Everyday Violence in the Irish Civil War Gemma Clark Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03689-5 - Everyday Violence in the Irish Civil War Gemma Clark Index More information

Index

Abbott, Richard, 105, 166 map on, 6, 7f agrarianism, 13–17, 132, 196 as military tactic, 64–73, 96 allegiance. See also loyalty motivations for, 43, 61, 89–96 establishing, 23 in Northern Ireland, 56–9 questions of, 17, 18, 50, 163, 199, 202 prevalence of, 196 Anderson, Frances Alice, 91 railways and, 48–9, 68–9, 182 Anglo-Irish Treaty Senators and, 69, 70–3 ratiﬁcation of, 2, 9, 135 simultaneous incidents of, 20, 20n5 Working Arrangements for in Tipperary, 55–6, 61–2, 63f, 64, implementing, 23n26, 34 68–70, 87 animal maiming, 120–5, 192, 201 during War of Independence, 54, 56–60, anti-Treaty IRA. See Irregulars 66–7 Archer, John, 20, 61, 88, 89 in Waterford, 55, 62, 63f, 64, 87 ARDP. See Association for the Relief of Ashtown, Lord, 113, 188 Distressed Protestants Association for the Relief of Distressed Arendt, Hannah, 1, 202 Protestants (ARDP), 37 Armagh expulsions (1795–6), 59 Atkinson, Charles, 90–1 Army, British. See also ex-Servicemen Aubane Historical Society, 10, 171 departure from Ireland, 85, 147 Austria, 67, 178–9 victims’ connection to, 36, 84, 125, 128, Auxiliaries, 56, 167, 178 128n172, 141n252, 142, 181 yearly spending in Ireland, 34 Bagge, John, 123 Army Emergency Powers Resolution Bagwell, Harriet, 71–2, 78, 198 (1922), 162 Bagwell, John, 21, 30, 53, 71–3, 75, 96, arson, 10n52, 17, 54–97. See also big 200 houses Bagwell, Lilla, 71, 191n221 barracks and, 62, 64–70, 89 Bagwell, Louisa, 71, 190, 191 Barry, T., on, 66–7, 96 Bagwell, Richard, 71, 78 basic tools for, 60 Ballinacourty, Tipperary, 77, 95, 174 in Belfast, 57–9, 57n15, 58n24 Ballymacarbry, clash at, 4 in Britain, 56, 60–1, 67 Ballyseedy mine explosions, 8, 86, 162 against Catholics, 58–9, 58n24, 58n30 Bandon, Earl of, 67 compensation claims for, 19–21, 26–7, Barr, John Fillans, 103 29, 31, 55, 62 barracks crop and outhouse burning, 14, 56, 62, arson and, 62, 64–70, 89 92, 97, 124, 200 Collins Barracks, 11 importance of, 55–62 Barrett, Dick, 94 IRA and, 56–60, 66–7 Barry, Sebastian, 35, 141, 153 land redistribution and, 62, 85–9 Barry, Tom during Land War, 56, 83 on arson, 66–7, 96 in Limerick, 55, 61–2, 63f, 64–6, 68, 87 policies of, 3, 176, 197 Loyalists and, 60–1, 67, 89–92 Ryan, Meda, on, 171, 176–7

219

220 Index

Beech Park House, Ballyboden, 70 Burchett, Mr. and Mrs. Cecil, 142–3 Belfast Burke, J.A., 61, 61n51, 69–70 arson in, 57–9, 57n15, 58n24 Burke, Richard, 25 atrocities in, 44 Byrne, Archbishop, 184 Belfast Boycott, 139–40, 146, 147 Byrne, Daniel Joseph, 69–70, 70n105 Belfast riots (1857–1969), 59 Bennis, Ernest, 145 campaign of fire, 57, 69. See also arson Benton, Sarah, 192 Campaign of Fire (ICCA), 10 Bew, Paul, 115 Campbell, Fergus, 16–17, 117, 132 Biddulph, Middleton, 85 Cantwell, Walter, 165n72 Bielenberg, Andy, 40, 44n134, 146, 147, Cappoquin mansion, Waterford, 27, 53, 203 70–1, 92, 96 big houses, 54–5, 54n5, 62, 66–8, 73–85, Carew, Mary, 91 92, 200. See also specific houses Carey, William, 101 Biggs, Harriet, 186–7 Carleton, William, 54 Biggs, Henry, 170 Carroll, Denis, 51 Black and Tans, 56, 66, 114, 167, 178 Carroll, John, 51 Bloomfield, Cpt., 112 Carroll, Michael, 19–20 Boer War, 21 Carson, Lord, 187 Borland, John, 88 Casey, Jeremiah, 119 Boskell Hall, Limerick, 27, 84 Castle Bernard, 67 Bosnia, 40, 56, 192 Castle Fogarty, 87 Bourke, John, 135 Castle Lough, 125 Bowen, Elizabeth, 54, 84 Castle Otway, 24 Bowen’s Court, 77, 84 Catholics, 10 Boycott, Charles, 137 arson against, 58–9, 58n24, 58n30 boycotting hierarchy, 164, 184 Belfast Boycott, 139–40, 146, 147 Protestants relationship with, 37, 43, history and development of, 44, 49, 44–5, 52, 56, 59, 92, 125–7, 137, 198 136–44, 184 cattle driving, 115–19, 117n99, 130 Limerick boycott, 151 Chadwell Heath, 102 urban experiences of, 144–51 Cheasty, Thomas, 123 Boyle, Frank, 118 children, 22, 190 Boyne, battle of, 56 Church of Ireland Gazette, 36, 41, 45, 90, Breen, Dan, 157, 160, 177–8, 185, 194, 92, 144, 160 201 churches, attacks on, 90–1 Brennan, General, 136, 158 Civic Guard, 109, 182 Brennan, Niamh, 105 civil war Brennan, Thomas, 174, 203 interstate war compared to, 175 Bridge, Arthur, 90 Russian Civil War, 179 Britain studies, 2 arson in, 56, 60–1, 67 civilians, 4–5, 154–95 compensation claims and, 23–4, 28 definition and discussion of, 2, 155–62, Ireland’s relationship with, 2, 12 194, 200 oath of allegiance to, 2, 2n12 killing and wounding of, 162–86, 194 during World War I, 31 letters and notices to, 156, 171–3 British Government Intelligence Notes, sexual violence against, 186–93 107, 138 Clancy, P., 86 British loyalty, 28–38, 52. See also Clare, 5, 8 Loyalists Clarke, Anna H.G., 24–5, 84 Church of Ireland Gazette on, 36 Clarke, Charles, 77, 79, 80, 111, 190n214 definitions of, 28–31, 33 class Brophy, George, 169–70, 203 impacts of, 73, 91, 102, 199 Brophy, Mary, 169–70, 184 victim deservedness and, 26–7, 26n38 Bryan, Charles, 51–2 Cleary, James, 173–4, 174nn112–13

Index 221

Cleeve family, 95, 144–5, 145n272 three-county study, 5–6, 8–9 Clerkenwell prison, 162 Courtney, Marion, 100 Clonmel, 4, 160 Courtney, Patrick, 55–6, 100, 106–7 Clonmel Chronicle, 180 Craig, James, 57 Coffey, Frank, 138–9 Crawford, Frederic, 58 Coffey, Leigh-Ann, 126 Crawford, Heather, 198 Colclough, Henry, 124 creameries, 68, 93, 95, 145, 161 Coleman, John, 30, 118 Criminal Injuries Acts (1919 and 1920), Coleman, Marie, 11, 44, 70 20 Collins, Michael, 2, 2n11, 94 crop and outhouse burning, 14, 56, 62, 92, Collins Barracks, 11 97, 124, 200 Comeragh House, Waterford, 29, 79, 91 Crotty, Richard, 122 commandeering, 21 Cumman na mBan, 156, 156n11 Communist Party, 133 Cummins, J.J., 183 Compensation Act (1923), 20 Curraghmore House, Waterford, 150 compensation claims. See also specific Curramore House, Limerick, 31, 32f, 88, individuals and organizations 127 for arson, 19–21, 26–7, 29, 31, 55, 62 Cusack, John, 87 Britain and, 23–4, 28 class and victim deservedness in, 26–7, Dail´ Eireann´ (Irish parliament, lower 26n38 house of the) Dail´ Eireann´ and, 19, 28 Anglo-Irish Treaty ratified by, 2 dual and overlapping, 24, 24n29, 62n58 compensation claims and, 19, 28 Irish Free State and, 12, 19–23, 34 oath of allegiance to Britain in, Ministry of Finance and, 12, 19, 21, 25, 2n12 72, 80 Dalton, Patrick ‘The Tank,’ 164 NAI and, 9, 22 Daly, Richard, 114 Northern Ireland and, 9n47 Damage to Property Act (12 May 1923), policy and procedure, 19–28 9 process for, 9, 9n47, 12, 17, 18 procedure under, 19, 22, 30, 34, 78–9, as sources, 9, 13, 18, 181, 193, 196–7 80, 82, 193 taxes and, 28, 52, 52n175 Darby, John, 59, 101, 102 Truce and, 9, 20, 20n7, 23 Davis, Alice, 53, 166–7 War of Independence and, 23 Davis, Christopher, 166–7, 168n84 Compensation (Personal Injuries) Davis, Natalie Zemon, 16, 56 Committee, 22, 22n18, 169, 193 Davitt, Michael, 132, 140 congestion, 85 De Burgh, Digby H., 85–6, 184 consequential damages, 21 de la Poer Beresford family, 150 Constabulary (Ireland) Act (1922), 36 Dean, Horace, 135, 166 Coogan, James, 98–9, 102, 153, 153n322, Deasy, Liam, 67, 159, 161 199 The Decline of the Big House in Ireland Coogan, Oliver, 69 (Dooley), 54–5 Coombawn House, Limerick, 61 decolonization, 5 Cooney, Gerald, 52–3 Defence of Irish Country Houses Cordner, Elizabeth, 151 pamphlet, 83 Cordner, William, 151 Delaney, Enda, 39, 99 Corey, D.J., 115 Delaney, Thomas, 68 Cork, 8 Derry, 5 Dunmanway massacre in, 126 Devitt, Daniel, 118–19 Hart on, 5, 5n33, 40–1, 44, 126, 146, Devon, Earl of, 80 154, 171, 175 ‘Die-Hards,’ 65, 158, 170 Kilmichael ambush in, 11, 171, 177n130 Dillon, John Fox, 191 Cosgrave, William Thomas, 52, 52n174, Donovan, Daniel, 155, 160 65n72, 70, 82, 105 Dooley, Terence, 14, 44, 54–5, 78, 128, Counties. See also specific counties 132

222 Index

Douglas, James, 71 Foley, Patrick, 165, 166 Doupe, Samuel, 50–1 food, 14, 16 Dromkeen, Limerick, 85–6, 184 Four Courts, Dublin (28–30 June 1922), Dublin, 5 4, 45, 55, 135 Four Courts in, 4, 45, 55, 135 France, 16, 56, 61–2, 172 Dunalley, Lord, 50–1, 50n163, 83, 93, Free State. See Irish Free State 188 Free State Army (National Troops), 2–4, Duncannon Fort, Waterford, 64 13, 157–8 Dunedin Report (October 1926), 34 Free State Army Command Reports, 4 Dunmanway massacre, Cork, 126 ‘Free Staters,’ 10, 18 dynamite, 162 Freikorps (Free Corps), 179, 192

Easter Rising (1916), 11, 38, 84 Galligan, Bridget, 168–9 Edwards, Major, 124 Galligan, Patrick, 168–9 Edwards, Sean, 170 Galway, 113, 188 80% rule, on violence, 185 Gardenmorris House, 65n73, 80, 82, 203 End of Committee Report, 105 Gascoigne, Alvary, 27 England, Poor Law in, 15, 28 The Gates Flew Open (O’Donnell), 94–5 Enniscorthy rising, 182 geography, violence and, 5–6, 159 Erne, Lord, 137 Germany, 67, 178–9, 192 ethnic cleansing, 40n113 Gerwarth, Robert, 185 in Bosnia, 40, 56, 192 Ginnell, Laurence, 132 at end of World War II, 40, 42 Glanduff Castle, Limerick, 64, 66, 79, 82, theories on, 40–2, 125, 185 84, 87 ethnic riots, 43 Gleeson, John, 24 ethnicity, 42 Goff-Davis, Annabel, 150 everyday violence, 10, 16, 196 Golden, battle in, 4 explosives, 60, 163, 177. See also dynamite Golden Grove, Tipperary, 92–3, 187 expulsion, 99–100, 102, 152 Golden Vale, 123 ex-Servicemen, 70, 73, 84, 142, 152, 169, Good Friday Agreement (1998), 10 170, 194, 199. See also Army, British Gorey, D.J., 128 help for, 105 Goucher, John, 126 loyalty of, 24, 34, 101 Graiguenoe Park, Tipperary, 76f, 77, 77f, 79, 111, 190n214, 203 fair fight, idea of, 176, 195, 201 graziers, 37, 79, 87, 115–19, 132 Fairholme, Caroline, 29, 79, 80, 91 grazing rights, 62, 119 Fairholme, Louisa Margaret, 91 Great Southern and Western Railway Famine, 13 Company (GSWRC), 68, 182 farmers. See also graziers Greaves, C.D., 134 cases involving ‘small,’ 10, 28 Greece, 2, 154, 161, 201 cases involving ‘strong,’ 87, 97, 180 Greene, Godfrey, 179–80 improvements for ‘strong,’ 16 Griffin, John, 107 protest against, 61 Griffith, Arthur, 41, 41n119, 42n121, Farmers’ Party, 69, 69n104, 88 133 Farrell, J.G., 73–4, 92 GSWRC. See Great Southern and Western Farry, Michael, 143, 146 Railway Company female supporters of the Commune guerrilla warfare, 157, 164, 182, 185, 191 (petroleuses),´ 61–2 Gwynn, Stephen, 70 Fenianism, 11, 94 Fianna Fail,´ 41n119 Habsburg armies, 36 Fielding, William, 129, 132 haggards, 97, 122, 133 Fighting Story pamphlets, 185 Hales, Sean, 176 Finegan, Sergeant, 165n72 Hall, William, 101–2 Finland, 3 Halpin, John, 88 Fitzpatrick, David, 5, 6, 90 Hanafin, Cornelius, 182

Index 223

harm, 10n52, 17, 196 intimidation, 10n52, 17, 98–153. See also Harnett, Cornelius, 122 letters and notices Hart, Peter, 203 animal maiming as, 120–5, 192, 201 on Cork, 5, 5n33, 40–1, 44, 126, 146, cattle driving and, 115–19, 117n99, 154, 171, 175 130 on violence and geography, 5–6 in Northern Ireland, 101 Hartigan, Jane, 116, 118 reasons for, 20–1, 43, 201 Harty, James, 21 threat and ﬂight with, 99–107 Hayes, Alison, 120 types of, 99, 107, 196 Hayes, John, 4, 135 Intolerance in Ireland,43 Heaslip, Nora, 136–7 IPP. See Irish Parliamentary Party The Heather Blazing (Toib´ ´ın), 66 IRA. See Irish Republican Army Heelan, Philip, 122 The IRA and Its Enemies (Hart), 10 Hehir, George, 155 IRB. See Irish Republican Brotherhood Hehir, Kathleen, 155–6 Ireland. See also Northern Ireland Help the Ulster Women and Children Britain’s relationship with, 2, 12 campaign, 38 census of, 45–6, 48 Hennessey, Thomas, 22, 183 ﬁscal autonomy of, 24 Hetherington, R.G., 110 Partition of, 9n47, 38, 57, 139 Hickey, Denis, 30, 117–18 Irish Civil War Hicks, Robert, 139 beginning of, 4 Higgins, Edmond, 20 casualties during, 3 hillside committee, 6n38, 113 cost of, 28 Hobsbawm, E.J., 16 end of, 4, 9 Hogan, Mary, 141 as limited war, 3 Hogan, Patrick, 61, 127, 132 military phase of, 4, 61, 155 Hogan, Thomas, 100–1 overview of, 2–5 Holland, George, 181 Irish Claims Compensation Association Holmes, John, 140 (ICCA) Home Rule, suspending of, 84 arson map of, 6, 7f Home Rule Bill, 11, 38, 86 Campaign of Fire,10 ‘homogenization,’ 43, 203 role of, 18, 52–3, 79, 87, 113 Hopkinson, Michael, 3, 13, 14, 65 Irish Department of Justice, 8, 162 Horgan, David, 127 Irish Distress Committee, 23 Horowitz, Donald, 43 Irish Free State. See also Ministry of houghing, 121, 122 Finance house burning. See arson; big houses compensation claims and, 12, 19–23, Huckerly, Constable, 101 34 Hughes, Richard, 48 constitution of, 12n61 human mutilation, 122, 164, 165, 201 establishment of, 2, 13 Humanity Act (1822), 120 Irish Grants Committee (IGC), 9, 12, Hunt, Arthur, 48 23–7 Irish Independent, 107 ICCA. See Irish Claims Compensation Irish Land (Provision for Sailors and Association Soldiers) Act (1919), 129n175 identity Irish parliament. See Dail´ Eireann;´ Seanad labels, 29, 172–4, 200 Eireann´ politics, 199 Irish Parliamentary Party (IPP), 11, 38 questions of, 17, 18, 199, 202, 203 Irish Republican Army (IRA). See also Ievers, Frances, 64, 79, 79n164, 84, 87 Irregulars IGC. See Irish Grants Committee arson and, 56–60, 66–7 indirect killing, 185 campaign of 1916–23, 75 indirect violence, 116n89, 195, 200 policy of, 107 informing (snitching), 158, 184 Second Southern Division, 159–60 Inglis, Brian, 148 split of, 2, 135

224 Index

Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB), 12 labour disputes, 13, 92–6, 110, 110n66 Irish Revolution (1916–23) Labour Government, 28 conservative nature of, 133 Lacey, Denis (Dinny) migration during, 40 death of, 65, 160 study of, 5, 5n33, 8, 202 letter signed by, 109 Irish Senate. See Seanad Eireann´ policies of, 67, 161 Irish Times, 107, 110, 187 Lady Day riots (1872), 59 Irish Unionist Alliance, 85–6 land, 15–17, 29 Irish Volunteers, 156n11 grazing rights, 62, 119 Irregulars (anti-Treaty IRA) as historical problem, 125–36, 200 focus on, 12n62 redistribution, 15, 16, 28, 62, 85–9, leaders of, 160 115, 121, 124, 131–3, 172 policies of, 2–3, 12–13, 16, 165, 194 reform, 15, 17 as seditious group, 19 uneconomic holdings, 134, 134n211 Israelis, 100 Land Acts Italy, 131 of 1881–1909, 117, 126, 126n157 Irish Land (Provision for Sailors and Jackson, Alvin, 3 Soldiers) Act, 129n175 Jacob, Philip, 150 of 1923, 85, 127–8, 130, 153, 201 Jacob, Rosamund, 150 passage of, 15, 16 jacquerie (peasant unrest), 14 Land and Revolution (Campbell), 16–17, Jews, 100, 151 117 Johnson, Judge, 22 Land League, 86, 137–8 Johnston, James, 90 Land War Jones, Robert, 107 activities during, 6, 113, 115–16, 119, jurors, 109 130, 153, 192 arson during, 56, 83 Kalyvas, Stathis campaigns, 88 The Logic of Violence in Civil War, 154, changes since, 16 201 heroes of, 6n38 theories of, 2, 158, 161, 180, 181, 186, landlordism, 28, 82, 115, 131 195, 200, 201–2 landlords, loyalty of, 10, 18, 28–9, 28n51 Keane, John, 27, 53, 70–1, 73, 92, 96, Laois, 41, 126 200 The Last September (Bowen), 54, 84 Keane, Simon, 183 Leitrim, 11 Kelly, Catherine, 105–6 Lester, George, 59 Kelly, John, 165–6 letters and notices, 15–16, 107–15, 121, Kennedy, Henry, 22 152 Kennedy, Michael, 65 to civilians, 156, 171–3 Kennedy, Thomas, 30–1, 119 to Cosgrave, 105 Kennedy, William, 135 Kilshane House and, 118–19 Kerry, 8 by Lacey and Quirke, W., 109 Kilboy House, Tipperary, 83–4, 93, 188 to Reidy, 108, 113 Kilduff House, Tipperary, 138 to Roe, 114, 114f Killinane Castle, Tipperary, 74 to Swanton, G. and Swanton, R., Killineer House, Louth, 103 113–14 killing, indirect, 185 to Vere-Hunt, A., 111–12, 113, 132 killing and wounding, of civilians, 162–86, to Wynne, 112–13, 135 194 Lewis, George Cornewall, 15 Kilmichael ambush, Cork, 11, 171, Limerick 177n130 arson in, 55, 61–2, 63f, 64–6, 68, 87 Kilshane House, Tipperary, 118–19 Boskell Hall in, 27, 84 Kiltinian ranches, 88 Coombawn House in, 61 kinship, 170 Curramore House in, 31, 32f, 88, 127 Kissane, Bill, 5 Dromkeen in, 85–6, 184

Index 225

fighting in, 4 Mayo, 5 Glanduff Castle in, 64, 66, 79, 82, 84, McCarthy, James, 184 87 McCarthy,Pat,150 religions in, 46 McDowell, R.B., 148 study of, 5–6, 8–9, 17 McGarry, Emmet, 70 Limerick boycott (1904), 151 McGarry, John, 70 Limerick Leader, 118 McGrath, Thomas, 172 Lismore Castle, Waterford, 151, 151n313 McKelvey, Joe, 94 Lloyd, P.W.H., 93 McKenna, William, 50n165, 187–8 Lloyd-Vaughan, Elizabeth Henrietta, 93 McKinley, G., 25 L&N Stores, 149, 149n303 Meade, Bridget, 102 The Logic of Violence in Civil War (Kalyvas), Mellows, Liam, 94, 133, 134 154, 201 Methodists, 47t, 90, 144, 149, 199 Longeran, J., 112 migration, of refugees, 23, 31, 42, 99–100 Longfield House, Tipperary, 53, 111–12 military courts, 162 Longford, 5, 11 Mills Bombs, 163 looting and vandalism, 20–1, 90, 125 mindless acts of terrorism, 1 Louth Ministry of Finance, 12, 19, 21, 25, 72, 80 Killineer House in, 103 minorities. See also religions Ribbonmen in, 54 definition of, 38–9 Lowe, F.S., 118, 119 experiences of, 10, 198–9 Loyalists. See also British loyalty Mollison, William, 51 arson and, 60–1, 67, 89–92 Monaghan, 5 definition of, 18, 29, 34, 36 moral economy of the poor thesis, 14, 16, help for, 33–8 110 suffering, 18, 29, 148, 199 Moran, D.P., 115 loyalty Morel, Major, 52n175, 74, 80 British, 28–38 Morris, Benny, 100 of landlords, 10, 18, 28–9, 28n51 Morton, Constable, 165 punishment for, 10 motorcars, seizure of, 21 questions of, 18, 203 Moynan, George, 29 Lynch, Liam, 66, 69, 109, 160, 161, 176 Mulcahy, Mrs., 112 Lynch, Maurice, 30, 141–2 Munster. See also specific counties fighting in, 4 MacSwiney, Mary, 184 religions and, 44–51, 47t Magan, William, 85 study of, 5–6, 8–9, 10 Maher, James, 173, 183 topography of, 8 Maher, John, 74 Munster Express, 74, 172 Maher, Patrick, 36, 173 murder, 99, 122, 154, 171, 194 maiming. See animal maiming; human Murphy, Denis, 106 mutilation Murphy, Gerard, 44, 102, 174–5 Malcolmson family, 145, 150n310 Murphy, Henry, 182–4 malicious denunciation, 158, 183, 200. See Murroe Sessions House, 62 also snitching My Fight for Irish Freedom (Breen), 178, Maloney, Patrick, 121 185 Mann, Michael, 125 Mansfield, James, 123 National Archives of Ireland (NAI), 9, 22 Marlfield mansion, Tipperary, 30, 71–2 National Museum of Ireland, 11–12 flight from, 190–1, 191n221 National Troops. See Free State Army as high-profile case, 53 nationalism, 11, 38 importance of, 96, 150n310 Needham, Thomas, 105 inheritance of, 78 Nenagh Guardian,77 items not entitled to compensation, 21, Nobel, Alfred, 162 73 non-combatants, 22, 132, 140, 154–6, Perry and, 75 175, 192, 203

226 Index

Northern Ireland Poor Law, in England, 15, 28 arson in, 56–9 postmen, 109–10 compensation claims and, 9n47 Pouldrew Flour Mills, 150 intimidation in, 101 poverty, of Protestants, 37–8 riots in, 43 Power, John, 30 notices. See letters and notices Power, Thomas, 97 Prittie, Henry O’Callaghan, 50n163, 188 oath of allegiance, to Britain, 2, 2n12 Proclamation of 1916, 2 O’Brien, John, 26, 27 property, destruction of, 152, 152n319. O’Brien, Maurice, 31, 33, 33n71, 169 See also ‘War of Destruction’ O’Brien, Michael, 33 Protestant Young Men’s Association O’Brien, Patrick, 183 Grounds, 45 Observer,70 Protestants, 10, 18 O’Connell, Edward, 21 during Armagh expulsions, 59 O’Connell, John, 25 Catholics relationship with, 37, 43, O’Connor, Rory, 94 44–5, 52, 56, 59, 92, 125–7, 137, 198 O’Connor, William, 64 departure of, 31, 39–40, 44, 44n134, O’Donnell, Peadar, 94–5, 94n241, 134, 46, 48–50, 146–7, 198–9, 203 197 experiences of, 39–46, 48–52, 90–1, Ofﬁce of Public Works, 20, 80 145–51, 198–9, 203 O’Higgins, Kevin, 69, 193, 197 Methodists, 47t, 90, 144, 149, 199 Old Shanbally House, Tipperary, 124 poverty of, 37–8 O’Malley, Ernie religions considered as, 39 policies of, 75, 107, 157, 159–60, Protestants’ Orphans Society, 37 177–8, 194, 201 Prout, John T., 4, 26, 26n38 recollections of, 96, 164, 190, 197 Provisional Government O’Mara, Stephen, 65, 110 acts against, 12, 101 O’Shannon, Cathal, 131 convicted troops or ofﬁcials, 176 O’Shaughnessy, James, 107 function of, 12n61 O’Shaughnessy, Thomas, 107 psychological violence, 104–6 O’Shee, Richard, 65n73, 80 Public Safety policies, 69, 176 Otway-Ruthven, Robert, 24 Pyper, Henry, 150–1 outhouse burning, crop and, 14, 56, 62, 92, 97, 124, 200 Quakers, 145, 149 Quinlan, James, 122 Palestinian Arabs, 100, 102, 104 Quinn, William, 142 Parker-Hutchinson, S.G.J., 125, 125n150 Quirke, Michael, 88 Parnell, Charles, 16, 16n83, 113, 138 Quirke, William, 109 Partition, of Ireland, 9n47, 38, 57, 139 Patterson, Henry, 134 railways peasant unrest (jacquerie), 14 arson and, 48–9, 68–9, 182 Pennefather, L., 119 attacks on, 182, 193–4 Perry, Major, 61, 75, 75n139 ranch breaking, 115, 132 person, violence against the, 99n9, 154, Ranch War (1904–08), 16, 115–17 172, 180, 194, 195 rape, 186, 187–8, 192, 195 Personal Injuries. See Compensation Rapla House, Tipperary, 78, 80, 81f, 203 (Personal Injuries) Committee Rathrobin, 85 petroleuses´ (female supporters of the Rebecca riots, 60 Commune), 61–2 Redpath, James, 140 Phelan, Larry, 165, 166 refugees Phelan, T.J., 110 help for, 38 pogroms, 58 migration of, 23, 31, 42, 99–100 police casualties, 166–9, 166t Regan, John, 5, 35 political violence, 10–15, 167, 196 Reid-Jamieson, Alexander, 25, 27 Political Violence in Ireland (Townshend), 12 Reidy, Maurice, 108, 113

Index 227

Reilly, James, 168 members of, 70 religions, 38–51. See also speciﬁc religions Senator oath of allegiance to Britain in, in Limerick, Tipperary and Waterford, 2n12 46 Sears, William, 82, 130 Munster and, 44–51, 47t sectarianism, 50, 90, 111, 146, 152, 203 national and international trends and, selective violence, 2 38–42 Senate. See Seanad Eireann´ republicans Senators dumping of arms by, 9 arson and, 69, 70–3 focus on, 12n62 oath of allegiance to Britain, 2n12 policies of, 2–3, 193 1798 Rebellion, 29 strategies of, 6, 6n38, 11, 13 sexual violence, 186–93 Ribbonmen, 54 Shaw Commission, 23 RIC. See Royal Irish Constabulary shell shock, 104 riots Sidley, Mary, 65 Belfast, 59 Sigerson, George, 71 ethnic, 43 SILRA. See Southern Irish Loyalist Relief Lady Day, 59 Association in Northern Ireland, 43 Sinn Fein,´ 38, 94, 132, 167 Rebecca, 60 Skirmishing campaign (1881–5), 162 Swing, 16, 60 Sligo, 4, 5, 11 The Road to Freedom exhibit, 11–12 Slim, Hugo, 185 Robinson, Sean, 135 Smith, James, 138 Roche, Judge, 93 smoke bombs, 162–3, 163n55 Roe, Willie Smyth, Gerard, 58 experiences of, 142n259, 143–4, sniping, 58, 91, 163 144n267, 199 snitching (informing), 158, 184 letter received by, 114, 114f social violence, 10, 13, 15, 196 Rooney, Kathleen, 142 socialism, 8n44, 94, 133, 178 Rooney, Nicholas, 142 Soldiers and Chiefs: The Irish at War at Rory of the Hill, 6n38, 113 Home and Abroad from 1550 exhibit, Roscommon, 11 11–12 Rose, Major, 27, 84, 203 Sopwell Hall, Tipperary, 188–90, 191, 201 Ross, William, 105 South Sudan, 2n8 Roulston, Thomas, 25 Southern Irish Loyalist Relief Association Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) (SILRA) disbandment of, 98, 98n2, 167, 168 objective in constitution of, 36–7 members of, 24, 35 role of, 18, 33–4, 52, 103, 181 Tribunal, 36n85 Spain, 131, 161 Rumpf, Erhard, 6 Specials (Ulster Special Constabulary), rural violence, 13–14, 15, 130. See also 57 agrarianism spies, 44, 107, 158, 170, 172–5 Russell, John, 142 State Solicitor, 19, 20 Russian Civil War (1918–20), 179 Staveley, Ada M.T., 79, 79n164 Ryan, George, 135 Stephenson, John, 122 Ryan, Louise, 155–6, 170, 190, 192 Stewart, A.T.Q., 59, 60n40 Ryan, Meda, 171, 176–7 suffering Loyalists, 18, 29, 148, 199 Ryan, Michael, 88 Suir Castle, Tipperary, 95 Ryan, Valentine, 87 Sullivan, Herbert, 31, 88, 127, 203 Swanton, George, 113–14 Sanders, Robert, 77, 90, 95, 174 Swanton, Robert, 113–14 Scales, Edward, 26–7, 48–9, 68, 182, 203 Swanzy, DI, 58 Schoﬁeld, Benjamin, 128 Sweetnam, William, 140 Seanad Eireann´ (Irish parliament, upper Swing riots, 16, 60 house of the) Switzer, Arthur, 90

228 Index

taxes, 28, 52, 52n175 United Irish League (UIL), 17, 117 terrorism, mindless acts of, 1 Ussher, Emily, 150 Teskey, James, 193n239 Theweleit, Klaus, 192 vandalism. See looting and vandalism Third Tipperary Brigade, 163, 193 Vere-Hunt, Ada, 53, 111–12, 113, 132 Thompson, E.P., 132 Vere-Hunt, Robert, 111–12, 113 moral economy of the poor thesis of, 14, violence. See also civilians; specific categories 16, 110 and locations threat as armed propaganda, 11 flight and, 99–107 categories of, 9–17, 10n52, 39, 196, 197 subjectivity of, 55–6 change and, 16 Tilly, Charles, 131, 132 cycle of, 59 Tipperary definitions of, 1, 1n4, 196 arson in, 55–6, 61–2, 63f, 64, 68–70, 87 80% rule on, 185 Ballinacourty in, 77, 95, 174 everyday, 10, 16, 196 Castle Fogarty in, 87 function of, 55, 197–203 Castle Lough in, 125 geography and, 5–6, 159 Castle Otway in, 24 indirect, 116n89, 195, 200 fighting in, 4 intentions and reasons for, 1, 15–17, geography of, 6 196 Golden Grove in, 92–3, 187 motivations for, 179–86 Graiguenoe Park in, 76f, 77, 77f, 79, against the person, 99n9, 154, 172, 180, 111, 190n214, 203 194, 195 Kilboy House in, 83–4, 93, 188 political, 10–15, 167, 196 Kilduff House in, 138 psychological, 104–6 Killinane Castle in, 74 rural, 13–14, 15, 130 Kilshane House in, 118–19 selective, 2 Longfield House in, 53, 111–12 sexual, 186–93 Marlfield mansion in, 21, 30, 53, 71–3, social, 10, 13, 15, 196 75, 78, 96, 150n310, 190–1, 191n221 von Salomon, Ernst, 186n194 Old Shanbally House in, 124 Rapla House in, 78, 80, 81f, 203 Waldron, J., 110 religions in, 46 Waldron, P., 110 Sopwell Hall in, 188–90, 191, 201 Walker, Rachel, 103, 106, 203 study of, 5–6, 8–9, 8n45, 17 Walker, William, 103 Suir Castle in, 95 Walshe, Sergeant, 167–8, 169, 169n87 Tullamaine Castle in, 66, 74, 80, 82 ‘War of Destruction,’ 161, 193, 197 Woodrooffe in, 61, 75, 83, 89, 164 War of Independence Tobin, Mary, 21 aggression during, 6, 42, 186 Toib´ ´ın, Colm, 54, 66 arson during, 54, 56–60, 66–7 Torrie family, 149–50 casualties during, 3 Townshend, Charles, 12 compensation claims and, 23 Trainor, Stuart, 142 hot spots, 4 Trench, Cosby G., 188–90 Waterford trespass, disputes over, 30, 30n62 arson in, 55, 62, 63f, 64, 87 Troubles (Farrell), 73–4, 92 Cappoquin mansion in, 27, 53, 70–1, Truce (11 July 1921), 9, 20, 20n7, 23 92, 96 Tullamaine Castle, Tipperary, 66, 74, 80, Comeragh House in, 29, 79, 91 82 Curraghmore House in, 150 turbary, 130 Duncannon Fort in, 64 fighting in, 4 UIL. See United Irish League Lismore Castle in, 151, 151n313 Ulster Special Constabulary (Specials), 57 religions in, 46 Umma More, 85 siege of, 149 Unionists, 10, 18, 39 study of, 5–6, 8–9, 8n45, 17

Index 229

Waterford, Marquess of, 150 Cumman na mBan, 156, 156n11 Wa t e r f o r d N e w s , 64, 180, 183 petroleuses,´ 61–2 weapons. See also speciﬁc weapons role of, 156–7, 170–1, 184 republicans’ dumping of arms, 9 Women’s Amalgamated Unionist and types of, 14–15, 60, 163 Tariff Reform Association (WUTRA), use of, 154 38 Westmeath, 11 Woodlawn mansion, Galway, 113, 188 Westropp family, 128–9, 128n172, 132 Woodrooffe, Tipperary, 61, 75, 83, 89, 164 Wexford, 5 World War I Wheeler, Joseph, 129, 129n175 atrocities during, 175–6 The Whereabouts of Eneas McNulty (Barry, Britain during, 31 S.), 35, 141, 153 Easter Rising and, 11, 38, 84 White, Charles, 82 impacts of, 40, 178 White, I.H.G., 34 shell shock and, 104 White Terror, 179 World War II, 40, 42 Whiteboy outbreaks (1760s), 13 WUTRA. See Women’s Amalgamated Whiteboy spirit, 15 Unionist and Tariff Reform Wildgoose Lodge, 54 Association Wilson, Tim, 122, 186 Wyndham Act (1903), 17, 85, 116, Wilson, W.H., 29 126n157, 132 Wilson, William, 61 Wynne, Ned, 112–13, 135 women. See also sexual violence; speciﬁc individuals Yugoslavia, former, 40