ACT Older Drivers’ Handbook COTA ACT

COTA (ACT) talks to government, the media and the community about issues that directly concern seniors, like income, taxation, health services, transport and much more including: • Policy Analysis, policy development and advocacy; • Provision of information and advice to seniors on ACT Government policies and programs and on issues of interest and concern to them; • Provision of information and advice to ACT Government about issues of importance to older people and on research; • The delivery of a range of services to older people in the ACT including the management of the ACT Government Seniors Cards Scheme, a range of Peer Education programs on issues such as falls prevention, medication management and mental health, the seniors information service and a housing option advisory service Program. COTA owns and promotes ACT Seniors Week. Membership includes key organisations that represent consumers and service providers. These organisations make a substantial contribution to the Council policy development process. Our membership is open to people over 50 years of age and our policy work covers a wide range of issues of concern to this group, including access to aged and community care services, financial services, housing, employment, transport and communications technology.

For more enquiries please contact COTA (ACT) on Phone 6282 3777 Fax 6285 3422 Website: www.cota-act.org.au Hughes Community Centre Wisdom Street, Hughes ACT 2605

This booklet has been prepared for the Council On The Ageing (ACT) Inc. Council On The Ageing (ACT) Inc accept no responsibility for the contents of it nor do they assume any duty of care to any person who might act on reliance of its contents. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This publication is a project of the Council on the Ageing (ACT). It has been developed in cooperation with, and for, the ACT Department of Territory and Municipal Services (TAMS). It will be distributed by TAMS to older drivers in the ACT. Special thanks and appreciation is extended to: • Transport Regulation and Planning • Roads and Traffic Authority of New South Wales (NSW) • Road User Services of the Department of Territory and Municipal Services • St John Ambulance Australia

© St John Ambulance Australia Disclaimer: St John First Aid Protocols are First Aid protocols for the Australian market only. All care has been taken in preparing the information but St John takes no responsibility for it’s use by other parties or individuals. The information is not a substitute for first aid training. For more information on St John first aid training and kits visit www.stjohn.org.au or call 1300 360 455

If you would like more details on the information in this handbook, please contact Road Transport Section - Telephone 13 22 81

ISBN 978 1 86331 439 8 ISBN 1 86331 439 3 © Australian Capital Territory, 2008 First published for the Department of Territory and Municipal Services 1995. This work is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by any process without written permission from the Territory Records Office, Community and Infrastructure Services, Territory and Municipal Services, ACT Government. GPO Box 158, Canberra City ACT 2601. Produced by Publishing Services for the: Road Transport Authority (Road User Services) Other available publications: • ACT Bus and Truck Drivers’ Handbook • ACT Road Rules Handbook This handbook is intended to assist ACT drivers, however, it is intended as a guideline only. Legislative provisions are contained in the Australian Road Rules (1999) and Road Transport (Driver Licensing) Regulation (2000). For further information please contact Road Transport Authority (Road User Services) on telephone number 6207 7000.

Publication No 08/0131 http://www.act.gov.au Telephone: Canberra 13ACT1 or 13 22 81

ii FOREWORD

I take great pleasure in endorsing this February 2008 edition of the ACT Older Drivers' Handbook which has been produced with the assistance of the Council On The Ageing–ACT Branch. A driver licence holds a special significance for older people as mobility is an essential element in retaining independence and self-sufficiency. Most drivers choose to continue driving as long as possible, but we all need to understand the effects ageing can have on our driving skills. This handbook focuses on giving older drivers information about how to determine for themselves whether they are driving safely, how to continue to drive safely and when to make the decision to hand in their licences. There are risks for drivers over 80 years, and as a community we need to work together to be aware of those risks, and to minimise them. Although this handbook is directed mainly at older drivers, I hope that it is read by drivers of all ages and their families, and that they will more fully understand the difficulties faced by older drivers.

Safe driving!

John Hargreaves MLA Minister for Territory and Municipal Services

iii A MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT OF THE COUNCIL ON THE AGEING (ACT) Over the next decade we can expect the number of ACT drivers aged 70 plus to rapidly increase by 45%. Most older drivers have considerable experience and are generally good and safe drivers. There are however, some among this group who will experience problems and difficulties that will impact on their ability to continue to drive safely. Some will need to consider retiring from driving, while others will need to adjust driving habits or become familiar with changed driving rules and circumstances. COTA (ACT) is concerned about older drivers and we recognise the important role mobility plays in the maintenance of quality of life styles. So much so that COTA, the NRMA ACT Road Safely Trust and TAMS continue to work together to promote safe and responsible driving. COTA strongly supports efforts to maintain and improve the driving skills of older drivers. We urge all drivers to evaluate their skills and recognize that there may be factors, which inhibit their ability to operate a vehicle as effectively as they may have in the past. As a long-term driver myself, I realise this handbook is an important resource for older drivers. I recommend that you take the opportunity to read it thoroughly. It will provide you with good advice on a range of topics aimed at maintaining and improving your driving skills. It will also help you make vital decisions about your habits and about options other than driving. TAMS recognises that the number of older drivers on ACT roads is increasing and the department has adopted a proactive role in maintaining the skills of older drivers. COTA strongly supports their efforts in making our roads safer for all users. Keep this booklet as a handy reference take note of its advice and stay safe on the roads.

Ms. Elizabeth Grant AM President Council on the Ageing (ACT)

iv CONTENTS

Test your own performance 1 Self-assessment 2 Discussion of answers 5 Driving habits 5 Checking and signalling when changing lanes 6 Staying informed of road rules 7 Physical conditions 8 Intersections 9 Joining traffic on busy roads 10 Using seat belts 12 Emotions 13 Angry and impatient 14 Wandering thoughts 15 Health 16 Sleepy during the day 17 Regular eye checks 18 Medications and driving 20 Information on current health practices 22 Records and other indicators 23 Concerned family and friends 23 Infringements, cautions, etc 24 Crashes in the last two years 26 Frequently asked road rule questions 28 More helpful information 36 Maintaining your car 36 The role of the Road Transport Authority 38 Alternative transport 39 Road Transport Authority Offices and Shopfronts 40 ACT Licence Codes 40 Vehicle weights and axle configurations 41 What to do after an accident 44 First Aid 44

v vi Test your own 75. There is also evidence that performance older drivers can cope safely with this decline. While you cannot stop ageing you can try to limit the way any change in function ? affects your driving. Included in this handbook is a The motor car has had a Questionnaire to help you assess profound impact on life-style your driving performance. The and mobility. The car has rating form on the next few played and will continue to pages is for your use only. After play an important part in the answering the 15 questions, add independence and life-style of up your score and refer to page older drivers. four to determine the result. In Older drivers make up a fast the detailed explanation that growing part of the Australian follows the form, actions you population. Freedom to will need to take to deal with any travel by car will continue to problems revealed are explained. be an important part in your You may even decide to stop independence and quality of life. driving. The purpose is to help you drive as long as possible Almost everyone seriously with safety to yourself and concerned with road safety wants others. The score is based on to keep drivers on the road for your answers to some important as long as they can drive safely. questions. Growing older should never be taken as an indicator of reduced For a complete evaluation of driving ability. In fact older your driving ability, an answer to drivers represent a wide range many more questions would be of abilities, and no individual required, along with a medical, should have a licence taken away physical and driving test. Your from them solely because of age. answers and score will give some indication of how well you are However, there is evidence coping and what can be done that for many drivers the skills if you need to improve your necessary for safe driving begin driving performance. to decline at about age 60 and decline quickly after about age

1 Self–assessment For each of the following 15 questions, tick the symbol of the one answer that most applies to you. Questions Always sometimes never or or almost Almost a Always never 1. Do you signal and check for cars behind and beside you when you change lanes? 2. Do you stay up-to-date on changes to the road rules? 3. Do intersections bother you because there is so much to watch? 4. Do you find it difficult to decide when to join traffic on a busy road? 5. Are you slower than you used to be in reacting to dangerous driving situations? 6. Do you wear a seat belt? 7. Do traffic situations make you angry or impatient? 8. Do your thoughts wander when you are driving? 9. Do you find that you are sleepy at times during the day? 10. Do you get regular eye checks to keep your vision at its sharpest? 11. Do you check with your doctor about the affects of your medications on driving ability? (If you do not take medication, tick this box and skip this question)

2 Questions Always sometimes never or or almost Almost a Always never

12. Do you stay up-to-date with current information on health practices and habits? 13. Are your children, other family members or friends concerned about your driving ability?

Questions none one three or more or more

14. How many traffic tickets or cautions from Police Officers have you had in the past two years? 15. How many accidents have you had during the past two years?

Self-scoring Count the number of ticks in the red squares and write the total in the red box below. Follow the same procedure for the yellow triangles. You do not need to count the ticks in the green circles.

Multiply the number Multiply the number above by 5 then write it below above by 3 then write it below + = Add them together Your score

3 If your score is you have ticked. They are areas 35 or over where you can improve on your driving skills. Beware! You have too many unsafe driving practices. You A ticked red square response to are a potential or actual hazard a question indicates an unsafe to yourself and others. Examine practice or situation that you the questions where you have should address immediately. A ticked a red square or a yellow ticked yellow triangle means triangle and read the next section a practice or situation that is about how you may be able to potentially unsafe and should be improve your driving ability. It improved. Green is a sign that might be worthwhile to speak you are a safe driver. to your doctor, or the Road Most of the red and yellow Transport Authority (contact responses represent practices or numbers are shown on page 40) situations that can be improved about having your driving ability on by most drivers. The next properly evaluated. section discusses the questions on the self-rating form you have If your Score is completed. 16 to 34 Caution! You have some unsafe driving practices which need improvement to keep you safe. Examine the red squares or yellow triangles you have ticked for areas requiring change.

If your score is 15 or below Good! Your responses indicate that you are aware of what is important for safe driving. You are practising what you know. Nevertheless, examine the red squares or yellow triangles

4 Discussion of Driving habits answers (Questions 1–2) The discussion which follows is Driving habits are everyday presented in six categories: driving practices – from starting the car and joining traffic to 1. Driving habits (Items 1–2) leaving traffic and parking. 2. Physical conditions (Items 3–5) 3. Using seat belts (Item 6) 4. Emotions (Items 7–8) 5. Health habits (Items 9–12) 6. Driving records and other indicators (Items 13–15) 1. Do you check and signal for cars behind and beside you when you change lanes? The only acceptable answer is always. Even those of you who have ticked a red square probably know that always is not only the best but also the only acceptable answer. Good driving includes checking the rear view mirrors, looking to the rear to cover the blind spots, and signalling before changing lanes.

FACT One of the specific unsafe driving habits of many older drivers is failing to look for cars behind and beside their vehicle.

5 When under observation some If stiffness, arthritic pain or other older drivers report that they physical problems keep you from are not aware of having not turning your head and looking looked behind and beside their to the rear as easily as you should vehicle before changing lanes or and would like to, install a larger reversing. The fact that some rear-view mirror inside your car do not realise they have this to ensure that you have complete dangerous habit might be due vision through your rear window. to gradual changes in driving If you do not already have one, habits. These changes often install a left hand side exterior result from chronic stiffness mirror on your vehicle to aid in and/or pain in the upper body checking to the rear. and neck due to arthritis. As Most drivers are unaware that a well they may not know how ‘blind spot’ exists between the important it is to always check to interior mirror and the left hand the rear because they have driven or right hand exterior mirrors accident-free for a long time and, often change lanes without without following this practice. checking this blind spot. If you These drivers have been lucky. find that you have problems Suggestions: turning to check these ‘blind • understand that if you do spots’, small fish-eye mirrors not check for cars behind and can be attached to the exterior beside your vehicle you can mirrors of your vehicle to assist cause a serious accident. with vision. If you decide to fit such a mirror, ensure that it is • examine your lane-changing small and that you have ample and reversing behaviour and standard viewing. resolve to improve if always is not your answer. Many drivers, regardless of age, have the opinion that to change • If you have arthritis or joint lanes all they need do is use their stiffness which interferes with indicators and all other traffic turning your head, inquire will give-way to them. This of through your doctor and other course is a dangerous attitude sources about medications and as indicators simply warn other exercises which might improve traffic that you are about to your flexibility. change direction. Drivers must

6 give-way to traffic in other lanes Testing indicates that older when making a lane change. drivers are less familiar than • The correct procedure when younger drivers with the making a lane change is to meaning of current traffic check your interior mirror, control laws, road signs and check your left or right hand devices. For example, some mirror (depending on whether drivers do not know about left- you are changing to a left or turn with care at traffic lights right hand lane) indicate, look regulations, slip lane laws, form over the appropriate shoulder one lane regulations, or how to to check your blind spot, if use roundabouts. the way is clear, make your Knowledge of signs and symbols lane change. Many drivers is vital because the ability to see already use this procedure, and interpret them lessens with however if you are not one of age. Therefore, all drivers must those who do, perhaps now is keep up with new road rules a good time to start. so they can instantly interpret • Take a refresher driving course all road signs and symbols and with a driving school who know how to cope with new can highlight any problems a situations. Drivers of all ages driver may have and suggest can be hesitant in traffic and a what can be done to reduce danger to themselves and others them. Check with the driving if they do not know and follow schools in your local area. the rules of the road. Suggestions: Fact • Convince yourself that Many drivers do not knowledge of current traffic have an up-to-date laws, devices, signs and knowledge of new symbols is essential for your developments in the safety and that of other road road rules. users. Being dependent on your driving experience alone 2. Do you stay informed on rather than keeping yourself changes to the road rules? informed on changes to the The best answer is always, but road rules could be costly and sometimes is obviously better result in injury. than never.

7 • Read and study the ACT Road Physical conditions Rules Handbook. This book (Questions 3–5) may be obtained at a cost of $5.00 at the ACT Canberra Driving requires sensing, deciding Connect Shopfronts (cost and acting. Sensing means being of the handbook is correct alert through all senses to what from effect Jan 2007 but is is happening in traffic. This subjective to change). Contact information reaches you through the Road Transport Authority your eyes, ears and through the and ask for any other senses of touch and smell. After pamphlets or books that can you pick up cues for action offer helpful information. through sensing, you then have to decide what to do about • enrol in a driver refresher them. Deciding refers to all of course with a local driving the thought processes which school. occur between your impression of events and your response to those events. You must assess actions you might take, and choose those least likely to cause a crash or interfere with traffic. After deciding what to do, you have to translate your decision into acting: braking or accelerating, steering, signalling, etc. Unfortunately for older drivers, ageing can reduce your ability to sense, decide and act. Though people age at different rates and in different ways, in general as people become older they do not hear and see as well, they process information more slowly and do not act as quickly. Adding to driving difficulties for some are such

8 medical conditions as cataracts that you are not sure how to and arthritis. position your car for a left or right turn? You may like 3. Do intersections bother you to discuss your uncertainties because there is too much to with a licence examiner at the watch in all directions? Road Transport Authority. Is Ideally you might like to answer it difficult turning the steering never, but if you ticked the wheel because of arthritis or yellow triangle sometimes or some other physical problem? the red square always you are You may need to discuss this not alone. Intersections are with your doctor and seek complicated centres of fast- advice on making adjustments moving traffic, and it is difficult to your vehicle to help you. to take everything in at once. • perhaps you simply are uncertain about what you Fact are supposed to do at an Intersections are one intersection and when you of the more common should do it. Studying an sites of crashes intersection while you are involving older drivers a passenger may help you (particularly when they negotiate it later when driving. are turning right). • Take a driving lesson with The more complicated a driving school. What intersections are among the most you learn may give you the complex situations a driver faces. confidence to recognise Older drivers often fail to see what you can do, or that and stop at STOP signs or give you are doing everything way to other cars at intersections. correctly at intersections and that intersections are not Suggestions: as dangerous as they once • Take a good look at your appeared. driving skills regarding • plan your trips to avoid intersections. Do you have busy intersections or drive an ability to process the at less busy times. Plan an information quickly enough? alternative route to avoid right If not, you should discuss turns from busy intersections. this with your doctor. Is it

9 4. Do you find it difficult to and have doubts about driving decide when to join traffic on on busy roads, try to avoid a busy road? them. Most of us would like to answer 5. Are you slower than you used never, but if you ticked to be in reacting to dangerous sometimes or always, you are also driving situations? not alone. The only acceptable answer is . Fact never Surveys about driving Emergencies and dangerous attitudes show that driving situations may be fairly some older drivers lack uncommon, but fast and safe confidence and feel reactions are essential. While nervous on busy roads. good sensing, deciding and acting are all necessary for Ageing and the normal decline safe driving, these skills come in sensing, deciding and acting together in acting, what you do, abilities can make an aware or do not do, quickly enough to person uneasy on busy roads. avoid an accident. It is acting The reason most often expressed that some older drivers are is that other people drive too slowest at. fast. To some older drivers You are subject to the physical this might be a valid reason for and psychological changes of avoiding peak traffic times and ageing. Some of these changes busy roads. However, better can adversely affect your driving knowledge of how to drive on capacity unless you adapt to busy roads should make it easier the changes. You may need to when you do need to use them. develop new ways to help you to Suggestions: continue to drive safely. • you may want to take a Changes in the muscles and refresher course with a driving bones are part of the reason for school to build up your the increase in the rate of crashes confidence and update your and severe injury of drivers over driving skills. 70. Reaction time is slowed • If, regardless of what you learn down by arthritic joints and to do, you are still nervous tight muscles. Joint flexibility

10 and muscle strength also cases lessen impairment diminish with age. But there sufficiently to permit safer are steps that most drivers can driving. take to improve their response to • fitting devices such as power dangerous situations. steering, power brakes, power seats and wide rear-view Fact mirrors to your vehicle can Older drivers take help to compensate for any more time to integrate loss of flexibility, strength or information from movement. several sources at once, and therefore may • enrol in a refresher course respond more slowly in where you can learn to dangerous situations. anticipate and avoid dangerous situations. Suggestions: • If possible, avoid driving in • Keep yourself physically fit busy, complex and fast-moving and mentally alert and avoid traffic. driving if you are tired, ill, or have taken any drugs (including alcohol) that will slow your mental or physical responses. Ask your doctor or chemist if you are not sure. • Exercise to maintain or increase the flexibility of your joints and your muscular strength. • If joint and muscle impairments are serious, investigate medical and surgical therapies. Anti- inflammatory drugs and various surgical procedures, including total joint replacement, will in some

11 Using seat belts Fact (Question 6) Seat belts give you 6. Do you wear a seat belt? around a 50% better chance of surviving a The only acceptable answer is CRASH without being always. killed or seriously Regardless of your age, you are injured than not always safer with a seat belt on. wearing one at all. This is why the law has no age When involved in A exemption for seat belt use. Seat CRASH, those 65 and belts must be properly worn to older are more likely give you maximum protection. to be injured or killed than younger people. Listed below are a few easy steps to wearing a seat belt correctly: Your body may not be as • make sure the belt is tight. resilient as it was when you were • make sure the belt sits flat younger and it will not heal as against you. It should not be quickly or as well. In a crash, twisted. two things happen: • wear the lap part below your • the vehicle hits another vehicle stomach, sitting over the or object. upper thigh. • the people inside hit the • make sure the sash part goes interior of the vehicle. across your chest and over The fastened seat belt protects your shoulder. If it rubs your you against the second collision. neck or is too low on your Properly fastened seat belts are arm you can get a sash guide the best available way to reduce to make it fit better. injuries and fatalities in a crash. If you buy a car with an air bag, you must still wear your seat belt to ensure that you have even greater protection in a crash.

12 Emotions (Questions 7–8) Driving, as we have said, is a complicated task requiring continuous concentration. Emotional feelings which interfere with this concentration are dangerous. 7. Do traffic situations make you angry or impatient? The best answer is never. Suggestions: Those who have been stuck in Accept the fact that seat belts traffic for a long time understand save lives and reduce injuries. the possibility of it being Convince those you care about sometimes. However, a tick for and who travel with you of this. always reveals that some changes Then make sure that you and all are needed. Most people trapped who ride in your car wear them in slow moving traffic feel properly fastened, at all times. frustrated. Their frustration can If your seat belt is very lead to anger or impatience. uncomfortable or cannot be Fear can cause anger. Older properly fastened, take your car drivers who are afraid of finding to a reputable mechanic or car themselves in difficult situations repair facility. The mechanic and not knowing what to do or repair facility will be able to sometimes respond with anger, put in a sash guide to make the in the actual situation or even at sash part of the belt fit more the thought of it. Or they may comfortably. be afraid of drivers who drive too fast or cut them off. Again they may respond with anger. The danger is that anger will make drivers less rational and lessen their driving ability.

13 Additionally, out of anger or the fewer the crashes. impatience, drivers may be • If you are converting fear into tempted to take risks they anger, try to take the steps otherwise might not take. necessary to overcome the Many drivers who do this do fear. Perhaps the knowledge not recover their skills quickly and special training through enough to avoid trouble. refresher driving courses will Suggestions: help. • Awareness is the first step in 8. Do your thoughts wander controlling anger. The second when you are driving? step is handling it in a healthy way. Getting behind the The ideal answer is never. wheel in a highly emotional Even the best drivers catch state, whether joy or anger, themselves sometimes. However, takes attention away from if you ticked the red square driving and invites trouble. for always you are a dangerous • Accept the fact that anger will driver. Again, driving is do nothing to get you out of complicated and demanding. It irritating traffic situations. takes continuous concentration, On the contrary, it may so even momentary lapses can involve you in a crash. lead to danger. • Recognise when you are Fact becoming angry. Then examine why anger seems to Investigations of reach irrational proportions. CRASHES and fatalities of older drivers show that Say to yourself, "Why am I they are more likely getting upset?" Try to take than other drivers to positive steps, instead of overlook road signs and letting your anger mount up. signals while driving. Take deep breaths and try to remain calm. Not seeing road signs and stop • Try to avoid the kind of traffic signs, not giving way and so on, you know is likely to make are thought to be partly due to you angry. The smoother the inattention to the driving task. traffic flow, the less the anger,

14 The first rule for all drivers If your mind wanders, pull it should be undivided and back to the task at hand. concentrated attention. Suggestions: Yet many of us have seen drivers • Accept that driving is a in animated conversation and complex task and requires looking at others in the car with your full attention. minimum attention to the road. • If you catch yourself day Other drivers will drink coffee, dreaming or otherwise not try to glance at a newspaper or concentrating on your driving, talk on a mobile phone while identify what is diverting you driving. In an emergency they and return your attention to may not be able to return from driving. their diversion in time to avoid a crash. Getting older may slow • Check with your doctor or down your ability to switch chemist if any medication your attention from one thing you are taking affects your to another. Many conditions driving. can interfere with your ability to • Take the necessary steps to concentrate: remove or reduce distractions, whether they are those over • emotional upset which you have control or • tiredness those for which you will need • illness help. • medications • If you are tired or emotional do not drive – take a taxi or • alcohol bus instead. • full meals • pain • a loud radio • hot or cold weather

15 Health is an important cause of road (Questions 9–12) traffic accidents. It occurs more frequently among older people than other age groups, which is due to changes in the sleep cycle with age such as the inability to sustain Your health can be affected by sleep during the night because physical fitness and interest in of age-associated biological nutrition. Good health habits rhythm changes. However, include regular medical check- day-time sleepiness may also ups and keeping up-to-date on indicate that you are suffering health issues. This can improve from a medical condition. For the sensing, deciding and acting instance, common causes of skills required for safe driving. persistent day-time sleepiness Good vision can keep you out of include: insomnia, tiredness accidents. Remaining mentally and fatigue resulting from a alert can help you decide more long-term viral illness (post-viral quickly. Good nutritional habits fatigue syndrome); and types can strengthen your bones of drugs and medications, such against injury. as benzodiazepines, which can induce day-time sleepiness. 9. Do you find that you are sleepy at times during the day? Fact The best answer is never. Sleep apnoea is a common It is quite possible that you disorder affecting experience day-time sleepiness approximately 10% of sometimes when you have been males over the age of 40. pushing yourself too hard. Sleep apnoea most often affects However, if you find yourself men who are middle aged or always or almost always sleepy older, heavy snorers, overweight during the day, you may need and medium to heavy drinkers of to look into the causes of this alcohol. tiredness. People with sleep apnoea stop Day-time sleepiness is a common breathing repeatedly during their and serious complaint, and sleep. Lapses from breathing can

16 last anywhere between 10 and 60 of how this can relate to seconds, sometimes even longer. your driving ability. Try to It is possible for a person to stop ascertain if you are a snorer breathing 400 times during one or a restless sleeper, or if you night, resulting in having very sometimes stop breathing little sleep. whilst sleeping. People with sleep apnoea are • If you think you may have often very sleepy during the sleep apnoea, speak to your day. They get very tired while doctor and limit your driving driving, and even fall asleep at as much as possible. Your traffic lights or while driving. doctor may give you a referral Sleep apnoea is thought to be a to a sleep disorders clinic, significant factor in many road where a sleep analysis will be crashes. A study conducted conducted. If the sleep study in NSW found that 19% of shows that you have sleep sleep apnoea sufferers had been apnoea, there are effective involved in a crash caused by treatments available. their sleepiness. In adults, being Regardless of whether you have overweight, drinking alcohol, sleep apnoea or not, make sure and taking medication such as that you do not drive a car when sleeping tablets can increase the you are feeling tired. If you are likelihood and severity of the sleepy, have a nap before you condition. Sleep apnoea if left set out on your journey. If you untreated can lead to serious life- become tired while driving, stop threatening conditions such as the car at the nearest safe place high blood pressure, heart disease and rest until you are feeling and brain damage due to low alert. blood oxygen levels (hypoxia). Unfortunately, not all individuals Fact who suffer from sleep apnoea It is estimated that realise that they have it. nationally 15% of fatal Suggestions: crashes are caused by • Make yourself aware of driver fatigue. your own sleep patterns and Many people are under the feelings of sleepiness during impression that they can stay the day and remind yourself awake if they try hard enough.

17 However, once drowsiness sets 10. Do you get regular eye checks in, there is nothing you can do to keep your vision at its about it except stop immediately. sharpest? Suggestions: The only acceptable answer is • If possible, start your trip early always. in the day and do not drive late at night. The chances of Fact crashing are much higher at 85% – 95% of all sensing night. cues in driving come • Take regular breaks, stop in through the eyes. a town on the way or use a Poor eyesight can affect roadside rest stop. Getting driving ability. out of the car and walking Poor vision makes you respond around will stretch stiff slowly to signals, signs and traffic muscles and joints. events in ways that can lead to a • Driver Reviver Stations make crash. good rest stops. Decline in the ability to see • share the driving, if you can. detail comes naturally with • stay somewhere overnight so ageing. The ability of the eyes you can arrive safely – even if to focus decreases with age not until the next day. and it becomes more difficult • eat properly on journeys – not to change focus from distant too much and not too little to near objects and vice-versa. – and at your regular meal The pupils become smaller, times. This will ensure you the muscles less elastic, and the take regular breaks lenses become thicker and less clear, so consequently you need more light. The amount of light required to detect an object increases with age. A 45 year old driver must have about four times the light required by a 19 year old to detect the same object. This is only one of the factors that

18 makes night driving especially Suggestions: difficult for older drivers. Older • firstly, have regular drivers do not recover from glare examinations with your as quickly or as fully as younger eye doctor. Tell the doctor drivers. that you want a thorough Peripheral vision, the ability to examination which will help see to the side while looking you remain a safe driver. straight ahead, also lessens with From the time you reach age. This may explain why older 75 years of age, the Road drivers have trouble picking up Transport Authority will information from the side of the require an annual medical car. Those with poor peripheral report from your own vision in both eyes have crash doctor or a Health Services rates twice as high as those Australia Medical Officer with normal peripheral vision. prior to the renewal of your It becomes more difficult to driver's licence. Take the distinguish colour as you age and corrective steps your doctor traffic signals appear dimmer. recommends. If glasses are Red colours do not appear as prescribed, keep them up- bright to many older drivers and to-date by letting the doctor it may therefore take some older know at once if they are not drivers twice as long to detect the working well for you. flash of brake lights as it used to. • enrol in a driver retraining Another visual ability that course where you can learn declines over the years is depth specific techniques for coping perception: the ability to tell with the limits imposed by how close or how far you are in ageing eyes. relation to a car or object ahead. • Reduce the amount of driving Depth perception is especially you do after dark and at important when trying to judge twilight (one of the most how fast other cars are coming. dangerous times of the day). Such medical conditions as The chances of having a crash cataracts, glaucoma, and diabetes are three times greater at night are more common with age than during the day-time. and can also be dangerous for driving.

19 • Be especially careful when you Fact are going into tunnels and undercover parking lots. Be More than 80% of people aged 60 and over are aware that your eyes will need prescribed one or more time to adjust to the dimly lit medications. surroundings. • Always keep your windscreen Some people suffer from more and headlights clean to reduce than one medical problem glare. and chronic illness requiring not only daily medication, but 11. Do you check with your combinations of medications. doctor about the effects of your Often you can be unaware of medication on your driving the possible effects of these ability? medications on your driving The only acceptable answer is ability. This can happen if there always. is no communication between Some of the most innocent you and your doctor about sounding medications (including side effects, or if there are no those bought without a instructions about side effects on prescription) can affect your the prescription container. driving. The drugs that slow Also, some people may be under you down generally reduce your the care of several doctors, all ability to process information writing prescriptions with little rapidly enough to drive a vehicle or no knowledge of what others safely. Another drug (which have prescribed. The drug many may not think of as one) mixtures of several prescriptions with the same effect is alcohol. can cause unpredictable reactions It is probably the single most and side effects. If these drugs important factor in fatal crashes have an effect on driving skills, it for drivers over 65 (as well as for is likely to be a bad one. All the younger drivers). more so for older people because they are more sensitive to medication and more susceptible too unusual reactions. While you might be wary of the effects of prescription drugs, even those

20 sold without prescription (over- • appetite suppressants the-counter) can reduce driving It is important to avoid alcoholic ability. beverages when you take other Depressants can affect your medications. Almost always, driving the combination of alcohol and other drugs affects your driving Depressants (downers) are drugs more than either alcohol or which slow down all your body's drugs alone. systems – you become sleepy, To remain safe, avoid alcohol uncoordinated and slow to react. altogether if there is a chance Commonly used depressants are: you may be driving. There is no • alcohol question that alcohol lessens the • tranquillisers and sleeping pills skills required for safe driving. (e.g. benzodiazepines) Tolerance to alcohol decreases • some pain killers and steadily with age, apart from any headache pills (e.g. codeine) personal history of drinking. Alcohol has a powerful impact • some allergy medicines on your total system, both (antihistamines) physical and psychological. • some medications for epilepsy, Older people are less able blood pressure, nausea, to sober up after drinking inflammation and fungal alcohol. Food, mood, tiredness, infections medication, general health, • most travel pills, many weight and size of body can all cough and cold remedies make a difference in predicting (some of these may contain overall effect. It simply makes antihistamines) good sense to avoid drinking Stimulants can affect your driving when driving. Stimulants (uppers) speed up Suggestions: your body's systems and can • Remind yourself that both make you jittery, uncoordinated prescribed and over-the- and anxious. Stimulants or counter medications may have medicines which contain a bad effect on your driving stimulants include: skills. • some decongestants, cough and cold remedies

21 • Check with your doctor or 12. Do you stay up-to-date with pharmacist to determine what current information on health the side effects of a prescribed practices and habits? medication are and how they The preferred answer is always, apply to your driving. If more but you cannot always do all the than one doctor is prescribing things you want to do; sometimes drugs for you, make sure all is therefore understandable. of them know about all of the drugs you are taking, whether The people least likely to prescribed or not. change behaviour for the good are the ones most at risk. It • Read all labels and has to be repeated throughout instructions on prescriptions this discussion that as you age, and over-the-counter drugs so inevitably there will be some you know the side effects. reduction of driving ability. However, many older people These are examples of warning have quicker reflexes than some labels: young adults.

This medicine may affect One of the purposes of this mental alertness and/or Avoid taking alcohol coordination. if affected self-rating system is to help do not drive a motor with this medication vehicle or operate unless advised by to show you that through machinery the prescriber. knowledge and self-awareness

This medicine may cause you will understand what a drowsiness and may increase the affects of alcohol. if affected safe driver is, and will assume do not drive a motor vehicle or operate machinery the responsibility to remain or become one, or decide to give up • The only safe action is not your driver's licence. to drink alcohol at all if you We want you to appreciate the intend to drive. Do not ride close ties between a healthy life- with anyone who has been style and driving skills. The drinking. attitude that encourages you to remain informed on health matters probably will also help you to feel in control of your future as a driver.

22 Suggestions: Records and Other • Become more aware of the Indicators relationships between good (Questions 13–15) health habits and your driving. • Take as much control as GIVE WAY you can of your life-style, STOP recognising the obvious connection between control of personal health and skill in There are many ways you driving. receive feedback on your driving • understand the value of ability. Police issue a Traffic nutrition, exercise, medical Infringement Notice when they check-ups and the effects of catch you disobeying the law medication, drugs and alcohol. and the offence is placed on your driving record. Concerned family members and friends may point out that you drive dangerously and that you should either take steps to reduce the danger or give up your licence. Few drivers, however, voluntarily surrender a licence. It is too important to them. 13. Are your children, or other family members or friends concerned about your driving ability? Never is the best answer here. You may have been aware of concern by others about your driving. You might have felt that the critics were worse drivers than you. When you tick the yellow triangle sometimes or, more especially, the red square

23 always, you may have a more is possible that a retraining valid reason to pay attention course or such corrective than you would like to admit. action as treatment for faulty vision or other physical Fact problems will help you. It Apart from the 17–25 year might also be appropriate to age group, drivers in the take more caution in relation 80 and over age group to medication and alcohol. have the highest number • Begin to prepare for the day of fatal crashes per when driving will no longer licensed driver. be possible for you. With adequate planning, a non- Denying that your driving driving life may not be as bad ability has decreased happens as it seems (see the section on because giving up your licence alternative transport). is something you would rather not consider. It relates not only 14. How many traffic to life-style but, for many, to infringements, cautions or survival. It is understandable discussions with Police officers then that older drivers resist have you had in the last two comments that threaten the years? continuance of driving. But Of course none is the preferred these are voices to be listened to answer here. – at least for clues about how you can improve. One or two might mean that you need to honestly assess your Suggestions: driving ability. Three or more • Listen to the comments of means you should have a serious those concerned about your look at how you are driving. To driving and keep an open be stopped many times suggests mind. Try not to dismiss the that you might be driving value of these comments just dangerously a lot of the time. If because you do not want to you find that realistically little accept them. can be done to reduce the danger • Look for clues to overcome you should make alternate plans the dangers of those for transportation. comments you judge valid. It

24 Fact Suggestions: Most drivers believe • If you have received a traffic that their own driving infringement or caution, skills are superior to examine the details for the those of the average probable causes. If one driver. Receiving cause seems to be a lack any type of traffic of knowledge of traffic infringement proves regulations or specific signs that there is room for and signals, go to your nearest improvement. Canberra Connect Shopfront and purchase a copy of the The most frequent problems of ACT Road Rules Handbook older drivers include: or any other information or • failure to give way pamphlets that will help you. • failure to observe signs and • If the infringement is due to signals a physical condition (such • careless crossing of as poor vision, resulting in intersections missed signs and signals), • changing lanes without due try to have the condition regard to other cars corrected. If the infringement • reversing seems to be caused by a wandering mind, resolve to • driving too slowly pay constant attention when Lack of concentration and behind the wheel of your car. finding that there is too much It may be worthwhile having information to handle seem a friend accompany you as a to be related to most of these passenger on some trips. They problems. can help with the navigation and reading of road signs. • If the problem seems to be information overload (inability to take everything in quickly enough to act properly), look for a driver retraining course with a driving school.

25 • Keep in mind that corrective than one vehicle, and result action should be taken in less serious vehicle damage. quickly, as infringements Injury rates are higher for older relate directly to safety. One occupants. infringement can be a warning Older drivers are likely to be that trouble is coming unless held at fault for many of the you make some changes. same reasons for which they receive infringements: 15. How many crashes have you had during the past two • failing to give way years? • not observing traffic signs and The most desirable answer is signals none. • careless crossing at intersections Depending on the severity, one or two can be one too many. If • improper turning and lane you answered three or more, be changing thankful that you are here and • careless reversing able to participate in this self- Older drivers with the most evaluation experience. recorded crashes often have a higher incidence of medical Fact conditions (e.g. heart and artery With increasing age problems, arthritis, broken there is a greater bones, visual and hearing likelihood of the older problems, and diabetes). driver being at fault in crashes. However, most crashes involving older drivers are associated with One crash can often signal that a lack of attention to driving, others are likely. Typical older and a slowness in processing driver crashes occur on clear information and taking the days, on straight dry roads, required action. If older drivers and at intersections within a honestly confront themselves, few kilometres of the driver's many may begin to admit that home. Ninety per cent of these they do not see well at night, generally show lower speeds than have missed signs, are nervous similar crashes among younger in traffic and are defensive drivers. They involve more about their own driving skills.

26 Acceptance of the facts increases practices which can improve the likelihood that they will traffic safety for everyone. improve their driving. If this handbook has helped you It may also help stop them identify any shortcomings in denying decreased ability to cope your driving, they can be dealt safely with traffic. This denial with through driver refresher is probably the older driver's courses. Check with the driving biggest obstacle because it means schools in your local area about their driving keeps getting worse lessons they offer. without them seeking ways to We hope that as you reviewed improve it. If their driving fails your score and the meaning, to improve, further crashes are explanations and suggestions likely to occur. for the yellow triangles and red Suggestions and conclusion: squares, you became aware of ways to improve your driving As the records show, in terms of performance. crashes per licence holder, older drivers are not over-represented. We repeat the central idea: to (They recognise much of the put you more in control of your advice offered on these pages.) future as a driver and to suggest Many older drivers already steps you should take to retain compensate for the limits they that control and continue to see in themselves as drivers. drive safely. They avoid night-time driving, Remember, this self-evaluation dense traffic periods, and the is only one step – a motivator personal behaviour and life-style – to a more comprehensive and which contributes to crashes. continuing evaluation of your However, it is important to driving ability. recognise that many traffic No matter how good you are at changes occur over the years and driving now, there may come a it is important for all drivers to day when you must give it up to be up-to-date on these to remain avoid injury to yourselves safe drivers. Few older drivers and other road users. When have had any formal training as your self-examination and drivers, and there is a lot of new other occurrences tell you knowledge about good driving that you can no longer correct

27 your shortcomings enough to FREQUENTLY ASKED drive safely, you need to plan ROAD RULES QUESTIONS alternative forms of transport. The following are some of the most frequently asked questions relating to the Australian Road Rules. Do You Know Your Roundabout Rules? These rules are relatively simple: When approaching a multi-lane roundabout with the intention of turning left; approach in the left hand lane, operate the left hand indicator before entering the roundabout and continue to indicate throughout the turn (Figure 1 refers). When approaching a multi-lane roundabout with the intention of continuing straight ahead, approach in either the left or right hand lane (Figure 2 refers) and operate the left hand indicator after entering the roundabout and continue to indicate throughout the turn. When approaching a multi-lane roundabout with the intention of turning to the right, operate the right hand indicator before entering the roundabout (Figures 3 and 4 refer), continue to operate the indicator until approaching the exit lane and then indicate left.

28 Figure 1 Figure 4

Figure 2 If all drivers follow these simple rules, other road users will be aware of a driver’s intentions and will be less likely to impede on another vehicle operators direction of travel while negotiating the roundabout. Giving Way in a Slip Lane Drivers are often confused about who has the right of way when two vehicles are turning left and Figure 3 right at the same intersection simultaneously. The rule is quite simple to remember, if there is a ‘Slip Lane’ at the intersection, then the vehicle turning right has the right of way and the left turning vehicle must stop in the slip lane until the way is clear. This means that the vehicle in the ‘Slip Lane’ must give way to all

29 traffic and pedestrians before Form One lane and Merging moving off (figure 1 refers). Many motorists appear to Figure 1 confuse the ‘Form One Lane ‘ rule with the ‘Merging Traffic’ rule. The ‘Form One Lane’ rule requires a driver to give way to a vehicle in another lane if that vehicle is in Driver turning left using a front of the slip lane must give way to all driver’s vehicle as vehicles that are turning right or the lanes merge. approaching the intersection the Hence the term, ‘The driver in driver is entering. front has right of way’. If there is no ‘Slip Lane’ at the In the above diagram, vehicle ‘B’ intersection, then the left turning must give way to vehicle ‘A’. vehicle has the right of way and Merging traffic is the right turning vehicle must where a lane is stop and not proceed until the ending and a way is clear (figure 2 refers). driver is required Figure 2 to cross a broken or dotted line to merge with other traffic. In this case, the driver who is about to cross the broken line must give way to traffic in close proximity in another lane regardless of which vehicle is in Driver turning right giving way front. to an oncoming vehicle that is In the above diagram, vehicle ‘A’ turning left into the road the must give way to vehicle ‘B’. driver is entering

30 Speed Limits Safe Following Distance CURRENT ACT DEFAULT Approximately 46% of all vehicle SPEED LIMIT crashes which occur in the ACT With effect from 1 June 2003, are ‘Tailgate Crashes’. These the ACT default speed limit crashes happen because drivers changed from 60km/h to 50 fail to keep an appropriate km/h. Therefore, unless a sign following distance from the shows a higher or lower speed vehicle travelling in front of limit on a length of road, the them. By following a simple default speed limit for the ACT, method called the ‘time elapsed is 50km/h system’ (often referred to as the 3 second rule), such crashes can Speed Zones be avoided. This system is as These are for example; school follows: zones, road worksite zones, shared zones, residential area When following another vehicle, zones etc, and are signed for the an estimation of the appropriate length of the zone. Drivers must following distance can be obey the speed limit shown on obtained by using the “3 second the signs, as applicable, and pay rule”. close attention to cyclists and To use this following distance pedestrian traffic. rule, you should keep a gap of at least 3 seconds or more between Safe Speed your vehicle and the one ahead. You will often need to reduce This means that it should take your speed owing to road you at least 3 seconds (minimum surface and alignment, low time) to get to where the car in sight distance, intersections, front is at any given moment. driveways, weather, traffic density, pedestrians, cyclists, wildlife, and on occasion, farm stock. Always drive at a legal speed comfortable for you, your car and your passengers, but at a speed that will not obstruct other road users.

31

The 3 second rule applies only - you are too close behind the for alert drivers, driving vehicles other vehicle and should increase in good mechanical condition, the following distance. fitted with good tyres and Poor road and weather driving on a good road surface in conditions (ie. gravel surfaces good traffic and weather or frosty/wet conditions), night To check that you are at least 3 driving or fatigued drivers, seconds behind the vehicle in should also allow a much greater front: distance from the vehicle in front. For these drivers or (a) Pick an object by the side of conditions, the time elapsed the road, such as a tree, that should at least doubled, ie from will soon be passed by the 3 seconds to at least 6 or 7 vehicle ahead. seconds, and even more to be (b) As soon as the rear of the certain. vehicle ahead passes the The ‘time elapsed system is object, say to yourself “one equally effective at speeds of 10 thousand and one, one km/h or 110 km/h. thousand and two, one thousand and three”. Many drivers will say that driving 3 seconds behind another (c) You should take the full 3 vehicle is a waste of time because seconds, or more, that it as soon as they leave a safe gap takes to say this, for the or following distance, another front of your vehicle to reach driver will speed past them and the same object. If you arrive move into the gap. at the same point before you finish counting the 3 seconds This is certainly likely to happen,

32 particularly during peak periods. Keeping to the left on a However, it takes a certain multi-lane road amount of maturity to overlook Many drivers continually the recklessness of other drivers continue to drive in the right and drop back to maintain that hand lane on multi lane roads safe following distance. Don’t be when they should in fact be one of the 46%, stay back and driving in the left hand lane. stay safe. In some cases it is an offence Bicycle Lanes In the ACT to drive in the right hand lane On-Road bicycle lanes are for the unless you are overtaking another use of bicycles only and drivers vehicle. The following extract should be aware that cyclists on is from the Australian Road bicycle lanes have right of way at Rules and applies in all States of intersections. Drivers must give Australia. way when making left or right (1) This rule applies to a driver turns. driving on a multi-lane road Coloured bicycle lanes at if: intersections are to remind (a) the speed-limit applying motorists that this section of to the driver for the length the roadway is a travel lane for of road where the driver is bicycle riders. The marking driving is over 80 highlights the existence of the kilometres per hour; or ‘cycle lane’ to motorists and the (b) a keep left unless ‘right of way’ legally provided overtaking sign applies to to the cyclist by a ‘cycle lane’. the length of road where Therefore, where you see a cycle the driver is driving. lane and particularly a green (2) The driver must not drive in coloured area at an intersection, the right lane unless: be on the lookout for cyclists. If (a) the driver is turning right, a cyclist is on a bicycle lane the or making a U–turn from motorist must give way. the centre of the road, and is giving a right change of direction signal; or (b) the driver is overtaking; or

33 (c) a left lane must turn left abiding by one of the exemptions sign or left traffic lane at paragraph 2 of the above rules. arrows apply to any other Note: If there are three or lane and the driver is not more available lanes, it is good turning left; or practice to use the left lane. The (d) the driver is required to right lane is generally reserved drive in the right lane; or for overtaking and drivers must (e) the driver is avoiding an move out of it as soon as it is obstruction; or safe to do so. (f) the traffic in each other Red Light and Speed Cameras lane is congested; or Red light and speed cameras (g) the traffic in every lane is have been progressively congested. introduced at intersections across (3) A keep left unless overtaking Canberra since December 2000 sign on a multi-lane road as part of a range of measures to applies to the length of road make our roads safer. beginning at the sign and The cameras selected for the ending at the nearest of the ACT are capable of detecting following: both red light and speeding (a) an end keep left unless offences, and camera sites are overtaking sign on the sign posted to ensure that road road; user are aware of their presence (b) a traffic sign or road in an area. marking on the road that What should I do when indicates that the road is approaching an intersection no longer a multi-lane with a red light camera? road; Make sure you can stop if you (c) if the road ends at a need to. There is no necessity T–intersection or dead for panic braking which could end— the end of the road. result in someone driving into The above rules simplified means the back of your vehicle. that it is an offence to drive in the right hand on multi-lane roads in speed zones exceeding 80 km/h unless the driver is

34 There is also no case for This is a highly dangerous accelerating over the speed limit practice particularly when the – this is a dangerous practice vehicle involved is speeding as and you could be booked for well – in some cases by up to 40 speeding. km/h over the speed limit. Don’t tailgate other vehicles. It Mobile Speed Cameras is your responsibility to maintain Mobile speed cameras are also sufficient distance from the used at various locations around vehicle ahead to avoid a crash the ACT and are deployed should it stop unexpectedly. strictly on excessive speed and If another vehicle is tailgating road safety considerations. you, simply SLOW DOWN. The speed camera sites are in What should I do if the light areas where the presence of turns yellow? cameras will assist in reducing The yellow light is a warning speed related vehicle crashes and that the traffic signal is about to are selected on the basis of crash change to red and you must stop history, speed surveys and the unless you are too close to the Department of Territory and intersection to stop safely. Municipal Services’ residential area traffic management criteria. Motorists will only receive a red- light infringement notice if they Speed camera vans can now be enter the intersection AFTER found in any area of the ACT the traffic signal turns red. and signs are placed on the camera vans advising that your Where and why are speed speed has been checked. cameras used? The cameras are used at intersections with a history of crashes, and speeding, which is the sole criterion for selecting red light camera locations. About 15% of road casualties in the ACT, involving around 65 people per year, occur at traffic lights, often as a result of motorists running red lights.

35 MORE helpful seat but they can be a serious information traffic hazard. At least once a month, operate the various Maintaining your car switches while someone else Before you drive you need to checks to see that all lights make sure that your vehicle is are working. Check the turn roadworthy. signals and four-way flashers. Preventative maintenance A broken indicator is usually identified by a marked change Drivers should be familiar with in the flashing speed of the the different systems of their turn signal indicator visible on cars. It is important to know the dashboard. No flashing the condition of the lights, at all may also indicate a battery, tyres, oil, brakes and defective flasher unit. transmission fluid. If other drivers flash their high You should carefully study your beams when you meet them owner’s manual and follow the while using your low beams, recommended maintenance your headlights are probably schedules. This will help you aimed too high. keep your vehicle in good repair and ensure trouble-free driving. Assuming your vehicle is not overloaded, and you are not Safety systems towing an improperly loaded The most obvious safety related trailer, your lights should be parts and accessories are the most tested by a vehicle mechanic and overlooked. properly adjusted. • windshield wipers and washers – most cars have two or three-speed wiper motors. The choice of speed depends on the weather. When blades start streaking or smearing, it is time for replacements. • Lights and bulbs – burned out light bulbs are not always easy to detect from the driver’s

36 Windscreen wipers and Rear vision washers, windscreen clean mirrors and free of cracks

Steering and Current horn registration label

Brakes Lights

Tyre condition and tread depth. Tyre pressure

Seeing out of the car It is obvious that you must sit high enough to see out of all the windows of the car. If this is a problem for you, examine the driver’s seat to see if it can be raised. If not, auto accessory shops have cushions that raise your sitting position. Be sure the cushion is comfortable and stays in place and that you are able to touch the floor with your feet.

37 The Role of the while driving. Driving has Road Transport become an ordeal instead of a Authority pleasure. They realise that they are a hazard to themselves, their passengers and other road users. If you no longer want to continue to drive it is best for you to return The Road Transport Authority your licence to the Road Transport is the licensing authority in the Authority or a Canberra Connect ACT and is required by law office. to be sure that all drivers are You can send it in the mail with medically fit and able to drive a brief letter to say that you have competently and safely. decided to give up driving. In carrying out this Many older drivers keep a class responsibility, the Road of licence which they no longer Transport Authority must take need or is inappropriate to their adequate steps to safeguard the current life-style. public interest. To do this, If you hold a class LR or MR the Road Transport Authority (Light Rigid or Medium Rigid) requires older drivers, on vehicle licence or above, and you reaching a certain age, to renew no longer need this class of licence, their driver’s licence annually and you can downgrade the licence to provide a medical certificate to a class C (car) at no cost. You signed by their doctor or a simply advise the Road Transport Health Services Australia Medical Authority office of your decision Officer. This ensures that their and arrangements will be made to ability to drive has not been issue you with a new licence. adversely affected by a medical condition placing their safety and that of others in jeopardy. Licence options Some older drivers know when to stop driving. They feel more and more uncomfortable, physically and emotionally,

38 Alternative means difficulty organising it to their of transport best advantage. A check with Some more hazardous or the following organisations will unfamiliar trips might be better provide you with details about undertaken by alternative alternative means of transport: transport rather than driving. • senior citizens and community We should all recognise that a centres, day will eventually come when • the Council on the Ageing we can no longer drive safely. • Canberra Cabs It is therefore in your interest • the Taxi Subsidy Scheme to find out as much as you can about other means of transport • Action Buses such as buses, taxis and any other • social networks which may services which may be operated exist in your community. by volunteer or community If you decide to contact any of groups. these organisations, you may The main problem with trying also wish to enquire about any to rely on an alternative means discounts or concessions which of transport is that it is not may be available and how to always available when or where arrange for them. you require it. Even where it is available most people have

39 Road Transport ACT LICENCE CLASSES Authority Office In March 2000, the new and Shopfronts Australian Road Rules were Dickson Road Transport implemented in the ACT. At Authority Office the time of implementation, 13 to 15 Challis Street, Dickson the motor vehicle licence classes were also changed. Driver licence or any of the ACT Government classes are now standardised Canberra Connect Shopfronts: throughout Australia. The following is a list of the previous and replacement driver licence classes and the vehicle weights and axle configurations. Woden Shopfront Woden Town Library Building Cnr Corina & Furzer Streets, Woden Belconnen Shopfront Swanson Plaza, Swanson Court, Belconnen Town Centre Tuggeranong Shopfront Homeworld Centre, Reed Street, Tuggeranong To contact any of the above centres: Telephone: 6207 7000 Fax: 6207 7107 Postal Address: PO Box 582, DICKSON ACT 2602 Website: www.canberraconnect.act.gov.au Telephone Canberra Connect: 13 22 81

40 LICENCE CLASSES, VEHICLE WEIGHTS AND AXLE CONFIGURATIONS

Codes Licence Class May Drive:

R Motorcycle 1. A motor bike or motor trike. Licence 2. A motorbike towing a single trailer designed to be towed by a motorbike. C Car licence 1. A motor vehicle (other than a motorbike) with a Gross Vehicle Mass (GVM) not over 4.5 tonnes and that is constructed or equipped to seat not more than 12 adults (including the driver). 2. A tractor or implement. 3. A motor vehicle mentioned in item 1 or 2 that is towing a single trailer (other than a semi-trailer) with a GVM not over 9 tonne. 4. However, this class does not cover a motor vehicle that is towing: a) 2 or more trailers; or b) a single semi-trailer; or c) any other single trailer with a GVM over 9 tonne. LR Light rigid 1. A motor vehicle with a GVM vehicle licence over 4.5 tonnes but not over 8 tonnes. 2. A motor vehicle with a GVM not over 8 tonne that is constructed or equipped to seat more than 12 adults (including the driver). 3. A motor mentioned in items 1 or 2 that is towing a single trailer (other than a semi-trailer) with a GVM not over 9 tonnes. (continued over leaf)

41 Codes Licence Class May Drive:

4. However, this class does not cover a motor vehicle that is towing: a) 2 or more trailers; b) a single semi-trailer; or c) any single trailer with a GVM over 9 tonnes. MR Medium 1. A motor vehicle that has 2 axles rigid vehicle and a GVM greater than licence 8 tonnes. 2. A motor vehicle mentioned in item 1 that is towing a single trailer (other than a semi-trailer) with a GVM not over 9 tonnes. 3. However, this class does not cover a motor vehicle that is towing: a) 2 or more trailers; b) a single semi-trailer; or c) any other single trailer with a GVM over 9 tonne. HR Heavy rigid 1. A rigid motor vehicle with 3 or vehicle licence more axles and a GVM over 8 tonnes. 2. A articulated bus with 3 or more axles and a GVM over 8 tonnes. 3. A motor vehicle mentioned in item 1 or 2 that is towing a single trailer (other than a semi-trailer) with a GVM not over 9 tonnes. 4. However, this class does not cover a motor vehicle that is towing: a) 2 or more trailers; b) a single semi-trailer; or c) any other single trailer with a GVM over 9 tonne.

42 Codes Licence Class May Drive:

HC Heavy 1. A prime mover to which is combination attached a single semi-trailer plus vehicle licence any unladen converter dolly. 2. A rigid motor vehicle to which is attached a trailer that has a GVM greater than 9 tonnes plus any unladen conveter dolly. MC Multi- Any motor vehicle or combination combination of vehicles. Does not include: vehicle licence a) motor bike; or b) a motor trike.

43 What to do after a crash First Aid

If you are involved in a crash Refer: St John Ambulance Australia Disclaimer page ii causing injury to any person or animal, or damage to any The DRABC ACTION PLAN property, the law requires you to stop your vehicle. If your vehicle is obstructing D DANGER traffic after a crash, move it to In every emergency situation, it the side of the road, if possible. is important to see if there are The law does not require the any conditions that may be an vehicle to be left where it immediate threat to life. stopped after a collision. • Make sure the area is safe for If required, give your name and you, others and the casualty. address, the name and address of Dangers such as obstacles, the owner of the vehicle and its electrical wires, gas or toxic registered number to: fumes can cause serious injury • a police officer; or death. • any injured person; • Make sure you do not become • someone acting on behalf of a casualty. an injured person; • Remove the danger from the • any person whose property has casualty or if necessary remove been damaged. the casualty from danger. The Police need not be called to attend a crash, if damage DO NOT MOVE ANY to vehicles or property is only CASUALTY UNLESS IT IS minor and the parties do not ABSOLUTELY NECESSARY. dispute the facts. However, you must report all vehicle crashes in • Once you have made the area person to the police as soon as safe you can assess the casualty. possible. Except in exceptional circumstances, this means within 24 hours.

44 help as quickly as possible R RESPONSE as unconsciousness is a life (CONSCIOUSNESS) threatening condition. If another person is available, ask them to ring 000 for an ambulance.

A AIRWAY Ensure the airway is clear so that • determine if the casualty is breathing is possible. conscious An obstruction of the airway may • ask the casualty for their name be caused by, • gently squeeze casualty’s • the tongue, food, vomit, blood shoulders or dentures etc OR • swelling or injury of the airway • ask casualty to squeeze your If the casualty is lying face down, hands (both sides should be turn into the recovery position tried if a stroke is suspected) while supporting the neck • A response indicates that the and spine to check for foreign casualty is conscious and can material in the mouth and be left in the position in which airway. you found them provided there is no further danger. 1. Manage any life-threatening injuries that need immediate attention such as serious bleeding. 2. Manage other injuries. Note: The recovery position for an infant under 1 year of 3. Send for help if injuries age is different from an adult require it. /child. Refer heading “Recovery 4. Calm the casualty. Position.” • No response indicates the casualty is unconscious and it is important to get

45 Clearing the airway Open the airway gently 1. Tilt the head backwards. 2. Turn the mouth slightly downward to allow drainage of foreign material. , the most suitable 3. Clear foreign material with For an infant recovery position is lying face your fingers if required. Only down on an adults forearms with remove dentures if they are the head supported by the hand. loose or broken. Infants- in the recovery position clear the mouth of foreign Opening the airway material with little finger. With the casualty in the recovery position if you need to clear the mouth of foreign material, OR With the casualty on their back if the airway is clear: Recovery Position Adult/child (over 1 year) 1. Kneel beside the casualty. 1. Place you hand high on the 2. Place farther arm at right casualty’s forehead. angle to body. 2. Place thumb of your other 3. Place nearer arm across chest. hand over chin below lip, 4. Lift nearer leg at knee so it is supporting the tip of the jaw fully bent upwards. with the knuckle of the middle 5 Roll casualty away from you finger. Place your index finger on to side while supporting along the jaw line. head and neck. 3. Gently tilt the head backwards 6 Keep leg at right angle with to bring tongue away from the knee touching ground to back of throat. prevent casualty rolling onto 4. Lift the chin, opening the face. casualty’s mouth slightly.

46 3. Check regularly for continued Infant (under 1 year) signs of life until medical aid 1. Place infant flat on back. arrives. 2. Tilt head back very slightly to If casualty is NOT breathing. open the airway. 1. Ensure the call to 000 for an 3. Lift chin to bring tongue away ambulance has been made. from the back of throat. 2. Give 2 initial breaths. 4. Avoid pressure on soft tissue 3. Check for signs of life. under infants chin. Note: if you are alone, place If casualty is found to be casualty in recovery position unconscious in a seated with airway open – call 000 for position; eg. car accident, an ambulance. slumped in a chair, simply lifting the chin and moving the jaw C forward will open the CARDIOPULMONARY casualty’s airway RESUSCITATION allowing them (CPR) to breathe. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation is the technique of compressions B of the chest (pushing down on BREATHING the lower half of the casualty’s Check for breathing. breastbone) and inflation of • look and feel for chest the lungs (breathing into the movement casualty’s mouth.) • listen and feel for sounds of air CPR is given to a casualty when escaping from the mouth and there are no signs of life-not nose (an occasional gasp is not breathing, not responding and adequate for normal breathing) not moving. Note: Take no more than 10 If casualty shows signs of life- seconds to do this. but is unconscious: If the casualty is breathing. • turn onto side into the recovery position 1. Place casualty in recovery position. 2. Call 000 for an ambulance.

47 • continually check the casualty’s Change over between condition until medical aid first aiders during CPR arrives (call for help if not already done) When two first aiders are present • be ready to turn casualty or if a second person arrives to onto back and start CPR if help: breathing stops. • ensure that an ambulance has If there are no signs of life: been called 1. Give 30 compressions refer • one of two first aiders indicates heading Giving compressions. readiness or need to change 2. After 30 chest compressions • the first aider must change tilt head and lift chin. over smoothly with minimal 3. Give two breaths refer heading interference to resuscitation Giving rescue breaths. procedure 4. Return your hands (fingers for • change should be done infants) immediately to correct frequently, approximately position on sternum. every two minutes to minimise 5. Give a further 30 fatigue. compressions. When to stop CPR 6. Continue compressions and You can stop giving CPR when: breaths in a ration of 30.2 • the casualty shows signs of life until medical aid arrives. • more qualified help arrives Note: If a first aider is unwilling or unable to perform • you are physically unable to rescue breathing, compression- continue only CPR will be better than When casualty shows not doing CPR at all. signs of life: 1. Turn the casualty to the recovery position. 2. Call for an ambulance or medical aid as soon as possible (if not done already). 3. Assess casualty for bleeding and other injuries noting tenderness, swelling, wounds,

48 or deformity in the following lip, supporting the tip of the order: jaw with the knuckle of middle • head, face and neck finger. Place your index finger • shoulders, arms and hands along the jaw line. • chest • abdomen • pelvis and buttocks • legs, ankles and feet 4. Continue monitoring for Infant (under 1 year) DRABC Tilt head back very slightly and lift chin to bring tongue away Giving rescue breaths from back of throat avoiding pressure under chin. The air you breathe out of 3. Take a breath and place your your lungs contains about lips over the casualty’s mouth, 16% oxygen. This amount ensuring a good seal. If a of oxygen breathed into the small child or infant, place casualty’s lungs combined with your lips over mouth and nose. the compressions during CPR Blow steadily for about one will preserve the circulation of second. air and blood around the body while waiting for medical aid to 4. Watch for chest to rise. arrive. 5. Maintain head tilt and chin lift. Adult/child (over 1 year) 6. Turn your mouth away from 1. Place casualty onto back the casualty’s mouth- watch for 2. Open airway. chest to fall, and listen and feel Adult/child (over 1 year) for signs or air being expelled. Place your hand on the casualty’s 7. Take another breath and repeat forehead, tilt head backwards the sequence. and pinch soft parts of the nose Note: If the chest does not closed with the index finger and rise – recheck the mouth and thumb, or seal the nose with your remove any obstructions, ensure cheek. adequate head tilt and chin lift Open the casualty’s mouth and and ensure there is an adequate maintain the chin lift-place seal around the mouth (or thumb over the chin below the nose).

49 Giving compressions 5. Release the pressure (compressions and release Compressions should be should take equal amounts of performed with the casualty on a time). firm surface. In case of an infant this is best done on a table or 6. Repeat to complete 30 similar surface. compressions at a rate of approximately 100 per minute. 1. Adult/child – kneel beside casualty, one knee level with head and the other with the casualty’s chest. 2. Locate lower half of sternum (breastbone) in the centre of the chest.

Adult/child (over 1 year) Place heel of hand on lower half Note: During CPR (Combining of sternum (breastbone) and chest compressions with place heel of other hand on top rescue breathing) you would of the first. expect to achieve 5 sets of 30 Interlock fingers of both hands compressions and two breath and raise fingers to ensure that cycles (30:2) in about 2 pressure is not applied over the casualty’s ribs, upper abdomen or minutes. bottom part of sternum. BLEEDING CONTROL Infant (under 1 year) As soon as you are able, control Place two fingers (index and serious bleeding. middle) over lower half of • expose the injury. sternum (breastbone). • Apply direct pressure. 3. Position yourself vertically • elevate the body part (if not above the casualty’s chest. broken). 4. With your arms straight, • Rest and reassure casualty. press down on the sternum (breastbone) to depress about • gently tilt their head back and one third of the chest. turn slightly downwards.

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