The Military in Ancient

Bree McKenna, Brielle Hrymoc, Alyssa Clemente, Nick Cacella Wars of

• The most famous include:

• The Persian War (480-479 B.C.): & Vs. Persia

• The (431-404 BC): Athens vs. Sparta

• The (Greek mythology): Greeks vs. People of Troy The Peloponnesian War

• Athenian empire vs. Peloponnesian League

• Peloponnesian League included Sparta, Thebes, and

• Three phases:

• Archidamian War

• Sicilian War

• Ionian or Decelean War

415-413 BC 431-421 BC Sicilian War 413-404 BC Archidamian War Ionian/Decelean War Archidamian War

• Named after Sparta's king Archidamus II.

• Athens was better financially prepared, while Sparta had a stronger army.

• Sparta attacked Athens for 40 days.

• Athens is more successful at first, but then is hit by the plague.

• 1/4 of Athen's population is wiped out, resulting in a decrease in manpower and soldiers

• Despite this drawback, Athens was dominant again by 425 BC

• After the Athenian leader died in 422 BC, Athens and the Peloponnesian League agreed to a truce.

• This truce was known as the Peace of Nicias. • Athens Sicilianbreaks the Treaty of Nicias. War

• Athens's goal: conquer all of

• Athens launched a major attack on Syracuse, which is a port on the east coast of Sicily.

• , along with the Peloponnesian League, fight against Athens and defeat them. Ionian War

• As Sparta strengthened their army and navy, they became more willing to fight. They were also now supported by Persia.

• Declared war on Athens in 414 BC

• The Peloponnesian League supports local rebellions inside Athens' subject states (including Ionia)

• The city of Athens slowly fell apart. Their once invincible navy fleet was weakened.

• Athens faced major naval losses. After the major loss at Aegospotami, they surrendered to Sparta. Famous Military Leaders and Warriors

•

• Alexander the Great

• Alexander the Great was one of the greatest military geniuses in history. • He was determined to rule the world. • When he was 20, he assembled forces in the Greek city of Corinth. His army mainly consisted of Macedonian soldiers, along with some Greeks. • To show the other Greek cities what he was capable of, he captured and destroyed the city of Thebes. • Alexander defeated the Persian king, Darius III, at Guagamela in 331 Alexander fighting Persian BC. king Darius III Alexander the Great, continued

• Alexander was able to occupy Susa and Persepolis, eventually ruling the Persian empire. • He conquered much of the civilized world, but his empire dissolved quickly after his death. • Alexander wanted to create a universal world monarchy. • He was the first great conqueror to reach Greece, Egypt, Asia Minor, and Asia. • He created ethnic fusion between the Macedonians and the Persians. • He formed and founded many Greek cities including the city of Alexandria in Egypt. • His empire was the beginning of the Hellenistic Age and brought him eternal glory. • His empire stretched for 10,000 miles, encompassing the Mediterranean, most of Europe, and the borders of India. • He was one of the best military commanders in the world, never losing a battle. Pericles

• Pericles was a prominent general of Athens during the city's Golden Age. • He was responsible for rebuilding Athens following the Persian Wars. • He was in charge of the military during the Peloponnesian War. • He turned the Delian League into an Athenian empire, leading his countrymen during the first two years of the Peloponnesian Wars. • Pericles did a lot to improve Athens for the people residing there. • He used the money the Allies had saved for the Peloponnesian War to fund the rebuilding of Athens in 448 B.C. • He was so important that the 5th Century B.C. is known as the Age of Pericles. Gods Associated with

Wa r

Ares- god of war and courage, son of Zeus and Hera Zeus fell in love with Metis (a Titan who had control over all wisdom and knowledge)

The Oracle of Gaea told Zeus that his first child with Metis As a result, Zeus would be a girl, but the second swallowed Metis while she would overthrow Zeus was pregnant with their daughter One day, Zeus gets an extreme headache that caused him to scream so loud that all of the gods on Mount Olympus to run and see what the noise was

Hermes knew what was happening, and told Hephaestus to break open Zeus' skull

Athena jumped out of Zeus' head, complete with a full Due to the manor of her set of armor birth, Athena was deemed the goddess of war and wisdom Athena and Ares were both the patron gods of war

Ares favored violence and Athena favored justice

During the Trojan War, Ares sided with the Trojans and Athena with the Greeks

On the battlefield, Athena used Hades' "helm of invisibility" to avoid being attacked by Ares

Ares fought with Diomedes (the king of Anatolia)

He received such significant wounds that he had to flee to Mount Olympus where Zeus healed his wounds Military Structure • In Ancient Greece, the hierarchy of the military ran parallel to the social hierarchy.

• Aristocratic classes were given higher military ranks

• Lower classes served in lower ranks and were unable to be promoted Positions • Supreme Commander (Polemarchos)- senior most military official that strategized and monitored army operations

• General (Stratigos)- commanded operations on the field, attended court trials, and acted as a magistrate

• Brigadier (Taxiarhos)- commanded the operations in a phylai (tribe) Military Positions, continued • Colonel (Syntagmatarkhis)- leader of a Syntagma (regiment)

• Battalion leader (Tagmatarkhis)- commander of the Tagma (battalion)

• Captain (Lokhagos)- leader of a "lochos" that worked as military captains

• Hoplite (foot soldier)- known for their large protective shields, they worked in Greek's city states as armed spearman and fought in a phalanx position

• Regiment Commander Cavalry (Hyparchos)- powerful warriors that had mounted armors

• Horse Archers (Hippotoxotes)- cavalryman mounted on a horse armed with a bow and arrow Works Cited

"Alexander The Great – His Farewell Words." P21chongs Blog. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Mar. 2014.

"Alexander the Great – the Greatest Leader of All Time?" Monthly. N.p., 10 Oct. 2010. Web. 06 Mar. 2014.

"Alexander the Great." Ancient Greece 6M 2013. N.p., 2013. Web. 07 Mar. 2014.

"." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 28 Feb. 2014. Web. 08 Mar. 2014.

"Athena." Athena. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Mar. 2014.

"Ancient Greece - Persian, Peloponnesian, Spartan, Greek Wars." Ancient Greece - Persian, Peloponnesian, Spartan, Greek Wars. University Press Inc., 2003. Web. 06 Mar. 2014.

"Ancient Greek Military Hierarchy." Hierarchy. N.p., 2014. Web. 07 Mar. 2014.

"Black Texture Wallpaper." Full HD Desktop Wallpapers. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Mar. 2014.

"DemakesArt." : Birth of Athena. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Mar. 2014.

"Gintro." Gintro. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Mar. 2014.

"Greek Warriors." Ancient Greek Warriors. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Mar. 2014.

Hatzigeorgiou, Karen J. "Ancient Greek Warfare." Ancient Greek Warfare. N.p., 2014. Web. 07 Mar. 2014.

"History of Sparta." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 03 Apr. 2014. Web. 07 Mar. 2014. Works Cited, continued

"Hulk vs Ares - God of War." - Battles. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Mar. 2014.

"PaganPages.org." PaganPagesorg RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Mar. 2014.

"People: Alexander the Great." Ancient Greece. University Press Inc., 2003. Web. 06 Mar. 2014.

"Peloponnesian War." History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 06 Mar. 2014.

"Pericles (c. 495 - 429 B.C.)." About.com Ancient / Classical History. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Mar. 2014.

"Pericles." Pericles. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Mar. 2014.

"Sicilian Wars." History Curriculum Homeschool. Heritage History, 2007. Web. 07 Mar. 2014.

Stuart, George S. "Greek Hoplite Warrior." Preserving Historical Figures. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Mar. 2014.

"The God and Goddess: The Story of Ares." The God and Goddess: The Story of Ares. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Mar. 2014.

"The Inquisitive Loon." The Inquisitive Loon. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Mar. 2014.

"The World’s Most Devastating Pandemics." All That Is Interesting. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Mar. 2014.

"The Myth of Ares and Athena, a Mythology Fiction: FictionPress." The Myth of Ares and Athena, a Mythology Fiction: FictionPress. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Mar. 2014.

"Wikia." Alternative History. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Mar. 2014.