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Conservation and Tourism: a Case Study of Longhouse Communities in and Adjacent to Batang Ai National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia

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Conservation and Tourism: a Case Study of Longhouse Communities in and Adjacent to Batang Ai National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia Lincoln University Digital Thesis Copyright Statement The digital copy of this thesis is protected by the Copyright Act 1994 (New Zealand). This thesis may be consulted by you, provided you comply with the provisions of the Act and the following conditions of use: you will use the copy only for the purposes of research or private study you will recognise the author's right to be identified as the author of the thesis and due acknowledgement will be made to the author where appropriate you will obtain the author's permission before publishing any material from the thesis. Conservation and Tourism: A Case Study of Longhouse Communities in and adjacent to Batang Ai National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia. A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Parks, Recreation, and Toudsm Management At Lincoln University By O.B. Tiseo Lincoln University 2004 i ABSTRACT Abstract of a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment ofthe requirements for the Degree of M.P.R. & T.M. Conservation and Tourism: A Case Study ofLongbouses Communities in and adjacent to Batang Ai National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia. By O.B. Tisen The purpose ofthis study is to investigate benefits of tourism to local communities and conservation in Batang Ai, Sarawak, Malaysia. The main focus ofthis study is on the environmental sustainability ofBatang Ai National Park, which is dependent on the sustainable extraction of natural resources by local communities with privileges to hunt, fish and gather forest produce from the park. There are seven longhouses in and adjacent to Batang Ai National Park with a total of 5 92 people having privileges within the park. Research on the use of tropical forests shows that one person per square kilometre is sustainable if people are obtaining all their protein requirements from the forest. Batang Ai National Park, with a total area of240 square kilometres, is clearly not sustainable if all the protein requirements of the people with privileges are derived from the park. Tourism is seen as a non-consumptive method ofproviding benefits to the local communities, which is hoped to reduce their dependence on the natural resources ofthe park. A combination of both qualitative and quantitative data collection methods was used for the study. These methods include questionnaire surveys, community group interviews and key informants interviews. Questionnaire surveys were conducted on people with gazetted rights and privileges within the park, including those who were residing in longhouses in resettlement schemes three to four hours travel from the park. Community 'group interviews' were conducted in eleven longhouses and sixteen in-depth interviews 11 with key infonnants from government agencies, non-government organisations, private sector, and local organisations were also conducted. Results indicate that local communities believe that tourism can benefit them and they believe that it is important to protect the environment, forest and wildlife in order to attract tourists. However, lack of opportunity for earning cash means that their well-being depends on the continued use of natural resources from the forest. Results also indicate that local communities can benefit from tourism and that tourism can benefit conservation, however, the benefits are dependent on the volume and distribution of tourists. During the survey, only the Rh. Ngumbang community receives regular tourists and correspondingly has a higher income, while other communities rarely had tourists and received little or no benefits from tourism. Overall, tourism in Ulu Batang Ai has few or no effects on the local communities' traditional way oflife, and their well being still depends on fanning, hunting, fishing and gathering forest produce. For Batang Ai National Park to achieve its conservation goals, it is crucial that the forest areas next to the longhouses in Ulu Batang Ai be able to continue to provide the longhouse communities with their requirements of forest produce. Failing this their well-being will be compromised or they might obtain these requirements from the park thus, compromising the conservation values of the national park. Keywords: Malaysia; Sarawak; Batang Ai National Park; Local communities; Tourism; Conservation; Traditional use of natural resources; Benefits iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to take this opportunity to express my sincere thanks and gratitude to all the people and organisations that bear with me and assisted me with this academic pursuit. My thanks go to the Sarawak Government for granting me 'In-service Training Award' to study at Lincoln University. Thank to the Director of Forest, Dato Cheong for his encouragement and support. Thanks also to Lincoln University for the Lincoln-Sarawak Scholarship in Tourism Studies which provided my family with free accommodation during the duration of the study. We are very grateful to all those that made it happen. Many people and organisations have helped me with this research. Without them, the research could not have gone ahead. First and foremost there are all the people that gave up their time to be interviewed and to talk to me in person about their views and experiences. Special thanks to all the communities ofthe longhouses under study, particularly the headmen for providing the invaluable information and assistance required. Without their co-operation, it would have been impossible for me to conduct the study in their respective longhouses. Thank you for the kindness and hospitality given during my stay in the longhouses. My thanks also go to all the individuals who have assisted in one way or another. Engkamat Lading who assisted with translating the English version ofthe research instruments into Iban. Christopher Kri who assisted with the operation on the ground, arranging transport, meetings with the longhouses communities and as interpreter during the community group interviews. To all the research assistants, Nyangau, Angai, Roseny Chang, Serai Dayong, for their dedication and patience in going through the tedious process of conducting interview after interview and as interpreter on many occasions. To the staff ofBatang Ai National Park, the staff of the National Park and Wildlife Division ofthe Forest Department, and ITTO project officers who were helpful, encouraging and friendly. Thanks to Dr. Paul Chai, Mr. Michael Meredith and Dr. Elizabeth Bennett for providing technical support and constructive comments. IV My two supervisors, Assoc. Prof. Patrick Devlin and Prof David Simmons, must take some credit for getting me to the end of this thesis. Thanks for all your encouragement and constructive comments. I am particularly grateful to Assoc. Prof. Patrick Devlin for his special attention especially in the thesis write up phase, which made the task more enjoyable. Thanks to him and his wife, Maureen Devlin for being a friend of our family who were always there to help, not forgetting all the vegetables we got from their farm. Various other people from the Social Sciences, Tourism and Recreation Group ofthe Environment, Society and Design Division also gave their time, including Evert Kampert, Michelle and Douglas Broughton. Thanks also to many others who have assisted me, but whom I have not mentioned, I am always indebted to them. Thanks to other students in Lincoln who provided important diversions from studying, making life on Campus very enjoyable. Mohd. Sallehuddin and family, and everybody else, thank you for the good times. To members of my family, thank you for all your support. v TABLES OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................ ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................................................................................. iv TABLES OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................. vi LIST OF T ABLES .............................................................................................................. xiii LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................. xv CHAPTER ONE IN·TRODUCTION ................................................................................. 1 1.0 CJ~~~ ~1[Fl()l)lJ<:1[I()l'J--------------------------------------------------------------- 1 1.1 RES~AFl<:H CJOAL AND OBJE<:1[IVES ------------------------------------------------- 3 1.2 1[HESIS ()FlCJAN]SA1[JOl'J ------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 CHAPTER TWO LOCAL COMMUNITIES AND CONSERVATION..................... 5 2.0 ~1[Fl()l)lJ<:1[IOl'J ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5 2.1 ~()<:AL <:01v11v1~1[~S--------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 2.1.1 ~ocal communities in Sarawak ---------------------------------------------------------- 6 2.1.2 1[raditionall)ayak Society --------------------------------------------------------------- 6 2.1.3 Flurall)ayak' s society today ------------------------------------------------------------- 9 2.2 HUNf~CJ AND SlJS1[AINABILI1LY OF WI~I)~IF~ --------------------------------10 2.2.1 Importance of wildlife to tropical forest people-------------------------------------l0 2.2.2 Wildlife biomass (production) in tropical forest --------------~---------------------12 2.2.3 <:arrying capacity of tropical forest----------------------------------------------------12 2.2.4
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