WESTNEWTON CONSERVATION AREA APPRAISAL

CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION Page 2 This Conservation Area Appraisal was prepared in October 2008 by Lindsay Cowle (Conservation Consultant) on behalf 2 LOCATION AND CONTEXT Page 3 of Borough Council, . The Appraisal was agreed by the Development Panel of the Council in ??? 3 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT Page 4

4 DESCRIPTION Page 9

5 DEFINING FEATURES Page 14

6 SUGGESTED MANAGEMENT POLICIES Page 20

Westnewton Conservation Area Appraisal October 2008 1 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Section 69 of the Planning (Listed Buildings and Historic Areas) Act 1.3 Westnewton is situated two miles 1990 requires local planning north of in West Cumbria, authorities to designate as and was designated as a conservation areas any ‘areas of conservation area by Allerdale special architectural or historic Borough Council (then Allerdale interest the character or appearance District Council) in 1981. of which it is desirable to preserve or enhance’. In addition, authorities are 1.4 This documents provides a required to carry out periodic character appraisal of the reviews of the conservation areas conservation area and the four under their control. principal sections are Sections 3-6. Section 3 sets the scene by 1.2 Section 71 of the same Act requires analysing the history and general local authorities to formulate and context of the conservation area; publish proposals for the Section 4 describes the area in preservation and enhancement of detail; Section 5 outlines its defining conservation areas and to submit characteristics; and Section 6 makes them to a public meeting for suggestions for its future consideration. Following designation management. the local authority, in exercising its planning powers, must pay special attention to the desirability of preserving or enhancing the character or appearance of a conservation area (Section 72 of the Act).

Westnewton Conservation Area Appraisal October 2008 2 2 LOCATION AND CONTEXT

2.1 The village of Westnewton is situated to the north-west of the Lake District, on the relatively flat plain half way between the Lake District hills and the . It is a small village located two miles north of Aspatria, on the B5301 Aspatria to road. The landscape generally in this area is one of gently undulating fields, relatively devoid of features other than the thorn field-hedges, with shallow valleys carrying small streams.

2.2 The settlement is physically self- contained, extending north-east to south-west along the broad base of a shallow valley carrying a small stream. There are rising fields on either side and the valley floor narrows again at its head and foot, limiting the extent of flat land suitable for building and providing a sense of enclosure on all sides. Approached from all main directions the village is therefore largely concealed from view until just before Area Map it is entered.

Westnewton Conservation Area Appraisal October 2008 3 3 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

3.1 Westnewton (- until the 20th century good source of water in Sandwith spelled ‘West Newton’ - ) is located Beck. in an area of West Cumbria which is sparsely populated and for which 3.3 Westnewton derives its name from 3.4 The site of Westnewton Castle, at little evidence of pre-historic activity the de Neuton family, who were the western end of the village and survives: crop marks in the area lords of the manor in the late 12th close to the stream, may mark the around the village may suggest early and 13th centuries, having received baronial home of the de Neuton human activity but the nearest firm it through Odard, Sheriff of Wigton in family and the start of the settlement evidence is a Bronze Age barrow the mid 12th century. The manor which bears their name. However, near Aspatria. Activity increased passed briefly by marriage to the the surviving ruins - now just limited during the Roman occupation, with Martindale family and then by the to grassy mounds and faint ditches – the defences against Scottish late 15th century to the powerful are now thought to be those of a invasion along the , but Musgrave and Hylton families of mediaeval manor house, fortified or little evidence survives inland. Hayton Castle near Allonby. Their ornamented by a moat and Anglo-Danish and Norman ownership ceased in the early 19th gatehouse. The natural meander in settlement is more evident, again in century when the manor finally the stream and the flatness of the Aspatria, but not outside established passed by marriage to the Joliffe land would readily lend the site to settlements. family, who are recorded as being being moated. the owners until the early 20th 3.2 There is therefore little evidence that century. Westnewton existed before the Mediaeval period, although it may stand on an earlier communication route. At this point the Aspatria to Silloth road crosses Westnewton Beck and also intersects with the road from Allonby to Wigton, all of them no doubt seeking a convenient fording point. The flat land of the valley bottom in this strategic but sheltered location, with a good water supply and fertile fields surrounding it, made it ideal for an agricultural settlement. Yearn Gill also joins the valley at this point, offering a further

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Extract from 1865 OS Map Westnewton Conservation Area Appraisal October 2008 5

3.7 The 18th and early 19th centuries Church in 1856, together with a saw the village evolve to more or Vicarage at the western end of the 3.5 It therefore seems likely that the less its existing form, but lack of village (1858) and a row of four manor house was built here by the records and alterations to buildings imposing houses opposite the Musgrave family when they acquired make it difficult to trace this growth. school (St Matthew’s Cottages) the manor in the late 15th or early The buildings all seem to have been presumably as almshouses or for 16th century. But by the late 18th either farmsteads – often with large other village worthies. century it was unused and in ruins, ranges of outbuildings – or although the manorial courts were farmworkers’ cottages. By 1811 the still held in the village until the late population was 223, rising gradually 19th century. Significantly, there was to 347 by 1851. a post-mediaeval corn mill in Yearn Gill a short distance to the south 3.8 High status farmhouses were built at east, powered by Sandwith Beck. the western end, closest to the manor house (Westnewton Hall of 3.6 Other farmhouses were built in the the early 19th century, followed by valley, upstream of the manor Westnewton Grange in the mid 19th house, presumably by tenants of the century) with buildings of lesser manor: the earliest and most notable status to the east. At the eastern end survival is Yew Tree Farmhouse, the Aspatria to Silloth Road was dated 1672, which was a house of flanked on one side by the Swan Inn Yew Tree Farmhouse some status. The village pinfold and on the other by the Queen’s stood on the opposite side of the Head inn at the ford (now Raeburn stream, near Burn View. The land to House). One or two houses of either side of the stream became quality were built at this end (Bridge more developed with ad hoc End Farm and Croft View). farmsteads, and under the Enclosure Acts the fields rising up to 3.9 The status of the village increased in either side were divided into narrow 1848 when it was provided with a strips which still survive to the school for 84 children, but this was present day, and which are replaced by a grander building in particularly noticeable on the 1858. The benefactor was John southern side of the valley. Todd, a Manchester businessman of some wealth who was a native of the village. He also built St Matthews

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Enclosed fields southeast of village

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3.13 Prior to the introduction of motor 3.15 The village now still retains many transport, and particularly working farmsteads, interspersed 3.10 The proper embanking of the stream widespread car ownership, with some modern houses and and the construction of its two road Westnewton would have been bungalows, but its character remains bridges seem to date from this relatively self-supporting and a hive firmly agricultural. period, together with the re-grading of economic activity, centred around of the Aspatria road at the entrance agriculture but including a range of to the village, avoiding the previous trades exchanged between the ford. residents such as shoe-making, tailoring, merchandising, food 3.11 The new social institutions seem to production, cooking, and have taken some time to take effect, laundering. The church and the inns as Bulmer’s Directory of 1883 says would be the hubs of community that ‘Although the houses are activity and social interchange. generally very clean, yet the people have not been remarkable either for 3.14 Westnewton was made a separate good morals or for keeping their ecclesiastical parish in the late village in commendable order. This 1800’s along with Langrigg and was owing, in a great measure, to Mealrigg, with a total population of St. Matthews Church the want of religious and secular 443. It was made acivil parish in education.’ 1896. The population ofthe village itself had risen to around 400by the 3.12 Historical records starting in the late start of the Second World War and 1800’s show the overwhelming has been boosted since the war by occupation of the residents to be ‘The Guards’ housing estate at west agriculture-based, being end of the village. The Post House predominantly farmsteads and their opposite the school is shown as related businesses (smithying, being a Post Office (and village stone-walling, quarrying, milling etc), shop) by 1900. The village hall was and this has probably always been built shortly after World War One the case. During the late 19th and (originally as the village reading early 20th centuries coal mining along room) next to Yew Tree House, and the Solway coast provided a further a new burial ground was opened source of employment. next to the vicarage. Village School and Schoolhouse

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Conservation Area boundary map

Westnewton Conservation Area Appraisal October 2008 9 4 DESCRIPTION

4.1 Approaching Westnewton from the importance to the settlement. The west, the road from Allonby runs setting of the Monument, although high above the north flank of spoiled by the housing estate main characteristics of the village Westnewton Beck, passing through immediately to the north, is framed are immediately visible from this open pasture land and cereal fields on the south and east sides by the point onwards – the main street with crossed by sporadic thorn hedges, gently rising fields beyond, and on its generous grass verges; the beck before making a twisting descent the west side by the narrower following the south side of the road into the village. The village can be continuation of the valley. between grassy embankments and broadly described as being in gently crossed at intervals by small flat undulating and relatively featureless 4.3 The main part of the Conservation bridges with simple handrails; countryside, spread out along an Area is entered at a well-defined mature trees; and buildings set well unusually wide and flat section of the point where the road from Allonby back on both sides. The valley floor so that it is sheltered and swings left into the main village Conservation Area boundary follows concealed from view until the point street past the first of the historic the immediate rear curtilages of the of entry. farmsteads. The properties, but the rising fields beyond provide visual containment. 4.2 The first buildings encountered are excluded from the Conservation Area since, apart from the vicarage, they consist of modern houses and in particular ‘The Guards’ post-war

housing estate. However, the Conservation Area commences with the site of Westnewton Castle, behind the housing estate, which is a Scheduled Ancient Monument and

the oldest evidence of habitation in the village. Little obvious evidence of this mediaeval hall survives other than low grass mounds and traces of its moat, but it is of great historical

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streetscape, but there are one or two modern incongruous bungalows. 4.4 Looking back towards the west the Conservation Area includes a modern brick pumping station and also Listed Grade ll: attractive high two modern bungalows beyond the walls of red sandstone ashlar screen bend (Westcroft and Lammtarra) the more functional agricultural which are not included for their buildings to one side. intrinsic value but because their sites 4.7 To the south of the main street terminate the main street visually. Yearn Gill joins the main beck 4.5 Continuing eastwards, two of the between two more modest and better quality houses - Westnewton altered farmsteads, Home Farm and Ghyll Farm: the former has a very House and Westnewton Grange – Westnewton House and Grange stand to the north of the main street, solid late 19th century farmhouse of and are exceptional in being totally red sandstone. Livestock and large stuccoed. The Grange is a fine complexes of farm outbuildings classical early-mid 19th century throughout the village confirm its farmhouse Listed Grade ll, with its continuing agricultural role, although front driveway bounded by a low wall many outbuildings have been re- with decorative iron railings. roofed in modern sheet materials or Westnewton Lodge (- an earlier are of totally modern construction. outbuilding now converted to a third 4.8 Towards the centre of the village the Westnewton Hall dwelling) is dated 1692. buildings consist of more modest 4.6 Westnewton Hall beyond is a plainer farmhouses and workers cottages, but well composed early 19th many of which have been century farmhouse Listed Grade ll, modernised, all fairly randomly with a low front wall topped by placed. Attractive walled gardens to rounded copings and with decorative the houses (eg Bridge House and stone gate piers, Brookside) add interest to the

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Listed Grade ll. Beyond, the beck date, which are quite different in moves further northwards away from their scale and formality to any other the road behind a screen of trees domestic buildings in the village. and the unmetalled village carpark (- sadly the location of the village 4.13 All three buildings owe their recycling bins -), whilst on the south existence to the Victorian benefactor side of the street is a modern ranch- John Todd and share similarities of type house (Newton Lea). style. The churchyard wall and school railings finish hard against

Farm workers’ cottages – Brookside 4.11 At this point, pauses in the street the highway, in contrast to the rest of frontages and changes of building the village. Interest is added to the 4.9 The beck crosses to the north side type mark a perceptible break group by The Post House (the of the road via a long angled bridge between the western and eastern former village shop and post office) and thereafter the grass margins halves of the village. which steps forward against the tend to be wider on the north side highway to provide a ‘pinch point’ in and attractive views open up 4.12 The eastern half of the village starts the street. towards the eastern end of the with a nucleus of three distinctive village. There are frequent views Victorian buildings of architectural between buildings and up side and social importance. To the north tracks to the rising fields beyond, is the village school of 1858 with its confirming the agricultural setting. attached schoolmaster’s house. Those to the southeast reveal long, Beyond is St Matthews Church narrow fields separated by thorn (1856) whose slender west tower is hedges and ending at a more distant the focal point of the main street to horizon. the west: the mature graveyard with its headstones, laurel bushes and 4.10 In the centre of the village the mature willow tree is an attractive severely functional 1952 village hall feature in the townscape and a adjoins Yew Tree Farm which is a peaceful enclosed space. Opposite fine classical farmhouse of 1672 are the four combined red sandstone fronted by ancient yew trees, and St Matthews Cottages of the same Churchyard

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St. Matthews Cottages

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via a flight of stone steps. Between the lane and the main street the 4.14 Beyond the church the beck re- much altered Swan Inn stands on an crosses the main road under a stone island site with overgrown land to bridge, flowing between overgrown the rear: this land is the site of saw banks, and the buildings widen out pit which existed until the late to north and south in random fashion 1800’s, presumably powered by the as they meet the junction with the beck. Aspatria to Silloth road. To the north, the main street meets the road at a grassy island containing mature

trees, and a traditional cast iron Bridge End Farm

signpost, with attractive houses facing it (Croft View and Holme Croft). Croft View has a formal frontage and stands forward,

providing a visual ‘stop’ to the main street and to the road entering from

Aspatria. Bridge End Farm has an attractive walled garden and fine barns with circular ventilation holes, although marred by modern sheet

roof coverings. The Swan Inn 4.15 To the south, a short lane branches off the main street and runs alongside Westnewton Beck, serving minor cottages and farm buildings, and including two modern houses. An attractive public footpath links the end of the lane to the Aspatria road Croft View

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to reach the elevated land here derives a considerable feeling surrounding, and entering from of enclosure and intimacy from the 4.16 The buildings to the east of the sloping terrain which overlooks the Aspatria – Silloth road are now village. somewhat divorced visually from the rest of the village due to the that direction the village is again embankment (dating from at least invisible until the last moment. The before the mid 1800’s) carrying the steel handrails to either side of the Aspatria road down into the village road are 20th century but have an over the culverted beck. Hitherto this attractive functional simplicity. would presumably have been a 4.18 Two views from the Aspatria – steep winding track leading down to Silloth road are significant and the existing ford, and the contribute to the setting of the farmhouses either side (Orchard Conservation Area and its character. House and Raeburn House – The first is eastwards up formerly the Queen’s Head public Westnewton Beck, where the valley house -) would have joined the other narrows and its steep sides are lined houses in encircling a village green. with trees and thorn bushes, and the These houses and the unaltered ford narrow strip pattern of the fields is Road to Aspatria – original ford on left provide a glimpse of the character of still evident: this view reinforces the

the village two hundred years ago. very rural character of the village. 4.17 At the northeast end of the village The second view is to the south west the road to Silloth leads off between across the hillside leading down to hedges and across fields, and the village, which is again divided by approaching from that direction the thorn hedges into narrow fields, village is not visible until just before confirming the age and agricultural the point of entry. To the southeast origin of the village. the road to Aspatria climbs and turns 4.19 The Aspatria road also offers a view sharply uphill out of the valley floor over much of Westnewton as a whole. The character of the village

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Approach from northeast (Silloth)

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Westnewton Conservation Area Appraisal October 2008 17 5 DEFINING FEATURES

Setting and general character church, village hall, inn etc) which enabled it to thrive as a self- 5.1 Westnewton is discreetly located in sufficient rural community. a wide section of the valley floor of Westnewton Beck, with its buildings 5.4 The main street curves gradually

hidden from view until just before the through the village to expose an point of entry. It gains a feeling of unwinding series of views, and enclosure from the rising fields to interest is added by the alternation each side, and from the constriction of the stream from one side of the of the valley above and below. road to the other. Apart from a section at the western end of the 5.2 It is a quiet village generously Conservation Area (where high spread out and of domestic scale, its boundary walls run hard against the essentially agricultural origins and ‘back of pavement’ and conceal the existing role made clear by the large buildings behind) the road is flanked number of previous and still by wide grassy margins, with operational farmsteads in the village, buildings mostly unbounded or

and by the hedged and cultivated clearly visible within low-walled fields surrounding it. Most other gardens, adding to the spacious Typical farm workers’ cottages traditional buildings support or reflect appearance. this agricultural base. 5.5 Spatially the village comprises one 5.3 Westnewton Beck contributes a continuous space, with the great deal to the character of the Scheduled Monument standing village, flowing mostly alongside the rather offset and detached at the main street between grassy banks. west end, and the old ford and its The bridges crossing the Beck to adjoining buildings somewhat closed serve the properties are flat, simple, off by the road embankment at the and guarded by simple functional east. handrails. 5.6 The village retains many communal and recreational buildings (school,

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There are no dormer windows or bay Windows are painted timber, windows in the traditional buildings. although in many cases sadly replaced by pvc of a non-traditional 5.7 The notable exceptions to the above pattern. Oval ventilation holes in analysis are the three mid Victorian shaped stone blocks are a striking buildings erected by John Todd (the feature of the traditional barns. church, schoolhouse and almshouses), which are of much 5.10 Occasionally the front wall is more complex and ornamental rendered and painted, which may be design and do not provide any an original feature or may have been precedent for new development. applied later in an attempt to elevate the status of a building or to Brook View Cottage 5.8 Other notable exceptions are the modernise it. Totally rendered or numerous outbuildings to the wet-dashed finishes (Westnewton

farmsteads, which are usually of House, Westnewton Grange and very simple form but are arranged Building forms Yew Tree Farm) are unusual, and totally in response to functional unfortunately have been repeated on 5.6 The traditional buildings are need. several buildings during arranged very informally and Building materials modernisation. sporadically along the public highways and include individual 5.9 One old farm outbuilding at the east detached houses and terraces of end of the village (at Chapel House three or four cottages. Most Farm) may be of mud or clay buildings have simple rectangular construction, but the predominant plans aligned parallel to the street, walling material is red sandstone (- and apart from the hipped roofs of usually coursed rubble but ashlar in some higher status houses and farm the case of the higher status outbuildings they have simple dual- buildings -) with painted or unpainted pitched roofs falling to front and sandstone surrounds to windows, back. Extensions are simple lean- doorways and ventilation openings, to’s or minor offshoots at the rear. and stone quoins at the wall corners.

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Church tower masonry

Typical sandstone outbuilding

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5.11 Traditional roofs are finished in Trees, gardens and open spaces graduated Westmorland green slate, with stone ridges and hips, uniform 5.13 Mature trees are a major feature of Welsh blue slate appearing in the the Conservation Area, either along 19th century in new buildings or as field and property boundaries or as replacements. Slating is nearly specimen trees in gardens and always carried over the gable ends, public open spaces. Boundary walls although Yew Tree Farm and Bridge are of sandstone, often topped with end Farm have upstanding gable shaped sandstone copings and with ends. Some prominently located single upright stone gateposts of farm buildings have unfortunately very simple design: where screening had their slate roofs replaced by higher status houses (Westnewton modern profiled metal sheeting House and Westnewton Grange) (Westnewton Hall and Bridge End they can be of finely constructed Farm). Chimney stacks are of simple ashlar, with more decorative gate piers and iron railings. exposed or rendered brick: the Churchyard ornate chimney stacks of 5.14 There are several cottage gardens Westnewton Grange are unique. prominent in the village which are 5.12 The exceptions again are the attractive and contribute to its numerous farm outbuildings, which character (Yew Tree Farm, Bridge have grown in an ad hoc manner in House, and Brookside next to the the late 19th and 20th century and village hall). The churchyard, flanked which are frequently of corrugated on the north side by mature trees iron on structural frames. Whilst and rhododendron bushes, is an these may continue to be suitable for attractive quiet space. discreetly placed farm buildings they do not provide a precedent for any other new development.

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Gateposts to Westnewton Grange • the sinuous main street running through the village alongside the open • a high proportion of traditional buildings Summary stream, with retaining their original characteristics of very wide grass margins and open simple rectangular forms, pitched roofs, The positive characteristics of the areas, giving a spacious feel. chimneys, and rectangular window village openings set vertically. can be summarised as follows:

• its distinctly agricultural character, • the combination of dwellings with • the presence of many mature native derived from the predominance of farm gardens, paddocks and farmyards, trees or lines of trees at intervals within buildings and farm workers cottages. resulting a generously spaced and the village, particularly in the eastern informal arrangement of buildings. part. • its close association with, and containment within, the cultivated fields • a significant number of high status • a sense of enclosure, physical self- of the valley sides, and in particular the farmhouses from the 17th to the 19th containment and rural tranquillity. strip fields created by the Enclosure century, many of them being Listed. Acts, which further confirms its The negative characteristics of the agricultural character. • several mid – late 19th century public village are few and can be summarised buildings of unusually high quality and as: • the very specific topography, exploited distinctive character (St Matthews by the historic road system, resulting in church, the school and school house, • the construction of some modern a settlement in a particularly wide and and St Matthews cottages) attributable houses and bungalows which are out flat part of the valley bottom arranged to the benefactor John Todd. of character. along Westnewton Beck and its crossing points. • the survival of many communal • the modernisation of many older buildings (church, school, village hall, houses by rendering of external walls • the old ford over the beck at the east inn etc) which underpinned the self- or the insertion of pvc doors and end of the village, which is a tangible contained rural community. windows. reminder the previous appearance of the village. • the use of red sandstone as the • the re-roofing of farm outbuildings traditional building material, in in metal sheeting rather than slates. • the site of ‘Westnewton Castle’, as the conjunction with Westmorland green earliest known habitation and the origin slate (later Welsh blue slate), of the settlement. confirming the very specific location of the village.

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• the functional and over- economical design of many modern farm outbuildings.

• the village car park with its refuse collection bins.

• lack of maintenance of the stream banks, particularly at the eastern end.

• some large urban-style highway signs and obtrusive telegraph poles.

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Plan showing significant trees

Westnewton Conservation Area Appraisal October 2008 24 6 SUGGESTED MANAGEMENT POLICIES

6.1 Some properties have relatively 6.5 Many buildings have had their be routed below ground or more deep plots large enough to windows (and doors) replaced with discreetly if possible. accommodate further buildings, with modern upvc, usually of a non- or without the addition of further land traditional pattern. The use of upvc 6.11 The provision and design of highway from the rear fields. However, such should be discouraged, and all signs should be more sensitive to backland sites should only be used replacement windows should the context. The replacement of for purposes ancillary to the frontage continue the pattern of the original. traditional cast iron sign posts with property, and not used for ‘tandem’ modern pressed metal should be development which would be alien to 6.6 Any new building in the conservation resisted. the character of the area. area should reflect the character of the traditional buildings. 6.12 The character of the village is 6.2 The provision of new or replacement significantly shaped by the cultivated farm outbuildings needs to be 6.7 The banks of Westnewton Beck fields which form the valley sides considered carefully. There is a could benefit from better and which provide the backdrop for precedent for modern, functional maintenance and regular cutting, views within the village and give a buildings in this respect, in line with especially around Bridge End Farm sense of enclosure. Although not present day farming needs, but and the Swan Inn. If there is no one within the Conservation Area they siting, massing, materials and clearly responsible for doing this an need to be managed with colours need to be more carefully agency should be determined, or the appropriate sensitivity. controlled than in the past. existing agency needs to be changed. 6.3 Where traditional stone-built farm outbuildings have been re-roofed in 6.8 It would be beneficial if the recycling modern metal sheeting every bins in the car park could be opportunity should be taken to relocated more discreetly. replace these with traditional slate, especially those which are visually 6.9 It would be beneficial for information prominent. to be provided at the west end of the village to explain the significance of 6.4 The practice of finishing of natural the Scheduled Monument site. stone walls with render, paint or roughcast should be stopped unless 6.10 Overhead telephone wires and justified on a ‘case by case’ basis. telegraph posts are visually obtrusive in some areas and should

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