Global Change and the World's — Research Needs and Emerging Themes for Author(s): Astrid Björnsen Gurung, Susanne Wymann von Dach, Martin F. Price, Richard Aspinall, Jörg Balsiger, Jill S. Baron, Eklabya Sharma, Greg Greenwood, and Thomas Kohler Source: Research and Development, 32(S1):S47-S54. 2012. Published By: International Mountain Society DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-11-00084.S1 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-11-00084.S1

BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/terms_of_use. Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder.

BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. Mountain Research and Development (MRD) Supplement Issue An international, peer-reviewed open access journal Synthesis, Perth 2010 published by the International Mountain Society (IMS) www.mrd-journal.org

Global Change and the World’s Mountains— Research Needs and Emerging Themes for Sustainable Development A Synthesis From the 2010 Perth II Conference

Astrid Bjo¨rnsen Gurung1,2*, Susanne Wymann von Dach3, Martin F. Price4, Richard Aspinall5,Jo¨rg Balsiger6, Jill S. Baron7, Eklabya Sharma8, Greg Greenwood1, and Thomas Kohler3 * Corresponding author: [email protected] 1 Mountain Research Initiative (MRI), Bern, Switzerland 2 Institute for Mountain Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Innsbruck, Austria 3 Centre for Development and Environment (CDE), University of Bern, Switzerland 4 Centre for Mountain Studies, Perth College, University of Highlands and Islands, Scotland, UK 5 The James Hutton Institute, Scotland, UK 6 Environmental Policy and , Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland 7 US Geological Survey, Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Boulder, USA 8 International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), Kathmandu, Nepal

Open access article: please credit the authors and the full source.

The conference on Global Change and systems perspective, a greater effort is Keywords: Mountains; global change; the World’s Mountains held in Perth, needed to disentangle and assess state of the art in research; emerging Scotland, in 2010 offered a unique different drivers of change and to themes; social–ecological systems; opportunity to analyze the state and investigate impacts on the rendering of Global Land Project (GLP); Grand progress of mountain research and its ecosystem services. From the social Challenges (ICSU); sustainable contribution to sustainable mountain systems perspective, significant development. development, as well as to reflect on shortcomings remain in understanding required reorientations of research the characteristics, trends, and impacts agendas. In this paper we provide the of human movements to, within, and out Reviewed by the Editors: results of a three-step assessment of the of mountain areas as a form of global October 2011 research presented by 450 researchers change. Likewise, sociocultural drivers from around the world. First, we affecting collective behavior as well as Accepted: November 2011 determined the state of the art of incentive systems devised by policy and mountain research and categorized it decision makers are little understood based on the analytical structure of the and require more in-depth investigation. A unique opportunity Global Land Project (GLP 2005). Second, Both the complexity of coupled social– we identified emerging themes for future ecological systems and incomplete data The Perth II Conference on Global research. Finally, we assessed the sets hinder integrated systems research. Change and the World’s Mountains contribution of mountain research to Increased understanding of linkages and (26–30 September 2010, Perth, sustainable development along the lines feedbacks between social and ecological Scotland) brought together 450 of the Grand Challenges in Global systems will help to identify scientists from 60 countries to pursue Sustainability Research (International nonlinearities and thresholds (tipping three objectives: first, to discuss Council for Science 2010). Analysis points) in both system types. This progress on the understanding of revealed that despite the growing presupposes effective collaboration global change in mountain regions; recognition of the importance of more between ecological and social sciences. second, to reflect on this progress integrative research (inter- and Reflections on the Grand Challenges in with regard to the implementation of transdisciplinary), the research Sustainability Research put forth by the the Global Change in Mountain community gathered in Perth still focuses International Council for Science (2010) Regions (GLOCHAMORE) research on environmental drivers of change and reveal the need to intensify research on strategy (Bjo¨ rnsen Gurung 2006); and on interactions within ecological effective responses and innovations. third, to work towards a global systems. Only a small percentage of This will help to achieve sustainable agenda for research and action in current research seeks to enhance development in mountain regions while mountain regions. understanding of social systems and of maintaining the core competence of The manifold presentations interactions between social and mountain research in forecasting and covering 28 global and 4 regional ecological systems. From the ecological observation. themes and the gathering of such a

Mountain Research and Development Vol 32 Suppl Mar 2012: S47–S54S47 http://dx.doi.org/10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-11-00084.S1 ß 2012 by the authors Synthesis, Perth 2010

FIGURE 1 Modified analytical structure of the GLP Science Plan and Implementation Strategy (GLP 2005).

large number of researchers with scientific debates on sustainable mountain systems in the context of their broad and multidisciplinary development and global change. global change. expertise in both social and To determine the state of the art ecological sciences offered a unique Step 1 and to identify gaps in global change opportunity to determine the state of The first step aimed at determining research on mountains, each abstract the art of mountain knowledge, to the state of the art of global change submitted for the Perth II conference identify the way forward for research in mountains. The extended was attributed to one or several mountain research, and to give the abstracts of presentations were components and linkages of the GLP global mountain research community evaluated against a slightly modified structure. In addition, each paper a voice. An assessment and synthesis version of the analytical structure of was coded according to the process was designed to identify the the Global Land Project (GLP 2005) geographical focus of the research. direction to be taken by future (Figure 1). This structure aimed to research with a view to furthering facilitate analysis of the transition Step 2 sustainable development in undergone by Land Systems, The second step aimed at identifying mountains. recognizing that resource use and emerging themes for future research management are shaped by and sustainable mountain Assessment and ecosystem services, on the one hand, development and thus required synthesis approach and by social systems through closer investigation of the data and decision-making processes, on the findings presented. The chairs of the A three-step approach was followed to other hand. As mountains are an 42 sessions screened the abstracts of capture and analyze mountain important Land Subsystem, such an the papers in their sessions and took research findings presented at the analytical structure offers a stock of the presentations during the conference. Internationally meaningful paradigm to organize conference in order to pinpoint 3 acknowledged concepts were used as global change research in mountain emerging topics for both research frames of reference in order to areas. Whereas the original GLP and development. These topics structure the research findings and to structure focuses on the transition of were subsequently validated in link mountain research with ongoing Land Systems, we embedded consultation with other leading

Mountain Research and Development S48 http://dx.doi.org/10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-11-00084.S1 Synthesis, Perth 2010

FIGURE 2 Geographical focus of the 433 accepted abstracts.

scientists. Based on this procedure, 3 the world—are categorized broadly the basis for working towards a global experts summarized and synthesized into 5 thematic fields: agenda for mountain research that the emerging research themes from advances both scientific knowledge different perspectives, focusing on 1) Forecasting, and sustainable development. ecological and social systems as well 2) Observations, as interactions between these 3) Thresholds, State of the art of global change systems. 4) Responses, and research on mountains 5) Innovation. Step 3 From the 610 abstracts submitted, The third step in the assessment and The ICSU Report calls for research 433 were accepted for oral or poster synthesis process aimed at ‘‘that examines how the coupled social– presentation (CMS 2010). They understanding how the research environmental system is changing […] represent the state of the art in presented at the conference and what actions and interventions may global change research in the world’s contributes towards coping with alter the environmental and social mountains in 2010, giving a broader emerging challenges of global change outcomes’’ (ICSU 2010a: 9). In doing so, perspective than the commissioned in mountains. This step also provided research related to the Grand overview compiled in 2004 (Huber indications of necessary adjustments Challenges—in contrast to the et al 2005) or the Perth I Conference and reorientations of future global analytical structure of the GLP—goes held in 2005 (Price 2006). Nearly one change research in mountains. beyond enhancing understanding of half of the abstracts referred to The Grand Challenges in Global social–environmental systems by research in Europe, one fifth Sustainability Research brought placing emphasis on informing action concerned Asia, and one sixth North forward by the International Council towards coping with global change. America (Figure 2). To some extent, for Science in collaboration with the Against this background, session chairs this distribution doubtless reflects International Council assessed the degree to which the papers the fact that the conference took (ICSU 2010a, 2010b) offered a in their sessions addressed the 5 Grand place in Europe; nevertheless, all suitable frame of reference for this Challenges. authors from developing countries third step. The Grand Challenges— The insights gained from the who had an abstract accepted for identified by scientists from around assessment and synthesis process form oral presentation were given travel

Mountain Research and Development S49 http://dx.doi.org/10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-11-00084.S1 Synthesis, Perth 2010

FIGURE 3 Number of papers assigned to the different components of the modified GLP analytical structure.

funding and free registration, so ecological systems and interac- for sustainable development that that financial issues should not have tions within them. were identified when analyzing the been too significant a barrier to N A significant proportion of papers abstracts and presentations (see step participation. considered decision making and 2 above). In line with the GLP, the A majority of the abstracts (312 or institutions. results are structured using the 72%) dealt with ecological systems, N While rather few papers (34 or 8%) components of ecological systems, 92 (21%) with social systems, focused on resource use and man- social systems, and the various and 34 (8%) with resource use and agement, over twice as many (77 or interactions that occur across the management (Figure 3). With regard 18%) investigated how changes in components and systems. to interactions, 278 abstracts (64%) resource use and management im- referred to interactions within pact the ecological system. Ecological systems perspective ecological systems, 198 (46%) to N Only 6% of papers were interdisci- Analysis of the presentations influences of global environmental plinary in the sense of addressing focusing on ecological systems drivers on ecological systems, 150 interactions of coupled social–envi- substantiated that important (35%) to decision making and ronmental systems or processes driv- progress had been made since the institutions, and 99 (23%) to en by global environmental change. first conference in Perth in 2005. influences of ecological systems on N No papers dealt with the conse- However, major knowledge gaps social systems. Some initial quences that changes in mountain remain and new challenges are conclusions can be drawn as follows: systems may have on the global emerging with regard to sustainable N context (Figure 3). mountain development. They can be In terms of global change drivers, summarized in the following two the main research focus was on points: global drivers directly impacting Research needs and ecological systems; only 36 abstracts 1. Global change research in moun- (8%) considered social and/or eco- emerging themes for tains currently focuses mainly on nomicglobalforcessuchasglobal- sustainable development studying climate change and its ization or demographic change. impact on mountain ecosystems. N The emphasis was clearly on the The following section specifies the However, climate change is just natural sciences, that is, on research needs and emerging themes one of many global drivers of

Mountain Research and Development S50 http://dx.doi.org/10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-11-00084.S1 Synthesis, Perth 2010

change in mountain areas. To invasive species). Research into number of such interactions could understand the different drivers, how ecosystems adapt to changes be discussed as there were few as well as to disentangle their (eg shifts of species and habitat presentations focusing on the social cascading impacts on, and distur- ranges) as well as into ways of system. Nevertheless, it was possible bances of, mountain ecosystems, mitigating risks and threats is to identify important realms for remains a major research chal- therefore urgently needed in order future research and emerging issues lenge. For example, changes in to develop innovative pathways for sustainable development. downstream systems have to be towards sustainable mountain de- The presentations of research on recognized as the result not only velopment. One illustrative exam- social systems showed that the of glacier retreat but also of ple is the ongoing discussion on number and forms of human socioeconomic changes in the how the United Nation’s Collabo- movements to, within, and out of watershed. A shift of timberlines rative Initiative on Reducing mountain areas are perceived as an can be due to climate as well as Emissions from Deforestation and important expression of global land use changes. To detect such Degradation (REDD+ and change. However, the characteristics, impacts and attribute them to REDD++) can provide meaningful trends, and impacts of the diverse specific drivers of change, suitable opportunities for mountain re- forms of movements—such as indicators need to be identified gions. Hence, more attention tourism, amenity migration, and and long-term and cost-effective needs to be given in future to how multilocal dwelling—are still little monitoring schemes established. scientific knowledge about moun- understood and need further Such monitoring has to be coor- tain ecosystems can be translated investigation. dinated and based on integrative into a dialogue with decision The major shortcoming of many approaches to gain an improved and policy makers, disciplines continues to be poor understanding of global change landowners, practitioners, and understanding and therefore impacts. In addition, monitoring other stakeholders to jointly inadequate problematization of provides significant data for im- develop adaptation and mitigation sociocultural drivers. Accordingly, proving models and for down- measures. the sociocultural system is often scaling results to regional and treated as a black box. There are local levels, thus making them Hence, an important goal for uncertainties and disagreements as relevant to policy and decision ecological research in mountain to how individuals are guided by making. regions will be to build networks: It is interests and values and how 2. Obtaining a differentiated under- crucial to expand and improve individual motivations translate standing of the impact of global monitoring networks and into collective behavior. The change on mountain ecosystems observation sites where common reasons for this knowledge gap are and is crucial but not research protocols and manifold: failure on the part of the sufficient. It is equally important methodologies are applied, so as to mountain research community to to enhance knowledge on how generate comparative data that allow involve the appropriate bodies of changes in mountain ecosystems research results to be placed into a knowledge, mountain researchers’ influence human well-being in and larger context. Networks of experts own normative agenda, or the beyond mountain regions through from research, policy, and practice lack of suitable tools to unravel changes in ecosystem services. Al- are required to facilitate the complexity of the social though research on ecosystem coordination and information system. functioning and services in moun- exchange and to catalyze tangible Regarding climate change, the tain regions has gained momen- benefits. Networking at the three lack of policy-relevant information tum, appropriate indicators are levels—of data, sites, and people—is about its impacts at the regional level often lacking and concepts for a cost-effective means for addressing was identified as an important gap. valuating such services are not yet the complex problems of mountain Related mechanisms of policy and able to address the complexity of environments impacted by global decision making as well as incentive the issue at stake. More research is change. schemes are not adequately needed to design meaningful comprehended. It remains a major compensation mechanisms that Social systems perspective challenge how to mobilize decision will eventually contribute to more Global change affects the different makers, whose time horizons sustainable management of elements of social systems in typically extend to the next elections mountain ecosystems. Changes in mountain areas (eg culture, and whose concerns are directed mountain ecosystems are clearly population, and economics) in towards coping with economic detectable and may exceed certain manifold and complex ways. At the change and financial turbulence limits (eg pest outbreaks, fires, and Perth II Conference only a limited rather than towards climate change.

Mountain Research and Development S51 http://dx.doi.org/10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-11-00084.S1 Synthesis, Perth 2010

The above research gaps are complexity of coupled social– only by local uses, but increasingly by closely related to the emerging ecological systems and incomplete national, regional, and international issues for sustainable mountain data sets across temporal and spatial policies and markets for resources. development. The recognition scales remain major challenges for Integrated research into how and integration of stakeholders in mountain research. decisions are made at the different knowledge production processes In mountain environments, the levels of society and how they affect are essential for illuminating the interdependency of physical and coupled social–environmental systems black box mentioned above. This biological processes is starkly in the mountains is urgently needed. calls for a shift in the perception of apparent. However, as is generally Going beyond interdisciplinarity stakeholders: from a social identity known, human–environment and pondering over the sustainability imposed on them from outside to a interactions are the most determinant of complex social–ecological systems, collective identity asserted by drivers of major changes across nearly we encounter further questions: How stakeholders themselves, all mountain regions on . can sustainability or trends and acknowledging the legitimacy of Nevertheless, analysis of the causal factors contributing to their voice and their capacity to conference papers revealed that unsustainable practices in complex participate in scientific and decision- research into the decisive interactions systems with many uncertainties be making processes. Links between and feedbacks of such coupled social– measured? How can sustainable diverse stakeholder groups may be ecological systems is still limited, development be defined over the established on the basis of policy- while legal and political issues such as long term? What is the baseline for oriented research. However, there land tenure and land and water defining sustainability? More must be critical reflection as to grabbing were not adequately consistent long-term monitoring can the extent to which terms such as represented. Future research needs to help to answer these questions. resilience, thresholds/tipping points, adopt a systems approach to or vulnerability can be imported understand the dynamics and Mountain research from the natural sciences to foster processes within (as outlined above) addressing challenges of a better understanding of the but also between ecological and social sustainable development social system. systems. Beyond characterization and Overall, it seems that the monitoring of causes and effects, The third step in the Perth II economic dimension of sustainability increased understanding of linkages Conference analysis aimed at generates much more heated and feedbacks will help to identify clarifying the scope of the scholarly debate than the nonlinearities and thresholds (tipping contribution made by current environmental and social points) in both ecological and social mountain research to sustainable dimensions. The Perth II participants systems. Improved understanding of development. According to ICSU urgently called for clarification and such nonlinearities may help to avoid (2010a, 2010b), global sustainability reconciliation of the diverse needs crossing thresholds, thereby research needs to focus on 5 Grand preventing loss of ecosystems and and ambitions of researchers and Challenges in the coming decade in mountain stakeholders in order to their services, for example. order to enable society to cope with, contextualize economic development A systems approach calls for and manage, global change and its within the broader notion of collaborative research conducted by impact in the near future: sustainable development in social and natural scientists in inter- mountain areas. and transdisciplinary projects to 1. Forecasting: Improve the usefulness of avoid narrow interpretations of forecasts of future environmental Social–ecological systems perspective phenomena observed. This is still conditions and their consequences The relatively small proportion of difficult to accomplish, as academic for people. research dealing with intra- and traditions, for instance, reward 2. Observations: Develop the observa- intersystem interactions, for example, disciplinary rather than tion systems needed to manage establishing drivers of change in interdisciplinary scholarship. global and regional environmen- systems or investigating impacts of Therefore, a new paradigm of tal change. ecosystem changes on social systems interdisciplinary training for students 3. Thresholds: Determine how to an- and vice versa, does not come as much of mountain systems is required. ticipate, recognize, avoid, and of a surprise. Although problem The sessions adopting a more adapt to abrupt global environ- orientation and an integrative systems integrative perspective brought to mental change. approach have been promoted for light the importance of adequate 4. Responses: Determine what institu- more than 4 decades (eg UNESCO’s decision making. Mountain regions, tional, economic, and behavioral MAB Programme [UNESCO 2011]; already highly vulnerable to various changes constitute effective steps Brundtland 1987), both the kinds of degradation, are shaped not towards global sustainability.

Mountain Research and Development S52 http://dx.doi.org/10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-11-00084.S1 Synthesis, Perth 2010

FIGURE 4 (A–D) Contributions of sessions, categorized by their main focus (N 5 number of sessions, y axis 5 number of contributions), to tackling the 5 Grand Challenges in Global Sustainability Research (ICSU 2010a) (x axis).

5. Innovation: Encourage innovation substantial difficulties, however, in attach more importance to (along with sound mechanisms determining thresholds within the advancing responses and enabling for evaluation) in developing systems and thus in providing innovation. technological, policy, and social reliable information on future responses to achieve global sus- scenarios (forecasting). Moreover, Towards a sustainability- tainability. research is not yet in a position to oriented research agenda The session chairs’ assessments offer major insights that would regarding the degree to which the inform and empower mountain The endeavor to assess and synthesize papers address these Grand societies to adequately respond to the research presented at the Perth II Challenges are promising but equally global change, nor does it trigger Conference, and to reflect on it point out major shortcomings sufficient innovation in this regard. against the background of ongoing (Figure 4A–D). Overall, current This view is certainly influenced by debates of global change research, is a mountain research is mainly geared the predominance of environmental vibrant sign of the mountain research towards observing and thus research presented at the Perth II community’s will to help develop, in enhancing understanding of the Conference (Figures 3, 4A). In partnership with stakeholders, sound biophysical conditions prevailing in contrast, research focusing on social response strategies for the challenges coupled social–environmental systems or following an integrative of global change and sustainable systems in mountains. It faces approach (Figure 4B, C) tends to mountain development. Analysis also

Mountain Research and Development S53 http://dx.doi.org/10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-11-00084.S1 Synthesis, Perth 2010

shows that mountain systems mountain research community and a Strategy. Zurich, Switzerland: Mountain Research Initiative. http://mri.scnatweb.ch/ provide an exceptional opportunity new research paradigm. Although glochamore/print-version-of-the-glochamore- for developing and advancing global the mountain research community research-strategy; accessed on 30 November change research agendas, possesses a great deal of social 2011. Brundtland GH, Khalid M. 1987. Our Common particularly such that are directed at capital, it should urgently be Future. World Commission on Environment and holistic understanding of the complemented with more social and Development. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford dynamics of coupled social– University Press. political scientists, as well as CMS [Centre for Mountain Studies]. 2010. ecological systems. Mountain systems mountain stakeholders, who should Extended Abstracts—Global Change and the allow the key issues on these agendas be involved at all stages of research. World’s Mountains Perth, Scotland, UK. 27–30 to be investigated at spatial and September 2010. Perth, United Kingdom: Centre Networks of coordinated for Mountain Studies. Available at: http://www. temporal scales of direct relevance observatories and of mountain perth.ac.uk/specialistcentres/cms/Conferences/ to the sustainable management of stakeholders with backgrounds in Perth2010/Documents/extendedabstracts.pdf; social–ecological systems. In this accessed July 2011. research, policy, and practice are Debarbieux B, Price M. 2012. Mountain regions: respect the mountain research promising but insufficient tools to A global common good? Mountain Research and community has already made address global change challenges in Development 32(Suppl):S7–S11. considerable progress, not least due GLP [Global Land Project]. 2005. Science Plan and mountains. A paradigm shift towards Implementation Strategy. IGBP Report No 53/IHDP to the manifold international and a systems approach is called for, Report No 19. Stockholm, Sweden: International regional as well as national requiring more inter- and Geosphere—Biosphere Programme (IGBP) initiatives promoting sustainable Secretariat. transdisciplinary research. This in Huber UM, Bugmann HKM, Reasoner MA, editors. mountain development (Debarbieux turn implies changes in the academic 2005. Global Change and Mountain Regions: An and Price 2012; Messerli 2012; both education system as well as Overview of Current Knowledge. Dordrecht, The in this issue). Netherlands: Springer. improvement of the social and ICSU [International Council for Science]. 2010a. However, this assessment reveals communication skills of all Grand Challenges in Global Sustainability the need for a reorientation of both stakeholders. Such empowered Research: A Systems Approach to Research mountain research and the Priorities for the Decade. Pre-publication Version. mountain networks could bring Paris, France: International Council for Science mountain research community. As forward their arguments based on (ICSU). ICSU [International Council for Science]. 2010b. emphasized by ICSU, the Grand evidence and would be able to Challenges have to be considered as Earth System Science for Global Sustainability: The advocate mountain people and Grand Challenges. Paris, France: International an ‘‘indivisible package,’’ implying mountains not only at the local and Council for Science (ICSU). that progress in one area depends on MA [Millennium Ecosystem Assessment]. 2005. regional levels, but also progress in others (ICSU 2010b: 9). Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis. internationally. In this sense, key Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Washington, Accordingly, the mountain research results of the assessment performed DC: Published for World Resources Institute, Island community should place greater Press. on the occasion of the mountain emphasis on ‘‘responses’’ and Messerli B. 2012. Global change and the world’s research community gathering in mountains: Where are we coming from, and where ‘‘innovation’’ without neglecting its Perth can critically inform are we going to? Mountain Research and core competence in ‘‘forecasting’’ Development 32(Suppl):S55–S63. preparatory work for the Rio+20 and ‘‘observation.’’ Together with the Price MF, editor. 2006. Global Change in Mountain Meeting in 2012. Regions. Duncow, United Kingdom: Sapiens. clearly identified need for more UNESCO [United Nations Educational, Scientific research into social systems and and Cultural Organization]. 2011. The Man and interactions between social and REFERENCES Biosphere Programme. http://www.unesco.org/ new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ ecological systems, this calls for Bjo¨rnsen Gurung A, editor. 2006. GLOCHAMORE ecological-sciences/man-and-biosphere- changes in the composition of the (Global Change and Mountain Regions) Research programme/; accessed July 2011.

Mountain Research and Development S54 http://dx.doi.org/10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-11-00084.S1