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ONLINE FIRST | October 2, 2017 | https://doi.org/10.15605/jafes.032.02.04 ONLINE FIRST | October 5, 2017 | https://doi.org/10.15605/jafes.032.02.05 Annabel Mata, et al Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and its Individual Features Across Different BMI Categories 122 Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Original Article Endocrine Societies with hepatic insulin resistance contributing to elevation of Statement of Authorship Knowledge and Practice of Diabetic Foot Care in Patients with liver markers. All authors certified fulfillment of ICMJE authorship criteria. Diabetes at Chinese General Hospital and Medical Center Author Disclosure In a study done by Wang et al., in 2015, they have stated The authors declared no conflict of interest. that there is a positive association between higher serum Erva Magbanua and Rebecca Lim-Alba 11 creatinine levels even if within normal ranges. Interaction Funding Source Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Chinese General Hospital and Medical Center, Philippines between creatinine, presence of metabolic syndrome and None. BMI categories was also statistically significant in the present study however this association cannot be References Abstract concluded whether it is positive or negative. 1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2016. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/ data/nhanes/survey_content_99_16.pdf. Objective. The objective of this study is to measure the level of knowledge and practice of diabetic foot self-care and For the limitation, majority of the subjects included in this 2. Ford ES. Giles WH, Mokdad AH. Increasing prevalence of metabolic determine the factors that affect the level and knowledge and practice of diabetic foot self-care among among patients present study are at risk for metabolic abnormalities which syndrome among US adults. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(10):2444–9. with diabetes.. may account for the higher prevalence rate of metabolic PMID: 15451914. 3. Resnick HE, Jones K, Ruotolo G, et al. Insulin resistance, the syndrome as compared to previous Philippine data. Methodology. Three hundred thirty adult patients with diabetes at the outpatient clinics were given self-administered metabolic syndrome and risk of incident cardiovascular disease in questionnaires on knowledge and practice of diabetic foot self-care. The scores were computed based on their Subjects included and reviewed in the present study were non-diabetic American Indians: The Strong Heart Study. Diabetes answers. A score of >70% was gauged as good, 50 to 70% as satisfactory and <50% as poor. limited only to those individuals who have access to Care. 2003;26(3):861–7. PMID: 12610050. 4. Punzalan FER, Sy RG, Ty-Willing T. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome health care facilities and only those with complete among adult Filipinos. Int Congress Series. 2004;1262:442-5. Results. Of the subjects, 82.7% had good foot care knowledge, 22.4% had good foot self-care practice, and 71% had anthropometric measurements and the results of the study 5. Morales DD, Punzalan FE, Paz-Pacheco E, et al. Metabolic syndrome satisfactory practice score. Patients who received diabetes education were twice as likely to have a good knowledge may not be reflective of the characteristics of the general in the Philippine general population: Prevalence and risk for score (OR 2.41, 95% CI, 1.09 to 5.32; p=0.03). Compared to patients who received diabetes care in private clinics, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus Diabetes Filipino population. those who attended the charity outpatient clinic were nearly three times as likely to have a good knowledge score (OR Vasc Dis Res. 2008;5(1):36–43. PMID: 18398811. https://doi/org/ 2.8, 95% CI, 1.32 to 5.96; p=0.007). Patients with known diabetes for more than ten years and those with a family 10.3132/dvdr.2008.007. history of diabetes were 50% less likely to have good practice scores (OR 0.50, 95% CI, 0.28 to 0.90;Êp=0.021 and OR CONCLUSION 6. Araneta MR, Wingard DL, Barrett-Connor E. Type 2 diabetes and 0.49, 95% CI, 0.29 to 0.83; p=0.008, respectively). metabolic syndrome in Filipina-American women: A high risk non obese population. Diabetes Care. 2002;25(3):494–9. PMID: 11874936. Conclusion. The current state of foot care knowledge in Filipino respondents with diabetes is good but the level of foot In this study, we have shown that in Filipino adults, 7. Benziger CP, Bernabé-Ortiz A, Gilman RH, et al. Metabolic individual components of the metabolic syndrome as abnormalities are common among South American Hispanics subjects self-care practice is only satisfactory. defined by NCEP/ATP III-AHA/NHLBI (2005) and using with normal weight or excess body weight: The CRONICAS cohort KeyÊwords:ÊdiabeticÊfoot,ÊdiabetesÊmellitus,Êknowledge,Êself-careÊ the Asian cut-offs for abdominal obesity are present even study. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(11):e0138968. PMCID: PMC4658165. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138968. in individuals with low BMI of 18.5-22.9 kg/m2 and 23-24.9 8. Palaniappian LP, Wong EC, Shin JJ, Fortmann SP, Lauderdale DS. INTRODUCTION Prior to instructing proper self-care techniques to a patient, kg/m2. The presence of abnormal metabolic features such Asian Americans have greater prevalence of Metabolic syndrome it is essential for the health care professional to understand as central obesity, high triglycerides and low HDL levels despite lower body mass index. Int J Obesity. 2011;35(3):393–400. PMID: 20680014. PMCID: PMC2989340. https://doi.org/10.1038/ Among the complications of diabetes, those that occur in the extent of the said patient’s knowledge and practice. The even in patients with normal to slightly elevated BMI ijo.2010.152. the foot are considered the most preventable. The annual authors found, during the conduct of this study, that should prompt health care providers to consider nutrition 9. Pagsisihan D, Sandoval MA, Paz-Pacgeco E, Jimeno C. Low indices of incidence of new foot ulcer in patients with diabetes is administration of standardized written questionnaires was counselling and weight management programs to these overweight and obesity are associated with cardiometabolic diseases 2.2%, with incidence increasing to 5.8% in three years.1,2 helpful in establishing a patient’s baseline knowledge on groups of individuals and not just be focus on individuals among adult Filipinos in a rural community. J ASEAN Fed Endocr Soc. 2016;31(2):97-104. https://doi.org/10.15605/jafes.031.02.04. The lifetime incidence of developing a foot ulcer is self-care. By establishing the baseline knowledge level of with higher BMI. 10. Perera S, Lohsoonthorn V, Jiamjarasrangsi W, Lertmaharit S, estimated to be as high as 25%.3,4 Poor knowledge and the subject patients, healthcare providers may be able to Williams MA. Association between elevated liver enzymes and poor foot care practices were identified as important risk determine the gaps in their knowledge and practice on foot Acknowledgment metabolic syndrome among Thai adults. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 5 The authors extend their appreciation to the staff of the Wellness 2008;2(3):171-8. PMCID: PMC4137970. NIHMSID: NIHMS442249. factors for foot problems in diabetes. Hence, in order to self-care and provide feedback. Diabetes education will Center and Obesity and Weight Management Center at St. Luke’s https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2008.04.012. minimize, if not totally prevent, foot complications, it is then be more effective in the prevention of foot 11. Wang J, Li X, Yang K, et al. Serum creatinine levels and risk of Medical Center Quezon City (SLMC-QC) for their assistance in important that appropriate and timely foot self-care be complications through proper foot care. metabolic syndrome in a middle-aged and older Chinese population. 6-8 the retrieval of patient records, and to Dr. Reandelar and Mr. Clinica Chimica Acta. 2015; 440:177-82. emphasized to patients with diabetes. Philip Salvador for their assistance and valuable inputs in the Based on extensive literature search by the authors, there statistical analysis. A previous study showedÊ that patients with diabetes often is no locally conducted study that has investigated the neglect foot self-care practices. The same study concluded knowledge and foot self-care practices carried out by that foot self-care practices appear underutilized as a patients. This study aimed to determine the knowledge primary complication prevention measure. Instead, and practice of foot care among Filipinos with diabetes in Authors are required to accomplish, sign and submit scanned copies of the JAFES Author Form consisting of: (1) Authorship Certification, that all the requirements patients only adopt foot care practices once complications our institution using knowledge questionnaires for authorship have been met by each author, and that the final version of the manuscript has been read and approved by all authors; (2) the Author Declaration, that have already occurred. Facilitators of foot self-care (Appendices 1 and 2).10,11 We also sought to identify factors the article represents original material that is not being considered for publication or has not been published or accepted for publication elsewhere; (3) the Statement of Copyright Transfer [accepted manuscripts become the permanent property of the JAFES and are licensed with an Attribution-Share Alike-Non-Commercial practices, such as patient education, appear to be reserved that affect the level of knowledge and practice of foot self- Creative Commons License. Articles may be shared and adapted for non-commercial purposes as long as they are properly cited]; and the ICMJE form for Disclosure for individuals who have already developed foot care. The results of this study can provide information to of Potential Conflicts of Interest.