business and heavy taxes upon large incomes and inheri­ are hit the hardest because of the' premium on youth and tances and excess profits. He closed with an account of speed; and of how 60,000 men were laid off for a year the Bishops' Program declaration regarding a new indus­ when the Ford Company changed the model of its car. trial system in which "the majority of the workers ... Leo E. Keller, statistician of the Brotherhood of Main­ must somehow become owners, or at least in part, of the tenance of Way Employees, was the next speaker. "We instruments of production." have made no mistake," he said, "in developing labor saving machinery. Our mistake lies in our failure to re­ MSGR. McFADDEN A SPEAKER adjust our entire industrial life to the new conditions The chief theme of the Cleveland conference was un­ thus brought about. The work week must be shortened employment, four out of the five sessions, apart from the and wages must be kept up thereby affording profitable dinner addresses, dealing with various phases of the and regular employment for all who are in need of and VERY REV. JOHN A. RYAN able to work. Otherwise, we will have on the one hand causes and cme of unemployment. The conference Director, N . C . W. C. Social opened with a brief address by the Rt. Rev. Msgr. Action Dept. highly efficient, modernly equipped industry inopera­ James A. McFadden, chancellor of the diocese, welcom­ Who advocated at the Cleve­ tive much of the time through lack of busi.p.ess :md on land regional meeting of the the other hand a growing army of idle workers anxi us ing the conference in the name of the Rt. Rev. Bishop. C. C.1. P. a 85,000,000,000 pro­ gram of public works as a to work but unable to find it and therefore, through no Graphically describing the changes that have come solution of the present unem- in industry in the last generation, B.C. Seiple, commis- ployment problem. fault of their own, constituting a burden on the rest of sioner of the State-City Employment Bmeau of Cleve- . society. land, called upon government action to cure the problem of unemploy­ "Organized labor proposes the shorter work week without reduc­ ment "hich in large part, he stated, had arisen from industrial change. tions in pay as a solution to our present problem. This solution has re­ Rev. H. C. Le Blond, director of diocesan charities, told of the ceived the e dorsement of many of om nation's most prominent men, burden which, he said, unemployment has thrown upon charity and de­ by no means the least of whom is Father John A. Ryan, a recognized clared that charity organizations were not formed to deal with unem­ and distinguished authority on social problems. The problem L'3 grow­ ployment, were not and could not be adequate to the task for caring ing and cannot go on forever. Employers should accept labor's solut­ for it and that some other way must be found. "When business sags, tion or come forward with one of their own. Organized society should manufacturers do not put their machines in the street and say to the demand that this be done. Unless industry does solve this problem Red Cross: 'You care for them.' But it does this to men." itself, then it should and probably will be solved through legislation. Outlining the problem that confronts relief agencies, Father Le Blond stated that in Cleveland alone there are as many as 40,000 unemployed STATE JUSTIFIED I • ACTI G and as many more who work part time. "If the human being has the "The State will be justified in acting in this matter because it is right to live," he said, "he also has the right to a job-a permanent one that concerns the well-being of the family. The family is to the job-if our civilization means anything." Father Le Blond suggested State what the Mass is to the Holy Catholic Church. It is the pivot that inasmuch as labor-saving machinery. has been introduced, the around which all else is built. Destroy it and you destroy all. The laborer's day should be shortened, but without reduction in wages. nation and society are secure only to the extent that the family and the City Manager Daniel E. Morgan outlined the various projects for home are secure. Wages and work, as Pope Leo XIII tells us in his public works that the City of Cleveland has undertaken. The solution encyclical letter on labor, are necessary. Unemploym~nt is a blot on of the unemployment problem, Mr. Morgan said, rests with industry, om present civilization and must be corrected. but if industry cannot find the solution, then it will be necessary to "In conclusion let me say that Pope Leo's encyclical letter on labor, enact legislation for that purpose. written 40 years ago, yet remarkably timely today, contains the basic groundwork for a wholesome and happy solution to this and to many TECH TOLOGICAL CAUSES OF UNEMPLOYMENT of our other social problems. "Vhen we heed his advice and hring Elizabeth Morrissy, Ph.D., of Notre Dame of Maryland College, Christ back into our daily lives we can expect to get somewhere." Baltimore, spoke on the technological causes of unemployment. "The T. J. Duffy of Columbus, formerly state industrial commissioner of number of persons employed in agriculture, manufacturing, mining Ohio, said while many factors are involved, "the root of the matter is and railroading," she stated, "has grown steadily less in the last ten the inequitable distribution of wealth, or, to use a better term, the in­ years and tIlls at the same time that the output of these industries equitable distribution of purchasing power." 11as increased. In that simple statement is included the whole problem "I am not here," Mr. Duffy said, "to find fault with individual of unemployment caused by technological changes. To put it more employers of labor. In my experience I have found human nature to -definitely into concrete figures, according to government statistics, there be very much the same in both employers and wqrkme·n. My criticism has been a 10% reduction in the number of persons employed in manu­ is that our modern industrial system, viewed from the broader stand­ facturing industries since 1925; or again, according to the same rellible points of the individual's natural right to an opportunity to earn a .source, the decline in the number of persons engaged in agriculture livelihood, and as an influence in stabilizing the productive and con­ between 1919-1925 approximated 600,000 and in railroading 150,000. sumptive forces of society, seems to be entirely lacking in purpose. Or again, ~rom other figures compiled from equally reliable som:!es, During periods of temporary boom, people of means rush in and estab­ the total decline of the persons employed in the four great basic indus­ lish productive enterprises which in due time bring about an overpro­ tries has been approximately 2,800,000 in the past decade. It is with duction that usually results in disaster to all." these 2,800,000 workers who have been released from participation in these industries that we are concerned when we use the rather high PRACTICE OF UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE' INCREASING sounding phrase, 'technological unemployment'." Speaking on unemployment insurance, Mr. Duffy said: "It is now However this situation may be met, or not met, in a generation by the practice of many corporations, dming their prosperous years, to the creation of new jobs, Miss Morrissy said that the temporary re­ set aside a portion of their profits to make up a reserve fund from which ; uIts are bad and exist not only dming periods of grave unemploy­ the regular annual dividend is paid to stockholders in years of business ment but were noted in relatively prosperous times. She quoted depression. Isn't it just as reasonable to insist that part of the profit, studies made in different places and industries before the present CJisis during prosperous years, should be set aside to create a fund from which to indicate how, in one place, only slightly more than half had sectn.'ed wages shall be paid to laborers, dming years of depression? "Is the work after having lost their jobs by technical changes; of bow, in an- right to dividends more sacred than the right to an opportunity to earn 26 N. C. W. C. REVIEW April, 1931 a living wage? Insurance would provide relief for workers when they by worry, discouragement, or black despair; that thousands upon thous­ actually became victims of unemployment: but in addition to that ands of little children will continue to be undernourished and expose it would compel a study of the problem, because those responsible for to insidious ailments which will hasten their deaths or leave them hand­ the control of a particular industry would hesitate about increasing icapped for life; that hundreds of thousands of able-bodied men ",ill their productive capacity during a period of temporary boom, if they continue to face the myriad evils associated with involuntary idleness­ knew that they would have to set aside a larger outlay for unemploy­ and that ervellious feeling against our political and industrial institu­ ment benefits when business became slack again." tions will increase enormously." Rev. Cyprian Emanuel, O.F.M., professor of ethics and social DR. RYAN URGES EXTENSIVE PUBLIC WORKS PROGRAM sciences at the Franciscan Monastery and College, Cleveland, Ohio, declared that "those who are in possession of the earth's goods must, Dr. John A. Ryan, pleading for an extensive program of public works, as a body, shoulder the duty and responsibility of giving to the non­ declared: "Our country during this unemployment is under the rule of owners access to their goods on such reasonable terms and through economic, political and moral bankruptcy. Pope Leo XIII said: 'When­ such reasonable arrangements as will assure the latter, taken collectively, ever the general interest or any particular class suffers or is threatened . that at all times of the year and at all periods of their lives they will with inj ury which can in no other way be met or prevented, it is the duty have at their disposal at least that minimum of material goods which of the public authority to intervene.' This is exactly the present situ­ will enable them to preserve their lives, to exercise all their faculties, ation. The economic and political bankruptcy of our industrial and and to develop their persons along the lines traced out for them by na­ political leaders is exposed in their hopeless inactivity and bewilder­ ture and in a manner at once befitting their high estate as men and ment. Their moral bankruptcy is shown in their failure to fulfill the conductive to their final destiny." elementary obligation which requires those who have money or power or influence to use these goods to the utmost on behalf of the needy, FATHER CYPRIAN'S RECOMME DATIONS the humble and the powerless." "The condition of our industries today.may well be called the neme­ To make till... ight effective, Father Cyprian posited the following sis of the capitalist system," Dr. Ryan continued. "The assumption recommendations: has been that indefinite amounts of interest and profits could find in­ "1. The employer's sense of responsibility. The employer nlust vestment in new capital instruments and that the indefinitely increas­ acknowledge the w(} ker's just claim of access 'on reasonable terms and ing instruments of production could all be kept in continuous operation. through reasonable arrangements' to that portion of the earth's goods Now when they realize that a large proportion of the goods which their which he possesses and controls. plants are able to produce ~annot be sold, they are simply bewildered. "2. Shorter hours. The former ten-hour and twelve-hour day has, . thanks to the efforts of organized labor, given way to the eight-hour $5,000,000,000 BOND I SUE URGED day and forty-eight hour week in practically all organized industries. "In order to make an effective impression upon our present unem­ The forty-four-hour week is fast coming into vogue and we are begin­ ployment and to inaugurate any considerable movement toward a ning to hear the rumblings of a forty-hour week and even of a six-hour normal volume of industrial activity, it would be necessary to provide day. But if the rapidity with which almost human machines have en­ for a program of public works costing upwards of five billion dollars. tered industry within recent years is fairly indicative of what we can One million persons would then obtain employment for two years, while expect in the immediate future, I hardly think the five-day and thirty­ hour week can be far distant; a considerably greater number would be required to produce the goods and the materials necessary to supply the demand resulting from the "3. Increased wages. In every instance wages must, as a minimum initial outlay for labor and materials. of justice, be sufficient to maintain the worker and his family 'in rea­ "How shall a fi ve billion dollar program of public works be financed?" sonable and frugal comfort' under ordinary conditions, and, unless Dr. Ryan answered his question by stating: "Obviously through a bond other subsidies are available, they must be sufficient to allow the worker issue. Money is now so plentiful that five billions of federal bonds, to lay aside a certain amount as insurance against unemployment. paying not more than three and one-half per cent interest, could proba­ sickness, and old age; bly be marketed within sixty days. . . . At three and one-half per "4. Stabilization of industry effected by forecasting and long-range cent, the annual interest charge on the total issue would be $175,000,000. planning; The surtaxes could be increased sufficiently to produce that amount "5. Broader training of new employees,. apprentices, and special without depriving a single person of reasonable comforts or luxuries. groups within personnel; In the year 1928, five hundred and eleven Americans paid taxes on a " 6. Employment bureaus where quick, full, and reliable information million or more dollars of personal income. Dividend and interest will greatly help the mobility of labor; payments made by corporations to individuals during the .'depressed' year of 1930 exceeded those of 1928 by more than two billion dollars. "7. Long-range planning of public works and construction programs They surpassed the interest and dividend payments of the prosperous which can be promptly undertaken at the approach of a period of un­ employment; year, 1929, by more than half a billion. The normal and the surtax rates could be increased progressively upon all annual incomes of ten thous­ "8. Unemployment insurance, either voluntary or of such a nature as not to encourage idleness and remove thrift; and dollars and upward.... Let us recall that for some. years after the war the highest portions of the highest incomes paid a tax of seventy­ "9. Curtailment of technological changes. That this may ver well three percent. At present, the highest rate is only twenty-five per cent." be a.n effective method of reducing unemployment, it cannot be denied. Tlut it is a feasible method is quite another question. I merely mention it here because of its possibility." RESULT OF CONTINUED U NEMPLOYME T "Four things," Father Cyprian declared, "are necessary for employ­ Continuing, he said: "There is no definite economic fact or economic ment and prosperity: materials, machinery, money, and men. We probability upon which to base any expectation that bl,lSiness condi­ ha7e all four in abundance. Let us properly organize and distribute tions will improve between now and next fall. Consider for a moment them." what this means. It means that the number of unemployed is quite as Miss Elizabeth Magee of the Consumers' League of Ohio followed likely to increase during the months immediately ahead of us as to de­ Father Emanuel and advocated unemployment insurance. crease. It means that millions of our people will probably continue to lOur only method," Miss Magee said, "of dealing with the misery suffer physically, mentally and morally; that millions will continue to and dependency caused by unemployment now is through private and be deprived of most of the comforts and many of the necessaries of life; public charity. Because of the limited funds available, only the most that thousands upon thousands of women will continue to be oppressed deftitute can be helped. This system works a particular hardship on April, 1931 N. C. W. C. REVIEW 27

those wh"o are able to save while they are at work. Their thrift is penal­ workers, and, when management fully realizes that obligation, I believe ized because their savings go before any help can be secured. Many it will be solved to the degree that it is soluble." self-respecting people hesitate, moreover, to go through the humiliation I'The final problem of industrial ethics is," Father Boland said, of applying for charitable relief. Insurance, on the other hand, would " 'What is a just wage?'" and he added that we come closer to an answer be paid to the unemployed worker as his right and it would bring him when we enumerate man's inherent rights. "It is axiomatic," he con­ needed help before the point of destitution had been reached, before tinued, "that all men are equal in their claims upon nature, for God he had been forced to lose his property and personal possessions, and made the earth to sustain all his children. It is also true that these had exhausted his credit. Moreover, the additional purchasing power claims become valid only upon the expenditure of labor, either directly would do a great deal to stem the tide of the unemployment caused by or vicariously. Therefore it becomes likewise incontrovertible that the unemployment, since the unemployed worker receiving insurance would men who may for the moment control the earth's resources must per­ be able to continue spending money, and the employed worker because mit reasonable access to such resources by those who are willing to of an added ense of security would be less fearful of spending than work. The alternative is to deprive them of their initial equality. he is today." "Man's inborn right to sustenance from the earth carries with it, therefore, the right to translate his work into a reasonable and efficient "FACING FACTS" MISS HELEN PHELAN'S TOPIC livelihood. The elements of reasonable living are, certainly, sufficient food and clothing and housing to renew his strength and to protect his One of the most appealing presentations during the conference was health that he may go on working. But this, obviously, is merely that of Miss Helen Phelan, of Merrick House, Cleveland, who spoke enough to maintain life. Slaves and serfs received this mi~um. on the topic, "Facing Facts." 'IUnemployment figures mean little," Miss Phelan asserted, "unless WHAT "REASONABLE LIVING" IMPLIES one can translate them into human terms-loss of savings, loss of prop­ "Reasonable living must also include opportunities for play, for social erty, the sacrifice of the coveted insurance policy, lost credit-the make­ intercourse, for culture and for the faithful performance of religious shifts used, the poorer clothes; the moving to poorer quarters; children duties that have been imposed by God Himself. Reasonable living, undernourished, young men losing courage and ambition, becoming of course, must include provision for family needs. Leo XIII says, at often loafers or delinquents; fathers and mothers seeing all their this point, tha~'the wage earner's remuneration should be sufficient to plans for their children scrapped; old people looking forward to a hope­ maintain him in reasonable and frugal comfort' (On the Condition of less future, with years of faithful service and excellent records of no Labor, 1891). The context evidences the fact that he has the worker's value, and with little possibility of future employment. These are the family in mind. Finally, there should be sufficient income from his victims of the industrial hazard of unemployment as definitely as others work to give him freedom from the worries of haunting fear for the are the victims of industrial accidents. We do not ask the victim of future, and to afford him security against sickness, invalidity and old an industrial accident to bear it alone. Why should the victim of in­ age. dustrial unemployment bear the brunt alone? "All of which points to a reasonable, family living and saving wage. "All this is a challenge to the secure and the comfortable. It is one It is an ethically moral right which has its complement in the ethically of pity only; it is an opportunity only of exploiting them further by moral obligation resting upon the employer to recognize it and hold paying them a mere pittance; are we to pass them by, indifferent to it sacred." legislation, tending to equalize the burden?" What is to be the answer?" Ai:, mitigants for unemployment, Father Boland advocated a national Miss Phelan revealed that there are those of the well·to-do who take system of old age pensions and unemployment reserves. "When a advantage of depression and pay their help the lowest wage. Less public utility," he said, 'lis obliged to install extra machinery and hence than a dollar is often the compensation for a day's work, she said, and employ extra capital to take care of peak loads that are carried only from this the worker must pay car fare. at certain hours of the day or on certain days of the week or during certain months, permission is granted by the law to secUre from its ORGANIZATION IN INDUSTRY DISCUSSED customers the necessary increase in rates for consumption. That is ethically just. Two speakers dealt with the organization of industry, D. E. Morris "But it is also ethically just to secure a rate sufficient to pay for the of the Bell Telephone Company and, in the absence, due to illness, of idleness of its human capital, its employes, whose services are required Ellis Searles of Indianapolis, editor, The Miners' Journal, Max S. only during peak times." Hayes, prominent in Cleveland labor circles. The session on indus­ trial organization closed with an address on the ethics of industry by DIOCESAN PAPER LAUDS RESULTS OF MEETI G Rev. John P. Boland of Buffalo. The Cleveland Universe Bulletin, the diocesan paper, said editorially "Paternalism in industrial relations," Mr. Morris said, Ilis disap­ following the conference: "Cleveland was privileged this week to listen pearing. In its place is something that resembles fraternalism-a big to the timely and thought-provoking sessions of the Catholic Confer­ brother attitude. Most things not essentially a part of the job and its ence on Industrial Problems. In times like the present, when depres­ surroundings, which affect welfare, are primarily the responsibility of sion and distress grip the nation in a vise-like hold, it is comforting the worker and must be done by him for himself. The policy of the to behold so large a group of Catholic men and women gather from all employer is to help those who help themselves, which the old proverb parts of the country to seek through the medium of their earnest dis­ says is the policy of the good Lord. In our organization thrift is volun­ cussions some remedy for existing conditions. tary, but we try to educate in the value of thrift and offer several differ­ "Everyone of the sessions was a stimulating example of the applica­ ent aids in the form of plans to make it easy. Ai:, a result eighty per cent tion of Catholic principles of social justice to modern economic problems. of the employes are voluntarily availing themselves of these plans Underlying the remedies suggested and inspired by them were the fun­ and during 1930 saved ten per cent of the total payroll in these plans damentals of Pope Leo's great Encyclical on the Condition of Labor and alone besides all other means that were employed. the Bishops' Program of Social Reconstruction. The Church has shown 'IThe past year has brought to the surface a number of cases in which the way, in these and kindred pronouncements, to the relief of the very management has shown real accomplisment in stabilizing work and conditions which trouble our country today." minimizing unemp oyment. Nooform of legislation can ever accomplish Among the chairmen of the various sessions of the Conference, were anything other than a palliative which may involve as much real per­ Mrs. W. J. Bushea, president of the Cleveland Deanery of the N ationsl manent harm as it seems to do temporary good. The problem of un­ Council of Catholic Women, and Thomas Coughlin, president of the employment is one that connotes an obligation of management to its Morris Plan Bank of Cleveland. 28 N. C. W. C. REVIEW April, 1931 Manual of Religious Vacatlon Schools Now Ready for Distribution

HE 1931 EDITION OF THE MANUAL OF in supporting its vacation school program. RELIGIOUS VACATION SCHOOLS has come "The central diocesan agency, by press, by letter, and by T from the press and is now available for general personal conference, should acquaint priests and people distribution from the N. C. W. C. Rural Life Bureau. with the nature and possibilities of the religious vacation The Manual is a compact, neatly arranged handbook, school. Definite instructions should be issued regarding containing suggestions for conduct of the vacation school local organization and administration of a school, and and an outline of study for teachers. It will no doubt regulations made concerning time limits of the session, prove of great help to vacation school workers throughout teachers, finances, curriculum, supplies, etc., etc. An the country. The Manual bears the following dedication:' outline of study and activities should be placed in the "To Rt. Rev. Edwin V. O'Hara, D.D., Apos­ hands of the teachers with suggestions for its proper use. tle of the Catholic Rural Life Movement in the Some arrangement should also be made to see that each United States; the Founder, by VI'hose initiative teacher has the necessary reference books to lighten her this important work was undertaken; the Phil­ task and to render her teaching more effective. In some RT. REV. osopher, by whose fertile genius its basic princi­ EDWIN V. O'HARA, D.D. dioceses a small central fund is raised, and these import­ ples were organized and translated into a consist­ Bishop of Great Falls ant teacher references are provided free of charge for each ent program of Catholic rural action; the Leader, To whom the recently issued school. It is commendable also if a set of religious arti- Manual of Religious Vaca­ who has inspired his followers with confidence tion Schools is dedicated. es, such as rosaries, crucifixes, medals, holy cards, etc., and directed them with judgmenf; the Shepherd Can be sent out to each·school. The central agency should of Souls, whom His Holiness, Pope Pius XI, has elevated to the demand reasonable standards, ask a report from each school, and com­ Episcopacy as the Rt. Rev. Bishop of Great Falls, Montana; pile a general rrport of all schools under its jurisdiction. this 1931 Edition of the Manual of Religious Vacation Schools is affectionately dedicated by the Committee on Revision." "LOCAL arrangements should be made by the pastor. A local com- mittee of women should be organized, and, under the direction We quote the following from the foreword, written by Bishop O'Hara: of the pastor, should promote interest in the school. The Catholic Rm'al Life Conference recommends the formation of a Parish Confra­ "THE practicability of assembling children for intensive religious ternity of Christian Doctrine for this purpose. education during the summer has been thoroughly established in "Suitable accommodations must be provided for the teachers. Some­ every section of the United States. Everywhere that a carefully or­ times a house is rented for them; again, they are cared for by private ganized school was set up an amazing attendance was recorded. For families living near the church. the success of these schools three things are required: (1) Competent "Pupil texts, teache:r refe:rences, and school supplies should be on teachers, i.e., those who know their religion and know how to teach hand when school opens. We cannot insist too strongly on the im­ children. (2) A well-planned course of study. This was provided by portance of providing the teachers with good reference books from which the 1930 Manual of Religious Vacation SchooLs and has been greatly they can prepare their daily instructions. improved by the present revision of the Manual. (3) Systematic "The financial burden of the religious vacation school should be family visitation before and even during the vacation school period. borne by the local parish or mission, except in the very poorest places. It is not sufficient to send out a postal card notifying the families that a school is to be held. There is no substitute for the personal kindly NOTE-The Manual sells for ten cents a copy. Orders 'Will invitation conveyed by courteous but persistent visitors. be filled by the N. C. W. C. Rural Life BUTeau, 1312 ~Massa­ "The present writer, who is looking forward during th~ next few ch7.lsetts Ave., N. W., Washington, D. C. months to the transfer from his own to other shoulders of the work of directing the Rural Life Bureau, N. C. W. C., takes this final oppor­ tunity to thank very cordially the great body of enthusiastic co-workers "THE CATHOLIC CHURCH" in every section of the United States, whose generous efforts have made (Continued from page 13) possible the development of religious vacation schools and the other tains, rivers, lakes and cities bear mute testimony to these early ex­ projects of the Rural Life Bureau during the past ten years. It would plorers and pioneers. . . . require many pages merely to list their names, but they are all remem­ "In what is now the State of Kansas, Catholic priests preached the bered by him daily at the morning sacrifice." gospel of Christ and offered up the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass three­ The introduction to the Manual contains a number of valuable sug­ quarters of a century before the Pilgrim Fathers set foot on Plymouth gestions regarding the management of religious vacation schools. Fol­ Rock. The first martyr on the North American Continent, who shed lowing are several of the most pertinent paragraphs: his blood for his faith in Christ, fell on the soil of Kansas. He was the Franciscan priest, Father Padilla. What Tertullian said in the early "A STANDARD religious vacation school is an organized school of ages is true today: 'The blood of martyrs is the seed of the Church.' religion, conducted during the forenoon, five days a week, for We are reaping today in joy and glory what the early missionaries four weeks, during the period of the public school vacation. It is an sowed in suffering and sorrow.... agency of comprehensive religious education, and not of mere formal "In times of peace, she has contributed her full share to the up­ religious instruction. It is designed especially for children who cannot building of the nation and the preservation of our civil and religious attend a Catholic school during the regular school year, and can be of liberties .... service not only in the rural districts, but also in cities where large "In gratitude for these God-given rights of conscience, the Church numbers of Catholic children attend the public schools. has everywhere and always placed the flag of our country next to the "A central agency .should foste:r and direct religious vacation schools cross of Christ and taught both old and young the love of 'God and in the diocese according to the instructions of the Right Reverend ountry.' Bishop. In many dioceses, vacations schools have been placed in charge "It is not in a spirit of boasting that I mention these facts, nor in of the diocesan superintendent of schools or of the diocesan director of disparagement of the good work done by many others, but simply to the Propagation of the Faith. The central agency will find the Diocesan inform you that the doctrines, practices and history of the CatholiC' Council of Catholic Women and other Catholic Off;?:anizations generous Church are worthy of your earnest study." tJt AP1'il, 1931 N. C. W. C. REVIEW 29 Legislative Review of the Seventy-first Congress (Continued from page 7) favored the enactment of the legislation of 1921 only as lian emergency Opponents of the measure were able to show that the bill would release measure, and under provision that it in no way violated, nor gave an an uncontrollable flood of indecent propaganda and is, therefore, far opportunity for violation of, the right of the home or the right of the from being a simple "Doctor's Bill" as claimed by its proponents. This parent. . . . The bill which is now before you is not only not favored bill was not reported on by the sub-committee. by the National Catholic Welfare Conference but is opposed by it." Similar bills will probably be introduced in the future. Similar bills The General Secretary further pointed out that the bill seems in­ are now being discussed in several state legislatures. Open hearings consistent with the policy of the present administration as expressed supply a convenient. vehicle for propaganda the dissemination of which by President Hoover in his letter of January 14, 1931, to the Governor might otherwise be difficult. Controversy over such measures, itself, of Indiana in which the President saId: liThe work in behalf of children tends to undermine standards of social decency and morality, but these is so intimately a part of the life of the people that its control and direc­ bills are an insidious attack on marriage and the family, and when tion should be kept very close to them." institutions so fundamental as these are attacked their defense becomes By a majority vote the Committee agreed to amend the bill that had a duty. been approved by the Senate by striking out everything after the enact­ CENSORSHIP-Tariff Act ing clause and inserting instead the bill that had been introduced in the House of Representatives. The obvious pmpose of the majority of the ENERGETIC efforts were made under the leadership of Senator Committee in doing this was to avoid the necessity of meeting opposition Bronson Cutting of New Mexico to reword the administrative pro­ in the Senate. vision of the Tariff Act prohibiting the importation of immoral articles, As amended the bill provided for a Federal Health Coordinating by denying to officers of the customs service the power of censorship Board to have supervision of cooperative work between the United States over books an

EQU AL RIGHTS AMENDMENT THE CARIBBEAN THE advocates of the repeal of all legislation based on recognition I N his message President Hoover advised Congress that the United of difference between the sexes, including protective labor laws, etc., States is still represented by Marines in some countries, and ex­ have for years kept lingeringly alive in Congress a resolution for the pressed a desire that this condition be brought to an end. Specifically amendment of the Constitution by which it would be enacted that the President asked for authority to send a special committee to in­ "men and women shall have equal rights throughout the United States vestigate conditions in Haiti and recommend steps that can be taken and every place subject to its jurisdiction." That no general support to bring American Occupation to an end in that Republic. The Com­ of this bill exists is evident from the record of open hearings that have mission visited Haiti during March, 1930. The writer accompanied it been held. as special correspondent of the N.C.W.C. News Service. The Commission The discussion of this bill seems to center attention on the broader reported that authority granted by the treaty of 1916 had been ex­ aspects of the equal rights campaign, while its advocates are agitating tended by agreement between the Government of Haiti and the Ameri­ for legislation in particular matters in the states. Miss Linna Bresette can High Commissioner; that the Government of Haiti was a dictator­ appeared for the National Council of Catholic Women at an open hear­ ship utterly out of touch with the people of the Republic; and recom­ ing in opposition to this bill on January 6, 1931. mended definite steps to be taken to restore to the Haitians the ad­ ministrative control of their country within the period of the treaty. UNIFORM DIVORCE LAW As a result a civilian has been appointed to succeed the Marine commander as diplomatic representative of the United States at Port­ T HE advocates of a uniform divorce law would amend the Constitu- au-Prince. Little noticeable progress has been made in relaxing the tion to give to Congress jurisdiction in matters affecting marriage control exercised by treaty officials. and divorce. They accompany the amendatory resolution with a model Tl United States appointed a special Commission of Navy officers divorce bill. Of late there has been a noticeable tendency to relax the to supervise the recent election in Nicaragua. Insurrection continues conditions upon which divorce is to be granted, and editors have discov­ to devastate the formerly prosperous department of Segoviasj steps are ered what they look upon as a "business rivalry" between states to being taken to strengthen the native national guard by organizing local attract divorce cases to their respective courts. Greater uniformity in police UlliLS; and the State Department has given a pledge that the divorce legislation would better protect children who are the victims American forces will be all out of the Republic soon after the Presi­ of homes broken by divorce and would remove some of the scandal, dential electi<;m of 1932, which the United States has agreed to supervise. of late become top evident. I nter-American Cooperation FOREIGN AFFAIRs~London Naval Conference T HE ,ixth International Conference of American States, held at T HE London Naval Conference resulted in an agreement between Havana, provided for the Inter-American Institute of Intellectual England, Japan and the United States under which the provisions of Cooperation. This body, with headquarters in Havana, is now an es­ the Washington Treaty were confirmed and additional agreements were tablished institution. A congress of rectors, deans and educators, entered into with regard to submarines, light cruisers, etc. Discussion called by the Pan American Union, meeting at Havana in 1930, defined of these agreements revealed the fact that the Navy of the United the scope of this Institute and the direction of its activities, and ap­ States had been allowed to fall far below the maximum limit agreed to. proved an organic Act providing for the establishment, in each of the Subsequent agreements entered into by France and Italy seem to pre­ member republics, of a National Council of Intellectual Cooperation. pare the way for a general disarmament conference in 1932 that will A Council, consisting of an executive committee of nine, and a general be more satisfactory than the earlier conferences have been. membership has been established. The president of the National Catholic Educational Association, the president of the National Coun­ Kellogg-Briand Treaty cil of Catholic Women and a representative of the National Cathloic Welfare Conference have accepted membership in this Council. I N cooperation with France the United States assumed a leading part On February.9, 1931, the President asked Congress to appropriate in negotiating a treaty whereby the nations of the World have agreed to outlaw war as an instrument of public policy. This treaty has per­ $21,000 for the maintenance of headquarters for the Council. The House Committee on Education reported a bill, but the same failed of haps helped to prevent intervention by the signatory nations in China; that it has not helped restore peace in China is apparent. Its greatest enactment during the closing days of the session. Provision will be usefulness has been in centering discussion on conciliation as the best made for the work of the Council. It will foster the exchange of stu­ means of settling international disputes. dents and teachers, scholarships and other practical methods of intel­ lectual cooperation, and seems destined to become in time, a factor of The World Court great importance for the development of education and culture through­ out the American continents. p RESIDENT Hoover submitted the protocols negotiated with na- tions who have subscribed to the Court in an attempt to meet the ISLAND POSSESSIONS reservations which the Senate had made as a condition of entrance. Aside from desultory discussion and an open hearing, at which Mr. T HE discussion of the sugar schedule of the Tariff Act resulted in a demand that favors enjoyed by Cuban sugar be curtailed and Root argued for ratification, no action was taken on these protocols. that sugar from the Philippines be subjected to duty. Filipinos replied Communism that they would accept the duty on sugar; but being treated in this as an alien people, they demanded immediate independence as a corollary T HE Secretary of Agriculture reported to Congress that at least some to the imposition of an import tax. of the distress of American farmers was due to the dumping of Rus­ Open hearings were held. A large delegation of Filipinos were sent sian grain in American markets. A Special Committee of the House of from the Islands to advocate independence. Considerable opposition Representatives was appointed to investigate this and other communist developed. The mind of Congress was influenced by disturbance in activities in the United States. Voluminous testimony was collected China and India and by threatening conditions in other oriental coun­ and published, crystalizing in a demand for an amendment of the Tariff tries. No action was taken, but there is little doubt that the cause of Act ·to prohibit Russian goods. This was later modified to be made independence has been advanced. applicable to all goods produced by forced labor. No action having The Congress enacted statutes reorganizing the government of been taken by Congress the State Department is preparing to make a Porto Rico, providing for separate executive departments and a gover­ special study of Russia. nor's c abine~ extending to Porto Rico the benefits of certain American April, 1931 N. C. W. C. REVIEW 31 statutes, noticeably vocational education; and in general providing for seats in the House of Representatives, and eleven states gain this num­ cooperation with Governor Theodore Roosevelt in his efforts to re­ ber of seats. habilitate the industries of Porto Rico and relieve distress on that These thirty-two states are confronted with the problem of redis­ Island. tricting both area and population. The losing states are having more Consistent with his desire that our country be no longer represented difficulty, but all are finding it a difficult task. California gains nine by the Marines, the President has appointed a civilian governor and seats under the new apportionment. Votes cast by any state in the civilian officials for the Virgin Islands. The enforcement of prohibition electoral college are equal to the total representatives of the states in has destroyed the rum industry, which gave occupation to a large part Congress; California will cast twenty-two votes instead of thirteen in of the Virgin Islanders, and the Islands are passing through a period the next Presidential election, and immediately redistricting assumes of distress. It is hoped that conditions can be improved by stimulating a political importance of first magnitude in California. tourist travel and by introducing household industries. Legislatures in several states have failed to reapportion representa­ tion in the state offices. Large numbers of people residing in urban dis­ The penal and civil codes of the Panama Canal Zone have been re­ tricts are denied representation proportional to that enjoyed by those written and the citizens of the Zone have been permitted to share in in rural districts. The longer readjustment is deferred, the more com­ the privileges enjoyed by Civil Service employees of the Federal Gov­ plicated becomes the problem and the more difficult and even danger­ ernment. ous its final solution. In a country where population growth affected REAPPORTIONMENT by economic development is so rapid as in our own country; every ten N° reapportionment of Representatives was authorized by Con- years is not too frequent to readjust political districts to ne condi­ gress aft~r the census of 1920, due, it was alleged, to the unsettled tions resulting from the redistribution as well as from the growth of conditions arising out of the fact that a very large number of the popu­ the population. lation had not yet returned to their homes after being mustered out of -----+----- the war services. ubsequent Congresses failing to provide for re­ Congress and the Immigration Problem apportionment, serious discrepancies arose; large numbers of people in (Continued from page 18) the more populous states were denied proportional representation in (It Those convicted of any offense (not merely one involving moral the Federal Government. The less populous states profiting as a re­ tlU'pitude, as the present law provides), convicted after the sult of the discrepancy, their representatives ' were loathe to give up enactment of the Act, for which they were sentenced to im­ the advantage, unfair though it obviously was, and it seemed impossi­ prisonment for a year or more and who should thereafter be ble to frame a reapportionment bill that would be approved in the Sen­ convicted of any offense for which a prison sentence of one ate, where no distinction exists between populous or less populous year or more was received; states. (2) Those convicted of any offense for' which they were sentenced For ten years the reapportionment was prevented by a controversy to imprisonment for a term which, when added to the terms over methods of computation the importance of which was magnified to which sentenced under two or more previous convictions, out of all proportion. As a matter of fact the choice between the two amounted to two years or more. principal methods, the so-called "major fractions" and "equal propor­ These provisions bore a time limit of three years after the expiration tions" methods; was shown to affect only three seats of 435 in 1920, of the last term for which sentenced. and actually affected no a single seat under the Census of 1930. Real­ H.R. 17152 offered a very important amendment to the Deportation izing that the basic principle involved is too great to be submerged in Act of March 4, 1929 in that it granted permission to those who had controversy over comparatively trivial detail, the Committee on Com­ been deported prior to March 4, 1929 to reapply for readmission to the merce of the Seventy-first Congress, Senators Jones and Vandenberg, United States where permission to so reapply sho'uld be granted by the reported a bill in which reapportionment was embodied in the Census Bill. "The faithful decennial habit of following the census with a re­ Secretary of Labor prior to re-embarkation at a place outside the sponsive reapportionment was practiced from 1790 to 1910," declared United States. this Committee. "The mandate of the Constitution is accepted and Another far-reaching provision of this bill was the extended powers validated by 120 years of congressional action. In putting the two func­ it gave to the Department of Labor in the matter of deportations in tions into our law the Committee but emphasizes the order of the accordance with the recommendations made by Secretary Doak in re­ sponse to S.Res. 355. Constitution." To this effect the bill made not only illegal entry a deportable offense m nclm nt again t the inclu ion of ali ns, mo tly in big cities, and but likewi::;e included ill this category the act of 1'emaining illegally ill of di enfranchised citizens, mostly Negroes in the South, in the enumera­ the United tate. This wouLd have made it possible to prosecute an tion that would be the basis of reapportionment, were defeated. As illegal entrant wherever he was located instead of, as at present, being finally enacted on June 18, 1929, the bill made no change in the total obliged to move him to the . district court in which entry occurred. number of representatives, which is 435. Under this Act, on the first It likewise permitted any official of the Department of Labor to issue day, or within one week thereafter, of the second regular session of the warrants, thus simplifying the matter of taking an alien into custody, Seventy-first Congress and of each fifth Congress thereafter, the Presi­ since under the present law, which grants such power only to the dent shall transmit to the Congress a statement showing the whole Secretary of Labor, deportable aliens are frequently able to escape number of persons in each state, excluding Indians not taxed, and the being taken into custody. numbers of Representatives to which each state would be entitled, An objectionable feature of the bill was that it made any person made in each of three manners. With these figures before it, if Con­ guilty of a misdemeanor punishable by a $1,000 fine or one year in prison gress fails to provide for the reapportionment of representatives, then who had knowledge of the fact that an alien had entered illegally and each state shall be entitled to the number of Representatives it would who, within three years of entry, conceal~d, harbored or employed have had under the method of computation used in the last preceding such alien. reapportionment. On December 4, 1930, President Hoover reported to both Houses of The attention of our readet·s is called to the fact that the articles ap­ Congress the figures resulting from the 1930 Census. Due to the normal pearing in the N. C. W. C. REVIEW are regularly indexed in the CATH­ population growth, affected by industrial development, that has taken OLIC' PERIODICAL INDEX, published quarterly by the Library Section of the place during the long period of twenty years since the last reapportion­ National Catholic Educat1'onal Association, 331 Wyoming Avenue, Scran­ ment, the number of states affected by the change is greater than under ton, Pa. The first yearly cumulation of indexed material is scheduled to :lny similar act in the past. Twenty-one states lose twenty-seven appem' shortly. The 'use of the INDEX is earnestly ?'ecommended. II 32 N. C. W. C. REVIEW April, 1931 N. C. W. C. PUBLICATION LIST All Pamphlets, Single Copies, IOc.

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