Reporting Local Government Issues a Manual for Jamaican Journalists
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Reporting Local Government Issues A Manual for Jamaican Journalists !e publication of this manual was made possible through the UNDP-supported project Building Civil Society Capacity to Support Good Governance by Local Authorities. © March 2012 United Nations Development Programme Produced by the Caribbean Institute of Media and Communication, University of the West Indies, Mona Campus, Kingston 7, Jamaica. Publication team: Kipling Claude Robinson, Fae Ellington, Keith Miller, Olivia Bravo We also wish to thank the Gleaner Company Limited, Milton Brown, and the Sir Arthur Lewis Institute of Social Science, UWI Mona for permission to use their work in this manual. !is manual is NOT for sale. #ontents 4.4. Structure, Role and Function of Local !odule "ne: Authorities 20 #emocratic governance 4.5. Legal Framework of Local and journalism values Government Authorities 21 4.6. Executive Arrangement 22 2. Media and Democratic Governance . .4 4.6.1. Policy-making 2.1. Overview 4 4.6.2. Role of Mayor/ Chairman of Council 4.6.3. Role of Council 2.2. Learning Objectives 4 4.6.4. Role and Responsibility of Councillors 2.3. Essentials of Democratic Governance 4 4.6.5. Role of Council Committees 2.4. Role of Media in Democratic Governance 8 4.7. Administrative Framework 25 2.4.1. Factors in!uencing capacity of journalists and media to perform their 4.8. Central Government (Powers of the roles Minister) 25 3. Journalism Values and Media Content . .12 5. Financing Local Authorities . .28 3.1. Overview 12 5.1. Overview 28 3.2. Learning Objectives 12 5.2. Learning Objectives 28 3.3. Traditional Core Values of Journalism 12 5.3. Sources of Funds for Local Government Authorities 28 3.3.1. Accuracy 5.4. Financial Planning 30 3.3.2. Impartiality 3.3.3. Balance and Fairness 5.5. Monitoring the "nances 32 3.3.4. Independence 3.3.5. Transparency 3.4. !reats to Traditional Core Values 15 !odule 'ree: 'e reform process !odule $wo: 6. Local Government Reform . .36 %tru&ure and fun&ion of 6.1. Learning Objectives 36 local government authorities 6.2. Historical Overview of the Reform Process 36 6.2.1. Problem identi"cation—Studies and Reports 4. Structure, Organisation and Role of Local Authorities . .18 6.2.2. Game-changing developments 6.2.3. 1989— New Season of Reform Begins 4.1. Overview 18 6.2.4. Ministry Paper 8/93: New Paradigm Learning Objectives 18 4.2. 6.2.5. Launch of Local Government Reform 4.3. Historical Development of Local Programme Government in Jamaica 18 Reporting Local Government Issues — A Manual for Jamaican Journalists i 6.2.6. Major Early Achievements of the 9.3. Preparation for Election Coverage Programme (Newsroom Readiness) 60 6.2.7. Setbacks 9.4. Establishing an Election Coverage 6.2.8. Resuscitation of the Reform Process Team and Coverage Plan 61 2003-2004 9.5. Achieving Balance and Fairness in 6.3. Highlights of Local Government News Reporting 62 Reform since 1994 42 9.5.1. Cover the Issues Fairly, Factually and 6.3.1. Financial Reforms $oroughly 6.3.2. Legal Reforms 9.6. Election Debates 65 6.3.3. Institutional Capacity Building and 9.7. Election Day (Access to polling places Human Resource Development and candidates) 65 6.3.4. Enhancing Public Education and 9.8. Accessing and Reporting Election Results 66 Participatory Local Governance 6.4. New administration, 2007 45 10. Covering Meetings of Council and Committees of Council . .68 7. Advancing the Reform Agenda: 10.1. Overview 68 Challenges and Opportunities . 47 10.2. Learning Objectives 68 7.1 Learning Objectives 47 10.3. Media Treatment of Local Government 68 7.2. Decentralization: Deepening Democracy 47 10.4. Newsworthiness and coverage of ‘local’ 7.3. Some Areas of Concern 48 issues 69 7.4. !e Way Forward 50 10.5. Investigative / Enterprise Reporting 71 10.6. Relevance and accountability as an alternative approach to coverage 72 10.6.1. Relevance !odule (our: 10.6.2. Accountability )eporting local government 10.7. !e Councillor’s Perspective 73 10.8. Tips for more e$ective reporting 74 8. Covering Elections: Understanding 10.9. Conclusion: A Framework Integrating the Electoral System . .54 Good Journalism and Good 8.1. Overview 54 Governance in Local Government 74 8.2. Learning Objectives 54 11. References .......................... 77 8.3. Background 55 8.4. Role and Responsibility of the Electoral O#ce 55 12. Appendices . .79 8.5. Eligibility for Election as Councillor 56 12.1. Appendix 1: Who is who in Local Government 79 8.6. Eligibility to vote 57 12.2. Appendix 2: Results of Parish Council 8.7. Calling of Local Government Poll 58 Elections of March 26, 2012. 83 9. Covering the Elections: From Campaigning to Reporting the Results .60 9.1. Overview 60 9.2. Learning Objectives 60 ii Reporting Local Government Issues — A Manual for Jamaican Journalists %oreword !is manual on Reporting Local Government Issues is part of a larger project, Building Civil Society Capacity to Support Good Governance by Local Authorities, funded by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) with implementing partners being !e Centre for Leadership and Governance, at !e University of the West Indies and responsible parties being the National Association of Parish Development Committees (NAPDEC) and the Department (Ministry) of Local Government. Among other things, the project “aims to strengthen the capacity of the civil society and public institutions to provide oversight of public expenditure, at the local level.” An expected output of the project is the improvement of media’s capacity to report on local authorities’ use of public funds. !is will be done through improving local and national media’s understanding of local government reform and devolution as well as increased media coverage of public expenditure at the local level. Increasing understanding and more informed media coverage of local government issues will require more sustained public focus by all the critical stakeholders on the role and work of local authorities than has been evident in the past. Consequently, this manual is part of a wider project to increase the knowledge base of media workers and journalists and enhance skills and capacity to report and interpret the issues that impact the quality of public debate and service delivery at the local level. !e expectation is that the manual will be used by journalism trainers, journalism students and journalists and will be a training resource for the Caribbean Institute of Media and Communication (CARIMAC). !e fundamental underlying assumption is the recognition that democracy and the quality of journalism are inextricably linked. An independent media plays a critical role in promoting democratic values, good governance and citizen participation in the democratic process. !is is all the more important precisely because local government deals with issues that touch the lives of people where government matters most. Good governance is at least as important at the local level as it is at the national. Enhancing good governance at the level of local government will require new skill sets and attitudes by all the major stakeholders: Central governments will have to deliver more of the promised reforms of local government; local administrations will have to deliver better quality and more e#cient services; citizens will have to play closer attention to what gets done (or not done) in their names; and media will have to focus more of their reporting on issues of accountability and transparency. !is manual is o$ered to support media in this task. Claude Robinson Communication and Media Consultant 16 April, 2012 Reporting Local Government Issues — A Manual for Jamaican Journalists 1 1. Introduction R5 !odule $ree traces the history of the process to reform local government (especially since the 1990s. It highlights achievements and setbacks and outlines the !e Manual is divided into four un"nished agenda as well as the modules which can be adapted for plans by the political administration di$erent occasions depending on the to move the process forward. duration of the workshop or course R5 !odule %our deals with the and the background and preparation issues and skills for covering local of participants. It can be adapted for government elections as well as use in a full credit course over 12 the on-going activities of local weeks or workshop of one to three government authorities. days’ duration. Each chapter ends with a list of R5 !odule "ne covers the principles problematic issues and questions and themes of democratic for the instructor/facilitator to use governance and journalism values. to engage participants. !ere also !e rationale is that participants exercises that can be used to test should begin with a broad the learning and take-ways. Some understanding of these principles exercises are for individuals and others and why they are important. are to be done in groups or by the R5 !odule #wo describes the entire workshop. history, structure and role of local government. It highlights major !e Manual ends with appendices developments over the years from (Who’s Who in Local Government the original ‘vestry system’ of and the 2012 Local Government th the 17 century to the present. Election Results) and references for !is is important because this further reading. sphere of government does not get the same level of attention as central government and thus it is less known and less understood by journalists and the public. Increasing the knowledge base of journalists is a "rst step towards greater public awareness of and support for local government. 2 Reporting Local Government Issues — A Manual for Jamaican Journalists !odule "ne: #emocratic governance and journalism values Reporting Local Government Issues — A Manual for Jamaican Journalists 3 2.