DOCSLIB.ORG

Marburg Virus

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Marburg Virus APPENDIX 2 Marburg Virus • Classified among the highest priority for bioterrorism agents by the CDC (Category A) Disease Agent: Common Human Exposure Routes: • Marburg virus (MARV) • Original cases resulted from extremely close contact Disease Agent Characteristics: with monkey blood or cell cultures. • Body fluids, including those from skin or mucous • Family: Filoviridae; Genus: Marburgvirus, Species: membranes, are infectious. Risk exists from Lake Victoria Marburgvirus parenteral inoculation with contaminated needles • Virion morphology and size: Enveloped, helical, and syringes. cross-striated nucleocapsid symmetry, with filamen- • Sexual transmission is theoretically possible but tous or pleomorphic virions that are flexible with unconfirmed. Nucleic acid has been detected in extensive branching, 80 nm in diameter and 790- semen for many weeks after clinical recovery. 860 nm in length • MARV is present in infected human alveoli and in • Nucleic acid: Linear, negative-sense, single-stranded aerosol particles. This could lead to human transmis- RNA, ~19.1 kb in length sion by the aerosol route but is considered to be • Physicochemical properties: Stable at room tempera- inefficient. ture and can resist desiccation; inactivated at 60°C for • Infectivity seems to be higher during the patient’s 30 minutes; infectivity greatly reduced or destroyed hemorrhagic phase. by UV light and gamma irradiation, lipid solvents, b-propiolactone, formaldehyde, sodium hypochlo- Likelihood of Secondary Transmission: rite, and phenolic disinfectants • In the original outbreak, 6 of 31 infections observed Disease Names: among health-care workers represented secondary transmission. They were associated with blood and • Marburg hemorrhagic fever (MHF) body fluid (possibly vomit, urine, and stools) expo- • Marburg virus disease sures. In one study, the secondary attack rate was esti- • Durba syndrome mated as 23% for family members sleeping in the Priority Level: same room with the patient versus 81% for those pro- viding direct care. • Scientific/Epidemiologic evidence regarding blood • MARV remains viable for 4-5 days in dried blood. safety: Theoretical; viremia is a feature of symptom- atic infection with this agent. Asymptomatic viremia At-Risk Populations: has been neither well studied nor sought aggressively, so there are few or no data to make a critical assess- • Humans in contact with Marburg infected sick ment of risk. persons, dead primates, infected tissues, or cell • Public perception and/or regulatory concern regard- cultures. ing blood safety: Very low/Absent • A threat as a bioterrorist weapon for populations not • Public concern regarding disease agent: Low previously considered being at risk Background: Vector and Reservoir Involved: • 1967: Initially described in Marburg (Germany) and • Suspected to be a zoonosis with incidental transmis- Belgrade (former Yugoslavia), when African green sion to humans. Given the high and rapid death rate monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) were brought from that occurs in primates following infection, consider- Uganda for use in vaccine production and biomedical ation of this population as a viable reservoir for the research resulting in transmission from monkeys to disease seems implausible. 31 humans with seven deaths • Reservoir is still unknown; bats are considered a • 1975-1982: six cases in Zimbabwe, South Africa, and leading contender. Kenya in travelers and health-care workers Blood Phase: • 1998: Large outbreak in Africa (Democratic Republic of Congo, in the Watsa/Durba region), linked to gold • Virus has been demonstrated by antigen detection, mining activity, with 154 cases and 128 deaths culture and NAT in blood from patients in the 2004- (83%) 2005 Angolan outbreak. • October 2004-November 2005 (last outbreak): Angola • MARV was cultured from the anterior chamber of the (Northern province of Uige) with more than 370 cases eye aspirated 80 days after onset of illness and up to 3 and 320 deaths (86%) months from the semen of recovered patients. Volume 49, August 2009 Supplement TRANSFUSION 127S APPENDIX 2 Survival/Persistence in Blood Products: Treatment Available/Efficacious: • Unknown • No specific therapy is available and treatment should be supportive (intravenous fluid replacement, anal- Transmission by Blood Transfusion: gesics, and standard nursing care). • Never documented Agent-Specific Screening Question(s): • Transmission has apparently occurred following contact with the blood and body fluids of clinical • No specific question is in use; however, current geo- cases. graphic deferrals for malaria and group O HIV would Cases/Frequency in Population: exclude at-risk populations from endemic sub- Saharan Africa if an asymptomatic viremic interval • All age groups are susceptible, although pediatric exists. cases are uncommon under the age of 5. • Not indicated because transfusion transmission has • Several IFA seroprevalence studies in individuals (not not been demonstrated blood donors) from drier areas of tropical Africa, par- • No sensitive or specific question is feasible. ticularly Uganda, Zimbabwe, Democratic Republic of • Under circumstances of a bioterrorism threat, the Congo, and Angola, revealed prevalence rates ranging need for and potential effectiveness of specific donor- from 0 to 3.2%. screening questions would need to be addressed. Incubation Period: Laboratory Test(s) Available: • 3-9 days (range: 2-19 days); transmission by nonper- • No FDA-licensed blood donor screening tests exist. cutaneous routes does not appear to occur during the • In the US, assays are available only at CDC or the incubation period. US Army Research Institute of Infectious Diseases Likelihood of Clinical Disease: (USAMRIID). Confirmatory tests need to be performed. • High • EIA (IgG using recombinant nucleoprotein antigens), • In one study, no serologic evidence for asymptomatic IFA, western blot, real-time RT-PCR, and Vero cell or mild infection was found. cultures; molecular methods, though available in several labs, still require interlaboratory validation. Primary Disease Symptoms: • In outbreaks, the diagnosis is often made with immu- • Nonspecific, with abrupt fever, myalgia, headache, noperoxidase staining of formalin-fixed biopsies nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, chest from sick or deceased persons. Coinfection with pain, cough, pharyngitis, conjunctival injection, malaria is common, so this should be ruled out by jaundice, lymphadenopathy, and pancreatitis proper laboratory tests. • CNS involvement occurs in a subsequent phase Currently Recommended Donor Deferral Period: (somnolence, delirium, coma) followed by wasting and bleeding manifestations (petechiae, mucous • No FDA Guidance or AABB Standard exists for membrane hemorrhages, ecchymoses, particularly patients previously diagnosed with MHF or persons around punctures) in 50% of cases. who have had contact with the blood of infected pri- • After 14 days, the patient either markedly improves or mates or patients. dies because of multiorgan dysfunction and dissemi- • There are insufficient data to make recommendations nated intravascular coagulation. regarding an indefinite or other deferral period. Severity of Clinical Disease: • The deferral interval due to geographic risk for malaria and group O HIV is expected to be longer • High than what might be recommended for donors from Marburg endemic areas who have clinically recovered Mortality: from their disease. • Mortality is ~25% (Marburg outbreak, 1967) to higher Impact on Blood Availability: than 80% (Democratic Republic of Congo and Angola outbreaks in 1998 and 2004-2005, respectively). • Agent-specific screening question(s): Not applicable; Chronic Carriage: in response to a bioterrorism threat, impact of a local deferral would be significant. •No • Laboratory test(s) available: Not applicable 128S TRANSFUSION Volume 49, August 2009 Supplement APPENDIX 2 Impact on Blood Safety: Stuyft P. Serosurvey on household contacts of Marburg hemorrhagic fever patients. Emerg Infect • Agent-specific screening question(s): Not applicable; Dis 2006;12:433-9. unknown impact in response to a bioterrorism threat 3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Filovirus • Laboratory test(s) available: Not applicable fact sheet. [cited 2009 May]. Available from: http:// Leukoreduction Efficacy: www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/spb/mnpages/dispages/ Fact_Sheets/Filovirus_Fact_Sheet.pdf • Leukoreduction might reduce virus levels because 4. Martini GA, Knauff HG, Schmidt HA, Mayer G, Baltzer monocytes appear to support replication. However, it G. A hitherto unknown infectious disease contracted also is likely that the virus is circulating free in plasma, from monkeys. “Marburg-virus” disease. Ger Med and leukoreduction could not be relied upon. Mon 1968;13:457-70. • Animal studies suggest that lymphocytes are nonper- 5. Monath TP. Ecology of Marburg and Ebola viruses: missive to infection, unlike monocytes. speculations and directions for future research. J Infect Dis 1999;179 Suppl 1:S127-38. Pathogen Reduction Efficacy for Plasma Derivatives: 6. Peters CJ. Marburg and Ebola Virus Hemorrhagic • Multiple pathogen reduction steps used in the frac- Fevers. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, editors. tionation process have been shown to be robust in Mandell, Douglas and Bennett’s principles and prac- removal of enveloped viruses. tice of infectious diseases, 5th ed. Philadelphia (PA): Churchill-Livingstone; 2000. p. 1821-3. Other Prevention Measures: 7. Peterson AT, Bauer JT, Mills JN. Ecologic and geo- graphic
Load more

Recommended publications
  • (ISU) at the University of Marburg
    In This Issue: March 21, 2016 Hessen International Summer University (ISU) at the University of Marburg Hessen International Summer University (ISU) at the University of Marburg Find your MBA, Master or Double Degree at the International Graduate Center in Bremen! Start your MBA programme in Germany at Kempten University of Applied Sciences Register now for the 2016 BSUA Berlin programme to work on your artistic The Hessen International Summer University (ISU) at the Philipps- potentials! Universität Marburg is a four-week summer study program, open to all candidates looking to combine their academic studies with an exciting Masters Programs at The Center for intercultural experience. Global Politics at Freie Universität The program offers an intensive German course (all levels, also for Berlin beginners), specialized seminars in English, credits (up to 9 ECTS), weekend field trips to various destinations in Germany and France and more! Vi si t: daad.org ISU in a nutshell Emai l: [email protected] ​ Dates: July 16 ​ August 13, 2016 ​ Program Topic: Business, Politics, and Conflicts in a Changing World. Selected Topics in: Business and Accounting Peace and Conflict Studies Middle Eastern Studies German Studies. Requirements: Applicants are expected to have a level of English language proficiency sufficient to participate in the academic and social environment of the program. Application documentation will include a letter of motivation and a transcript of records. Apply by March 31, 2016 and get an early-bird discount off the program fee!
    [Show full text]
  • A Multicenter, Multi-Outbreak, Randomized, Controlled Safety And
    2018 Ebola MCM RCT Protocol Page 1 of 92 IND#: 125530 CONFIDENTIAL 4 October 2019, version 7.0 A Multicenter, Multi-Outbreak, Randomized, Controlled Safety and Efficacy Study of Investigational Therapeutics for the Treatment of Patients with Ebola Virus Disease Short Title: 2018 Ebola MCM RCT Protocol Sponsored by: Office of Clinical Research Policy and Regulatory Operations (OCRPRO) National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases 5601 Fishers Lane Bethesda, MD 20892 NIH Protocol Number: 19-I-0003 Protocol IND #: 125530 ClinicalTrials.gov Number: NCT03719586 Date: 4 October 2019 Version: 7.0 CONFIDENTIAL This document is confidential. No part of it may be transmitted, reproduced, published, or used by other persons without prior written authorization from the study sponsor and principal investigator. 2018 Ebola MCM RCT Protocol Page 2 of 92 IND#: 125530 CONFIDENTIAL 4 October 2019, version 7.0 KEY ROLES DRC Principal Investigator: Jean-Jacques Muyembe-Tamfum, MD, PhD Director-General, DRC National Institute for Biomedical Research Professor of Microbiology, Kinshasa University Medical School Kinshasa Gombe Democratic Republic of the Congo Phone: +243 898949289 Email: [email protected] Other International Investigators: see Appendix E Statistical Lead: Lori Dodd, PhD Biostatistics Research Branch, DCR, NIAID 5601 Fishers Lane, Room 4C31 Rockville, MD 20852 Phone: 240-669-5247 Email: [email protected] U.S. Principal Investigator: Richard T. Davey, Jr., MD Clinical Research Section, LIR, NIAID, NIH Building 10, Room 4-1479, Bethesda,
    [Show full text]
  • Biohazardous Waste Treatment
    Biological Safety: Principles & Applications for Lab Personnel Presented by: Biological Safety Office http://biosafety.utk.edu Introduction OVERVIEW OF BIOSAFETY PROGRAM Introduction to Laboratory Safety When entering the laboratory environment you are likely to contact hazards that you would not encounter on a daily basis. These can include: • Physical hazards • Chemical hazards • Radiological hazards • Biological hazards Biohazards Any biological agent or condition that poses a threat to human, animal, or plant health, or to the environment. Examples include, but not limited to: • Agents causing disease in humans, animals or plants (bacteria, viruses, etc.) • Toxins of biological origin • Materials potentially containing infectious agents or biohazards .Blood, tissues, body fluids etc. .Waste, carcasses etc. • Recombinant DNA (depends) • Nanoparticles w/biological effector conjugates (depends) Types of Biohazards: What they are.... How they’ll look.... Regulations & Standards The Institutional Biosafety Committee Institutional Biosafety Committees (IBC) are required by the National Institutes of Health Office of Biological Activities (NIH; OBA) for institutions that receive NIH funding and conduct research using recombinant or synthetic nucleic acids. The UT IBC is composed of 14 UT-affiliated members and 2 non-affiliated members, who collectively offer a broad range of experience in research, safety and public health. Functions of the IBC Projects requiring IBC review • Performing both initial and annual • Those involving recombinant
    [Show full text]
  • Uveal Involvement in Marburg Virus Disease B
    Br J Ophthalmol: first published as 10.1136/bjo.61.4.265 on 1 April 1977. Downloaded from British Journal of Ophthalmology, 1977, 61, 265-266 Uveal involvement in Marburg virus disease B. S. KUMING AND N. KOKORIS From the Department of Ophthalmology, Johannesburg General Hospital and University of the Witwatersrand SUMMARY The first reported case of uveal involvement in Marburg virus disease is described. 'Ex Africa semper aliquid novi'. Two outbreaks of Marburg virus disease have been Rhodesia and had also been constantly at his documented. The first occurred in Marburg and bedside till his death. Lassa fever was suspected and Frankfurt, West Germany, in 1967 (Martini, 1969) she was given a unit of Lassa fever convalescent and the second in Johannesburg in 1975 (Gear, serum when she became desperately ill on the fifth 1975). This case report describes the third patient day. She also developed acute pancreatitis. Within in the Johannesburg outbreak, who developed an 52 hours she made a dramatic and uneventful anterior uveitis. The cause of the uveitis was proved recovery. Her illness mainly affected the haema- to be the Marburg virus by identiying it in a tissue topoietic, hepatic, and pancreatic systems. culture of her aqueous fluid. The subject of this report was a nurse who had helped to nurse patients 1 and 2. Nine days after the Case report death ofthe first patient she presented with lower back pain and high fever. She developed hepatitis, a mild Before describing the case history of the patient the disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome, events leading to her contracting the disease must successfully treated with heparin, and the classical be briefly described.
    [Show full text]
  • Field Trials for GM Food Get Green Light in India
    NATURE|Vol 448|23 August 2007 NEWS IN BRIEF Field trials for GM food Asthmatics win payment in diesel-fumes lawsuit get green light in India Asthma patients in Tokyo last week welcomed a cash settlement India’s first genetically modified (GM) food from car manufacturers and crop is a step closer to reaching the dining the Japanese government. The table. The government has approved field one-time payment resolved a trials for a strain of brinjal (aubergine) decade-long legal battle in which carrying a Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) gene. the asthmatics blamed diesel car Jalna-based Mahyco, the Indian venture fumes for their illness. KIM KYUNG-HOON/REUTERS of US seed giant Monsanto, claims its insect- The automakers, including resistant variety gives better yields with Toyota, Honda and Nissan, will less pesticide use. To avoid possible cross- provide ¥1.2 billion (US$10.5 contamination with farmers’ crops, the trials million) to the plaintiffs, and a will be carried out in government farms. further ¥3.3 billion to support But critics already campaigning against Bt a five-year health plan for the cotton — currently the only GM crop grown patients. The central government in India — say the brinjal trials are illegal. and Tokyo metropolitan Full biosafety data on the brinjal tests government will each contribute ¥6 billion to the medical programme. have not yet been generated, says Kavitha Kuruganti of the Centre for Sustainable scientists — to pay for relocation, housing starting dose “should be considered for Agriculture, based in Hyderabad: “The trials and research. “This is about the rescue of patients with certain genetic variations”.
    [Show full text]
  • 2020 Taxonomic Update for Phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), Including the Large Orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales
    Archives of Virology https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-020-04731-2 VIROLOGY DIVISION NEWS 2020 taxonomic update for phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales Jens H. Kuhn1 · Scott Adkins2 · Daniela Alioto3 · Sergey V. Alkhovsky4 · Gaya K. Amarasinghe5 · Simon J. Anthony6,7 · Tatjana Avšič‑Županc8 · María A. Ayllón9,10 · Justin Bahl11 · Anne Balkema‑Buschmann12 · Matthew J. Ballinger13 · Tomáš Bartonička14 · Christopher Basler15 · Sina Bavari16 · Martin Beer17 · Dennis A. Bente18 · Éric Bergeron19 · Brian H. Bird20 · Carol Blair21 · Kim R. Blasdell22 · Steven B. Bradfute23 · Rachel Breyta24 · Thomas Briese25 · Paul A. Brown26 · Ursula J. Buchholz27 · Michael J. Buchmeier28 · Alexander Bukreyev18,29 · Felicity Burt30 · Nihal Buzkan31 · Charles H. Calisher32 · Mengji Cao33,34 · Inmaculada Casas35 · John Chamberlain36 · Kartik Chandran37 · Rémi N. Charrel38 · Biao Chen39 · Michela Chiumenti40 · Il‑Ryong Choi41 · J. Christopher S. Clegg42 · Ian Crozier43 · John V. da Graça44 · Elena Dal Bó45 · Alberto M. R. Dávila46 · Juan Carlos de la Torre47 · Xavier de Lamballerie38 · Rik L. de Swart48 · Patrick L. Di Bello49 · Nicholas Di Paola50 · Francesco Di Serio40 · Ralf G. Dietzgen51 · Michele Digiaro52 · Valerian V. Dolja53 · Olga Dolnik54 · Michael A. Drebot55 · Jan Felix Drexler56 · Ralf Dürrwald57 · Lucie Dufkova58 · William G. Dundon59 · W. Paul Duprex60 · John M. Dye50 · Andrew J. Easton61 · Hideki Ebihara62 · Toufc Elbeaino63 · Koray Ergünay64 · Jorlan Fernandes195 · Anthony R. Fooks65 · Pierre B. H. Formenty66 · Leonie F. Forth17 · Ron A. M. Fouchier48 · Juliana Freitas‑Astúa67 · Selma Gago‑Zachert68,69 · George Fú Gāo70 · María Laura García71 · Adolfo García‑Sastre72 · Aura R. Garrison50 · Aiah Gbakima73 · Tracey Goldstein74 · Jean‑Paul J. Gonzalez75,76 · Anthony Grifths77 · Martin H. Groschup12 · Stephan Günther78 · Alexandro Guterres195 · Roy A.
    [Show full text]
  • As a Model of Human Ebola Virus Infection
    Viruses 2012, 4, 2400-2416; doi:10.3390/v4102400 OPEN ACCESS viruses ISSN 1999-4915 www.mdpi.com/journal/viruses Review The Baboon (Papio spp.) as a Model of Human Ebola Virus Infection Donna L. Perry 1,*, Laura Bollinger 1 and Gary L.White 2 1 Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, NIAID, NIH, Frederick, MD, USA; E-Mail: [email protected] 2 Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Baboon Research Resource, University of Oklahoma, Ft. Reno Science Park, OK, USA; E-Mail: [email protected] * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-301-631-7249; Fax: +1-301-619-5029. Received: 8 October 2012; in revised form: 17 October 2012 / Accepted: 17 October 2012 / Published: 23 October 2012 Abstract: Baboons are susceptible to natural Ebola virus (EBOV) infection and share 96% genetic homology with humans. Despite these characteristics, baboons have rarely been utilized as experimental models of human EBOV infection to evaluate the efficacy of prophylactics and therapeutics in the United States. This review will summarize what is known about the pathogenesis of EBOV infection in baboons compared to EBOV infection in humans and other Old World nonhuman primates. In addition, we will discuss how closely the baboon model recapitulates human EBOV infection. We will also review some of the housing requirements and behavioral attributes of baboons compared to other Old World nonhuman primates. Due to the lack of data available on the pathogenesis of Marburg virus (MARV) infection in baboons, discussion of the pathogenesis of MARV infection in baboons will be limited.
    [Show full text]
  • Rabbit Anti-Marburgvirus (MARV) VLP Pab ELISA Data
    4 Research Court, Suite 300 Rockville, MD 20850 877-411-2041 [email protected] Rabbit anti-Marburgvirus (MARV) VLP pAb ELISA Data: Catalog #: 04-0005 IgG IgG + IgG + Lot #: MMIG201001IBT Dilution MMARV ZEBOV 1:X Antigen Antigen Immunogen: MARV (Musoke strain) Virus-like Particles (VLPs) containing glycoprotein (GP) 1000 3.30 2.66 Nucleoprotein (NP), and viral protein (VP40). 3162 3.07 1.80 10000 2.68 0.89 Description: Protein A purified rabbit polyclonal 31623 1.87 0.37 antibody reactive to MARV VLP raised in New 100000 0.99 0.14 Zealand white rabbits. 316228 0.43 0.05 1000000 0.17 0.02 Supplied: 0.5 mg of antibody is supplied in PBS at a concentration of 5.75 mg/mL. 0.01% Sodium azide has been added. -Antigen is coated on ELISA plates overnight. -Add 200µl blocking buffer then wash wells with Clonality: Polyclonal PBST. -Antiserum is diluted semi-log. Relevance: the filovirus Marburgvirus is a -Incubate antibody for 2 hour. Category A (NIAID) and HHS select agent. -Wash unbound antibodies and add HRP- Recommended Dilutions: conjugated anti-rabbit IgG. -Wash plates and add substrate to develop color for ELISA: Assay-dependent dilution. 20 minutes. WB: Assay-dependent dilution -Read absorbance at 650nm. Amount of color is directly proportional to amount of antibodies. Storage: 2-3 weeks +4oC, -20◦C long term Western Blot Cross Reactivity: Historical data showed some cross-reactivity with Ebola Virus (EBOV) and -Antiserum recognizes Marburg musoke Sudan Virus (SUDV) VLP’s, most likely due to glycoprotein, nucleoprotein, and VP40 antibodies against Baculovirus proteins since the VLP’s were expressed in SF9-Baculovirus system.
    [Show full text]
  • Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever Fact Sheet
    Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever Fact Sheet What is Marburg hemorrhagic fever? Marburg hemorrhagic fever is a rare, severe type of hemorrhagic fever which affects both humans and non-human primates. Caused by a genetically unique zoonotic (that is, animal-borne) RNA virus of the filovirus family, its recognition led to the creation of this virus family. The four species of Ebola virus are the only other known members of the filovirus family. Marburg virus was first recognized in 1967, when outbreaks of hemorrhagic fever occurred simultaneously in laboratories in Marburg and Frankfurt, Germany and in Belgrade, Yugoslavia (now Serbia). A total of 37 people became ill; they included laboratory workers as well as several medical personnel and Negative stain image of an isolate of Marburg virus, family members who had cared for them. The first people showing filamentous particles as well as the infected had been exposed to African green monkeys or characteristic "Shepherd's Crook." Magnification their tissues. In Marburg, the monkeys had been imported approximately 100,000 times. Image courtesy of for research and to prepare polio vaccine. Russell Regnery, Ph.D., DVRD, NCID, CDC. Where do cases of Marburg hemorrhagic fever occur? Recorded cases of the disease are rare, and have appeared in only a few locations. While the 1967 outbreak occurred in Europe, the disease agent had arrived with imported monkeys from Uganda. No other case was recorded until 1975, when a traveler most likely exposed in Zimbabwe became ill in Johannesburg, South Africa – and passed the virus to his traveling companion and a nurse. 1980 saw two other cases, one in Western Kenya not far from the Ugandan source of the monkeys implicated in the 1967 outbreak.
    [Show full text]
  • The Hemorrhagic Fevers of Southern Africa South African Institute For
    THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 55 (1982), 207-212 The Hemorrhagic Fevers of Southern Africa with Special Reference to Studies in the South African Institute for Medical Research J.H.S. GEAR, M.D. National Institute for Virology, Johannesburg, South Africa Received April 19, 1982 In this review of studies on the hemorrhagic fevers of Southern Africa carried out in the South African Institute for Medical Research, attention has been called to occurrence of meningococcal septicemia in recruits to the mining industry and South African Army, to cases of staphylococcal and streptococcal septicemia with hemorrhagic manifestations, and to the occurrence of plague which, in its septicemic form, may cause a hemorrhagic state. "Onyalai," a bleeding disease in tropical Africa, often fatal, was related to profound throm- bocytopenia possibly following administration of toxic witch doctor medicine. Spirochetal diseases, and rickettsial diseases in their severe forms, are often manifested with hemorrhagic complications. Of enterovirus infections, Coxsackie B viruses occasionally caused severe hepa- titis associated with bleeding, especially in newborn babies. Cases of hemorrhagic fever presenting in February-March, 1975 are described. The first out- break was due to Marburg virus disease and the second, which included seven fatal cases, was caused by Rift Valley fever virus. In recent cases of hemorrhagic fever a variety of infective organisms have been incriminated including bacterial infections, rickettsial diseases, and virus diseases, including Herpesvirus hominis; in one patient, the hemorrhagic state was related to rubella. A boy who died in a hemorrhagic state was found to have Congo fever; another pa- tient who died of severe bleeding from the lungs was infected with Leptospira canicola, and two patients who developed a hemorrhagic state after a safari trip in Northern Botswana were infected with Trypanosoma rhodesiense.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Level 3 Biosafety and Astrobiology Laboratory in Pieve A
    PAN.R.C.- A New Level 3 Biosafety and Astrobiology Laboratory in Pieve a Nievole (PT) Tasselli, D. TS Corporation Srl - Astronomy and Astrophysics Department Via Rugantino, 71, 00169 Roma RM - Italy E-mail:[email protected] Ferrara, G. TS Corporation Srl - Biology Department Via Cavalcanti, 10, 51010 Massa e Cozzile PT - Italy E-mail:[email protected] Ricci, S. TS Corporation Srl - Meteorogical and Climatic Change Department Via Rugantino, 71, 00169 Roma RM - Italy E-mail:[email protected] Bianchi, P. TS Corporation Srl - Geology and Geophysics Department Via Rugantino, 71, 00169 Roma RM - Italy E-mail:[email protected] Abstract We report our proposal for the establishment of a biocontainment and astrobiology laboratory in a strategic area of Pieve a Nievole (PT) at 28 mt above sea level - to face the lack of biological and astrobiological research centers and all the social, economic and cultural consequences that this project implicate. The structure will be built under the Horizon 2020 work program 2018-2020 - European Research Infrastructures (in- cluding e-Infrastructures), and will enable the development of major re- arXiv:1811.05201v1 [astro-ph.IM] 13 Nov 2018 search project. Keyword: astrobiology - biosafety - biosecurity - BSL3 - containment - research center - biological risk - biological agents - new research facility - location: Pieve a Nievole (PT) This paper was prepared with the LATEX 1 1 Introduction project that involves the use of biological agents from second or third group, must The environment that surrounds us is pop- ask permission and wait for the technical ulated by biological agents such as bacte- time to use the currently available facili- ria, viruses or fungi.
    [Show full text]
  • MARBURG HEMORRHAGIC FEVER (Marburg HF)
    MARBURG HEMORRHAGIC FEVER (Marburg HF) REPORTING INFORMATION • Class A: Report immediately via telephone the case or suspected case and/or a positive laboratory result to the local public health department where the patient resides. If patient residence is unknown, report immediately via telephone to the local public health department in which the reporting health care provider or laboratory is located. Local health departments should report immediately via telephone the case or suspected case and/or a positive laboratory result to the Ohio Department of Health (ODH). • Reporting Form(s) and/or Mechanism: o Immediately via telephone. o For local health departments, cases should also be entered into the Ohio Disease Reporting System (ODRS) within 24 hours of the initial telephone report to the ODH. • Key fields for ODRS reporting include: import status (whether the infection was travel-associated or Ohio-acquired), date of illness onset, and all the fields in the Epidemiology module. AGENT Marburg hemorrhagic fever is a rare, severe type of hemorrhagic fever which affects both humans and non-human primates. Caused by a genetically unique zoonotic RNA virus of the family Filoviridae, its recognition led to the creation of this virus family. The five species of Ebola virus are the only other known members of the family Filoviridae. Marburg virus was first recognized in 1967, when outbreaks of hemorrhagic fever occurred simultaneously in laboratories in Marburg and Frankfurt, Germany and in Belgrade, Yugoslavia (now Serbia). A total of 31 people became ill, including laboratory workers as well as several medical personnel and family members who had cared for them.
    [Show full text]