Knowledge Library (This article has been reproduced with the kind permission of Atlas Magazine – see end of article for reference) Maritime gigantism, a risky turning point for insurers While mega containers and ships have managed their challenge of reducing operating costs, increasing, in the process, their freight and passenger capacity, the maritime gigantism, still remains a thorny issue for insurers who are required to generate outstanding and valuable concentrations. Maritime gigantism: container ships, a high risk The biggest container ships could today ship more than 19 000 TEU (1) , whereas in the beginning of the 1970s, when modern containership emerged, the capacity of such ships was limited to just 1 500 TEU. The record of the world’s biggest commercial ship was beaten twice in 2015. The first time The largest container ship CSCL Globe © Keith Skipper[2], CC BY- in January when the ship “MSC OSCAR”, with SA 2.0 [3] a capacity exceeding 19 000 TEU was delivered to Swiss ship owner “Mediterranean Shipping Company”. The second time was in July when “MSC ZOE” tied up at the dock of Anvers port with a cargo capacity of 19 224 TEU. It is the world’s biggest container ship with a length equal to four soccer pitches. Despite the problems it raised, this maritime gigantism [4] is nowhere near stopping and the race for size does not seem to end in the foreseeable future. According to a recent report jointly published by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), and International Transport Forum (ITF)(2) , the first 21 000 TEU units are likely to arrive in 2017 while the 24 000 TEU ships are expected to be put in service as of 2020. The same source is also expecting that in three years’ time, 135 containerships with a capacity exceeding 18 000 TEU will be seaworthy. Ship size went threefold in twenty years and the trend is poised to continue (1) TEU: Twenty-foot Equivalent Unit (1 foot = 30.48 cm). (2) Source: internationaltransportforum.org/pub/pdf/15CSPA_Mega-Ships.pdf The materials used in this article or any portion thereof may not be reproduced or used in any manner whatsoever without the express written permission of The Arab Insurance Institute and Atlas Magazine. 1 Knowledge Library Maritime gigantism: Evolution of container ships capacity from 1970 to 2017 Source: Allianz Global Corporate&Speciality Unprecedented value concentration This mad race for size has triggered value concentrations of unprecedented scale. According to the report by the International Union of Marine Insurance (IUMI) (1) , published in mid-September 2015, the hull value of a giant container ship with a capacity of 19 000 TEU has been estimated at 200 million USD whereas its maximum cargo is estimated at 800 million USD. For insurers, this commercial vessel accounts for one billion USD in hull and cargo capital, excluding liability-triggering loss. Needless to picture the amount of damages triggered by a collision of two giant container ships! (1)iumi2015.de/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/14+09_1155_seltmann.compressed.pdf Ports adapting to maritime gigantism Major ports have been, on their part, compelled to cope with the growing trend of containerization and the consolidation of maritime traffic flows. Port basic structures have been enlarged to facilitate cargo loading and unloading, container transfer as well as to improve warehousing capacity. The materials used in this article or any portion thereof may not be reproduced or used in any manner whatsoever without the express written permission of The Arab Insurance Institute and Atlas Magazine. 2 Knowledge Library The rapid growth of warehouse goods has prompted the extended stays at quay, thus, increasing the already high risks, aggravated by the increasing value of hulls. The mega loss that occurred in August 2015 in Tianjin harbor (China) is very close to the scenario whereby hull and cargo losses have been combined in a modern port. The Tianjin catastrophe, the event that unveils the other facet of maritime gigantism The year 2015 was the scene of an unprecedented marine disaster. The hyper concentration of risks in the Tianjin Harbor, the world’s fourth biggest port(1) , has resulted in monumental human and financial losses. The official toll established by the Chinese authorities reported 173 people killed and 700 injured. With regard to material damage the report states that 17 000 dwellings have been damaged, 1 700 businesses badly affected and 10 000 new cars completely destroyed. According to Guy Carpenter(2) , this catastrophe has generated a record number of compensation claims from insurers. The American broker has estimated the cost of human and material damages related to the disaster at more than 3.3 billion USD, a huge portion of which has been accounted for by marine cargo insurance. It is in countries known for their high marine traffic, mature or emerging countries with high growth rates that these losses are most dreaded. Cruise boat gigantism, another burden for insurers The situation for passengers' marine transport is not reassuring, either. Just like container ships, cruise boats have been under the spell of gigantism. More than a century ago, the British boat Titanic had the capacity to carry 3300 passengers, 944 of whom were crew members. «Harmony of the Seas» en construction © Ludovic Péron [5], CC Today, “the Allure of the Seas”, owned by the BY-SA 4.0 [6] Finnish ship company Royal Caribbean Cruise Line, put in service in 2010, is regarded as the biggest passenger ship in the world, with a capacity of up to 7784 persons, 2384 of whom are crew members. The materials used in this article or any portion thereof may not be reproduced or used in any manner whatsoever without the express written permission of The Arab Insurance Institute and Atlas Magazine. 3 Knowledge Library The cruise boat “Harmony of the Seas”, currently under construction, will be delivered in April 2016 to the same Finnish ship owner. With 362 meters in length and 66 meters in width, it is going to be the world’s biggest boat. Cruise boats today are real floating small towns, with the possibility of harboring shops, swimming pools, theaters, green areas and even surf practices and gulf fields. The size of those giants of the seas and the amounts of compensation in the event of a claim are raising many questions and worrying insurers. According to a report by the French sea institute IFM(1), the value of large boats (carrying between 5000 and 8000 passengers on board) may amount to 1.2 billion USD, in addition to Protection and Indemnity Clubs (P&I Clubs). In total, the amount of a major claim in terms of a classical insurance policy may, according to the experts, attain 4 billion USD. Despite the improvements made at the level of marine transport safety, the insurance market remains confronted to new challenges(2). The evacuation of passengers, whose number ranges between 6 000 and 8 000 from cruise boats, poses numerous security issues in the event of damage in the open sea. (1) Source: ifm.free.fr/htmlpages/pdf/2009/rapport-gigantisme.pdf (2) Atlas Magazine «Safety and maritime transport» [7] The sinking of the Titanic The RMS Titanic is a British transatlantic boat belonging to the company “White Star Line”. It is renowned to be the largest and most luxurious boat ever built at the time of its launch. On its first voyage from Southampton (United Kingdom) to New York, it hit an iceberg and sank three hours later, in the night of April 14t h to 15 th , 1912. The sinking claimed the lives of 1513 people out of the 2200 passengers on board. This tragedy has been a source of inspiration for numerous films and novels, the most famous of which was James Cameron’s movie, “Titanic”. Maritime gigantism: Top 10 of the largest operating ships Construction Measures in meters Ship Capacity Ship owner year (length-width) 7784 passengers among whom 2384 Royal Caribbean Cruise Line Allure of the Seas 2010 362-65 crew members (American-Norwegian) 7784 passengers among whom 2384 Royal Caribbean Cruise Line Oasis of the Seas 2009 362-65 crew members (American-Norwegian) 6200 passengers among whom 1300 Royal Caribbean Cruise Line Quantum of the Seas 2014 348-41 crew members (American-Norwegian) 5890 passengers among whom 1690 Norwagian Cruise Line (United- Norwegian Epic 2010 329-41 crew members States) 5469 passengers among whom 1500 Norwagian Cruise Line (United- Norwagian Getaway 2014 324-40 crew members States) Norwagian 5469 passengers among whom 1500 Norwegian Cruise Line (United- 2013 324-40 Breakaway crew members States) 4994 passengers among whom 1360 Royal Caribbean Cruise Line Freedom of the Seas 2006 339-56 crew members (American-Norwegian) 4994 passengers among whom 1360 Royal Caribbean Cruise Line Liberty of the Seas 2007 339-56 crew members (American-Norwegian) The materials used in this article or any portion thereof may not be reproduced or used in any manner whatsoever without the express written permission of The Arab Insurance Institute and Atlas Magazine. 4 Knowledge Library Independance of the 4994 passengers among whom 1360 Royal Caribbean Cruise Line 2008 339-56 Seas crew members (American-Norwegian) 3873 passengers among whom 1253 Queen Mary 2 2003 345-41 Cunard Line (United-States) crew members Source: fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_des_plus_gros_paquebots The race for gigantism of cruise boats and container ships has aggravated risks for insurers. Their commitments are heavier and heavier due to the value of ships and their cargo as well as to the operating costs of repair, rescue, wreckage recovery, in addition to risks emanating from pollution and compensation of passengers and third parties.