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Monitoring Mangrove Status Using Remote Sensing and Geo-Informatics in Piram Island, Gulf of Khambhat, Gujarat State, India

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Monitoring Mangrove Status Using Remote Sensing and Geo-Informatics in Piram Island, Gulf of Khambhat, Gujarat State, India International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 5, Issue 6, June-2014 999 ISSN 2229-5518 Monitoring Mangrove Status using Remote Sensing and Geo-informatics in Piram Island, Gulf of Khambhat, Gujarat State, India Dhara O. Bhavsar1, Yogesh T. Jasrai1, Himanshu A.Pandya1, Vijay Singh2, Ajay Patel2, and Manik H. Kalubarme2 1Department of Botany, USSC, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat-38009 Email Id: [email protected] 2Bhaskaracharya Institute for Space Applications and Geo-informatics (BISAG) Department of Science & Technology, Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar 382 007 (Corresponding Autor email-d: [email protected]) Abstract—Piram is a living witness to the ancient disturbances of nature, changes in flora and fauna over millions of years and centuries of tides and ebbs. It is unique because there are very few islands of the Indian West Coast, which are so easily accessible. In the present study, Indian remote Sens- ing Satellite (IRS-P6) LISS-III and LISS-IV digital data covering Piram Island for the period of 2007, 2010 and 2013 have ben analysed for mapping mangrove. The LISS-III and LISS-IV data have been interpreted visually and the mangroves have been classified into two density classes namely, dense mangroves and spares mangroves based on the intensity of pink tone observed on the Satelllite data. Field Survey was carried out for mangrove density identification with the help of GPS measurements at various places in the Piram Island. During field visit soil samples were also collected for physical chemical analysis. Remote Sensing data was analyzed using ENVI Software and the mangrove density classes were delineated using the Quantum GIS software. This study aims to monitor changes in mangrove vegetation, in Piram Island using multi-temporal Indian Remote Sensing satellite data in GIS environment. The physico-chemical properties of soil of various sites in the Piram Island were also studied. The results of this study on change monitoring of mangroves in the Piram Island indicate that mangrove area has been consecutively declining from 0.74 to 0.23 sq km in the Piram Island during the period from 2007 to 2013. Change detection study was carried out for monitoring mangrove status in Piram Island and results were compared with the mangrove estimates carried out by the Department of Ocean Development (DOD), Government of India, 2002. DOD carried out the mangrove mapping using the satellite data of 1987 and 1999 covering Piram Island and the results indicated that the man- grove area has decreased from 0.74 to 0.57 sq km. The results of present study on change monitoring revels that mangrove area is consecutively de- clining from 0.74 to 0.23 sq km in the Piram Island. Previous studies showed that mangrove forests has been significantly denuded owing to cutting down trees for firewood, charcoal making, construction materials, construction of salt pan and Aquaculture. (Bhavsar et al, 2013). Soil samples were also collected and analyzed for parameters like pH (8.6), Electrical Conductivity (8.6 m), Bulk Density (1.5 w/v), %Organic Carbon (3.6%) and Soil Organic Carbon (12.65 kg C m-2). The organic carbon and soil organic carbon is greater at 30 cm depth. The correlation between pa- rameters is also discussed in detail. The mangrove area has very high potential to sequester the carbon which can be increased further in future by con- serving or protecting the mangrove areas in the Piram Island. This study gives clear idea to land managers in implementing conservation initiatives for mangroves as well as protection ofIJSER Piram Island. Index Terms—Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS), LISS-III & LISS-IV digital data, Mangrove mapping, Change detection, One way ANOVA, Land use classification, Weightage Analysis, Physical & Chemical analysis of soil sampls. —————————— —————————— 1 INTRODUCTION ujarat State enjoys the distinction of having the longest Saurashtra Coast, (iv), The Gulf of Khambhat and (v) The Gcoast line in the country. It is more than 1650 kms and South Gujarat Coast. The coast lines of the Gulf of Khambhat extends right from Jakhau in Kachchh District to Umar- and Kachchh together form about 65% of the coast line of the gam in Valsad district. There are two prominent indentations state (Singh, 2000). in this stretch namely the Gulf of Kachchh and the Gulf of Khambhat. The coastal environment of India plays a critical 1.1 Piram Island in Gulf Cambay role in the economy of the nation by virtue of its resources and ecosystems such as mangroves, coral reefs, salt marshes, sand The tidal range at Gulf of Khambhat is the largest along the dunes, estuaries etc. Gujarat coast has about 1.6 lakh sq.km on Indian coastline on account of that world’s biggest Ship break- the continental shelf. The coast, due to its varied physiograph- ing yard is present (Sanil Kumar, et al, 2010). The Gulf has ic features, geomorphology, coastal processes and river dis- many small Islands at present. Among them Piram is unique charge into the sea, provides a wide variety of coastal features. because there are very few islands of the Indian West Coast, Based on the distinct variation in the land form categories, the which are so easily accessible. It is unique also due to the fact Gujarat coast has been broadly classified into five regions: that it is privately owned and has a size, which is just right to (i) The Rann of Kachchh, (ii) Gulf of Kachchh, (iii) The savor the experience of sea all around. IJSER © 2014 http://www.ijser.org 1000 International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 5, Issue 6, June-2014 ISSN 2229-5518 1.2 Flora and Fauna of Piram Island The reflectance pattern of vegetation in visible & NIR spectral region give information on condition of vegetation cover. The Piram is a living witness to the ancient disturbances of nature, various satellite-derived indices such as Normalized Differ- changes in flora and fauna over million of years and centuries ence Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Ratio of NIR & Red wave- of tides and ebbs. All of this history is evident in the layers of lengths can also be effectively used to monitor the vegetation rock that make this island. This island is rich in history, ma- status and condition of mangrove ecosystem. NDVI is based rine and archaeological wonders and an exclusive place wait- on difference between maximum absorption of radiation in ing to be developed for its variety of potentials. Island comes red due to chlorophyll and maximum reflection of radiation in under the effect of the Delhi-Mumbai Industrial corridor NIR due to leaf cellular structure. The combination of red and (DMIC). Island has evidence of pre-historic periods evolving Infrared (IR) bands along with vegetation indices help in dis- over millions of years and a recorded history of more than tinguishing between mangroves, swamps and other vegeta- 5000 years. Authenticated by the Gazetteer of Piram has a his- tion in the wetland zones. tory of all faiths: Hindu, Buddhist, Jain and Islam. It is an in- habited island showing the roots of the four main religions of Mangrove mapping of 13-coastal districts with 35-coastal India. It reflects the coexistence and respect for one another blocks/talukas in Gujarat, have been carried out by BISAG true secularism. (Anonymous, Piram Island, 2009 and Guar, and GEC using Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS) LISS-III A.S.,2010). Island has good mangrove vegetation and also digital data of the 2006-07 period. The mangroves have been nesting site for two endangered Species of Sea turtle. Man- classified into two density classes namely, dense mangroves grove ecosystems play a dual role and provide two important and spares mangroves and maps have been prepared at environmental services: as carbon sink and as buffer to protect 1:10,000 scale and these are compiled in the form of Mangrove the terrestrial ecosystem from adverse effects of climate Atlas of Gujarat State. The comparison of mangrove area esti- change (Loffoley et al., 2009, Bunting et al., 2007). Piram Island mates carried out by BISAG and Forest Survey of India (FSI) has high density of mangrove vegetation (Anonymous, 2013). indicates a net increase in the area under mangrove cover (Pa- tel et al., 2014). Realizing the ecological importance of mangroves this study was carried out using Satellite Remote Sensing and GIS Data along with detailed field surveys. However, no detailed stud- 2. OBJECTIVES ies have been conducted that will give a general picture of the Piram Island to guide land managers and policy makers in The major objectives of study on mapping and monitoring implementing conservation initiatives. One of the basic re- mangroves in the Piram Island in the Gulf of Khambhat region quirements for planning coastal protection act it is important of Gujarat State (India) are as follows: to understand coastal process of erosion, deposition and transport of sediment which arise as a result of natural as well ¾ Delineation of Mangrove Density using Indian Re- as anthropogenic process IJSER(Rajawat, et al, 2005). The man- mote Sensing (IRS LISS III, IV data of 2007, 2010, groves on the Piram Island are damaged due to discharge of 2013). oil, chemicals and other pollutants from the ship breaking yard at Alang. ¾ Monitoring Changes in Mangrove Status based on Multi temporal Remote Sensing Satellite Data. This study aims to monitor changes in mangrove vegetation, ¾ Physico-chemical Analysis of Soil samples of Piram in Piram Island using multi-temporal Indian Remote Sensing Island satellite data in GIS environment. The physico-chemical prop- erties of soil at various sites in the Piram Island were also 3. STUDY AREA studied. Previous studies showed that mangrove forests has been significantly denuded owing to cutting down trees for Gulf of Khambhat which is in the northern part of the Arabian firewood, charcoal making, construction materials, construc- Sea has a width of 80 km at mouth and funnels down to 25 km tion of salt pan and Aquaculture (Bhavsar et al, 2013).
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