Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis Studia Naturae, 4: 161–169, 2019, ISSN 2543-8832 DOI: 10.24917/25438832.4.10

Anna Kocoń1*, Sylwia Janiczek1, Natalia Malejky-Kłusek2

1Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, Pedagogical University of Krakow, Podchorążych 2 St., 30-084 Kraków, Poland, *[email protected] 2Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Institute of Biology, Pedagogical University of Krakow, Podchorążych 2 St., 30-084 Kraków, Poland

Methods of protection against ticks (Acari: Ixodida)

Ticks are ruthless, dangerous ectoparasites that attack a large host circle. ey are in the second place, aer mosquitoes, in the rank of dangerous blood-drinking arthro- pods. e increased pace of urbanization and weather variability in recent decades have created new, convenient conditions for ticks to be found among people and pets. It is particularly dangerous as ticks carry numerous pathogens and spread tick-borne diseases, such as: Lyme borreliosis, tick-borne encephalitis (Fig. 1A–B), babesiosis, granulocytic anaplasmosis. Depending on the morphological structure, ticks can be divided into proper (hard) (Ixodidae) and Argasidae (so ticks) (Argasidae). Of the 19 species of ticks perma- nently found in the Polish fauna, Ixodes ricinus L. is – the common tick (Siuda, 1991) is the most common of the hard ticks (Appendix 1A). It occurs in green areas – not only along forest paths, in glades, and forest roads, but also increasingly in home gar- dens, playgrounds, and recreational places. In addition to the fact that ticks can be found in nature, during trips, picnics, walks, we also cannot feel safe in farm buildings and our own homes, due to the possible occurrence of a so tick, Argas re exus Fabr., attacking mainly nocturnal rock pigeons in los, attics of buildings, on church towers (Appendix 1B). In terms of location of their occurrence, we can divide ticks into three ecologi- cal groups (Siuda, 1991) (Tab. 1): nest-burrow ticks – occurring in los, attics, caves, basements, animal cavities and burrows, in the nests of mammals and birds, and in their hollows on trees or in rock shelters. ese ticks are usually host-specic species, they spend their entire lives in hideouts, where they can feed on their host who lives, sleeps, breeds and hibernates there. In hidden habitats, there are small uctuations in climatic conditions; non-nest ticks – found in litter, near bird nests built on trees, among vegetation. ey occupy more open environments, feed on busy, migrating

161 Anna Kocoń, Sylwia Janiczek, Natalia Malejky-Kłusek eective way to avoid parasites. these way. ere are options several for protection against tick attacks, but there is no 100% whereabouts, and thus possibilitythe of encountering dangerous this parasite on its adultswhile are non-nest parasites. and nymphsticks –larvae at occur entrance the and inside burrows the of mammals, ing environmental conditions, such as temperature, light, non-nest-burrow humidity; of tick insuch ahungry conditionssurvival mainly depends on its tolerance to chang hosts, and are not attached located to whereabouts strictly and breeding of hosts. e 162 Fig. 1. The number of cases of selected tick-borne diseases in Poland; A *Data for day 30.09.2019 (Source: http://wwwold.pzh.gov.pl/oldpage/epimeld/index_p.html) borne viralencephalitis; e dierences inprotection against tick attacks are primarily related to our – Lyme borreliosis, B –Tick- - Methods of protection against ticks (Acari: Ixodida) - 163 – adults form Tick species Tick Latreille & Schlottke Panzer Birula – larvae nymphs and Canestrini & Fanzago Neumann Siuda, Hoogstraal, Cliord et Wassef Cliord Hoogstraal, Siuda, polonicus Argas FabriciusA. re exus Carios vespertilionis I. vespertilionis Koch I. vespertilionis Koch concinna Haemaphysalis H. punctata Ixodes frontalis Schulze I. persulcatus Linneus I. ricinus I. trianguliceps Fabricius reticulatus Dermacentor reticulatusD. Ixodes apronophorus Latreille & Schlottke Schulze I. arboricola Nuttall I. caledonicus Koch I. crenulatus Leach I. hexagonus KochI. lividus SchulzeI. rugicollis I. simplex To defend against tick attacks, the following simple guidelines should beobserved: should guidelines simple the following attacks, tick against defend To Ticks on the host’s body are looking for a suitable place, most oen they are parts they are oen most place, a suitable for looking body are the host’s on Ticks moved clothing, because ticks can wander unnoticed on the body or clothing; if we if we the clothing; body on or unnoticed wander because can ticks clothing, moved in addition, home; returning body whole aer its also we check out, a cat take a dog or avoid places typical for ticks (forest edges, forest paths, mid-forest clearings, animal animal clearings, mid-forest paths, forest edges, (forest ticks for typical places avoid places in or the grass on resting avoid thus bushes), tall with and grass covered trails suitable clothing, appropriate on put bushes; vegetation, tall with lush grass, covered the body: naked onto moving from ticks which will the eld, prevent into out going for inserted into sweatshirt high long-sleeved shoes,a out, socks with rolled trousers, long creams, sprays, of the in form userepellents tick coverage; neck headgear, trousers, blankets, tents, clothing, e.g. exposed attacks, tick are to that things of impregnation the also check pets/farm be animals; should used for repellents footwear; parasite the body; exposed of or the areas clothing the inserted tick on ticks into any body for special or tweezers pliers hygienic using soon as possible as bebody removed should the thebody re check and home, returning aer pet stores; pharmacies, at available of the body with delicate skin, sweating: under the knees, groin, navel, armpits, at the at armpits, navel, the knees, under groin, sweating: skin, the body delicate of with ticks of pets, the case foraging of In behind the ears. or shoulders thebase hair/neck, of the tail/ around the and back on oen less head, the neck, around found oen most is 1991). (Siuda, anus Ecological group nest-burrow Ecological groups of ticks found in Poland found ticks of 1. Ecological groups Tab. non-nest non-nest-burrow Anna Kocoń, Sylwia Janiczek, Natalia Malejky-Kłusek tions, is this not proven so afully of method protection against ticks. e plants listed rats (Rattus L.); rodents: sorex, mice(Peromyscus mice–deer leucopus (Shaw Ran.) etal., 2003), erythrorhynchus entic research etal., 1992),red-billed oxpecker USA(Duy (Buphagus in1990the (Numida that fact L.)–the meleagris guineafowl eat adult ticks was conrmed by sci pheasants (Phasianus colchicus L.), ducks (Anas agilis reptiles: sand lizard (Lacerta forbecomes food hatched the (Collatz etal., 2010)(Appendix wasp larvae 1C-D); ies: of a large number of spraying (Samish, Alekseev, bugs; buttery2001); bed larvae; caesareus Staphylinus nos etal., 2016);beetles: lation of environment ticks inthe –ants: invicta re ant (Solenopsis nating tick populations on used alarger can be scale. term studies, there so is no 100%certainty that given the examples of animals elimi experiments ese are currently out are carried they tick species, on not selected long- animals. allowing farm animals to move to human housing; rotations of pastures for grazing vation of farm animals, in los, checking condition technical the of rooms; the not so ticks, systematic disinfection and protection of animal husbandry places: obser other animals wild to human buildings: removal of hideouts, of landlls; case in the tematic mowing of grass, removal of bushy thickets; limiting access of rodents and ing number the of ticks are: draining of wetlands, cutting or moving vegetation; sys borne encephalitis aer consulting adoctor. with forest the and green areas should receive protective vaccinations against tick- oenwho spend time actively in nature,the on trips or actively working professionally ashowertaking and thorough cleaning with asponge can help get of rid ticks; people 164 ticks so far.ticks so e research out is carried of species on ticks, on popula selected small However, it should kept be inmind that are these only ways experimental of ghting e.g. due to intense the smell caused by release the of essential oils specic into air. the properties and limit of occurrence the area ticks inthe of cultivation of plants, these to reduce and weaken tick populations. bassiana anisopliae and fungi, bacteria e.g. Metarhizium viruses, Among animals, the we can mention examples several that can reduce popu the In recent years, attempts have made to natural use been organisms to ght ticks. e most commonly procedures used in humanthe environment aimed at reduc Research conducted by scientists shows that some plant have species deterrent Ixodiphagus hookeri Ixodiphagus (Bals.-Criv.) Vuill. as well as nematodes (Samish etal., 2000),have ability the sp.

G. Fischer). Researchers (Angelo etal., 2015)inform that some also Stan.) Stutterheim, (Bezuidenhout, 1980),cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis sp.), turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo L.),black grouse (Lyrurus tetrix L.), How., then which laying insect inatick larvae, asmall eggs L.), partridges (Perdix L.),partridges perdix L.),helmeted guineafowl L.);birds: domestic hens (Gallus gallus domesticus Ceder. –currently rare due to use the (Metch.) Sor. and Beauveria Bur.) (Castella------

Methods of protection against ticks (Acari: Ixodida)

------165 (Trevir.) (Trevir.) L.) – contains L.) – contains L.) (Godaraet et al., 2008); horse et al.,

L.) – this plant’s essential oil contains over 80% of 80% of over contains oil essential L.) – this plant’s L.) – according to Russian scientists, dried onion powder is is powder dried onion scientists, Russian to L.) – according Tanacetum cinerariifolium Tanacetum 2010); da Silva, Teixeira (meadow tick) ticks, products containing DEET, icaridine, IR3535 and IR3535 and icaridine, DEET, containing products ticks, tick) (meadow L.) (Aboelhadid et al., 2013); wormwood (Artemisia wormwood 2013); et al., (Aboelhadid L.) absinthium Fabricius

Lavandula ( lavender (A.2015); wild garlic angustifolia ursinum L.); narrow-leaved Repellents on sale are available in various forms: sprays, liquids in atomizers, lo in atomizers, liquids sprays, forms: in various available sale are on Repellents Ticks are very dangerous parasites for humans and animals, which in addition to to which in addition animals, and humans for parasites very dangerous are Ticks P.Gaertn., B.Mey. et Scherb.) – an extract from the roots the roots extract – an from et Scherb.) B.Mey. rusticana(Armoracia radish P.Gaertn., cataria (Nepeta also kills catnip ticks; but repels only not horseradish of et al., (Birkett tolerate cannot mosquitoes and ticks that nepetalactone – a compound (Acorus ag 2011); sweet calamus al., et (Ghosh ies and ants mosquitoes, ticks, repels that substance a whichis azarone, (Allium cepa2011); onion (A. sa garlic 2013); et al., (Aboelhadid ticks rid of get to ways eective the most of one tivum al., (Pirali-Kheirabadi, Mill.) L. – Appendix 1F) (Martinez-Velazquez et al., 2011). et al., 1F) (Martinez-Velazquez L. – Appendix o cinalis nus tions, gels, creams, wipes impregnated with a repellent substance, bracelets made of of made bracelets substance, a repellent with wipes impregnated creams, gels, tions, surfaces, other or clothing on stick to plasters silicone, or (PVC) chloride polyvinyl used are spot-on and injections pills, addition, In sounds. ultrasonic devices emitting origin. natural or synthetic of substances active contain may Repellents animals. for N-N-diethyl-m-toluamide are: ingredients used active synthetic commonly most e acid (IR3535); 1-pip propionic amino 3-(N-acetyl-N-butyl) of ester ethyl (DEET); in Poland, 2019). In et al., (Przygodzka (icaridine) acid KBR3023 eridine-carboxylic Dermacentor eect of the reticu repellent determine to carried was out 2016, research latus a that conrmed have Studies geraniol. IR3535 and DEET, 3 substances: of a mixture 7 hourseven aer ticks for repellence 90% showed 30% DEET containing repellent de substances skin, while other theof activity human on the repellent applying from 0.1% 20% IR3535 and 30% DEET, was: compound best the second creased, repelling 20% containing Products 7 hours). the skin aer entering not ticks (60% of geraniol (Gliniewicz et al., 1.5 hour for 12% IR3535 repelled eectively ticks and icaridine of in the research the species tick included that be remembered should it 2019). However, scale a larger necessary on is so experiments it carry to such out humans, attack rarely species. the human threatening most the species tick I. ricinus on tick- of also can be the transmitters (skin damage) foraging eects direct of causing have habitats, convenient many occupy these parasites diseases.borne Currently, phe a common is Poland throughout ticks by attack an the of risk and hosts many Tanacetum vulgare L. – (Tanacetum tansy others: among include, in the literature scientists by – it oil the essential to due smell spicy a sharp by distinguished 1E) which is Appendix (Pålsson aphids ies and also mosquitoes, but ticks, only not repels Sch. Bip. – the owers of this plant contain cinerine and pyrethrin – toxic to insects to – toxic pyrethrin and cinerine contain this plant of the – owers Sch. Bip. rosemary (Rosmari insecticidal used preparations); them is extract in many (an from Anna Kocoń, Sylwia Janiczek, Natalia Malejky-Kłusek Birkett, M.A.,Hassanali, A.,Hoglund, S.,Pettersson, J Collatz, J., Selzer, P., Fuhrmann, A.,Oehme, Castellanos, A.A.,Medeiros, M.C.,Hamer, G.L.,Morrow, M.E.,Eubanks, M.D., Teel, P.D., Hamer, S.A., Bezuidenhout, J.D.,Bezuidenhout, Stutterheim, C.J. evaluation (1980).Acritical of role the played by red-billed the Argas re exus Fabricius: https://zeckenrollen.de/zecken/zeckenarten-in-deutschland/ Angelo, I.C.,Tunholi-Alves, V.M., Tunholi, V.M., Perinotto, W.M., Gôlo, P.S., Camargo, M.G.,Quinelato, Aboelhadid, S.M.,Kamel, A.A.,Arafa, W.M., Shokier, ofsativum K.A.(2013).Eect Allium e authors declare no conict of interest related to article. this ank you prof. Nowak-Chmura Magdalena for support and help inwriting article. the not cause changes inrelationships trophic inlocal networks. implemented environment, inthe but it should kept be inmind that such actions do natural ways to prevent of occurrence the ticks are sought still aer, improved and numberthe of ticks as well as aecting movement the and of eciency parasites. All most promising of method bio-control far of so is use the pathogens, fungal reducing extent, of andspecies plants several that dangerous repel these parasites. However, the ed. ere areof species animals several that eliminate presence the of ticks to some mals, and long-term tests of environmental the impact of preparations these are- need mainly are which on chemical insecticides, not completely safe for humans and ani from spreading dangerous Research on tick-borne diseases. controlling ticks is based forod preventing parasites these inhuman from occurring and habitats, pet as well as nomenon. 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Methods of protection against ticks (Acari: Ixodida) 169 Streszczenie Metody ochrony przed kleszczami (Acari: Ixodida) przed kleszczami Metody ochrony Kleszcze (Acari: Ixodida) należą do roztoczy, pasożytujących najczęściej na gadach, ptakach i ssakach. Ze ptakach gadach, na najczęściej pasożytujących należą Ixodida) do roztoczy, Kleszcze (Acari: bezpośrednią jak wśród szkodliwość również epizootiologiczne, epidemiologiczne, znaczenie względu na całym świecie Na zewnętrznych. pasożytów z najgroźniejszych jednych się do zaliczają i zwierząt, ludzi 19 gatunków pory do tej stwierdzono Polsce, w kleszczy, 850 gatunków około występowanie stwierdzono aż nizinnych od siedliskach terenów w różnych one Bytują kraju. naszego w faunie stale występujących w tym mieszkalnych budynków strychy zieleni, tereny takie miejsca jak: lasy, zajmując górskie, po tereny otoczeniu kleszczyw bliskim występowanie Coraz częstsze jaskinie. zwierząt, jamy nory, i gospodarskich, idealne patogenów warunki stwarza do przenoszenia domowych oraz przydomowych i zwierząt człowieka i osobistej że stale są ochrony poszukiwane wszelkie sposoby wątpliwości, ma odkleszczowych. Nie chorób jakie wystąpić mogą konsekwencjami przed kleszczy oraz atakami przed chroniące środowiskowe, działania pasożyta. po żerowaniu ticks protection, tick parasite, words: Key Received: [2019.08.08] [2019.11.15] Accepted: