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March 21, 2016

HessenInternational Summer University (ISU) at the University of Marburg

Hessen International Summer University (ISU) at the University of Marburg

Findyour MBA, Master or Double Degree at the International Graduate Center inBremen!

Start your MBA programme in Germany at KemptenUniversity of AppliedSciences

Register now for the 2016 BSUA Berlin programme to work onyour artistic potentials!

The Hessen International Summer University (ISU) at the PhilippsUniversität Marburg is a four-week summer study program, open to all candidates looking to combine their academic studies with an exciting intercultural experience. The program offers an intensive German course (all levels, also for beginners), specialized seminars in English, credits (up to 9 ECTS), weekend field trips to various destinations in Germany and France and more!

Masters Programs at The Center for Global Politics at Freie Universität Berlin

Visit: daad.o r g

ISU in a nutshell

Email: daad s f @d aad.o r g

Dates: July 16 August 13, 2016

Program Topic: Business, Politics, and Conflicts in a Changing World.

Selected Topics in:
Business and Accounting Peace and Conflict Studies Middle Eastern Studies German Studies.

Requirements: Applicants are expected to have a level of English language proficiency sufficient to participate in the academic and social environment of the program. Application documentation will include a letter of motivation and a transcript of records.

Apply by March 31, 2016 and get an early-bird discount off the program fee!

Connect: https://www.facebook.com/IsuMarburg

Contact: Maria Steiner (Program Coordinator) [email protected], Tel.: +49 6421 28 25997

More Information and application: http://www.uni-marburg.de/isu

Find your MBA, Master or Double Degree at the International Graduate Center in Bremen!

As part of the University of Applied Sciences Bremen the IGC offers 2 different Master programmes, 4 different MBA programmes, of which many include the option for a Double Degree, and one of it should match your interest:

Masters:

Eur o pean Studies (EN only) Aeronautical Management (EN only)

MBAs:

Global Management (EN only) Internati o n al Tourism (EN only) Eur o pean/Asian Management (EN only)

Internati o n al MBA (EN only and with the following specialisations / partners):

Internati o n al Logistics and Supply Chain Management, Bremen / Germany Internati o n al Finance and Investments, Wilmington / USA Global and Islamic Finance, Kuala Lumpur / Malaysia Human Resource Management, Hatfield / UK Internati o n al Marketing, Valencia / Spain Internati o n al Bu s iness Development and Consulting, Paris / France Management in Emerging E c o n o m ies, Moscow / Russia

Recommended publications

Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever Fact Sheet

Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever Fact Sheet What is Marburg hemorrhagic fever? Marburg hemorrhagic fever is a rare, severe type of hemorrhagic fever which affects both humans and non-human primates. Caused by a genetically unique zoonotic (that is, animal-borne) RNA virus of the filovirus family, its recognition led to the creation of this virus family. The four species of Ebola virus are the only other known members of the filovirus family. Marburg virus was first recognized in 1967, when outbreaks of hemorrhagic fever occurred simultaneously in laboratories in Marburg and Frankfurt, Germany and in Belgrade, Yugoslavia (now Serbia). A total of 37 people became ill; they included laboratory workers as well as several medical personnel and Negative stain image of an isolate of Marburg virus, family members who had cared for them. The first people showing filamentous particles as well as the infected had been exposed to African green monkeys or characteristic "Shepherd's Crook." Magnification their tissues. In Marburg, the monkeys had been imported approximately 100,000 times. Image courtesy of for research and to prepare polio vaccine. Russell Regnery, Ph.D., DVRD, NCID, CDC. Where do cases of Marburg hemorrhagic fever occur? Recorded cases of the disease are rare, and have appeared in only a few locations. While the 1967 outbreak occurred in Europe, the disease agent had arrived with imported monkeys from Uganda. No other case was recorded until 1975, when a traveler most likely exposed in Zimbabwe became ill in Johannesburg, South Africa – and passed the virus to his traveling companion and a nurse. 1980 saw two other cases, one in Western Kenya not far from the Ugandan source of the monkeys implicated in the 1967 outbreak.
MARBURG HEMORRHAGIC FEVER (Marburg HF)

MARBURG HEMORRHAGIC FEVER (Marburg HF) REPORTING INFORMATION • Class A: Report immediately via telephone the case or suspected case and/or a positive laboratory result to the local public health department where the patient resides. If patient residence is unknown, report immediately via telephone to the local public health department in which the reporting health care provider or laboratory is located. Local health departments should report immediately via telephone the case or suspected case and/or a positive laboratory result to the Ohio Department of Health (ODH). • Reporting Form(s) and/or Mechanism: o Immediately via telephone. o For local health departments, cases should also be entered into the Ohio Disease Reporting System (ODRS) within 24 hours of the initial telephone report to the ODH. • Key fields for ODRS reporting include: import status (whether the infection was travel-associated or Ohio-acquired), date of illness onset, and all the fields in the Epidemiology module. AGENT Marburg hemorrhagic fever is a rare, severe type of hemorrhagic fever which affects both humans and non-human primates. Caused by a genetically unique zoonotic RNA virus of the family Filoviridae, its recognition led to the creation of this virus family. The five species of Ebola virus are the only other known members of the family Filoviridae. Marburg virus was first recognized in 1967, when outbreaks of hemorrhagic fever occurred simultaneously in laboratories in Marburg and Frankfurt, Germany and in Belgrade, Yugoslavia (now Serbia). A total of 31 people became ill, including laboratory workers as well as several medical personnel and family members who had cared for them.
MARBURG VIRUS [African Hemorrhagic Fever, Green Or Vervet Monkey Disease]

MARBURG VIRUS [African Hemorrhagic Fever, Green or Vervet Monkey Disease] SPECIES: Nonhuman primates, especially african green monkeys & macaques AGENT: Agent is classified as a Filovirus. It is an RNA virus, superficially resembling rhabdoviruses but has bizarre branching and filamentous or tubular forms shared with no other known virus group on EM. The only other member of this class of viruses is ebola virus. RESERVOIR AND INCIDENCE: An acute highly fatal disease first described in Marburg, Germany in 1967. Brought to Marburg in a shipment of infected African Green Monkeys from Uganda. 31 people were affected and 7 died in 1967. Exposure to tissue and blood from African Green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) or secondary contact with infected humans led to the disease. No disease occurred in people who handled only intact animals or those who wore gloves and protective clothing when handling tissues. A second outbreak was reported in Africa in 1975 involving three people with no verified contact with monkeys. Third and fourth outbreaks in Kenya 1980 and 1987. Natural reservoir is unknown. Monkeys thought to be accidental hosts along with man. Antibodies have been found in African Green monkeys, baboons, and chimpanzees. 100% fatal in experimentally infected African Green Monkeys, Rhesus, squirrel monkeys, guinea pigs, and hamsters. TRANSMISSION: Direct contact with infected blood or tissues or close contact with infected patients. Virus has also been found in semen, saliva, and urine. DISEASE IN NONHUMAN PRIMATES: No clinical signs occur in green monkeys, but the disease is usually fatal after experimental infection of other primate species. Leukopenia and petechial hemorrhages throughout the body of experimentally infected monkeys, sometimes with GI hemorrhages.
5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenasefrom

JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY, Feb. 1991, p. 1414-1419 Vol. 173, No. 4 0021-9193/91/041414-06$02.00/0 Copyright 0 1991, American Society for Microbiology Purification and Characterization of NADP+-Dependent 5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase from Peptostreptococcus productus Marburg GERT WOHLFARTH, GABRIELE GEERLIGS, AND GABRIELE DIEKERT* Institutfur Mikrobiologie, Universitat Stuttgart, Azenbergstrasse 18, D-7000 Stuttgart 1, Federal Republic of Germany Received 19 June 1990/Accepted 7 December 1990 The 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase of heterotrophicaily grown Peptostreptococcus productus Marburg was purified to apparent homogeneity. The purified enzyme catalyzed the reversible oxidation of methylenetetrahydrofolate with NADP+ as the electron acceptor at a specific activity of 627 U/mg of protein. The Km values for methylenetetrahydrofolate and for NADP+ were 27 and 113 ,M, respectively. The enzyme, which lacked 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase activity, was insensitive to oxygen and was thermolabile at temperatures above 40C. The apparent molecular mass of the enzyme was estimated by gel filtration to be 66 kDa. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed the presence of a single subunit of 34 kDa, accounting for a dimeric a2 structure of the enzyme. Kinetic studies on the initial reaction velocities with different concentrations of both substrates in the absence and presence of NADPH as the reaction product were interpreted to indicate that the enzyme followed a sequential reaction mechanism. After gentle ultracentrifugation of crude extracts, the enzyme was recovered to >95% in the soluble (supernatant) fraction. Sodium (10 FM to 10 mM) had no effect on enzymatic activity. The data were taken to indicate that the enzyme was similar to the methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenases of other homoacetogenic bacteria and that the enzyme is not involved in energy conservation of P.
(ESI): Structures of Malonic Acid Diamide/Phospholipid Composites and Their Lipoplexes

Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Soft Matter. This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2016 Electronic Supporting Information (ESI): Structures of malonic acid diamide/phospholipid composites and their lipoplexes Christopher Janich,*,1,5 Stephanie Taßler,2 Annette Meister,3 Gerd Hause,4 Jens Schäfer,5 Udo Bakowsky,5 Gerald Brezesinski,2 Christian Wölk*,1 This article is dedicated to Professor Andreas Langner on occasion of his 60th birthday. We are very grateful for the allocation of the innovative research topic. 1 Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Pharmacy, Wolfgang-Langenbeck- Strasse 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany 2 Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Science Park Potsdam-Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany 3 Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany 4 Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Biocenter, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle (Saale) (Germany) 5 Philipps University Marburg, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Ketzerbach 63, 35037 Marburg, Germany *Corresponding Authors (CJ) E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: +49-345- 55-25077. Fax: +49-345-55-27018. (CW) E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: +49-345- 55-25078. Fax: +49-345-55-27018. 1 Detailed Information about the GAP fit. The GAP fit was performed with the program GAP 1.3, written and provided by Georg Pabst. For more details we refer to the describing literature published by Georg Pabst: 1. Pabst, G., M. Rappolt, H. Amenitsch, and P. Laggner. 2000. Structural information from multilamellar liposomes at full hydration: full q-range fitting with high quality xray data.
179 Edited by F. Linneweh (Marburg, GFR). Springer- Verlag, Berlin

BOOK REVIEWS AND NEWS 179 ERBLICHE DEFEKTE DES KOHLENHYDRAT-, A definite genetic variability in leprosy suscep AMINOSAEUREN UND PROTEINSTOFFWECHSELS tibility appears to be shown by this twin study carried out in endemic districts of India, where HEREDITARY ERRORS OF CARBOHYDRATE, concordance was found to be much higher AMINOACID, AND PROTEIN METABOLISM in the 62 MZ than in the 40 DZ twin pairs examined (60% vs. 20%). Edited by F. Linneweh (Marburg, GFR). Springer- Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York 1974. Part 1 in Vol. 7, Errors of Metabolism (Stoffwechselkrank- heiteri), of the Handbook of Internal Medicine LIGHT-EYED NEGROES (Handbuch der inneren Medizin) edited by H. Schwiegk. Hard cover with jacket, 17 x 15 cm, AND THE KLEIN-WAARDENBURG SYNDROME XX + 905 pp, 205 illustrations. Price: DM 348.00/ US S 142.00. Subscription price: DM 278.40/US By Jenni Soussi Tsafrir (Tel Aviv, Israel). The $ 113.60. MacMillan Press, London and Basingstoke. Hard cover with jacket, 15.5 x 23.5 cm, XIV + 153 pp, 21 illustrations, 20 colored plates, 12 tables. Price: Another important contribution to a large I 7.50 (approximately US $ 18.00). German handbook of internal medicine, this volume is of particular value to the medical The analysis of a series of 22 South African geneticist. It is essentially divided into four Negro families including light-eyed individuals parts. Part 1 provides a human genetic intro has shown that only few of these are clinically duction, centered on the clinical aspects of normal variant phenotypes, most subjects being heredity. Part 2 deals with the enzymatic defects actually affected by Klein-Waardenburg syn of carbohydrate metabolism: pentosuria; essen drome.
Mutant P53 Promotes Tumor Progression and Metastasis by The

Mutant p53 promotes tumor progression and PNAS PLUS metastasis by the endoplasmic reticulum UDPase ENTPD5 Fotini Vogiatzia, Dominique T. Brandtb, Jean Schneikerta, Jeannette Fuchsa, Katharina Grikscheitb, Michael Wanzela, Evangelos Pavlakisa, Joël P. Charlesa, Oleg Timofeeva, Andrea Nistc, Marco Mernbergera,c, Eva J. Kantelhardtd, Udo Sieboltse, Frank Bartele, Ralf Jacobf, Ariane Rathg, Roland Mollg, Robert Grosseb, and Thorsten Stiewea,c,h,1 aInstitute of Molecular Oncology, Philipps-University, 35043 Marburg, Germany; bInstitute of Pharmacology, Philipps-University, 35032 Marburg, Germany; cGenomics Core Facility, Philipps-University, 35043 Marburg, Germany; dClinic of Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin-Luther-University Halle Wittenberg, 06097 Halle/Saale, Germany; eInstitute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06112 Halle/Saale, Germany; fDepartment of Cell Biology and Cell Pathology, Philipps-University, 35037 Marburg, Germany; gInstitute of Pathology, Philipps-University, 35043 Marburg, Germany; and hGerman Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, 35392 Giessen, Germany Edited by Carol Prives, Columbia University, New York, NY, and approved November 17, 2016 (received for review August 1, 2016) Mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene are the most frequent Trp53 gene locus are remarkably different from p53-deficient genetic alteration in cancer and are often associated with progression mice: tumorigenesis is accelerated, and the spectrum of tumors is from benign to invasive stages with metastatic potential. Mutations shifted toward carcinomas and more metastatic tumors (6–8). Of inactivate tumor suppression by p53, and some endow the protein with note, the mutp53 GOF appears to be mutation-specific, as not all novel gain of function (GOF) properties that actively promote tumor mutations engineered into the p53 gene show the same pheno- progression and metastasis.
Grabstätte Von Karl Kempski in Marburg

Grabstätte von Karl Kempski in Marburg Karl Kempski (13.06.1882 – 13.05.1958) war von Mai 1946 bis Dezember 1948 Vorsteher des Katasteramtes in Marburg/Lahn. Nach den Wirren des 2. Weltkriegs und dem schwierigen Neuanfang in Deutschland wurde unter seiner Initiative der Landesverein Hessen e.V. im Deutschen Verein für Vermessungswesen (DVW) gegründet. Zunächst lud Karl Kempski am 8. Mai 1948 hessische Fachkollegen zu einer Zusammenkunft im Sitzungssaal des Rathauses in Marburg ein, um einen vorbereitenden Ausschuss für die Neugründung des DVW – Landesgruppe Hessen. In dieser ersten Delegiertenversammlung, an der 80 Vermessungsfachleute teilnahmen, wurde ein 10-köpfiger Ausschuss eingesetzt, der die Neugründung vorbereiten sollte. Vorsitzender des Gründungsausschusses wird RVR Karl Kempski. Die Mitglieder waren (in alphabetischer Reihenfolge): • RVR Heinrich Braun, Katasteramt Hofgeismar • RVAss Georg Ewald, Katasteramt Dieburg • RVR Walter Herbert, Kulturamt Lich/Oberhessen • RVR Karl Kempski, Katasteramt Marburg/Lahn • ORuVR Dr.-Ing. Heinrich Kuhlmann, Landesvermessungsamt Wiesbaden • StVR Dr. Ferdinand Marx, Stadtvermessungsamt Wiesbaden • RVI Hans Pohl, Katasteramt Kassel • ÖbVI Walter Semler, Frankfurt am Main • RBR Josef Sibbel, Hauptverwaltung der Binnenschifffahrt für das amerikanische und britische Besatzungsgebiet, Offenbach/Main • RVOI Wilhelm Stehl, Kulturamt Marburg/Lahn Am 15. Oktober 1948 fand im Katasteramt zu Marburg/Lahn die Gründungsversammlung statt. Gründungsmitglieder waren alle Mitglieder des Gründungsausschusses. In der Versammlung wurde die Satzung des Vereins genehmigt und beschlossen, den Verein in das Vereinsregister des Amtsgerichtes Marburg einzutragen. Als geschäftsführender Vorsitzender wurde RVR Karl Kempski bestellt. Am 21. Mai 1949 fand die erste Mitgliederversammlung des DVW Landesverein Hessen e.V. in Frankfurt am Main statt. Erschienen sind 120 Vereinsmitglieder. Nachdem der gesamte geschäftsführende Vorstand zurücktrat, wurden von der Versammlung als Vorstandsmitglieder gewählt: Vorsitzender: RVR a.D.
Ebola and Marburg Virus Disease Epidemics: Preparedness, Alert, Control and Evaluation

EBOLA STRATEGY Ebola and Marburg virus disease epidemics: preparedness, alert, control and evaluation August 2014 © World Health Organization 2014. All rights reserved. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted and dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the World Health Organization be liable for damages arising from its use. WHO/HSE/PED/CED/2014.05 Contents Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ 5 List of abbreviations and acronyms ................................................................................... 6 Chapter 1 – Introduction .................................................................................................... 7 1.1 Purpose of the document and target audience ....................................................................
The Archaeal Triphosphate Tunnel Metalloenzyme Sattm Defines Structural Determinants for the Diverse Activities in the CYTH Protein Family

bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.18.435988; this version posted March 19, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. The archaeal triphosphate tunnel metalloenzyme SaTTM defines structural determinants for the diverse activities in the CYTH protein family Marian S. Vogt1, Roi R. Ngouoko Nguepbeu1, Michael K. F. Mohr2, Sonja-Verena Albers3, Lars-Oliver Essen1,4*, and Ankan Banerjee1,5* 1Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, D-35032 Marburg, Germany. 2Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 25, D- 79104 Freiburg, Germany 3Institute of Biology II, Molecular Biology of Archaea, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany. 4Center for Synthetic Microbiology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4 D- 35032 Marburg 5Department of Genetics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-Von-Frisch-Str 10, D-35043 Marburg, Germany. *Corresponding author: Ankan Banerjee ([email protected]) and Lars-Oliver Essen ([email protected]) Running title: Archaeal CYTH proteins are triphosphatase Keywords: CYTH enzymes, triphosphatase tunnel metalloenzyme, two-metal ion mechanism, sequence similarity network, protein structure evolution Abbreviations: Pi orthophosphate, PPi pyrophosphate, PPPi triphosphate, CYTH CyaB- Thiamine triphosphatase 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.18.435988; this version posted March 19, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Major highlights - CyaB-like class IV adenylyl cyclase homologs in archaea are triphosphatases.
Dem Fachbereich Pharmazie Der Vorgelegt Von Peter Block Aus

CONCEPTS TO INTERFERE WITH PROTEIN-PROTEIN COMPLEX FORMATIONS: DATA ANALYSIS, STRUCTURAL EVIDENCE AND STRATEGIES FOR FINDING SMALL MOLECULE MODULATORS DISSERTATION ZUR ERLANGUNG DES DOKTORGRADES DER NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN (DR. RER. NAT.) dem Fachbereich Pharmazie der PHILIPPS-UNIVERSITÄT MARBURG vorgelegt von Peter Block aus Bergisch Gladbach Marburg an der Lahn, im November 2005 Vom Fachbereich Pharmazie der PHILIPPS-UNIVERSITÄT MARBURG als Dissertation angenommen am: 15.12.2005 Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. G. Klebe Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. E. Hüllermeier Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 16.12.2005 I would like to express my gratitude to PROF. DR. GERHARD KLEBE for being a patient supervisor and for supporting this work with ideas, criticism, and encouragement. PROF. DR. EYKE HÜLLERMEIER for collaboration in the EPIC project and guidance in the field of Machine Learning. DR. CHRISTOPH SOTRIFFER for helpful discussions and hints during the entire PhD and for the very accurate reviewing of the manuscript. The teamwork in the development of AFFINDB was outstanding. JURI PÄRN for the enjoyable collaboration in the EPIC project. the group of PROF. DR. ALFRED WITTINGHOFER, namely DR. ALEXANDER WOLF, DR. CHRISTIAN JELICH-OTTMANN and DR. MICHAEL WEYAND for the collaboration in the 14-3-3 project and their never-ending patience with the in vitro testing of compounds. my room mate HANS VELEC for long and helpful discussions about the projects and the teamwork in the development of visual DrugScore. CHRISTOF GERLACH and MATTHIAS ZENTGRAF for assistance in various screening applications and NILS WESKAMP for the help with Cavbase. DR. ANDREAS BERGNER for support and helpful discussions, especially regarding the EPIC project.
Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Disease Fact Sheet

WISCONSIN DIVISION OF PUBLIC HEALTH Department of Health Services Viral Hemorrhagic Fever (Ebola Virus Hemorrhagic Fever, Marburg Virus Hemorrhagic Fever) Disease Fact Sheet Series What is viral hemorrhagic fever? Viral hemorrhagic fever is the collective name given to the diseases caused by a group of viruses such as Ebola virus and Marburg virus. The Ebola virus was named for the river in Zaire where it was discovered. Marburg virus was named for the city in Germany where the disease was first diagnosed. Viral hemorrhagic fever begins with fever and muscle aches and can result in a relatively mild illness or can lead to death. Where do these viruses come from? Although the source of these viruses in nature is unknown, this group of viruses can occasionally be found in rodents, ticks, and mosquitoes within endemic areas. Monkeys and humans are also susceptible and may become a source of virus if they become infected. Tissues of infected primates can also serve as a source of infection to staff in laboratories or in import and quarantine facilities that handle primates. How common are Ebola and Marburg viruses? To date, there have been four known outbreaks of Ebola virus involving humans; two in Sudan (1976, 1979) and two in Zaire (1976, 1995). Two small outbreaks of Marburg virus in humans occurred in Germany and Yugoslavia in 1967 but were linked to sources of virus in Africa. In most of the outbreaks of Ebola virus infection, the majority of cases occurred in hospital settings where inadequate medical supplies resulted in poor infection control practices.