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CHALLENGES OF NEGOTIATED DEMOCRACY AND WOMEN’S’ POLITICAL REPRESENTATION: A CASE STUDY OF MANDERA COUNTY ASSEMBLY BY ETHILA MOHAMUD ISSAK PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF MASTER OF ART IN WOMEN, LEADERSHIP AND GOVERNANCE IN AFRICA, UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI DECEMBER 2018 DECLARATION This research is my original work and has not been presented elsewhere for a degree in any other university. ………………… . ………………… Signature Date ETHILA MOHAMUD ISSAK REG. NO: M10/88626/2016 This research has been submitted for examination with our approval as University Supervisor(s). Prof Wanjiku Mukabi Kabira African Women Studies Centre University of Nairobi ………………… . ………………… Signature Date Dr Grace Bosibori Nyamongo African Women Studies Centre University of Nairobi ………………… . ………………… Signature Date ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I hereby acknowledge that this is my original work and it took prayers, hard work, and support from family and my dedication to complete it. I wish to send my gratitude to all those who facilitated the completion of this work, with sincere appreciation to my family members, my husband, supervisors; Professor Wanjiku Mukabi Kabira and Dr Grace Bosibori Nyamongo, colleagues and friends especially Ms Caudesia Njeri. I am also appreciating all the organizations including National Commission for Science, Technology and Innovation (NACOSTI), Mandera County assembly, and the clerk Mr Ahmed H. Surow who accorded me the needed support and materials to complete this research. All those who participated in this research, in one way or another, I cannot fail to recognize your efforts and dedication. I say thank you. iii DEDICATION I would like to dedicate this research to Allah for the breath and gift of life. My dedication also goes to my family members, my spouse, children, relatives and everybody who saw the need to walk with me during the research processes. The people behind the successful production and completion of this research work gave their best to make it what it is, a success. I dedicate this achievement to all of you. Those who offered me support, advise, moral and emotional nourishments, may Allah bless you abundantly. iv ACCRONYMS ASAL - Arid and Semi-Arid Land MDG - Millennium Development Goals CoK - Constitution of Kenya GCOE - Garre Council of Elders MCG - Mandera County Government GoK - Government of Kenya NFD - Northern Frontier District MCA - Members of County Assembly MP - Member of Parliament FIDA - Federation of Women Lawyers Kenya GBV - Gender Based Violence NACOSTI - National Commission for Science, Technology and Innovation v TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION............................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................ iii DEDICATION.................................................................................................................. iv ACCRONYMS .................................................................................................................. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................ vi LIST OF TABLE S .......................................................................................................... ix ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... x CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................. 1 1.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ............................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Statement of the Problem .......................................................................................... 6 1.3 Objectives of the Study ............................................................................................. 7 1.4 Research Questions ................................................................................................... 7 1.5 Justification and Significance of the Study ............................................................... 7 1.6 Ethical Considerations............................................................................................... 9 CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................ 11 LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................................................. 11 2.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 11 2.1 Roles of Council of Elders in Women‟s Representation and Political Ascension .. 12 2.2 Challenges of Negotiated Democracy in Promoting Women Leadership .............. 16 2.3 Influence of Negotiated Democracy on Substantive Representation of Women .... 19 2.4 Theoretical Framework ........................................................................................... 23 2.4.1 Feminist Political Theory ................................................................................. 23 2.4.2 Critical Mass Theory ........................................................................................ 25 CHAPTER THREE ........................................................................................................ 28 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .................................................................................. 28 3.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 28 3.1 Research Design ...................................................................................................... 28 3.2 Study Area ............................................................................................................... 29 vi 3.3 Target Population .................................................................................................... 30 3.4 Sampling Procedure and Sample Size ..................................................................... 30 3.5 Data Collection Instruments .................................................................................... 30 3.6 Reliability and Validity of Research Instruments ................................................... 30 3.7 Data Collection Methods and Procedures ............................................................... 31 3.8 Data Analysis .......................................................................................................... 31 3.9 Data Presentation..................................................................................................... 32 3.10 Ethical Considerations........................................................................................... 32 CHAPTER FOUR ........................................................................................................... 33 DATA ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION ......................... 33 4.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 33 4.1 Respondents Background Characteristics ............................................................... 34 4.2 The Role of the Council of Elders in Women's representation ............................... 36 4.2.1 Respondent‟s satisfaction with the Role of Council of Elders ......................... 36 4.2.2 Roles of Elders in Political Representation and Leadership ............................. 38 4.2.3 Challenges preventing women from Seeking Political Leadership .................. 40 4.3 Challenges of Negotiated Democracy in Promoting Women‟s Leadership ........... 41 4.4 Benefits of Two Third Gender Rule in Mandera .................................................... 43 4.4.1 Role of County in promoting Women Leadership ........................................... 45 4.5 Negotiated Democracy and Representation of Women .......................................... 46 4.5.1 Performance of the Nominated women MCAs ................................................ 48 4.5.2 Contribution to the house debate and of legislation ......................................... 49 4.5.3 Women Representation in the Leadership of Various Committees of the Assembly......................................................................................................... 50 4.6 Participants General Observations .......................................................................... 51 4.7 Summary ................................................................................................................. 52 CHAPTER FIVE ............................................................................................................ 54 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS .................................. 54 5.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 54 5.1 Summary of the Findings ........................................................................................ 54 5.2 Conclusion ..............................................................................................................
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