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Biology 218 – Human Anatomy RIDDELL

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Biology 218 – Human Anatomy RIDDELL Biology 218 – Human Anatomy RIDDELL Chapter 6 Adapted form Tortora 10th ed. LECTURE OUTLINE A. Functions of the Skeletal System (p. 145) 1. Bones are organs which, along with their associated cartilages, form the skeleton system. 2. Bone tissue and the skeletal system perform a variety of major functions: i. support ii. protection iii. assistance in movement iv. mineral storage and release v. site of blood cell production: hemopoiesis, which occurs in red bone marrow vi. triglyceride storage in yellow bone marrow B. Anatomy of a Bone (p. 145) 1. A typical long bone consists of the following regions: i. diaphysis ii. epiphyses iii. metaphyses, which are regions that include the epiphyseal plate - latter is replaced by epiphyseal line when bone lengthening stops iv. articular cartilage v. periosteum vi. medullary (marrow) cavity vii. endosteum C. Histology of Bone Tissue (p. 145) 1. Bone or osseous tissue contains abundant matrix surrounding widely separated cells. 2. The matrix of this connective tissue contains abundant mineral salts, primarily hydroxyapatite and some calcium carbonate, deposited in a framework of collagen fibers; these features give bone two important characteristics: i. calcification (mineralization) of bone tissue gives bone hardness ii. collagen fibers (and other organic molecules) give bone flexibility and tensile strength 3. There are four major types of cells present: i. osteogenic cells give rise to osteoblasts ii. osteoblasts produce the bone tissue matrix iii. osteocytes maintain the bone tissue iv. osteoclasts function in bone resorption 4. There are two major types of bone tissue: i. compact (dense) bone tissue (p. 147) a. forms the external layer of all bones b. provides protection and support and helps bones resist stress c. consists of numerous neighboring osteons (Haversian systems) ii. spongy (cancellous) bone tissue (p. 148) a. consists of trabeculae arranged in an irregular latticework b. contains spaces that are sometimes filled with red bone marrow Page 1 of 3 Biology 218_Lecture Outline_06 Skeletal System Bone Tissue Biology 218 – Human Anatomy RIDDELL c. forms most of the interior of short, flat, and irregular bones as well as most of the interior of epiphyses of long bones D. Blood and Nerve Supply (p. 150) 1. Bones have a rich blood supply; portions of bone containing red bone marrow have an especially rich supply of blood vessels. 2. Blood supply to a bone is provided by the following arteries (and accompanying veins): i. periosteal arteries ii. nutrient artery that enters a bone via a nutrient foramen iii. metaphyseal arteries iv. epiphyseal arteries 3. Nerve supply to a bone is not extensive, consisting primarily of nerves to blood vessels, and sensory nerves (concerned with pain) supplying the periosteum. E. Bone Formation (p. 150) 1. Ossification or osteogenesis begins around the sixth week of embryonic life and continues throughout adulthood. 2. Bone formation occurs via one of two processes in which preexisting connective tissue is replaced by bone tissue: i. intramembranous ossification occurs within fibrous connective tissue membranes ii. most bones are formed by endochondral ossification which occurs within a hyaline cartilage model F. Bone Growth (p. 152) 1. Lengthening of a bone occurs at an epiphyseal plate, which consists of four regions: i. zone of resting cartilage ii. zone of proliferating cartilage iii. zone of hypertrophic (maturing) cartilage iv. zone of calcified cartilage 2. Growth in bone diameter occurs via appositional growth, a process in which osteoblasts from the periosteum add new bone tissue to the outer surface. 3. Ossification of most bones is usually completed by age 25. G. Bone Remodeling (p. 155) 1. Remodeling is a continuous process in which worn and injured bone tissue is replaced by new bone tissue. 2. Osteoclasts resorb old bone tissue and osteoblasts form the new bone tissue. 3. Normal bone growth and bone replacement depend on the presence of: i. several minerals (e.g., calcium, phosphorus, etc.) ii. several vitamins (e.g., A, D, etc.) iii. several hormones (e.g., human growth hormone, sex hormones, etc. H. Fracture and Repair of Bone (p. 156) 1. A fracture is any break in a bone; repair of a fracture may take months. 2. Fractures can be classified into several categories including open (compound), closed (simple), comminuted, greenstick, impacted, Pott’s, Colles’ and stress fractures. Page 2 of 3 Biology 218_Lecture Outline_06 Skeletal System Bone Tissue Biology 218 – Human Anatomy RIDDELL 3. Repair involves the following steps: i. formation of a fracture hematoma ii. development of a procallus and subsequently a fibrocartilaginous callus iii. conversion into a bony callus iv. remodeling of the callus in which spongy bone is replaced by compact bone 4. Setting a fracture without surgery is called closed reduction; setting a fracture with surgery is called open reduction. I. Exercise and Bone Tissue (p. 158) 1. Bone has the (limited) ability to alter its strength in response to mechanical stress. 2. When placed under mechanical stress, bone tissue becomes stronger due to increased deposition of mineral salts and production of collagen fibers. 3. Removal of mechanical stress causes a weakening of bone tissue due to demineralization and collagen reduction. 4. Bone mass is built and maintained by weight-bearing activities such as walking and weight-lifting. K. Aging and Bone Tissue (p. 159) 1. Until young adulthood, more bone is produced than is lost; until middle age, bone deposition and resorption are about the same; during and after middle age, bone resorption outpaces bone deposition. 2. Aging has two principal effects on bone tissue: i. demineralization of bone matrix (the loss of calcium is a major factor in development of osteoporosis) ii. decrease in rate of protein (mainly collagen) synthesis results in loss of tensile strength, making bones more brittle and susceptible to fracture. L. Key Medical Terms Associated with Bone Tissue (p. 160) 1. Students should familiarize themselves with the glossary of key medical terms. Page 3 of 3 Biology 218_Lecture Outline_06 Skeletal System Bone Tissue .
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