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Identification, Delineation and Importance of the Strategic Water Source Areas of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland for Surface Water and Groundwater

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Identification, Delineation and Importance of the Strategic Water Source Areas of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland for Surface Water and Groundwater *%&/5*'*$"5*0/ %&-*/&"5*0/"/%*.1035"/$&0' 5)&453"5&(*$8"5&34063$&"3&"40'4065) "'3*$" -&405)0"/%48";*-"/%'03463'"$& 8"5&3"/%(306/%8"5&3 77 Identification, Delineation and Importance of the Strategic Water Source Areas of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland for Surface Water and Groundwater Report to the WATER RESEARCH COMMISSION Prepared by David Le Maitre1, Helen Seyler2, Martin Holland2, Lindie Smith-Adao1, Jeanne Nel1,3, Ashton Maherry1 and Kai Witthüser2 1Natural Resources and the Environment, CSIR, Stellenbosch 2Delta H, Pretoria, South Africa 3Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands WRC Report No. TT 754/1/18 July 2018 Obtainable from Water Research Commission Private Bag X03 GEZINA, 0031 [email protected] or download from www.wrc.org.za The publication of this report emanates from a project entitled Enhancement of the method to identify and delineate South Africa’s Water Source Areas: Integrated Report (WRC Project No. K5/2431) DISCLAIMER This report has been reviewed by the Water Research Commission (WRC) and approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the WRC nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. ISBN 978-0-6392-0006-4 Printed in the Republic of South Africa © Water Research Commission Citation: Le Maitre, D.C., Seyler, H., Holland, M., Smith-Adao, L., Nel, J.L., Maherry, A. and Witthüser, K. (2018) Identification, Delineation and Importance of the Strategic Water Source Areas of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland for Surface Water and Groundwater. Report No. TT 743/1/18, Water Research Commission, Pretoria. Identification, Delineation and Importance of the Strategic Water Source Areas of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland for Surface Water and Groundwater ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The research in this project was funded by the Water Research Commission (WRC), for whose assistance we are sincerely grateful. Additional funding was also made available by the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) and Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF). Their support is gratefully acknowledged. Participants from various affiliations and sectors are thanked for their enthusiastic participation in project workshops and meetings. Those involved shared their data, knowledge and experience freely without which this research would not have been possible. They represented the government, private sector and civil society. The project team would like to thank all participants. The members of the WRC Reference Group are thanked for their time, guidance and valuable inputs: Mr Wandile Nomquphu (Chairperson) Water Research Commission (WRC) Dr Dirk Roux South African National Parks (SANParks) Ms Christine Colvin World Wide Fund for Nature – South Africa (WWF - SA) Mr Samir Randera-Rees World Wide Fund for Nature – South Africa (WWF - SA) Mr Dean Muruven World Wide Fund for Nature – South Africa (WWF - SA) Dr Koos Vivier Exigo-EOH Dr Kornelius Riemann Umvoto Africa CC Mr Julian Conrad Geohydrological and Spatial Solutions International (GEOSS) Ms Amanda Driver South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) Mr John Dini South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) (now with the WRC) Dr Christo Marais Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA) Mr Andrew Wannenburgh Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA) Ms Nicolene Fourie Department of Environmental Affairs (now with the CSIR) Ms Lebogang Matlala Department of Water and Sanitation (DWS) Ms Ndileka Mohapi Department of Water and Sanitation (DWS) Mr Fanus Fourie Department of Water and Sanitation (DWS) Ms Isa Thompson Independent (retired from the DWS) Mr Niel van Wyk Independent (retired from the DWS) We thank Mr Dirk Versfeld for his participation in and advice to the team and for reviewing the final draft report, and Ms Magdel van der Merwe who provided assistance with the report formatting. pg iii Identification, Delineation and Importance of the Strategic Water Source Areas of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland for Surface Water and Groundwater EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Introduction and background Water Source Areas (WSAs) have historically been defined using the criterion of the production of relatively large volumes of runoff which sustain lowland areas downstream. This report builds on a previous study by WWF-SA and CSIR which identified 21 Strategic WSAs (SWSAs) which covered 8% of South Africa and supplied 50% of the mean annual runoff. These SWSAs for surface water (SWSA-sw) were included in the 2013 National Water Resources Strategy as areas needing protection for water security. Groundwater was not included in the 2013 study although it is an important, and often the only, reliable water source in much of South Africa. This study, through extensive consultation with stakeholders, redefined what is meant by a WSA to include groundwater, has refined the Strategic Water Source Areas for surface water (SWSA-sw) and has identified a number of Strategic Water Source Areas for groundwater (SWSA-gw). Strategic Water Source Areas (SWSAs) are now defined as areas of land that either: (a) supply a disproportionate (i.e. relatively large) quantity of mean annual surface water runoff in relation to their size and so are considered nationally important; or (b) have high groundwater recharge and where the groundwater forms a nationally important resource; or (c) areas that meet both criteria (a) and (b). They include transboundary Water Source Areas that extend into Lesotho and Swaziland. Objectives and aims This report summarises the findings of a 3-year Water Research Commission project (July 2015-December 2017) led by the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) and Delta-h Water Systems Modelling. Specifically, the project aimed to: 1. Review and refine the understanding of the hydrological processes that lead to the generation of runoff and groundwater recharge in South Africa’s water source areas, and especially in groundwater systems. 2. Develop an integrated method to identify and delineate water source areas that include run-off generation and groundwater recharge (i.e. surface water and groundwater). 3. Link the water source areas and their associated water resources to key benefit flows. 4. Identify key pressures and recommend management and protection options water source areas. 5. Explore policy mechanisms for the uptake of the products. The primary outputs from this project are this Integrated Report, a Management Framework and Implementation Guidelines for Planners and Managers report which provides information on policy, legislation and other measures relating to their protection and management, and a Knowledge Dissemination report which provides a summary of the importance of the SWSAs, the key findings and recommendations for general audience. Approach The project had both a research component and a stakeholder consultation and review component. The research component addressed the first four aims and the consultation focused on policy integration. Stakeholder groups were identified in addition to the reference group, and stakeholder workshops were organised with the dual aim of obtaining both their inputs and their support for the implementation of protection measures for the SWSAs. These workshops involved a broad range of people with knowledge pg iv Identification, Delineation and Importance of the Strategic Water Source Areas of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland for Surface Water and Groundwater and expertise in the fields of water research, water resource planning and management, and environmental conservation to discuss the findings of the research, obtain their comments and critiques, and to obtain agreement on the final set of SWSAs. Stakeholder inputs were used to define which of these WSAs should be considered as important for national-level water security (i.e. SWSAs) and which are important but at a sub-national level (i.e. WSAs). The SWSA-sw were delineated with boundaries, two of the 2013 SWSA-sw were considered sub-national (Pondoland and Zululand Coast), and three new ones were added (Upper Vaal, Upper Usutu, Waterberg), bringing the total to 22. A further seven, small, sub-national WSAs for surface water were identified. The SWSA-gw study identified 37 areas that were important at the national level and a further 20 that are important at a sub-national level. This study has focussed on the national SWSA, but information on all sub- national WSAs is included in the appendixes. The benefits were assessed by estimating how much of the water SWSAs provide is supplied to urban areas, for domestic and industrial purposes, for irrigation, and to the economic activities that those centres sustain. The final step was to assess the pressures on and potential risks to these areas from changes in land cover, mining and alien plant invasions. The outputs of this work have already been included in the draft National Water Master Plan and in the draft National Spatial Strategic Development Framework. Overview As described above, water source areas are places or areas, such as water catchments, which produce disproportionately greater volumes of water per unit area than other areas. This can be because of climatic conditions like high rainfall, or physical properties such as the ability of the soils and underlying weathered material and rocks to store water as groundwater. The water in wetlands, streams and rivers is known as surface water or
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