PACKWOOD ON EDUCATION;

NOVEMBER 15, 1977 VOL XIII, No. 22 50 cents

Polilics: THE LESSONS ACROSS THE HUDSON

Hugh Carey is vulnerable. But any turned Byrne's defense of the income tax optimism the GOP may feel about its into a profile in courage. In reality, chances of ousting the enigmatic Empire Byrne's performance as governor more State governor must be cushioned by the closely resembled a profile in arro­ 1977 election results from across the gance. By contrast, the GOP candidate, Hudson River. There in the Garden Raymond Bateman, was a profile in moder­ State the political obituaries fdr Gov. ation, experience and affability. He Brendan Byrne (D) proved premature. As made one mistak~---ov~~ th~ advic§ Qf a highly unpopular governor, Byrne bare­ campaign aides, he released a plan which ly survived his own party's primary. Un­ detailed his alternative fiscal propo­ fortunately for the state GOP, Byrne sals. Quickly, the issue of the cam­ hired David Garth to once again do his paign switched from Byrne and his cred­ media ••• and repackage his private actions ibility to Bateman and his. Bateman's for public consumption. blunder was compounded just days be­ fore the election when voters received Garth was able to make a virtue of applications for next year's homestead Byrne's weaknesses as only David Garth rebate checks in the mail. Recognizing can do. The media man attributed Byrnels that it is impossible to combat Santa unpopularity to a willingness to make. Claus, Bateman complained after the tough decisions rather than to a pred1l­ election,"How do you fight that?" ection towards incompetence. Garth trans­ formed the income tax enacted under Garth has a talent for peaking his Byrne's leadership from a political alba­ candidates on election day. So devas­ tross to a badge of martyrdom. The re­ tating was Bateman's defeat that he mainder of Byrne's record was a hodge­ lost suburban Bergen County by 40,000 podge of public neglect, political inep­ votes instead of winning it, as expected, titude and legislative disdain. Like by 50,000. The rain in metropolitan Hugh Carey in New York, Brendan Byrne New York ran up to nine inches on elec­ showed a preference for the "good" over tion day. A disproportionate amount the "governmental" life. In -the after­ seemed to fallon Republicans. After math of Byrne's surprise landslide vic­ the watergates closed, the Democrats tory, former U.S.Rep. Charles Sandman had retained their 2-1 margin in the (who lost to Byrne in the 1973 race) sug­ Jersey legislature. Across the river gested that the Jersey GOP retain Garth in , the GOP lost one of to reenact the "same miracle for them as their small band of five on the New he did for Byrne." York City Council. Even former special corruption prosecutor Maurice Nadjari In New Jersey, all the signs had was decisively defeated in his bid to pointed to voter antipathy to the state become Queens district attorney. An income tax as the roadmap to electoral even race turned into a 2-1 debacle. success. The two moderate Republicans in the state gubernatorial primary felt In the Big Apple, State Sen. Roy compelled to outdo each other in opposi­ Goodman was undoubtedly the best-in­ tion to the tax. Even Gerald Ford's cap­ formed candidate f~r mayor. The vo­ ture of the state's electoral votes in ters were tuned off to issues, however. 1976 was seen in part as a reflection of Goodman garnered less than half the Byrne's political paralysis. But Garth votes received by the GOP's uninspired candidate for City Council president, ter voters were meanwhile reelecting State Assemblyman John L6~Gsito. Good­ Martinelli's mayoral predecessor, Alfred man was waylaid, it t~rned out, by B. Del Be11o(D) as county executive by a Carey, conservatives a~] Cuomo. Had wide margin. But they split their tic­ the city's primary been held in June kets to reelect Republican D.A. Carl A. as originally scheduled, the Democrat­ Vergari by an even wider margin. Losers ic nominee would have been either Bella in both races lacked Italian surnames--­ Abzug or Abraham Beame. Goodman would such names have become valuable politi­ have had the Liberal Party line and cal properties. Del Bello and Vergari been considered "the alternative" to were immediately touted for spots on disaffected Democrats. Instead, Carey the state tickets of their parties next engineered the Liberal line for Secre­ year. Ethnic considerations are part tary of State , thereby de­ of the appeal of Democrat Cuomo and Re­ priving Goodman of every natural base publican State Sen. Joseph Pisani as pos­ of support in the general election. Cu­ sible candidates for attorney general omo---particularly after Carey abandoned next year. Down in Washington, another his candidacy when won the Demo­ Westchester Republican, freshman U.S.Rep. cratic runoff---was the Drotest candi­ Bruce Caputo, has made a name for himself date. One could vote-Io~ Cuomo if 1.) on the House Committee of Standards of one was Italian-American or belonged to Conduct---and is creating political cap­ another ethnic group; 2) was against ital back in the Empire State. And 1n capital punishment; 3) felt strongly the Big Apple, former Deputy Mayor John about neighborhood preservation; 4) zucotti is one of the few names to sur­ didn't like Manhattan; or 5) didn't like face as a possible challenger to Gov. regular Democratic organization candi­ Carey. dates. One could vote for Koch if 1) one was Jewish; 2) lived in Manhattan; Ticket-balancing, however, is less 3) believed in supporting Democratic important than the personal and ethnic primary winners; 4) was in favor of appeal of individual candidates---parti­ capital punishment; or 5) liked Bess cularly in the suburbs where ticket split Myerson. That didn't leave many voters ting has become habit forming. In Nassau for Goodman---who in other circumstances County, for example, the Democrats se­ would have been the natural heir to lected a "dream" Jewish-Irish-Italian some of these constituencies---and he candidate. Their prospects for retaking didn't get them. the county government were deemed ex­ cellent because the Republicans were For a Republican to win a statewide forced to endure a bitter, three-way contest in New Jersey, he must do well primary for county executive in which in traditionally Republican areas like both GOP losers remained on the November Bergen and South Jersey while cutting ballot as candidates of independent par­ into the urban ethnic vote. Bateman ties. Nevertheless, Republican Francis didn't. For a Republican to win a T. Purcell pulled together his party, statewide contest in New York, it is turned on the Irish charm, and pulled the conventional wisdom that he must far out in front of Democrat Irwin J. get over one third the city vote. Good­ Landes. Meanwhile, the Democratic dis­ man got only four percent of that vote. trict attorney was reelected by an even more impressive margin. In neighboring Elsewhere in the state, the GOP did Suffolk County, a Republican with the alnost as badly in urban elections. patriotic name of Patrick Henry turned In Buffalo, the GOP candidate for mayor the Democratic district attorney out of ran third. Republican candidates in Al­ office and the GOP followed him back in­ bany and Syracuse were soundly beaten. to control of the county legislature. The GOP candidate in utica dropped out for lack of funds. Only Yonkers Mayor In the New York suburbs, at least, Angelo R. Martinelli was a signficant the GOP is still competitive---though winner. not n 7cessari1y dominant. Upstate, in count1es 1i~e Onodaga and Monroe, the Martinelli's victory is meaningful GOP has been losing its political grip. in part because it illustrates the grow- But what the GOP worries about is that ing importance of It.alian-American can­ the party's leading candidate for gover­ didates for both parties. One of Good­ nor may not be competitive enough in man's major problems in New York City New Yor~ City. In Suffolk County, Perry was that Cuomo cut badly into the conser­ Duryea 1S known as "the Chief" and "the vative Italian-American voters who are Big Man," but in the city, he lacks an the backbone of the city GOP. Westches- effective ethnic base with which to ex- ploit Democratic dissension with Gov. ing jobs. Most ironic, former Carey com­ Hugh Carey. Carey in fact, obviously munications chief Harry O'Donnell (also intends to exploit Duryea's residence a former aide to Governors Nelson Rocke­ by referring to the Suffolk legislator feller and Malcolm Wilson) has switched as "the Mandarin of Montauk." It is li.t­ back to the GOP and joined Perry Duryea's tIe wonder then that despite unanimous staff. Carey's remaining aides are di­ backing for Duryea from metropolitan vided into two warring camps---without New York county leaders, Duryea associ­ visible leadership from their ostensible ates fear the candidacy of a judge who boss. Felix Rohatyn, Carey's most prom­ has expressed disinterest in seeking inent ally in the New York financial co~­ the gubernatorial post. Sol Wachtler munity, has summarized his weakness: "I is an associate justice Dn the state's think Carey's problem is that when he's highest court. He's Jewish, a former not in a crisis he kind of gets bored. Nassau County official, a political pro­ He rises with the occasion. And sinks gressive and a formidable statewide vote­ with it." Not even David Garth's in­ getter. volvement in next year's campaign is assured if some of Carey's associates Wachtler could make natural inroads remain close to the campaign. His rela­ in New York City's Jewish vote while con­ tionship to one associate may have been testing Carey for other disaffected urban affected by rumors of his drinking, ac­ ethnics. Carey, like Byrne, has alien- cording to the Newsday interview---his ated almost everyone in the state except friendship with Anne Ford Uzielli. New the management of P.J.Clarke's, an East York papers keep as close a watch on Side Manhattan restaurant where too much Uzielli and Carey and Koch and Myerson, of the governor's time is allegedly spent. but neither duo seems headed for the al­ (He says he's been there only twice in tar. the oast six months.) Just as Koch had to suff~r rumors of allgedly homosexuality, One of the Carey problems most heart­ Carey has had recently to confront rumors ening to Duryea is labor's possible de­ that he has a drinking problem. Respond­ fection from the Democratic camp. Com­ ing to "vicious gossip," Carey told News­ menting on labor's 1974 support for Carey, day,"Rather than have my friends and fam­ one Long Island labor leader said,"A lot ily bothered, I just will have to forego of us felt he had a pretty good voting what is a very limited matter of relaxa­ record in Congress.~. (and said) Let's tion for me. The governor doesn't have take a chance. A lot of us are sorry we a pr~blem, but he's not going to let any­ took a chance." As Duryea says, "Now, body indicate that he does by writing it from what they're telling me, I can get up. " labor support. That's what they're tell­ ing me in mid-1977. I've learned to bank Carey's political problems were ex­ on nothing." Nevertheless, Duryea is emplified by voters' strange reaction to stressing the kind of economic development Mario Cuomo's mayoral candidacy. Cuomo program that should interest both labor gained so quickly on Koch in the general and business. The state's loss of jobs election campaign that he might have caught the leader had the extent of Cuo­ mo's inroads been more widely publicized ---just as Byrne's were in New Jersey. Carey's support was a definite political liability for Cuomo. But as deeply as Carey is disliked by organization Demo­ crats in the city, the enmity is equally strong upstate. And throughout the state, he was won the animosity of teachers and labor. His political skills have been demonstrated by his choice of state Demo­ cratic chairmen. The first he ousted as a result of unsubstantiated allegations of corruption. The second. had an envi­ able record of Democratic success in a suburban Republican county. However, since his selection, the GOP has made a remarkable comeback.

Meanwhile, in Albany, Carey's staff has largely deserted him for better-pay- and high tax rate affect both groups. Car­ ed locks go gray. His white-maned GOP ey has already indicated, however, that ponent has long been known as the "Silv he will attempt to tie Duryea to the tax Fox." It may be that the Democratic in­ increases made under Gov. Nelson Rocke­ cumbent is seeking to age his swinging i feller. The state GOP has been effective­ age. He denies the change is political ly de-Rockefellerized during the past and claims his daughter suggested it. B year, but the former Vice President's rec­ the gray fox from needs all the ord may still be an economically sensitive help he can get. He looks vulnerable. one with the voters. then so was Brendan Byrne •• Meanwhile, Hugh Carey has let his r;nr- Politics: New Mexico DEMOCRATS IN SEARCH OF CANDIDATE

There are a lot of potential Demo­ ly to beat Lt. Gov. Robert Ferguson in cratic candidates for office in 1978. the Democratic primary next year--­ However, most of the prominent ones along with whatever other Democrats have very serious second thoughts about decide to enter the race. Because contesting Sen. Pete Domenici(R). The the two top prospects are Ango, it is most formidable would probably be u.S. probable that one Spanish surnamed Rep. Harold "Mud" Runnels (D-2), who Democrat will enter the race---such is unhappy with the new House limita-' as State Rep. Raymond Sanchez or State tion on outside earned income. He has Sen. C.B.Trujillo. said he's considering both the guber­ natorial and senatorial races in addi­ tion to a possible reelection campaign. The GOP's ticket is a near cer­ tainty compared to Democratic inde­ If Runnels wants a four-year job, cision. Leading the ticket with Do­ the governorship is a nice position. menici will be Joe Skeen, the then But since the governor cannot succeed state senator who almost won the 1974 himself, Gov. Jerry Apodaca(D) needs gubernatorial contest. Because of a political perch. Until~early October, the thinning appeal of former Gov. it looked like Apodaca might still wing King and the increasing rightward his way into a collision course with turn of New Mexico politics, the GOP Runnels. The governor has removed him­ is opttmistic. The conservative self from possible senatorial flight, trend is abetted by the influx of however; his problem is that he is con­ senior citizens from the Midwest and sidered an almost sure loser. Also bar­ Northeast. The Democrats, meanwhile red from another term and therefore con­ are split between their Anglo strong­ If both state official has entered the hold in the eastern part of the state Senate race, it would have been a bitter and their Spanish strength in northern fight since they have been at each New Mexico. Domen~ci w~ll be tough---pronouncea "damn near impossible"---to beat. The Democrats' problems are sum­ If both state officials had entered marized by the AlbuquerCjue Journal's the fight, it would have been a bitter Dave Steinberg:"Domenic~ may not be race since they have been at each oth­ made of granite but it would take a er's throats over a workmen's compen­ jackhammer to unseat him. Given the sation scandal in the state. assumption that a Democratic opponent could not upend him, the party of Jef­ Domenici has, for example, already ferson and Jackson would want to con­ been endorsed for reelection by the sider a fresh new face. Someone who New Mexicio Education Association. The could make a good showing, who would teachers group has also backed former be willing to hustle as U.S. Sen. Har­ 'Gov. Bruce King for a return guberna­ rison 'Jack' Schmitt(R-N.M.) did last torial engagement. Democrat King beat year. " With hustlers and reruns, the Republican Domenici in the 1970 guber­ GOP's prospects are good •• natorial race. He is considered like-

is ~ Republic~ rE:search and to the editor is welcomed. (Ripon FORUM, Box 226, Charlestown, THE RIPON SOCIETY , INC • pohcy organIZatIOn whose Mass. 02129.) members are young business, academic and professional men and In publishing this magazine the Ripon Society seeks to provide women. It has national headquarters in District of Columbia, a forum for fresh ideas, well-researched proposals and for a spirit chapters in fifteen cities, National Associate members throughout of criticism, innovation, and independent thinking within the Re­ the fifty states, and several affiliated groups of subchapter status. publican Party. Articles do not necessarily represent the opinion The Society is supported by chapter dues, individual contribu­ of the National Governing Board or the Editorial Board of the tions and revenues from its publications and contract work. Ripon Society, unless they are explicitly so labelled, SUBSCRIPTION RATES aer $15 a year, $7.50 for students, serv­ is published semi-monthly by the icemen, and for Peace Corps, Vista and other volunteers, Overseas THE RIPON FORUM Ripon Society, Inc., BOO 18th St., N.W., air mail, "1l6 extra. Advertising rates on request. Please allow Washington, D.C. 20006. Second class postage rates paid at five weeks for address changes. ? Washington, D.C. and other mailing offices. Contents are copy­ Editor. Dick Behn righted ((:) 1976 by the Ripon Society, Inc. Correspondence addressed Teclmical Editor: Brian J. McCarthy Commentary: Education READ IN , AND 'RITIN' AND REASON ~ ______~ ______L- _____D~y~Bo~,b~P~a~c~~~·o~o~d ____------~ On September 26, 1977, I introduced graduates who go directly to college in the Packwood-Moynihan Tuition Tax Credit the fall. Many students, both young Act of 1977 to provide a tax credit for and older, are working and attending an individual's tutition expenses or college at the same time. Much too those of a spouse or dependents. The little has been done to help these peo­ amount is 50 percent of tuition payments pel who are working to educate them­ up to a total credit of $500 per student. selves. They would be given encourage­ The credit will be subtracted directly ment for their efforts by a tutition from the amount of taxes owed, and it tax credit and many who may be forced will be refundable if the credit is to drop out because of these continu­ greater than the tax liability. ing cost increases might be able to continue their education. To be eligibile for the' credit, an individual can be a part-time or full­ We must stop thinking in education­ time student at an elmentary or second­ al cliches and realize our changing ary school, a vocational school, a col­ educational needs and traditions. The lege or university. Included are busi­ fluid labor market, different life­ ness and trade schools which meet the styles, economic pressures and new basic accrediting requiremen'ts of the types of jobs all influence the educa­ Office of Education. tional needs of Americans. Retraining and continuing education have become Our educational system is a vast an economic necessity for many. Other supermarket with a variety of education­ Americans begin or return to college al programs and posssibilities, but if in mid-life to refocus their lives or too few people can educate themselves to prepare for a career. Many of these or their children, then the strength returning students are women working to of the sytem itself is in danger. From re-enter the job·market, and many of the elementary level to the university, these women are single heads of house­ the excruciating cost squeeze of infla­ holds supporting children. tion is preventing too many middle class Americans from supporting our But our multi-faceted educational pluralistic approach. Without their system cannot be sustained without support, the danger increases of our enough educational consumers. The Pack­ moving toward a public education monop­ wood-Moynihan bill assists ~hese consum­ oly. ers to make educational choices based upon individual needs in a most cost-ef­ Escalating tuition costs at the col­ fective approach. The tax credit meth­ lege level are hitting middle and lower­ od encourages individual decisions, and income students hard. The College En­ these personal choices are infinitely trance Examination Board reports that preferable to national planning. Free­ between the 1970-71 school year and the dom of choice is an important value to 1976-77 year the average tuition and be nourished for many reasons. The very fees at private four-year institutions diversity of the system depends upon rose 54 percent, at public, four-year the availability of choices to all citi­ institutions by 57 percent, at private zens. two-year ones by 52 percent, and at public two year ones by 130 percent. The contributions of private educa­ The Center for the Study of Higher Ed­ tional institutions in American past ucation at Penn State found tuition and present have been well-documented. the major factor in enrollment deci­ At every educational level, private sions. schools offer an alternative to our pri­ lic system. No value judgments on eith­ These costs impact directly on the er are needed or implied because the two lives of millions of Americans---par­ systems complement each other. Private ents who are educating their children, institutions without the strictures of young Americans who are educating them­ public governmental pressures sometimes selves and older Americans who contin­ speak to more select needs and interests ue their education part-time. The pro­ than public institutions. A smaller con­ file of a college student has changed, stituency affords the opportunity for and many are no longer June high school more specialized interests. By meeting these special needs, private institutions fulfill an important and vital function in the educational process. In some areas, private schools at the elementary and secondary levels of­ fer substantial financial relief for taxpayers because these schools carry a portion of the educational burden. In Boston, Chicago, Milwaukee, New Orleans, New York and San Francisco, private schools educate approximately one-fourth of all students. In Cleveland and Phila­ delphia, that figure climbs to over 30 percent. To carry this share of the edu­ cational load of these cities, private schools depend upon these individuals willing to pay both taxes for public schools and tuition for private schools. I believe these individuals need help with this double burden. Private elementary and second schools play a very useful role in educating our children. They offer parents an eucational choice about the instruc- tion of their children. Often, these schools give parents a greater voice in the educational process and a high- er degree of staff accountability. Without these schools, America. would have an educational monopoly with lim­ ited competition and less 'room for dif­ ferent ideas. Without these private institutions, the balance of power be­ tween governmental control and individ­ ual choice would be even more lopsi~ed than it now is. and secondary schools or higher edu­ Since 1966, enrollment at private cation is concerned, lower and middle elementary and secondary schools has income Americans need the tax relief declined substantially. U.S.Commerce of the measure Sen. Daniel P. Moyni­ Department statistics indicate that han and I have proposed. At the col­ private elementary schools have lost lege level, the American Association 35 percent of their enrollment in of State Colleges and Universities esti­ the last 10 years. Private high mates lower and middle income student school enerollment also dropped 13 participation in higher education has percent even though total secondary dropped approximately 20 percent since enrollment around the country rose 1969. That assessment, however, defines by 18 percent. Although there-nave the upper limit of the middle income been some hopeful signs that this en­ group as below $15,000, a very narrow rollment decline has "bottomed out," definition. The hope of a college edu­ it is clear that any further erosion cation for their children is a rapidly of the private school system would receding dream for millions of Americans. ,seriously weaken our educational sys­ tem. Often the middle income students are financially locked out by having too Private schools primarily educate much income to qualify for federal aid lower and middle income students. In and too little to afford education be­ fact, 51 percent of private school yond high school without help. The students come from families with in­ American Council on Education found that comes below $15,000. These middle students with adjusted family incomes and lower income Americans need help less than $7,500 receive about four if private education is going to con­ fifths of all Basic Educational Opportun­ tinue to be accessible to their chil­ ity Grants, about two-thirds of all Col­ dren. But whether private elementary lege Work Study awards, about half of IP

the National Direct Student Loans and Self help is a concept too often en­ about one-third of all Guaranteed Stu­ shrined our rhetoric, but absent from dent Loans. Obviously, lower income stu­ our legislative philosophy. The Tuition dents needs this assistance, but we must Tax Credit Act encourages self help, and not overlook the needs of middle in- . it will affect the lives of millions of come students either. This legislation students directly and in a more meaning­ boosts the opportunities of lower and ful way than monies that are administer­ middle income families to finance their ed and controlled by those unaccountable educational choices while at the same to all of us. time reduces administrative costs and, equally important, puts the decision­ To put the cost of ~hi~ prop~sa1 in making power in the pands of educational perspective the $4.7 bL11Lon prLce tag consumers. should be c~mpared to an estimated fis­ cal year 1980 budget of $550 billion. The word "credit" in our legisla­ That means this legislation is less tion describes the tax procedure, but it than one percent of that projection. should also remind us of the credit due The tax credit approach is also only those Americans, especially in the mid­ four percent of what the nation's tax­ dle class, who continue to work to edu­ cate themselves despite the pressures of payers spend every year for public edu­ taxes and inflation. Newsweek recently cation at the local, state and federal de~cribed the plight of wha,t it calls levels. If the 7.7 million students. the "middle class poor," those who have now enrolled in private schools and Ln­ watched any income boosts eaten up by stitutions of higher education were en­ inflation and higher taxes. A new home rolled in tax-supported schools, the .. and education lead the list of hopes bill would be an additional $17 billion now priced beyond many middle class tax­ every year. payers. The numbers can be tabulated One of the most interesting argu­ easily. They show the distressing ments against the tax credit approach fact that a family of four with a for education is that it takes control 1970 gross income of $12,000, which out of the hands of educational experts. now makes $18,000, actually has less That just may be possibly the best by­ disposable income than seven years product of tax credits. The education­ ago. al consumer is also an expert from a more practical standpoint. Parents who What cannot be figured as precise­ want to direct their children's educa­ ly, however, is how seriously the ero­ tion and students tailoring their educa­ sion of expectations affect the values tional decisions to their own interests of those whose hard work and faith keep and local job markets are making person­ the country going. Maybe we have talked al choices on a personal level. I be- too long and so often about inflation and its impact on people's lives that we fail to put the numbers with the facts and the names. Higher and high­ er price tags at colleges and univer­ sities are putting many colleges stu­ dents out of the classroom. Despite the changing needs and expectations about a college education, the decision about college should be made on grounds other than it is too expensive. The very rich, the very poor, and the very brilliant will be the only Americans with realistic prospects of college in a few years if the present situation continues. Those categories are too narrow to support and sustain our system of higher education. The product without the consumer is mean­ ingless in the area of education. This legislation by providing tuition cred-­ its for each student in the family will also ease the burden of a family forced to choose which child will receive more education. 1ieve they are the people who should be supportive of all aspects of our edu­ making these decisions, and I believe cational marketplace.' they should have the opportunity of dif­ ferent options. The legislation we have introduced is intended to preserve the variety of This tuition tax credit proposal con­ educational choices which individuals cerns millions of Americans and their should be able to make. The parent personal choices about education. It who bears the dual. burden o-f taxes and will help make colleges and universities private school tuition, the 18-year- more financially feasible for middle and old who wants to gQ_ to a st.ate univer­ lower income students. A college degree sity like his two oluer sisters, the whether obtained in mid-iixe or at ii single head of a household with three should be a reasonable goal for all dependents who needs more educll.tion to Americans willing to work for it. get a job or the 35-year-old whos.e skills are outdated ... these are the Under this legislation, retraining people this legislation can help. " .Don' t or continuing education at any accredit­ multiply those examples by any num):ters, ed institution will be more accessible but fill in the names of friends and to more Americans. It specifically in­ neighbors. Think of individuals and' cludes part-time schooling in order to their educational needs and consider": help those who work and study at the how much impact these tax credits coulg same time. Our present tax laws which have on their lives. • . give tax benefits to companies that pro­ vide educational opportunities for em­ ------..,..-- .~;~, ployees overlook the initiative and en­ Contributor Note: Sen. Bob Packwood's .. ~:'::::~ terprise of individual Americans who article is adapted from a speech he· de­ seek further education. Students at livered on the Senate floor introd~cing vocational scchoo1s, comnunity colleges the legislation described. and in continuing education have become a growing factor in education. As the job market continues to change, educa­ FORUM CHRISTMAS GIFT SUBSCRIPTIONS: tional alternatives to the traditional four year co11eged must be nourished. Special Price: $4.00/four months. At a time when we need more types of Write: Ripon FORUM, 800 18th St. NoW. educational experiences, we should be Washington, D.C. 20009

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